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Russian
00:00:17
First of all, if we talk about00:00:19
political reasons, the00:00:20
twentieth century begins as an era of00:00:24
struggle for the redivision of the world;00:00:25
at this time, in fact,00:00:30
the division of undivided space had already taken place; it00:00:32
was possible to seize colonies; Africa; Asia;00:00:36
America; everything was already divided; accordingly, the00:00:40
great powers which or you00:00:43
fought for new markets for raw materials for00:00:46
development development of industry for the00:00:48
development of production for the00:00:50
market for sources of raw materials, sorry for the00:00:53
markets for goods in their00:00:55
industry, they had to look for new00:00:57
resources,00:01:02
means of communication were rapidly developing, means of communication,00:01:05
new types of weapons were appearing, the00:01:08
military industry was developing,00:01:10
naturally this is also a lot of money,00:01:12
big income from the production of weapons,00:01:15
in addition, a00:01:16
large number as they would now say,00:01:20
hot spots arise euro 5 steps of00:01:22
tension so the national question has not been resolved to a00:01:25
significant extent00:01:26
in almost all imperial states, be00:01:29
it Germany Austria-Hungary Russia Turkey00:01:32
there are national minorities00:01:34
terms and movements that are fighting for00:01:37
independence for autonomy for00:01:38
national self-determination are looking for00:01:40
opportunities so to speak to realize their00:01:44
goals,00:01:45
social conflicts are growing and war00:01:48
is one of the ways to transfer00:01:51
this aggression, tension in00:01:53
society is in some other direction, all this must be kept00:01:56
in mind that to understand this situation,00:01:58
finally, the growth of the influence of nationalist00:02:02
ideas, how to emotionally liberate there00:02:04
and in the imperial version00:02:06
and taipan germany zm ideas of pan-slavism00:02:10
and so on and so on you can list a lot of everything00:02:12
so they are in a large00:02:15
large number of their supporters and00:02:17
ideologically fuels these00:02:19
new clashes a new struggle further00:02:23
previous conflict if we remember00:02:25
in Europe00:02:26
France in 1871 was defeated00:02:30
by the German alliance states of Prussia,00:02:32
Bavaria, and so on, and00:02:34
in French society, the thirst for revenge to00:02:36
return the provinces of Lisas Lorraine00:02:38
which the German Empire conquered from00:02:41
them to return them back then also00:02:44
completely Austria-Hungary00:02:48
once lost Italian territory, the00:02:50
question was not raised so urgently,00:02:51
but in Austria-Hungary00:02:54
the idea of the fact that Austria should00:02:57
annex Thessaloniki, the00:02:58
Austrian emperor repeatedly00:03:00
spoke about this to Francis Joseph, so this idea00:03:03
was also raised if we take Serbia,00:03:07
the idea of a great Serbia is also very active00:03:10
from even the maps that were drawn then and00:03:13
there is a huge territory where the00:03:15
towers and the whole of Macedonia are shaking00:03:17
part of Croatia Montenegro00:03:24
with or Germany in this war firstly00:03:27
break France as a great power00:03:28
turn it into a secondary one00:03:30
with you goals they and Russia in the Balkans00:03:33
weaken Russia's influence in the Balkans00:03:36
include its composition00:03:39
Baltic territories belonging to Russia include its00:03:41
composition Polish lands00:03:43
Russia include its composition00:03:48
north- the eastern regions of France, important00:03:52
industrially, would00:03:54
seize part of the British colonies in00:03:56
Africa on the Pacific Ocean and finally00:03:59
become a leading world leader00:04:01
because Germany actively competed00:04:03
in this regard with England, a fleet was built,00:04:05
software submarines,00:04:07
battleships, cruisers, and so on,00:04:14
first of all, Russia had already made a concession00:04:18
Austria-Hungary Balkan question in00:04:20
1908, when there was a question of including00:04:24
into Austria-Hungary Bosnia and00:04:25
Herzegovina territories that were00:04:28
populated predominantly by Serbs and00:04:30
Croats Muslims Bosniaks,00:04:34
some territories claimed by Serbia00:04:36
which, by decision of the Berlin Congress in00:04:39
1878, while formally remaining part of00:04:42
Turkey, were occupied00:04:44
and taken under the control of Austria-Hungary, it00:04:46
was natural for Austria-Hungary00:04:50
to give up Serbia00:04:51
to be torn to pieces by Austria-Hungary after this concession; the00:04:55
Russian government could not, in this00:04:59
case, the prestige of00:05:01
the government of Nicholas II within00:05:03
the country would have fallen sharply, so to speak, because sympathies with the00:05:05
Slavic brothers were very serious; Serbia00:05:06
was considered an ally of Russia in contrast to the00:05:09
bulgari, from which the relationship was already00:05:10
very tense, this meant the00:05:12
betrayal of an ally and the loss of00:05:15
Russian influence in the Balkans00:05:20
in Petrograd at the beginning of the war,00:05:23
at that time there were masses of00:05:26
patriotic demonstrations with our00:05:30
Russian tricolors on the palace00:05:33
square, not only there in Moscow and in other00:05:35
cities there was such a spontaneous00:05:38
unity of society,00:05:39
although of course one hundred percent 1 polar00:05:43
picture was not one valuable,00:05:46
anti-German pogroms began in Moscow00:05:49
when shops were smashed, often00:05:51
very wealthy people were ruined, so to speak, as00:05:53
a result,00:05:54
in the Moscow province already in the fifteenth00:05:56
year there were Yankee German incidents in00:05:58
some places in Petrograd also,00:06:02
with the police and troops intervening00:06:05
in these events, they were not immediately allowed to let off steam,00:06:07
apparently people here are important to note00:06:11
that during this period such00:06:16
even chauvinistic sentiments were growing, for example,00:06:18
it is known that the psychiatrist Bekhterev00:06:20
published a scientific work where he analyzed00:06:24
psychologically the psychopathologies of Kaiser00:06:26
Wilhelm of the German Emperor Welga00:06:29
so immediately the works of publicists and00:06:32
historians appeared who talked about00:06:35
how aggressive the German nation is, the Teutons of00:06:39
even the most left-wing politics in Russia,00:06:42
Social Democrats SR and even anarchists00:06:46
who never made00:06:48
a niche on any issue and, in compromise with the authorities,00:06:50
took a defensive position, it is known00:06:53
that among the maxi democrats Georgy00:06:55
Valentinovich Plekhanov was a baron himself, the00:06:57
father of Russian social democracy, Marxism, the00:07:00
founder,00:07:01
along with Lenin, even more00:07:04
influential than his time, then00:07:06
among the Serov, Nikolai Dmitrievich00:07:09
Avksentyev, a famous figure in this party,00:07:12
many others, Ekaterina Konstantinovna00:07:15
Belly Breshkovskaya,00:07:16
she was called a grandmother among the Sers, also00:07:19
adhering to the defense ical position00:07:21
then among the anarchists Peter Kropotkin,00:07:24
one of the oldest Russian revolutionaries00:07:26
who respected00:07:28
whom to correspond with all00:07:29
political figures of the opposition of the left00:07:32
opposition in Russia socialists libero you00:07:34
don’t even Miliukov writes about his memories of the meeting00:07:36
with him, he stated that it is necessary to fight00:07:40
Germany Germany is aggressive by00:07:42
realistic military state00:07:44
needs to defeat the imperialism of the Prussian00:07:47
Junkers to protect European democracies00:07:49
and Russia the future of Russia is00:07:51
naturally not the future of the street of Nicholas00:07:54
II but the future democratic Russia00:07:56
so to go to the front as volunteers00:07:59
I say that I would go myself00:08:01
if there was an opportunity there was another00:08:03
case very funny 11 theorists of00:08:06
Russian anarchism Alexey Alekseevich00:08:07
Borovoy, scientists, lawyer, economist,00:08:10
university teacher in Moscow in00:08:13
1914, fifteen, actively00:08:16
collaborated with some newspapers and wrote00:08:18
articles where he also called to stand up for the00:08:21
defense of the homeland, wrote that we are Slavs, a00:08:25
kind nation, not prone to00:08:28
conquest, and we must00:08:30
defeat this Teutonic German00:08:33
aggressiveness military genius the Germans in00:08:35
order to protect the world I repeat this00:08:38
broad public unity of someone, of course00:08:40
we had00:08:41
opponents of war00:08:43
and for a variety of reasons one00:08:45
could find there were pacifists among00:08:50
conservatives there were supporters of a pro-00:08:52
German orientation who believed that00:08:54
Germany is the personification of00:08:55
conservative ideas German00:08:57
conservation feathers are a stronghold of00:08:59
conservatism in Europe France a stronghold of00:09:02
liberalism socialism and so on in the00:09:05
event of the defeat of Germany a revolution awaits Russia00:09:08
there was such a thing but they naturally00:09:11
were in the minority so to speak00:09:18
contemporaries called the Great War00:09:20
the Second Patriotic War term the world00:09:23
war began to gradually come into use00:09:26
in - firstly, the scale of the war,00:09:27
so initially almost00:09:29
all the major00:09:32
states of Europe were involved in it, and gradually all00:09:35
European countries with the exception of00:09:37
Spain, Switzerland and Norway, Sweden, then the00:09:39
Netherlands also ended up even00:09:43
neutral Luxembourg was occupied by the00:09:44
German army in the very first days of the war,00:09:46
then the war spread to others00:09:48
parts of the world Asia00:09:51
here Turkey and Iran the fighting00:09:54
took place in Syria and Palestine in Egypt on the00:09:58
Arabian Peninsula in China where there was a00:10:01
German colony in the San area and the00:10:03
Japanese besieged them from Agris and then on the00:10:06
Pacific Islands here is Papua New00:10:08
Guinea for Miklouho-Maclay our00:10:10
compatriot00:10:11
actively working at the end of the nineteenth00:10:12
century as a researcher,00:10:15
hostilities also unfolded there, there was a00:10:17
German colony, Australian00:10:18
English troops drove the Germans out of there,00:10:21
Africa, where there were German colonies,00:10:24
what is now in the sky is southwestern Africa, it was00:10:26
then called00:10:27
what is now Tanzania, so there was also a German00:10:30
colony, and a number of territories of that Cameroon there, too,00:10:34
military operations took place in all oceans00:10:36
in almost all oceans, there were military00:10:39
operations flat and the enemy and the Pacific Ocean00:10:42
and the00:10:44
Atlantic disks, even to some extent the00:10:46
Arctic, so that is, the whole world00:10:48
was involved in this; the scale of00:10:50
the threat was also very significant; let me00:10:53
remind you that Germany was one of the00:10:55
most developed industrial00:10:56
states, interfering with a powerful industry,00:10:58
developed and technically superior to00:11:00
Russia in many respects, naturally,00:11:03
therefore the threat was perceived precisely as a00:11:05
threat to the national independence of the country,00:11:07
therefore this was considered the Great Patriotic War by00:11:09
them and the world war, for all these00:11:12
reasons,00:11:16
on the one hand, the machine gun was already00:11:18
used, remember the Anglo-Boer the00:11:21
Russian-Japanese war is like the Turkish one, where they00:11:25
used airships, aviation became active, the00:11:27
Italians against the Turks in Libya, on the00:11:31
one hand, this was all expected, on the other00:11:34
hand, there was still no such war00:11:37
where murder would have been put on the00:11:39
conveyor belt,00:11:40
I remember, I can remember here an excerpt00:11:43
from the memoirs of one of the German officers00:11:45
who wrote literally the following: a signal is given00:11:48
for the attack, ours rise from the00:11:50
trenches and come out immediately after a few00:11:53
minutes, are they all00:11:54
mowed down by machine-gun fire and the artillerymen00:11:56
come out a new chain,00:11:58
this is the majority of him dying, that00:12:00
is, this feeling of the transparency of the00:12:02
death of everyday life, like what something00:12:04
normal, ordinary everyday life,00:12:08
very quickly, it was knocked down by00:12:09
this romantic thing in people’s ears,00:12:13
you all understood that war is not so00:12:14
romantic, it is not as wonderful as it00:12:16
happens, as it was previously imagined,00:12:18
excuse me, but this is not only heroism, this is00:12:21
mass death, so to speak, you are one of00:12:22
those who may not live to see tomorrow,00:12:24
until tomorrow morning, you will be covered in a00:12:26
trench with a squad, they will be gassed at this00:12:29
moment, then what else was naturally not00:12:33
expected00:12:34
is this change in strategy, positional00:12:36
warfare, never before have00:12:38
these solid00:12:40
trenches and dugouts arisen along the entire front line,00:12:41
strengthening thorns, barbed strips00:12:44
wire, this was also something new00:12:45
when you need to wage a war sitting in a trench all the00:12:49
time, almost00:12:50
finally, the general mobilization of the country, here is the00:12:54
general mobilization, you are exactly this00:12:57
phenomenon that appeared for the first time in the00:12:58
First World War, look so not00:13:02
only the mass recruitment of varna when00:13:04
millions are coming when the cadre army in00:13:06
Russia they die in the first year of the war and00:13:09
already in the second year of the war it even requires a00:13:11
rotation of the powerful officer corps urgently00:13:14
people with higher education graduate from00:13:17
ensign schools accelerated cadets00:13:20
accelerated courses from cadet schools in order to00:13:22
live and command the army so00:13:24
many young intellectuals end up00:13:26
there even people from working-class families00:13:29
soldiers promoted to warrant officers for00:13:31
their merits and so on and so on,00:13:34
then the organization of industry on a00:13:37
military scale, let me remind you that when Vladimir00:13:40
Ilyich Lenin00:13:41
spoke about how to build a00:13:44
socialist economy, he referred to the00:13:46
experience of organizing industry in the00:13:48
Kaiser’s Germany, in many ways00:13:51
these models of production management were taken from there00:13:54
you it served as a means of00:13:55
enrichment for a wide range of00:13:58
entrepreneurs, first of all we00:14:01
must mention the companies that worked00:14:03
in the production of weapons cereals in Germany00:14:06
schneider games for in France rhino00:14:09
again tankers but the famous light00:14:11
tanks so used in Russia00:14:16
also the production of shells production00:14:19
for the construction of warships this is00:14:22
very generally a very profitable business00:14:24
in the Torah and we must remember that in the First00:14:26
World War such a00:14:28
phenomenon as a death conveyor appeared for the first time, death00:14:30
is put on stream on a conveyor,00:14:33
mass weapons of extermination of people are used,00:14:36
machine guns, gases, and here we need to00:14:41
remember another important point for the00:14:43
fact that this extraordinary00:14:45
drop in the price of human life00:14:48
psychologically prepared such phenomena00:14:50
as the mass extermination of people,00:14:54
entire population groups, and owls of population groups by00:14:57
dictatorships of the 20th century, here we can remember fascism, and00:15:00
by the way, an interesting fact, because both Hitler and00:15:03
Mussolini were participants in the World War,00:15:05
they went through this hell as privates they were00:15:08
seriously wounded and took part in the battles and I00:15:11
think that to a large extent their00:15:13
position in life was determined during this period, I still do00:15:16
n’t have a value level.00:15:22
East Prussia was chosen at the beginning of00:15:25
the war as one of the main00:15:27
directions for the offensive of Russian00:15:28
troops, the00:15:29
fact is that in this At the time, the German00:15:31
army was breaking through Belgium00:15:35
into French territory and Paris was under threat,00:15:38
and here it was very important to somehow00:15:43
delay the enemy’s forces in order to weaken the00:15:47
offensive in this direction, and it is00:15:50
believed that this was one of the reasons00:15:53
why eastern Germany was chosen as the offensive00:15:56
was not the best00:15:57
enemy for Russia since00:15:59
Austria-Hungary whose army was in00:16:02
many ways torn between national00:16:04
contradictions was worse prepared00:16:06
this is a multilingual army where00:16:10
if we read hashish they will remember so there00:16:12
sneezes don’t like Hungarians they can’t stand them they fight they00:16:15
beat each other the Austrians00:16:17
despise all of them together, and so00:16:21
on and so forth, and so they chose00:16:24
Germany and it turned out that the territory00:16:27
inhabited by a hostile German00:16:28
population was covered with forests and swamps, it00:16:31
turned out to be very difficult for the00:16:33
Russian army to attack; moreover, even supplying00:16:35
the troops was difficult because the dimensions of the00:16:38
glue for just road cullen thickness on the00:16:42
German load of the territory is different00:16:45
and different and Russian troops two armies whose00:16:48
commands were General Samsonov and General00:16:50
Rennenkampf were drawn in here00:16:53
the Germans used the00:16:55
famous cauldron technique so both00:16:59
armies were drawn in they00:17:02
initially won the battle under the00:17:04
depths for us it was very successful for the00:17:06
Russian troops they began to break through to Königsberg and00:17:10
here it was German00:17:12
formations that were deployed, talented German00:17:15
military leaders Ludendorff Hindenburg00:17:17
planned this operation as a result of00:17:20
which both armies fell into the cauldron, a00:17:22
significant part of these armies still00:17:24
broke out of the encirclement and were taken prisoner,00:17:27
not all of them nevertheless losses,00:17:31
artillery was a burden, so in terms of00:17:36
losses and from the point of view of blows to the game,00:17:39
it was a very serious defeat, on the00:17:41
one hand, it became clear that the00:17:42
German army could not be defeated so quickly,00:17:45
unlike the Austrian one, and it became clear00:17:48
that the image of invincibility of the Russian army,00:17:50
which was shaken during the00:17:52
Russian - the Japanese war received another00:17:54
blow, that is, faith in victory in itself00:17:57
was already shaken in this situation. As00:18:04
for the battle of Galicia, summer,00:18:08
autumn, and so to speak, 8, 1914, it is00:18:12
important to keep in mind that initially the military00:18:14
plans of the Russian command00:18:17
planned to strike with all their might00:18:20
precisely at Austro-Hungary by the00:18:23
Austro-Hungarians Germany00:18:25
should have been carried out against Germany00:18:27
with and man defensive actions00:18:29
it was a very successful plan overall00:18:34
since the Austro-Hungarian army00:18:37
dealt with interethnic00:18:38
contradictions the empire itself was00:18:40
quite fragile, the preparation of the00:18:42
Austro-Hungarian army was significantly00:18:44
worse than the German army, at00:18:47
least it was comparable to the Russian00:18:50
army in many respects, here00:18:53
the fighting unfolded00:18:54
quite successfully in the first months of the war,00:18:57
strategically important cities were captured00:18:59
such as Galich Lvov, the00:19:03
fortress of Przemysl was taken,00:19:04
after some time Russian troops00:19:09
reached the Carpathians in a number of places crossed00:19:11
through them,00:19:13
directly threatening the territory of Hungary,00:19:15
that is, there was a chance to achieve a turning point, but00:19:18
here it is important to note that on the one hand,00:19:21
the lack of reserves, the lack of00:19:24
ammunition, the00:19:25
offensive soon at the end of the year had already00:19:27
run out of steam, by the way, not only in Russia,00:19:29
because the00:19:30
arsenal was largely drawn upon by00:19:32
other participants in the war00:19:34
at this point, all this is natural, do not00:19:36
allow its development to succeed, although the chances00:19:39
here were quite good, as00:19:40
for the Brusilov breakthrough, it00:19:42
must be said especially especially at the end of00:19:45
May 1916, Russian troops launched an offensive,00:19:49
initially a00:19:51
breakthrough was carried out on Lutsk by the00:19:52
eighth army of General Kaledin, and a00:19:56
blow was also struck at the same time in the00:19:57
direction of Chernivtsi, one of the armies00:20:00
used, so to speak, such an00:20:02
offensive technique as a strike in several directions at once00:20:04
when the enemy cannot00:20:06
determine where the main direction of00:20:07
the attacks is forced to disperse its forces, and the00:20:10
results of this offensive were the defeat of the00:20:12
Austro-Hungarian army,00:20:14
which suffered serious losses of the00:20:16
Austro-Hungarian the army for a considerable00:20:18
time lost its ability for00:20:22
active offensive combat operations;00:20:24
Germany and Austria-Hungary were forced to00:20:26
transfer reserves of the Western Front from the00:20:29
Italian. It is believed that this saved00:20:31
Italy from destruction to a large extent00:20:33
because the chances of success here were00:20:36
serious. Germany and Austria-Hungary00:20:38
paralleled the attack on Sumi00:20:40
also played a significant role and00:20:44
what should also be noted is that naturally00:20:47
the initiative passed for a certain00:20:51
period of time to the Entente countries. The00:20:53
Brusilov breakthrough is comparable to the00:20:55
Galician battle; it is comparable to the00:20:59
Battle of the Marne when in 1914 the00:21:02
German offensive00:21:03
on Paris was stopped; the French French and00:21:07
English armies probably all the same, although00:21:09
Brusilov’s breakthrough repeated once did00:21:11
not have the significance of the battle, which00:21:13
provided a radical turning point in this00:21:15
war, of course, the00:21:18
forces of the Russian army were exhausted there for a significant00:21:21
period of time, the Russian army could not00:21:23
conduct offensive operations against00:21:26
Germany, Austria-Hungary Brusilov received00:21:29
colossal resources for success, repeating00:21:32
corps were transferred from other fronts,00:21:36
ammunition and equipment in significant00:21:38
quantities and this is one of the reasons why00:21:42
other fronts were not able to launch an00:21:44
offensive00:21:45
at the same time dropped said because00:21:47
the sound of themselves was the environment of the western front00:21:49
because it was assumed that they would support00:21:52
this front, but there were no such opportunities, there00:21:55
was no such a00:21:56
breakthrough was thrown important00:21:58
propaganda significance,00:21:59
of course, this event00:22:03
for some time, so to speak, raised00:22:06
patriotic sentiments in the country, faith00:22:08
in the victory of General Brusilov,00:22:11
letters were written, his photograph was published in newspapers,00:22:14
magazines as a symbol of carrying the beaten00:22:16
Russian army, the military genius00:22:18
was compared with other great00:22:20
commanders, although this was not a00:22:22
bit of an exaggeration Of course, however, the00:22:28
absence of any turning point in events00:22:32
that could serve as a possible exit00:22:34
from the war by Austria-Hungary, this all very00:22:38
quickly led to the fact that the00:22:39
euphoria subsided, but another important result of00:22:42
this breakthrough is the entry of00:22:43
Romania into the war on the side of Russia, it is also important to00:22:45
note Romania the war enters,00:22:47
but its army was poorly prepared for00:22:50
combat and it was quickly00:22:52
defeated by Austro-German Bulgarian00:22:54
troops and the Russian army had to00:22:56
urgently00:22:57
defend Romania. 8 divisions were withdrawn from00:23:00
other fronts, even more than eight00:23:02
divisions were transferred to support the00:23:04
Romanian front, military operations were carried out here00:23:11
against Turkey they were conducted00:23:13
much more successfully than against00:23:15
Austria-Hungary and Germany; Russian troops00:23:18
quickly repelled the attempts of the Turks to break00:23:20
into the territory of Armenia and Georgia;00:23:23
strategically important cities such00:23:25
as Port Trebizond were occupied during the bombing; by the00:23:28
way, naval aviation was used in00:23:31
Erzurum; a number of other large cities and00:23:34
battles were fought here not only on the territory of00:23:37
Turkey but also on the territory of Iran,00:23:39
Iran in general became such a stumbling block00:23:43
here, on the one hand, they actively tried to00:23:47
wage war on their side,00:23:50
the strange central powers the Turks00:23:53
actively supported the opposition against00:23:56
the Shah,00:23:57
some formations of the opposition in the00:24:01
guerrilla war against the Russian00:24:02
British even00:24:04
the uprising was very active in the south and west of Iran00:24:07
and Russian troops were brought in here,00:24:09
English troops were brought00:24:13
here, the front line passed through the00:24:15
territory of Iran, the Turks acted, the00:24:17
Russians acted, moreover, there, right00:24:21
here in this direction, there was00:24:24
some coordination of00:24:26
some00:24:28
assistance from the British which at00:24:32
some point landed in Iraq and00:24:33
began an offensive through Basra to the north of00:24:36
Iraq, although it was not very successful because00:24:38
part of the British troops were00:24:40
surrounded by the Turkish Turks, I hope that they00:24:42
will receive some support among00:24:44
Muslims, for example, there is such a fact in the00:24:47
archives of the Moscow security department00:24:50
for example, the case of the distribution in the00:24:52
territory of the Russian Empire of records00:24:55
with Turkish pier tourist songs of Enver00:24:58
Bay where panther [ __ ] mood develops00:25:01
the idea that Turkey will come and liberate the00:25:04
Muslim Turks, but the fact is that00:25:07
not only Muslims, not only Muslims00:25:09
among the Turks in Turkey at that time the authorities00:25:12
were nationalists Turkish national00:25:14
liberals Young Turks smart before the00:25:17
government who was just00:25:19
nationalist she saw the future of00:25:20
Turkey as the moon of a national00:25:22
state and so the Armenian massacre is00:25:25
all just a diva of the Young Turks00:25:27
to a large extent00:25:28
Turkish nationalists so yes of00:25:31
course there was propaganda00:25:33
but it cannot be said that it had some00:25:35
widespread success, although there were00:25:38
nationalist emigrant circles00:25:41
who actively used Germany and00:25:43
Turkey, by the way, Ukrainian00:25:44
nationalists were actively used in those00:25:46
days by the Poles of the Yuzov region, Józef00:25:49
Pilsudski formed Polish legions,00:25:51
we know that’s why the Turks initially00:25:53
had a plan to march to the Suez Canal,00:25:55
initially Turkish German00:25:58
ships were actively operating on the Black00:26:00
Sea, the shelling of Sevastopol is known, even00:26:04
which would have been carried out in the first days of the00:26:06
war with Turkey, but Turkey was the weak00:26:09
link of the natural coalition of the central powers00:26:11
and its exit from the war as Austria-Hungary00:26:14
was very likely in the distant future,00:26:16
such chances were00:26:22
at the front, Russian soldiers are faced with00:26:25
what with problems with nutrition faced00:26:27
with trench mud faced with a decline in00:26:32
military morale because when the00:26:34
German Austro-Hungarian artillery00:26:36
fires hurricanes and they respond with00:26:39
one or two shots to this fire,00:26:42
this naturally leads to a drop in faith in00:26:45
victory so retreats00:26:48
retreats large losses gas attacks of00:26:51
the enemy Naturally, all this is very00:26:54
serious for me, the soldier’s view of the military00:26:57
situation, letters from home about material00:27:01
problems,00:27:02
they also played a certain role, this00:27:05
expectation of an end to the war as soon as possible,00:27:08
the expectation of an early end to the war,00:27:11
this desire to return home to help00:27:14
relatives, and finally, also an important point, because00:27:18
during this war00:27:19
it is noted and some researchers, the00:27:22
negative attitude towards00:27:24
enemy soldiers towards enemy soldiers, it00:27:26
gradually smoothed out,00:27:27
that is, there were cases there of some kind of00:27:29
congratulations to each other on Christmas00:27:31
hadash, and the brother herself, some00:27:35
then began and which, by the way,00:27:37
was supported and supported by the German00:27:40
team as a way of decomposition, this is a brother,00:27:43
they are it was not an act of German00:27:45
intelligence, the decomposition of Russians was a00:27:47
psychological act when people want to00:27:50
find a common language,00:27:51
make peace, stop hostilities,00:27:54
then they understand, and there are the same people there,00:27:56
that they will also be killed tomorrow, that00:27:59
they also have families at home, that they have the same00:28:01
problems, they are all the same. probably the00:28:04
smoothing out of some kind of hatred for each00:28:05
other also took place, although this is00:28:08
of course a temporary phenomenon and still00:28:10
be afraid, but death is still tomorrow they00:28:12
will kill you, today they are this mass of people,00:28:14
yesterday’s peasants,00:28:16
most of the population of Russia are peasants,00:28:17
they are mostly illiterate,00:28:20
I repeat Russia entered the war in a00:28:24
state where the majority of00:28:26
the population is illiterate or poorly literate;00:28:28
these are yesterday's urban workers who are00:28:30
literate for the most part; they00:28:32
ended up in a war; they lose the skills of00:28:37
peaceful life that they had before;00:28:39
they acquire the skills of soldiers; this is a very00:28:43
complex process; a large number of spare ones have accumulated in the rear,00:28:46
so that mastered military science and00:28:49
expected to be sent to the front, so00:28:51
often the00:28:52
number of units of regiments00:28:56
increased sharply, there could be five ten00:28:59
thousand people, so in scripted teams, the00:29:01
officers who went to the front after the00:29:04
death of the regular military personnel00:29:07
were, to a large extent, yesterday's00:29:10
intellectuals, students, people with higher00:29:13
education who are with us with00:29:15
warrant officers and here is an interesting00:29:17
point: on the one hand, they did not have00:29:18
any old detachment from the00:29:20
soldiers, that is, according to the reviews of contemporaries,00:29:25
they often went on the attack with the00:29:29
soldiers ahead of the soldiers, they found a00:29:31
common language with them, many of them00:29:33
shared ideas opposed to the00:29:35
existing ones the authorities were supporters of00:29:37
liberal socialist ideas,00:29:39
naturally they carried this critical00:29:41
attitude to the masses of soldiers, soldiers00:29:43
who thirst for peace and an officer who is00:29:45
also not a supporter of this war, they often00:29:48
found a common language00:29:49
why, for example,00:29:51
revolutions became possible,00:29:53
you understand because the officer corps00:29:55
changed00:29:56
and the composition Arno changed also there were not enough00:30:05
heavy guns problems with heavy00:30:07
artillery chronically Russia entered the00:30:09
war with a significant composition in terms of the00:30:12
number of heavy guns, here are00:30:13
Austria-Hungary and Germany around the00:30:15
city breakthrough of 915, a situation00:30:18
where a00:30:20
huge number of00:30:23
German Austro-Hungarian heavy guns were concentrated on a small section of the front00:30:25
batteries of howitzers,00:30:26
mortars and only one two Russian00:30:29
batteries of heavy guns to resist them00:30:31
from the fact that they were concentrated there specifically to break through,00:30:33
it is indicative that the Russians00:30:36
could not respond adequately to this00:30:38
massive shelling with heavy00:30:39
shells, so then there was a shortage of ammunition,00:30:44
so published that the first year of the war, the first00:30:47
year of the war the industry produced00:30:49
about 500 million rounds of ammunition, and abu00:30:52
needs two and a half billion,00:30:53
here the problems are already with problems with00:30:56
shells, again, and here it should be noted00:30:59
that the supply channels for the Russian army from00:31:01
abroad, they also weren’t at that00:31:03
moment, so maybe look the00:31:06
port of Murmansk00:31:07
was opened when the sixteenth year,00:31:09
how long before the end of the war there was not00:31:13
much left, but supply through the Baltic Sea, the Black00:31:16
Sea, was impossible00:31:19
in the Far East, it is difficult through the Far00:31:21
East, it is difficult, in general, here such00:31:24
problems arose, but at the same time, what is00:31:26
interesting is a shortage in others areas were00:31:29
abroad, for example in the USA in other countries,00:31:30
and purchased not only ammunition,00:31:33
picks and shovels, sand bags, then00:31:38
click that the industry00:31:40
could not cope with such a volume of orders00:31:42
with a colossal volume of orders,00:31:49
well, firstly,00:31:50
attempts to develop tanks were in Russia the00:31:53
son of a famous Russian chemist Dmitry00:31:55
Mendeleev Vladimir Dmitrievich00:31:58
developed a tank, I’m not mistaken, it was called an all-terrain00:32:01
vehicle00:32:02
tank armed with a heavy cannon with a00:32:06
massive massive caterpillars. In00:32:08
appearance, such a00:32:10
straight rectangular box, width 4 meters 4000:32:15
centimeters, length 13 meters, he had00:32:18
boxes on top to carry in front with a cannon,00:32:20
such a turret sticks out at the top with a machine gun, there00:32:23
were other models of tanks, but they were00:32:28
never put into wide production,00:32:31
then armored cars were produced at00:32:34
Russian factories00:32:35
at the Putilov plant in the vestibule of the00:32:37
Putilov car Harvard, by the way, the time of00:32:39
the Brusilov breakthrough from the photo where00:32:41
General Brusilov climbs in to inspect the armored cars00:32:43
himself, everyone looks at how00:32:47
things are going there00:32:48
then aircraft aircraft Ilya Muromets00:32:54
four-engine bomber00:32:56
one of the first heavy bombers00:32:57
in the world used during raids on00:33:01
enemy territory at00:33:02
enemy positions it was actively used00:33:04
although most of the aircraft in the vase were00:33:06
French models naturally00:33:08
voisin and new pairs and so on English00:33:12
not a couple handing00:33:14
were also used airships Zeppelin00:33:17
and invented in Germany, but here they also00:33:19
began to be produced, although in00:33:21
small quantities balloons for00:33:23
adjusting artillery fire, then00:33:26
if we talk about other types of weapons,00:33:29
then the Mosin rifle, which is00:33:34
mostly the Dubova Roshen Russian soldier three-ruler, the00:33:37
famous classic one that survives00:33:39
until the Great Patriotic War00:33:41
Then attempts were made to develop00:33:45
automatic rifles. The famous00:33:47
Russian gunsmith Fedorov developed00:33:49
such a rifle and in 1916 they even00:33:52
armed a small unit of soldiers on00:33:54
another scam front in wide00:33:56
production. This rifle was not received in00:33:59
the end, what else can be said about00:34:04
using gas masks to protect against00:34:06
gas attacks have00:34:08
already learned how to do degassing, although not00:34:12
always successfully, there were often cases00:34:15
when after a gas attack, crouching in gas00:34:17
masks, they were removed, degassing was not00:34:19
carried out, the results were poisoning of soldiers in this00:34:22
situation, then what else could be00:34:27
said about probably submarines00:34:29
are used widely in the Russian fleet in the00:34:31
Baltic they already sank German ships00:34:33
from time to time on the Black Sea, they were already00:34:37
here too,00:34:38
although of course Germany on an underwater00:34:41
scale, underwater, you surpassed everyone,00:34:43
it is known that00:34:45
for the first time, so to speak, the term Battle of00:34:47
the Atlantic was not applied to the Second00:34:49
World War on Oct 100:34:50
when only in 1915 German00:34:54
submarines sank more than 20000:34:57
British ships and more than 80 ships00:34:59
of neutral ships that transported00:35:01
cargo and military cargo, the liner was based on Tony and00:35:04
we remember the submarine carrying00:35:06
German was sunk, it was such an00:35:08
interesting plot for propaganda and00:35:11
displays, carrying the atrocities of the Germans,00:35:13
demonstrations of the melancholy of the atrocities of the Germans and00:35:16
only 10 Germans submarines00:35:18
this year were sunk by British00:35:21
and French ships, you understand what it is like00:35:24
then so if for armament what else00:35:26
can you say00:35:27
chemical shells with00:35:30
chemicals are also Russian but through the example00:35:32
like the Germans00:35:33
though on a small scale it did not00:35:36
have great results here of course00:35:43
Lenin was not recruited by German00:35:45
intelligence, as they write now, this is nonsense, there00:35:47
was nothing of the kind, but this is a way of00:35:50
discrediting just Lenin00:35:52
politically, politically, and00:35:55
simply Lenin Vladimir Ilyich00:35:57
was looking for ways to return to Russia, like00:35:59
many Russian emigrants,00:36:01
he was afraid to sail on a ship because00:36:05
it could be sunk by the Germans00:36:06
submarine is very easy, although they are also not all00:36:09
ships topilin there was such a chance and the00:36:17
path through Germany was chosen as such a method when00:36:20
the Germans never found the00:36:22
German officers of the German command, the00:36:24
General Staff offered to let the Russian00:36:27
emigrants through, but apparently the calculation of the German00:36:29
General Staff was that Russian00:36:31
emigrants against the war will definitely end up00:36:33
in Russia and this will help somehow00:36:36
change the situation Russian emigrants are00:36:38
looking for us, they had their own plans, they were not deceived by00:36:41
the intention of Germany,00:36:43
the plans were natural to fight for00:36:45
power to00:36:48
overthrow the provisional government,00:36:49
someone, on the contrary, seeks cooperation00:36:52
precisely to carry out the unfolding that00:36:53
repeating not only were there people like00:36:55
Lenin, where Lenin was also looking for other00:36:57
contacts, for example, he tried to communicate with the00:36:59
Americans00:37:00
in order to return through the territories of France to00:37:02
England with their support through some of their00:37:04
channels, there were many chances, many00:37:06
options, you know, he did not limit himself to the00:37:09
Germans, as they sometimes write no Of course,00:37:11
the Germans, by the way, are demonstrating as a00:37:13
humanitarian action that we are letting00:37:15
refugees through, they are not moving on the military00:37:18
deck straight into the fire and without the right to enter00:37:20
German territory with the right to their network of00:37:22
reality, practically they,00:37:24
traveling through our territory,00:37:26
were protesting against this world in the first place00:37:28
many members of the Bolshevik party left00:37:30
communists Bukharin Preobrazhensky and00:37:33
supporters then protested the anarchists00:37:35
protested the left Socialist Revolutionaries00:37:37
which were torn apart from the Bolsheviks00:37:39
largely because of this, too, and firstly,00:37:42
initially the Bolsheviks, like all00:37:44
representatives of the socialist camp,00:37:46
spoke about a world without annexations and00:37:48
indemnities and a fair00:37:51
democratic world that will bring the principle of00:37:53
national self-determination to00:37:55
national minorities that will not00:37:57
allow annexation of conquests will not allow00:38:00
payments to carry the winner of his prize00:38:04
money indemnities, excuse me, but in practice it00:38:08
turned out that this is a world that from the orc00:38:11
route vast territories of the00:38:13
Baltic states, Finland, Transcaucasia, to00:38:16
a large extent, Ukraine, which was00:38:19
recognized as the sphere of influence of Germany00:38:20
Crimea and so on it turned out that Germany00:38:24
turned out to be the winners, she imposed her00:38:26
victory00:38:27
on us, her conditions, shameful00:38:30
conditions,00:38:31
predatory, absolutely true, these are the00:38:34
conditions that the defeated country00:38:36
was forced to accept, which this war00:38:44
led to, firstly, the death of more than 10 million00:38:47
people, a00:38:48
huge number of people with war syndrome,00:38:50
people to this is this is this for the first time then the first for the00:38:51
first time then a mass00:38:53
war syndrome appears then00:38:55
there was Vietnam and so on this is in00:38:59
Afghanistan people who cannot00:39:02
integrate into peaceful life00:39:04
come back this is as I already said the00:39:06
growth of revanchist sentiments in the00:39:08
losing countries in Germany countries00:39:11
that received little from of this war00:39:14
Japan00:39:15
Italy who believed that you saw00:39:18
whom you believed that they received what was due to00:39:20
them they got too little00:39:22
so they suffered great sacrifices00:39:24
this division of countries and the division of00:39:31
the state losers and whitewashed the00:39:33
winners look for the winner who00:39:36
determine the rules of the game in the future world00:39:38
France Great Britain and the losers00:39:43
Germany Austria Hungary00:39:46
Bulgaria Turkey, which must pay00:39:48
for all this, countries that were00:39:53
excluded from decision-making, so even00:39:56
the United States00:39:58
was largely out of work and chauvinistic00:40:01
revanchist sentiments soon resulted00:40:03
in mass political movements, fascism00:40:05
in Italy, national socialism in Germany, on the00:40:08
other hand, this led and led to a00:40:11
series of revolutions in the European countries of00:40:14
Russia, we know Turkey, Turkey, which00:40:17
finally took shape as a nation00:40:18
state where the ideas of Turkish00:40:21
nationalism are dominant only now00:40:22
they are being abandoned, then everyone in all the00:40:26
losing countries, let’s take00:40:28
Austria-Hungary Germany Turkey, revolutions took place00:40:30
so that they put an end to the00:40:32
existing political system led00:40:34
to the dismantling of the empire00:40:36
the war as a result of which ceased to00:40:38
exist the00:40:39
famous cultural phenomenon the lost00:40:42
generation so the works of Hemingway the remark00:40:46
Aldington Irwin show which00:40:48
questioned modern00:40:51
civilization and values a well-known phrase by00:40:55
Hemingway famous famous phrase the00:40:58
class that rules our country is stupid00:41:00
and therefore we are not we cannot avoid there00:41:03
will be, first of all, at the front, generally00:41:11
alarming information about the situation in the rear, we00:41:14
knew very well that in the capital of the uprising00:41:17
that it was spreading to other00:41:21
cities, there was a lot of information that in Moscow00:41:24
power had passed to a new revolutionary00:41:26
government in other cities,00:41:28
including road stations in the00:41:30
immediate vicinity of the front and00:41:32
there was fear of a new civil war,00:41:34
because if the front00:41:37
sends troops to suppress the uprising in00:41:39
Petrograd, they will go over to the side of the rebels, there00:41:41
will be bugs, they will answer you, they00:41:44
will resist,00:41:45
and a civil war means that the00:41:48
work stops, the transport00:41:50
system is destroyed railways and00:41:52
the enterprise stops00:41:54
supplying the front means famine begins at the front00:41:56
shortage of food shells00:41:59
equipment cartridges it becomes00:42:01
ineffective and falls apart00:42:02
this threat of civil war00:42:04
with the desire to prevent find some kind of compromise00:42:06
and00:42:07
can be traced in telegrams from the front of00:42:10
military leaders and Bruce Force including00:42:12
in the statements of Mikhailo Vasilich Alekseev00:42:16
and what an oath is, what is it like in general, the00:42:18
political system to00:42:19
which a person swears allegiance is one00:42:23
historical reality,00:42:24
life changes, the political system00:42:27
changes and for the military, in general, for the00:42:29
Russian military, the oath, let’s say,00:42:31
violation of the oath was not something00:42:33
ordinary, let’s make a reservation something00:42:36
little-known and00:42:38
com and out of the blue we know00:42:41
what palace coups are 18 when they00:42:43
not only violated 50 operators killed00:42:45
and even Peter the Third and Paul the First00:42:49
did the same, the officers and generals you know00:42:51
carry we know that there was already a00:42:55
Decembrist uprising in Russia we know that there were00:42:58
officers who participated in the organizations of00:43:00
the people's will of the revolutionary organization00:43:02
2 play of the 19th century, right up to the organization itself00:43:05
that carried out the assassination attempt on Alexander00:43:07
the Second; its murder is known for the00:43:10
cameraman Alexander the Second; we know00:43:12
that there were officers00:43:14
who sympathized with Sir00:43:15
Social Democrat Antonov-Ovseenko, one of his00:43:18
associates Lenin was a former00:43:20
infantry lieutenant who served in the regiment for00:43:22
some time in the infantry regiment,00:43:25
we know that there was an uprising on the00:43:28
battleship Potemkin, there were unrest in the00:43:31
army during the first Russian revolution of00:43:33
5-7, an uprising in the Sveaborg fortress00:43:36
where we where many naval officers00:43:37
took part, all this was and we know that00:43:43
officers00:43:44
read newspapers, magazines, military coups00:43:47
were known a long time ago in 1903,00:43:51
literally 14 years before the Russian revolution, the00:43:54
second revolution, officers of the Serbian army in00:43:56
Belgrade in the royal palace shot and killed00:43:59
King Alexandra, Queen Draga,00:44:01
this was also known, so it00:44:03
is natural that the army would interfere00:44:07
with politics Well, this is just a CT of00:44:09
political pragmatism and the army always00:44:11
interferes in politics when00:44:13
hundreds of thousands of people take to the streets and any00:44:15
sensible officer has the question of whether it is00:44:16
necessary to shoot at these people00:44:18
if he is not a mercenary who will still00:44:21
kill anyone as long as he pays, he00:44:23
will think and make a meaningful00:44:25
decision in this situation, after all, so you00:44:28
have to give it back, it was the people00:44:29
who thought, understood that something needed to be00:44:32
done, and how they did it, their choiceDescription:
Полная версия интервью для документального фильма "Русские тайны. ХХ век. Первая мировая. Неизвестная война". Документальный фильм. По заказу АО "ЦТВ". Производство: Студия Град (History Lab). © 2016 Смотрите фильм по ссылке: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBRttkvKGV4 Смотрите в выпуске: 00:00 - вступление 00:13 - причины Первой мировой войны 03:21 - цели Германии в войне 04:10 - почему Россия вступила в войну? 05:16 - как русское общество отнеслось к началу войны? 09:16 - почему война стала мировой? 11:13 - чем Первая мировая отличалась от предыдущих войн? 15:18 - почему русская армия потерпела поражение в Восточной Пруссии? 18:00 - о Галицийской битве и брусиловском прорыве 23:06 - война на Кавказе 26:19 - о русских солдатах 29:59 - о проблемах со снабжением в русской армии 31:45 - о новых видах вооружений 35:38 - о большевиках и Брестском мире 38:38 - итоги Первой мировой войны 41:04 - война и революция в России Первая мировая война привела к гибели четырех европейских империй и унесла жизни десяти миллионов человек. Она породила новые технологии истребления людей и формы пропаганды, которые погубили старую Европу. ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – лаборатория для постижения всемирной истории. Историю лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Официальный научно-познавательный YouTube канал студии-производителя документального кино «Студия ГРАД». © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historylab.online/ VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/History-Lab-107568283954269/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://t.me/historylab_online
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