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история

документальный фильм

большевики

старая хроника

ссср

империя наоборот

русские тайны

вторая мировая война

познавательный фильм

история 20 века

20 век

хистори лаб

history lab

viasat history

history

national geographic

первая мировая война

европейская война

кайзер

старая европа

химическое оружие

иприт

первые танки

боевые дирижабли

первые самолеты

царь танк

мировая война

идеальный штурм

революция

00:00:05

[music]

00:00:16

[music]

00:00:38

at the beginning of 1921, a terrible famine broke out in Russia;

00:00:43

it was the result of the

00:00:45

policy of military communism in the countryside and the

00:00:48

complete robbery of the peasantry;

00:00:51

almost 20 percent of the country's population was starving; in the

00:00:54

villages of the Volga region, cannibalism began on

00:00:58

July 21, on the initiative of prominent representatives of

00:01:01

the Russian intelligentsia, academicians,

00:01:03

cooperators, leaders literature and

00:01:05

art, a public

00:01:07

committee to help the starving was created, and in a matter of

00:01:11

weeks, it agreed to provide

00:01:12

urgent food aid to 35

00:01:15

million citizens of

00:01:16

starving Russia; however, on August 27,

00:01:22

1921, on the orders of Lenin, members of the committee

00:01:25

were arrested and the committee itself was dissolved;

00:01:29

the reason was the information that at

00:01:31

its meetings members of the Pam Goly

00:01:33

criticized the actions of the Soviet government,

00:01:35

calling the main cause of the famine the policy of the

00:01:38

Bolsheviks, the creators helped Kishkin

00:01:42

Prokopovich Kuskov and Osorgin

00:01:44

were included in the lists of anti-Soviet

00:01:46

intelligentsia subject to deportation from

00:01:48

Russia,

00:01:51

despite the help of American

00:01:53

charitable organizations of the Red

00:01:55

Cross in Russia, 5

00:01:58

million 53 thousand people died of hunger

00:02:01

[music ]

00:02:10

in the same years, a wave of professorial strikes swept across the country

00:02:12

caused by the

00:02:15

liquidation of university autonomy and

00:02:17

changes in the rules for admission to universities.

00:02:20

According to the new provision, first of all,

00:02:24

members of the Communist Party were to be accepted for study; second,

00:02:28

representatives of trade unions;

00:02:31

third, seconded by Soviet

00:02:33

institutions; fourth, persons of

00:02:35

proletarian origin and only

00:02:37

then all the others, even earlier, in all

00:02:41

Russian universities,

00:02:42

the Bolsheviks closed the

00:02:44

historical and philological

00:02:45

law faculties; in many universities, the

00:02:49

post of military commissar was introduced;

00:02:51

he was endowed with the same

00:02:54

rights as the rector and had to follow the

00:02:56

political line in teaching;

00:03:01

in 1921, the congress of Russian

00:03:04

academic organizations adopted an

00:03:06

appeal to scientists of all countries and to the entire

00:03:09

civilized world, it

00:03:11

contained the names of 27 professors of

00:03:14

Russian universities shot by

00:03:16

the Bolsheviks, among them the world

00:03:19

famous chemist, professor Tikhvin,

00:03:21

rector of Odessa University, Levashov, an

00:03:24

outstanding physicist, geologist or

00:03:27

Mashevsky, professor of Moscow

00:03:29

University,

00:03:30

zoologist tanners and many others

00:03:33

in the same the list for the first time

00:03:35

published the names of

00:03:37

63 prominent Russian scientists who died of

00:03:40

exhaustion or committed

00:03:42

suicide.

00:03:44

According to these data, in 1921, out of 40

00:03:48

Russian academicians,

00:03:49

10 died of hunger and the outstanding

00:03:52

mathematician Academician Lipunov shot himself in

00:03:55

Odessa in 1922, six professors of

00:04:03

Moscow University, among whom

00:04:05

was the dean Faculty of Physics and Mathematics

00:04:06

Vsevolod Viktorovich Stratonov

00:04:09

sent an open letter to the Bolshevik

00:04:11

leaders Lenin Trotsky

00:04:13

Zinoviev Kamenev Stalin and Molotov it

00:04:17

said in particular that

00:04:19

after the destruction of the high school, now they are

00:04:22

dying and above, almost deprived of

00:04:24

material resources and cut off from

00:04:26

world science, the clinic laboratory office and receive

00:04:29

appropriations tenfold less than

00:04:32

necessary to treat and work for no one

00:04:35

teachers are also remunerated

00:04:37

many times less than necessary meager

00:04:39

maintenance is paid to them in

00:04:42

two or three months and money is already of a different

00:04:44

lesser value professors are exhausted and

00:04:47

exhausted

00:04:49

many died prematurely from

00:04:51

exhaustion the Finns committed suicide

00:04:56

plunged into ignorance the country

00:04:58

will historically be thrown back to for several centuries

00:05:01

it will inevitably become the prey of more

00:05:03

cultured neighbors for this appeal

00:05:07

straton was also included in the list for

00:05:09

deportation in early May 1922, People's Commissar of

00:05:16

Health Semashko reports to Lenin that at the

00:05:18

second All-Russian Congress of Doctors,

00:05:20

doctors praised rural medicine,

00:05:22

demanded democracy and the right to publish

00:05:25

their own printed organ Lenin

00:05:28

called the doctors a bunch of accomplices of

00:05:30

the counter-revolution of the city immediately received

00:05:34

instructions to expel the most active

00:05:35

enemies of the Soviet government

00:05:37

from among the doctors to remote areas of

00:05:39

the country in the Turkestan region of Siberia and the

00:05:43

Arkhangelsk province this operation was

00:05:46

carried out simultaneously with high-ranking

00:05:48

intelligentsia abroad

00:05:54

[applause]

00:06:02

then they were forcibly deported from Russia

00:06:04

about 200 prominent

00:06:07

scientists, economists, doctors, writers and

00:06:10

philosophers, most of them were

00:06:12

arrested by the GPU

00:06:14

on the night of August 16-17, 1922 in

00:06:19

Russian history,

00:06:20

this action was called the philosophical

00:06:23

steamer in an article dedicated to the results of

00:06:26

this operation, the newspaper truth wrote these

00:06:29

politicking scientists, professors,

00:06:31

persistent and angry tried

00:06:33

to discredit all the undertakings of the Soviet

00:06:36

government by subjecting them to supposedly scientific

00:06:38

criticism in the field of philosophy, they

00:06:41

preached mysticism and priestly

00:06:43

workers and peasants are looking forward to

00:06:46

when finally these ideological

00:06:49

Wrangel sheep and Kolchakites

00:06:50

will be thrown out of the territory of rss

00:06:55

the day before on August 30, 1922, Leon

00:06:59

Trotsky gave an interview to the American

00:07:01

journalist Louise Brian tried in which

00:07:03

he explained the reasons for the mass expulsion of the

00:07:05

intelligentsia from Russia,

00:07:08

those elements whom we are expelling

00:07:11

and will expel are in themselves

00:07:13

politically insignificant

00:07:15

in the event of new military complications, all these

00:07:17

irreconcilable and incorrigible elements of ours

00:07:20

will turn out to be military-political agents of

00:07:22

the enemy and we will be forced to shoot

00:07:25

them to the laws of war,

00:07:26

that is why we now preferred a calm

00:07:29

period to deport them in advance

00:07:34

in the archives of the Politburo,

00:07:36

we preserved lists of those whom Trotsky

00:07:38

called incorrigible and politically

00:07:40

insignificant elements,

00:07:42

these lists were compiled in the city on the

00:07:45

personal instructions of Lenin among those who were

00:07:48

subject to deportation, the largest scientific

00:07:51

professors of all leading universities in Moscow and

00:07:53

Petrograd in including the rectors of

00:07:57

Moscow and St. Petersburg

00:07:58

universities zoologist Novikov and philosopher

00:08:01

Karsavin dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of

00:08:04

Moscow State University Stratonov

00:08:06

economists brother Vust Zvorykin

00:08:09

Ladyzhensky Prokopovich cooperators

00:08:12

raisins Kudryavtsev Bulatov historians

00:08:15

Kiesewetter Florovsky Mika-chan Bogolepov

00:08:18

sociologist Pitirim Sorokin

00:08:20

professors of the higher technical school of the

00:08:23

Petrovsky-Razumovsky

00:08:24

Agricultural Academy

00:08:26

Institute of Railway Engineers

00:08:29

archaeological institute philosophers

00:08:31

Berdyaev Frank Plosky Bulgakov Stepun

00:08:35

Vysheslavtsev

00:08:36

Ilyin Izgoyev Lapshin and after

00:08:40

all these people were arrested the newspaper

00:08:42

truth reported that among those deported there were

00:08:44

almost no major scientific names in

00:08:49

addition to this list on August 18,

00:08:52

1922, A-76

00:08:55

representatives of the scientific intelligentsia were arrested the south of

00:08:57

Russia, including leading professors of

00:08:59

Kiev and Odessa universities,

00:09:02

in the archives of the Politburo there are

00:09:05

detailed characteristics compiled by

00:09:07

GPU researchers for each of the

00:09:09

detainees

00:09:10

they are distinguished by extreme revolutionary

00:09:12

laconicism, for example, professor of the Odessa

00:09:17

Medical Academy Krylov, an active

00:09:19

opponent of all undertakings of the Soviet

00:09:21

government, type harmful professor of the same

00:09:25

academy, Samarin, an active enemy the

00:09:28

figure is

00:09:29

very harmful to the Soviet regime; however, repression

00:09:32

fell not only on teachers on the

00:09:37

night of August 31 to September 1,

00:09:41

1922, another action was carried out

00:09:45

this time against the bourgeois students

00:09:47

in the report of the head of the 4th department of the city of

00:09:50

Zaraisk it was reported that 228 people from the

00:09:54

anti-Soviet intelligentsia should be sent abroad

00:09:56

of them 32 people were

00:10:00

university students in the State Pedagogical University; a female deputy, Joseph, was appointed responsible for the

00:10:05

operation of expelling

00:10:07

dissidents.

00:10:29

intelligentsia was received specifically in the name of

00:10:32

Stalin on August 2, 1922; however, as

00:10:38

is clear from the documents, the main

00:10:40

initiator of the deportation was Lenin;

00:10:44

this is the original of Lenin’s secret letter to the

00:10:47

women’s office dated May 19, 1922. to

00:11:01

prepare this more thoroughly without preparation, we are

00:11:03

foolish to oblige members of the Politburo

00:11:06

to devote 23 hours a week to reviewing the

00:11:09

ranks of the publication of books, checks the execution,

00:11:12

collect systematic information about the

00:11:14

political experience, work and literary

00:11:17

activities of professors and writers,

00:11:19

we need to arrange things so that these

00:11:21

military spies are caught and evil is constantly poured in

00:11:24

and send them abroad On

00:11:28

July 16, 1922, in a letter to Stalin, Lenin

00:11:33

expressed dissatisfaction with the pace of the operation and

00:11:35

named specific names of those to be

00:11:38

expelled, in particular the philosophers Franco and

00:11:40

his outcast, as well as employees of the

00:11:42

Petrograd magazine economist, it would be

00:11:45

necessary to send several hundred such gentlemen

00:11:48

abroad, we will ruthlessly

00:11:50

cleanse Russia for a long time employees

00:11:53

the economist's enemies are the most merciless of all of

00:11:56

them get out of Russia

00:11:57

to do this, you need to immediately arrest

00:11:59

several hundred and without announcing the motives,

00:12:01

you go gentlemen with communist

00:12:04

greetings lei

00:12:05

[music] a

00:12:09

month and a half later, on September 4,

00:12:14

1922, a meeting between Lenin and Dzerzhinsky took place,

00:12:16

after which the

00:12:19

city chairman wrote it down in his book

00:12:23

Vladimir Ilyich's directives to continue steadily

00:12:26

expelling the active anti-Soviet

00:12:28

intelligentsia and, first of all, the

00:12:29

Mensheviks

00:12:30

abroad, it is necessary to divide the entire intelligentsia into

00:12:33

groups of approximately fiction writers and

00:12:36

publicists and politicians,

00:12:38

economists, here it is necessary to subgroup

00:12:41

financiers, fuel workers, transport workers,

00:12:43

trade, cooperation, technology, here also

00:12:47

groups are needed: engineers, agronomists,

00:12:50

doctors, general staff officers, professors and teachers

00:12:53

for each intellectual must be a matter of

00:12:56

information must be checked from different

00:12:58

sides so that our conclusion is

00:13:01

unmistakable

00:13:02

and irrevocable; we must remember that the task of

00:13:05

our department should not only be to

00:13:07

promote the straightening of the line

00:13:10

in relation to specialists, that is, to introduce

00:13:13

disintegration into their ranks and promote those who is

00:13:15

ready to support

00:13:17

Soviet power without reservations? According to city estimates, the

00:13:22

deportation of 200 people outside the RSR

00:13:25

should have cost the treasury 42

00:13:28

billion 400 million rubles in

00:13:30

Soviet signs.

00:13:33

After he presented

00:13:35

this estimate to the Politburo, it was

00:13:37

decided to offer some of the arrested to

00:13:39

leave at their own expense.

00:13:42

there is to sell their libraries and all the

00:13:45

property of those who agreed, it turned out that

00:13:49

23 people

00:13:51

were deported at the expense of the gopalu

00:13:57

to save money, it was also decided

00:14:00

to send dissidents abroad by the

00:14:03

cheapest sea transport for this in

00:14:06

Germany and two steamships were chartered,

00:14:07

however, with the receipt of German

00:14:11

visas, at first they left embarrassment

00:14:13

according to the memoirs of the philosopher Nikolai

00:14:16

Onufrievich Lossky when the Council of People's Commissars

00:14:19

addressed the German government with a

00:14:21

corresponding request, Chancellor Wirth

00:14:24

replied that Germany is not Siberia and

00:14:26

it is impossible to exile Russian citizens to it,

00:14:28

however, if Russian scientists and writers

00:14:30

themselves apply for a visa,

00:14:33

Germany will willingly show them hospitality

00:14:37

after that gp released from custody

00:14:40

those who were over 50 years of age and instructed them to

00:14:43

obtain visas for themselves and their

00:14:46

younger comrades. On

00:14:48

September 30, 1922, the first group of

00:14:53

33 professors and philosophers was

00:14:56

sent to Germany on the ship

00:14:58

Aber Burgomaster Khotin

00:15:00

[music]

00:15:02

that same fall from In Odessa, two

00:15:06

groups of professors were deported to Constantinople and

00:15:08

Varna. On November 16, 1922, the passage of Prussia

00:15:17

took away from Russia the second group of

00:15:18

intellectuals. Before leaving,

00:15:21

they were all warned in writing

00:15:24

that in case of unauthorized return to

00:15:26

Russia they would be shot,

00:15:29

according to one of the deportees,

00:15:32

Mikhail Osorgin,

00:15:33

the ships were taken to Germany is the only

00:15:36

commodity that the current Russian

00:15:38

government supplies to Europe abundantly

00:15:40

and freely, the

00:15:41

guardians of the cultural legacy of Russia,

00:15:52

another philosopher, exile Fedor Stepun,

00:15:55

who in exile headed the department of

00:15:57

sociology at the University of Dresden and

00:16:00

taught philosophy at the

00:16:02

University of Munich, recalled that most of the

00:16:04

expelled scientists experienced mixed

00:16:07

feelings of melancholy and reassurance of

00:16:10

melancholy from that that they are parting with

00:16:12

Russia forever, reassurance that they were not

00:16:15

shot after arriving in Germany on November 18,

00:16:19

1922, one of the passengers on the steamer

00:16:23

Prussia, the

00:16:24

vice-rector of Petrograd University,

00:16:26

Boris Nikolaevich Odintsov, a famous agrochemist,

00:16:29

wrote in his diary

00:16:31

why we were expelled, that it was stupidity

00:16:35

or sound, I think both another thing is that the rulers of

00:16:39

Russia, despite all their arrogance, are

00:16:42

so cowardly that they are afraid of every

00:16:45

independent and honestly expressed

00:16:47

opinion,

00:16:49

leaving Russia with a heavy feeling,

00:16:51

I hope to use the exile as a

00:16:54

business trip and serve my homeland

00:16:56

that is still alive and not dead

00:16:59

[music]

00:17:14

in Germany, the arrival of scientists expelled from Russia

00:17:18

was treated as Thanks to the unexpected and

00:17:20

generous gift from the Bolsheviks, Russian

00:17:23

professors and philosophers were known here not

00:17:25

only for their scientific works; many of

00:17:28

them studied or gave

00:17:30

lectures at major German

00:17:32

universities before the revolution, despite the severe

00:17:35

economic crisis that

00:17:38

Germany was experiencing at that time, the German authorities

00:17:40

allocated

00:17:41

significant funds for the settlement of

00:17:42

Russians exiles

00:17:47

in the center of Berlin near the Kaiser's

00:17:50

castle they were given one of the

00:17:52

most prestigious buildings of the baur academy

00:17:55

to create a Russian scientific institute,

00:17:57

its director was the former chairman of the

00:18:00

board of the Moscow House of Scientists,

00:18:02

Professor Vsevolod Ivanovich Osinsky, the

00:18:06

collections in the new educational institution were

00:18:08

read by

00:18:10

economists Brut Taste and Prokopovich deported from Russia

00:18:13

philosophers Ilyin Frank and Berdyaev astronomer

00:18:17

Stratonov

00:18:18

historian Karsavin zoologist Novikov

00:18:21

writer Aikhenwald cooperator gloomy

00:18:24

criminologist gogi

00:18:27

In many ways all this became possible

00:18:29

thanks to the energy of the initiative of one

00:18:32

person professor of the University of Berlin

00:18:37

at the hatch it was he who managed to convince the

00:18:39

German authorities

00:18:40

to support Russian scientists and allocate

00:18:43

funds for their work from

00:18:44

state budget

00:18:46

thanks to this, in the twenties of the

00:18:49

last century, the

00:18:50

capital of Germany became the main world

00:18:52

center for the study of Russia and Russian

00:18:55

culture in 1923,

00:19:00

about 400 thousand refugees from Russia lived in Berlin alone,

00:19:05

three Russian theaters operated here,

00:19:08

87 Russian newspapers and magazines were published,

00:19:12

as German statistics claim in In

00:19:16

1924, the production of Russian books in

00:19:19

Germany exceeded the number of German ones. In addition to the

00:19:24

Russian scientific institute,

00:19:26

famous Russian scientists continued

00:19:28

their activities in the Russian scientific and

00:19:30

philosophical society, the

00:19:31

Russian academic union, the

00:19:34

religious and philosophical academy [

00:19:37

music]

00:19:52

here

00:19:55

[music]

00:19:59

in the 1920s,

00:20:02

the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, was called Russian

00:20:05

Oxford here Russian professors expelled by the Bolsheviks

00:20:07

founded 6 higher

00:20:10

educational institutions

00:20:12

Russian Pedagogical Institute Faculty of Law Higher

00:20:15

School of Transport Engineering

00:20:17

Russian Institute of Commercial Knowledge

00:20:19

Institute of Agricultural Cooperation

00:20:22

Russian People's University

00:20:24

in front of you is unique newsreel footage

00:20:27

from a private archive here depicts the

00:20:31

daily life of the Russian scientific

00:20:33

colony in Prague

00:20:35

among those who was in the frame and several

00:20:38

people expelled from Russia in 1922

00:20:42

[music]

00:20:46

here is the famous philosopher Peter Struve

00:20:49

walking with the historian Alexander

00:20:51

Kiesewetter am Kiesewetter

00:20:53

in the frame on the left

00:20:55

this is their only lifetime filming

00:20:58

Moscow University professor

00:21:00

Alexandra Kiesewetter

00:21:02

was arrested by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16

00:21:05

to 17 August and expelled from Russia on a

00:21:08

ship, Chief Burgomaster Hakkin his

00:21:11

teacher was the great Russian historian

00:21:13

Klyuchevsky before the revolution, Kiesewetter

00:21:16

published more than 500 scientific

00:21:18

articles on Russian history his doctoral

00:21:22

dissertation, the urban situation of

00:21:23

Catherine the Second was one of the most

00:21:26

fundamental studies of Russian

00:21:28

history of the 18th century, shortly before the revolution,

00:21:32

Kiesewetter became one of the founders of the

00:21:34

Cadet Party after the October

00:21:37

Revolution, he published a number of articles in

00:21:40

which he called the actions of the Bolsheviks

00:21:41

wild fanaticism and an unheard of

00:21:44

atrocity against Russia since

00:21:48

1918, Alexander Kiesewetter was arrested three times

00:21:50

after 4 and he was

00:21:53

expelled from Russia in 1924 upon learning of the

00:21:58

death of Lenin Kiesewetter responded to this event with

00:22:00

the following words, the

00:22:02

fool who died the other day in Moscow, from the very

00:22:05

beginning of his experiment, stated

00:22:08

in a printed brochure that communism in

00:22:10

Russia is impossible,

00:22:12

but Russia is a pile of dry hay

00:22:15

that is easiest to set on fire to start

00:22:18

and a world social fire, Russia will

00:22:21

burn out

00:22:22

and well To hell with it, but the world will enter the paradise of

00:22:25

communism. You don’t need to convince me

00:22:29

that our old order had a bunch of

00:22:32

mortal sins,

00:22:33

but it was not guilty of such a formulation of the question of the existence of

00:22:36

Russia; this was the privilege of the

00:22:40

Bolsheviks;

00:22:43

none of Kiesewetter’s works was

00:22:46

republished in Soviet times and what he

00:22:48

wrote in exile is still not

00:22:50

accessible to the majority of Russian

00:22:52

readers

00:22:53

[music]

00:22:55

and in general the sky is still in history that you

00:22:58

promise the flower of the intelligentsia 150 people

00:23:00

study sometimes I try to say that

00:23:02

France has been transferred and if without shale in the

00:23:06

thirties you promise 150 an accountant of

00:23:12

intellectuals to understand or

00:23:15

how it would impoverish her, most of

00:23:19

them did not think that they would return physically like that

00:23:22

to Russia, well, when you take them to their

00:23:25

creativity, their voice and their message

00:23:28

will return to Russia in this I think

00:23:30

most of them were convinced of this

00:23:33

Merezhkovsky wrote very well about this,

00:23:35

which heaven is you yourself, but that

00:23:38

we will lay down the bones for them abroad, our word

00:23:42

will return, as you can see over these

00:23:44

last 10 years, their words are returning and the

00:23:47

pineapple is no longer outdated

00:23:50

among the scientists expelled from Russia there was a

00:23:53

professor from Moscow University

00:23:55

Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin in 1901 he

00:24:03

graduated with a gold medal from the first

00:24:05

Moscow classical gymnasium and without

00:24:07

exams was admitted to the Faculty of Law of the

00:24:10

Imperial Moscow University;

00:24:14

his scientific advisor, the

00:24:16

famous lawyer Pavel Ivanovich

00:24:18

Novgorodtsev, immediately drew attention to the

00:24:21

young man’s brilliant abilities in science; on

00:24:25

his initiative,

00:24:26

Ilyin remained in University and at the age of 26

00:24:29

already became a private assistant professor in the department of the

00:24:32

Encyclopedia of Law and History of Philosophy. In

00:24:36

1910, the young scientist went on a

00:24:39

scientific trip abroad.

00:24:41

He spent two years at the oldest

00:24:43

universities in Germany, France and Italy,

00:24:46

where he met with leading philosophers

00:24:49

of these countries.

00:24:50

Upon his return, Ivan Aleksandrovich

00:24:53

taught at his native

00:24:54

Faculty of Law and in other higher educational

00:24:57

institutions of Moscow,

00:25:03

the turning point for Ilyin,

00:25:05

as well as for most Russian

00:25:06

intellectuals, was 1917.

00:25:11

He perceived the February revolution as a temporary

00:25:14

disorder and was one of the first to

00:25:17

criticize political irresponsibility

00:25:19

and the leaders of Ilyin wrote liberals did not

00:25:24

foresee

00:25:25

that extreme or untimely and

00:25:28

inappropriately granted freedom leads

00:25:31

to various building and enslavement, they did not

00:25:34

foresee that a person not ripe for

00:25:37

freedom could abuse it and sell

00:25:40

it for personal or class interest,

00:25:43

liberals realized with horror that they were

00:25:46

preparing for and in fact it became depravity,

00:25:51

we saw all the power in our hands

00:25:53

such democrats, these people are born for

00:25:56

reasoning, discussions of resolutions, intrigues,

00:26:00

newspaper articles, flight, these are people,

00:26:04

poses, they will, people of the pen, they are authorities, Russian formal

00:26:09

democrats are not at all created for Russia and their

00:26:12

place in Denmark is

00:26:13

Holland, Romania, their mental horizon is

00:26:16

completely unsuitable for a great power,

00:26:20

their trepidation for the purity of their

00:26:22

sentimentality freedom-loving clothes

00:26:25

against the state, their commitment

00:26:28

to outdated schemes, their naive confidence

00:26:31

that the mass of the people everywhere and

00:26:34

always consists of born and well-intentioned

00:26:37

democrats, all this makes their

00:26:39

leadership in Russia extremely

00:26:42

dangerous and hopeless

00:26:44

[music] in

00:26:45

1918, the check authorities

00:26:50

arrested them three times under various pretexts Ilyin and

00:26:52

conducted a search in his apartment in

00:26:56

the spring, Ivan Aleksandrovich was taken away

00:26:58

right on the eve of defending his doctoral

00:27:00

dissertation, then the entire scientific community stood up for him;

00:27:05

students,

00:27:08

junior teachers,

00:27:10

professors offered themselves hostages; on

00:27:13

May 19, the check was forced to temporarily

00:27:17

release the famous prisoner; defense of a

00:27:21

dissertation on the topic of Hegel's philosophy as the

00:27:24

doctrine of the concreteness of God and man was

00:27:26

carried out so brilliantly that Ilyin

00:27:29

was unanimously awarded two

00:27:31

master's degrees and a doctor of

00:27:33

state sciences; this work

00:27:37

is still recognized by experts as the best

00:27:39

commentary on Hegel's philosophy

00:27:40

[music]

00:27:42

meanwhile, Ilyin continued to consider the main work of his life to be the

00:27:45

fight against the

00:27:47

illegal enslavers of Russia -

00:27:50

murder Bolsheviks

00:27:52

perceived the last Russian Tsar and his family

00:27:54

as a personal tragedy. When asked why this

00:27:58

became possible and what was the sacred meaning of

00:28:00

these events, Ilyin tried to answer all his

00:28:04

life

00:28:07

in a series of works under the general title why the

00:28:10

monarchical system was crushed in Russia,

00:28:12

Ilyin wrote the dynasty did not fight

00:28:16

for its the throne the

00:28:17

throne fell and no one then raised or

00:28:20

unfurled the fallen banner

00:28:22

no one stood under it openly no one

00:28:26

stood up for it publicly when you contemplate

00:28:29

this living tragedy of our dynasty your

00:28:32

heart stops and it becomes difficult to talk about it the

00:28:35

collapse of the monarchy was the

00:28:42

collapse of Russia itself the sacred foundation

00:28:46

of the national of existence, the thousand-year-old state form was subjected to

00:28:49

decay, desecration and villainous

00:28:52

eradication from the floor,

00:28:57

but it was not the Russian republic that was established,

00:29:00

as the revolutionary semi-

00:29:03

intelligentsia of the left parties dreamed of, but the

00:29:05

all-Russian dishonor

00:29:08

predicted by Dostoevsky unfolded and the impoverishment of the

00:29:11

spirit on this spiritual impoverishment on this,

00:29:15

without honor and corruption, the

00:29:17

state anchor of Bolshevism grew

00:29:20

prophetically the guns foreseen by us, the

00:29:22

sick and unnatural 3rd evil

00:29:26

are sent to the wind their poison to the whole world

00:29:29

to their death in the seventeenth year the Russian

00:29:33

people fell into a state of rabble and the history of

00:29:37

mankind shows that the worm is always

00:29:40

blown away by despots

00:29:42

and tyrants Russia collapsed before our

00:29:46

eyes

00:29:47

not because the Russian people he was strong in

00:29:51

anger and because he was weak in goodness

00:29:54

and in the fateful hour of history he was unable to

00:29:58

extract from his good nature and weariness

00:30:01

from his smiling, songful and lazy

00:30:05

soul

00:30:06

that energy of will, that determination of action, that

00:30:09

art of organization, that ability

00:30:12

to resist evil by force, which he

00:30:15

demanded from him an hour of testing and now in

00:30:19

history an unprecedented and

00:30:22

unheard of evil has come true and a minority has seized

00:30:26

power and brought the good-natured

00:30:29

majority of the people to their knees in order to

00:30:31

remake him, break his moral

00:30:34

backbone,

00:30:35

finally mix up in him and his children

00:30:39

in the soul the concepts of good and evil, honor and dishonor,

00:30:43

right and wrong. and force him

00:30:47

by hunger and fear into unconditional

00:30:50

submission

00:30:55

for his frank statements to the

00:30:57

Bolsheviks in their regime, Professor Ilyin

00:31:00

ended up behind bars several more times,

00:31:03

in total the check

00:31:06

issued a warrant for his arrest six times On

00:31:11

September 26, 1922, Ivan Alexandrovich

00:31:15

and his wife were sent to Germany

00:31:17

by ship

00:31:18

Chief Burgomaster Hawking, as part of the first

00:31:21

group of

00:31:23

scientists, economists, doctors, writers and

00:31:26

philosophers expelled from Russia from 1926 to 1938, Ilyin

00:31:34

gave scientific reports more than 200 times in

00:31:36

various cities in Germany, France and

00:31:39

Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, Austria and

00:31:42

Latvia, with a

00:31:43

brilliant command of foreign languages, he

00:31:46

read his lectures depending on the

00:31:48

audience in Russian German or

00:31:50

French in 1925 in Berlin

00:31:55

his famous book on

00:31:57

resisting evil by force was published

00:32:00

in it Ilyin argued that even a

00:32:03

believer not only can but also must

00:32:05

resist evil with sword and force

00:32:08

[music]

00:32:10

in 1938 In 1938, the Nazis forbade Ilyin

00:32:14

to give public lectures and

00:32:16

arrested all his brochures. The Gestapo began to

00:32:20

threaten him with sending him to a concentration camp.

00:32:22

After this, the philosopher decided to flee

00:32:25

Germany thanks to the help of his true friends. In the

00:32:29

summer of 1938, Ivan Alexandrovich and his

00:32:34

wife managed to move to Switzerland for the second

00:32:38

time in a short period of time,

00:32:39

having lost all their property. and livelihood,

00:32:43

they had to start life from scratch,

00:32:50

despite serious restrictions on

00:32:52

rights and constant need, Ilyin did not

00:32:55

stop working in Switzerland, he

00:32:58

wrote 215 famous newsletters for

00:33:01

like-minded people, which his friends

00:33:03

sent to many countries where

00:33:06

Russian emigrants lived; these were political

00:33:09

articles about the state structure

00:33:10

the future of Russia and the struggle for it,

00:33:14

they were subsequently included in the famous

00:33:16

two-volume book

00:33:17

Our Tasks

00:33:18

[music]

00:33:25

in June 1941, Germany attacked the

00:33:30

Soviet Union and Ellen was painfully

00:33:34

worried about the news of the rapid

00:33:36

advance of German troops deep into

00:33:38

Russia, despite the report of the

00:33:43

stunning successes of the Wehrmacht in

00:33:44

the east, Ivan Aleksandrovich

00:33:47

alone one of the first to predict the inevitable

00:33:49

defeat of Hitler's hordes

00:33:51

in the war with Russia and the Russian people,

00:33:54

being a convinced anti-communist, he

00:33:58

nevertheless categorically condemned any

00:34:00

collaboration between Russians and Hitler, Ilyin

00:34:03

wrote Russian people who lived at least a

00:34:08

few years in Germany between the two

00:34:10

world wars saw and knew that

00:34:13

the Germans did not refuse from moving to

00:34:16

the east and that they were preparing a new campaign against

00:34:20

Russia,

00:34:21

the Russian emigration who lived in other

00:34:23

countries did not understand this or did not want to

00:34:27

take it into account,

00:34:28

they assumed to reason according to the dangerous

00:34:31

scheme of the enemy of my enemy is my allies and,

00:34:35

out of naivety, was ready to sympathize with

00:34:37

Hitler, one must hope that now these

00:34:42

Jews, you,

00:34:43

the goal of Germany was not at all to

00:34:46

free the world from communists,

00:34:48

but to exterminate the Russian

00:34:51

population in the regions of

00:34:53

Russia we were seizing and populating them with Germans in order to

00:34:57

dismember the rest of Russia and provide

00:35:00

puppet Germans everywhere; the Finnish

00:35:03

government

00:35:04

was the instinctive dream of several

00:35:07

German generations

00:35:09

to move towards the east and turn Russia,

00:35:12

according to the German expression, into a historical

00:35:15

heap of manure

00:35:16

cannot and should not be considered extinct by

00:35:20

the day

00:35:21

Russian emigrants who love Russia and are

00:35:24

faithful and have no reason to be wrong in expecting

00:35:29

salvation from the West not from Pilsudski not

00:35:32

from Hitler not from the Vatican not from

00:35:35

Eisenhower not from the world behind the scenes

00:35:38

Russia does not have sincere

00:35:40

well-wishers in the world, the Russian people can

00:35:43

only rely on God and on themselves, the

00:35:46

Russian people can only free themselves in the

00:35:52

last years of their lives,

00:35:54

despite illness, the philosopher continued to

00:35:56

work on books dedicated to the

00:35:58

future of Russia, then many of his

00:36:01

prophecies turned out to be incredible even to

00:36:04

his close friends, for example during the period the

00:36:07

most severe persecution of the church in the

00:36:09

Soviet Union, Ilyin confidently

00:36:12

predicted the future restoration of

00:36:13

churches and the revival of the Orthodox faith in

00:36:16

Russia,

00:36:17

this is what he wrote more than 60 years ago, now the

00:36:21

Russian people, separated by terror from

00:36:23

churches and the clergy, tormented and

00:36:26

humiliated by atheists,

00:36:28

will freely and persistently seek the path

00:36:31

to God, will strive not a screen of

00:36:34

solid and unwavering faith from prison,

00:36:38

not returning without a trace,

00:36:41

having seen from turning to God

00:36:44

from the last depths from a shocked

00:36:48

heart and trembling instincts, this

00:36:52

will be a real thirst for God and all that is

00:36:55

divine, religion and temples will be

00:36:58

restored with love and

00:37:00

reverence

00:37:01

of the soul will turn to God, this appeal

00:37:05

will be carried out by living personal experience, a

00:37:09

renewed faith will arise, it will deepen and

00:37:14

inspire those who contemplate the imagination

00:37:16

so that the heart can see God and all his rays

00:37:20

in the world,

00:37:21

such faith will awaken the will, the will will become

00:37:25

character and character will lead to

00:37:27

actions, so I

00:37:29

believe in God, the Russian national character will be reborn,

00:37:35

we believe in Russia because we contemplate

00:37:38

she is in God and we see her as she

00:37:41

was, in fact, they do not have any support and she

00:37:46

would not have raised her harsh fate,

00:37:50

Russia, I think that spiritually the

00:37:54

people are much stronger than any in Europe,

00:37:57

you know that in the twenty-seventh year on the

00:38:00

occasion of the tenth anniversary

00:38:02

of the October Revolution revolution someone press

00:38:05

interview with Churchill and Churchill said

00:38:09

then in this interview that there is either

00:38:14

England would have to endure at least a

00:38:17

tenth of the fact that you warm Russia

00:38:20

was no longer even a trace of England

00:38:24

shortly before his death Ilyin said if

00:38:28

my book needs Russia then the Lord

00:38:30

will save them from destruction,

00:38:32

and if neither God nor Russia needs them, then

00:38:35

I myself don’t need them either, for I live

00:38:38

only for Russia.

00:38:40

When his book Our Tasks was first published in Russia in 1993,

00:38:46

many found it hard to believe that

00:38:49

it had been written for more than 40 years. ago, the

00:38:56

philosopher’s forecasts regarding the post-

00:38:59

communist future of Russia were so strikingly accurate,

00:39:03

here’s what Alien wrote back in 1950, the

00:39:09

Russian people will emerge from the revolution as a poor,

00:39:13

poor,

00:39:14

not prosperous layer, not even a healthy

00:39:17

economic peasant, there

00:39:20

will be no urban and rural residents,

00:39:24

people of various specialties of various

00:39:27

training,

00:39:28

but all they will be poor, overworked and

00:39:31

bitter, and when, after the fall of

00:39:36

the Bolsheviks,

00:39:37

world propaganda throws into the

00:39:39

all-Russian house the slogan the peoples of the former

00:39:42

Russia, grow, change, then two possibilities will open up,

00:39:45

or there will be a

00:39:49

Russian national dictatorship within Russia that

00:39:51

will extinguish this moronic slogan and lead

00:39:54

Russia to unity, or such a dictatorship will

00:39:57

not will develop and in the country it will begin we cannot

00:39:59

imagine their house movements

00:40:01

pogroms from the torment of the

00:40:03

collapse of transport unemployment hunger

00:40:06

cold and anarchy national grievances and

00:40:10

tribal claims will scatter

00:40:13

outside by

00:40:14

foreign enemies and their traitors who have

00:40:17

long dreamed of

00:40:19

liquidating Russia the territory of the country will

00:40:23

boil with endless infighting

00:40:26

clashes and civil wars of the

00:40:28

powers of all world European Asian

00:40:31

and American will invest their

00:40:34

money, their trade interests and their

00:40:37

strategic calculations in the newly emerged

00:40:41

state of Russia will become a global

00:40:43

roam into which the

00:40:46

social and moral scum of all

00:40:49

countries will pour in, agitators, intelligence officers, speculators

00:40:52

and missionaries, all criminal political

00:40:56

and religious adventurers of the universe,

00:40:59

if anything may inflict

00:41:01

new kitsch and blows on Russia after communism,

00:41:04

then these are precisely persistent attempts to install a

00:41:10

democratic system in it after totalitarian tyranny,

00:41:11

because this tyranny managed to undermine in

00:41:15

Russia all the necessary prerequisites for

00:41:17

democracy,

00:41:18

without which only the riot of the mob is possible;

00:41:21

general corruption and

00:41:24

corruption of people who have not learned to respect

00:41:28

the law and will voluntarily observe it for the sake of his

00:41:30

conscience, will not respect his own

00:41:33

state structure, not the

00:41:36

laws issued by himself, every

00:41:39

offense will turn out to be the main form of

00:41:41

his life and in all his affairs a

00:41:44

black market will be established where laws are not particularly respected

00:41:49

and laws are constantly trampled upon; the

00:41:51

property boundaries between mine and yours

00:41:55

between mine and the government are lost

00:41:58

in life, all kinds of theft and fraud are introduced, venality,

00:42:03

bribery, people are not

00:42:06

ashamed of criminality

00:42:08

and the people of the government becomes their

00:42:10

own caricature,

00:42:12

the successful become new riches, big

00:42:14

money upstarts, the unlucky create a

00:42:17

ready-made hired cadre for extreme parties

00:42:20

and bandits of bandits

00:42:22

years years must pass before until the

00:42:26

Russian man comes to his senses, shakes off

00:42:29

these humiliating habits and, standing up to his

00:42:32

full height, finds again his way of life, his dignity

00:42:36

and his independent talented intelligence

00:42:40

[music]

Description:

Русские тайны. ХХ век. Философский пароход. Документальный фильм. По заказу АО "ЦТВ". Производство: Студия Град (History Lab). © 2016 В 1922 году в Советской России состоялась беспрецедентная акция. Из страны были принудительно депортированы более двухсот ученых, врачей и философов с мировыми именами. Об этой акции, лишившей страну цвета национальной интеллигенции, – в фильме «Философский пароход». ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – лаборатория для постижения всемирной истории. Историю лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Официальный научно-познавательный YouTube канал студии-производителя документального кино «Студия ГРАД». © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historylab.online/ VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/History-Lab-107568283954269/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://t.me/historylab_online

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