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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:24
Hello, dear viewers,00:00:27
our today's program is dedicated to00:00:30
antiques and the reason for it was00:00:33
this book by the American professor00:00:34
Robert Williams,00:00:36
which is called Russian art and00:00:39
American money. The book was00:00:42
published in 1980 in the United00:00:45
States of America and then published in00:00:48
Great Britain, it has not yet been00:00:50
translated into Russian language,00:00:52
meanwhile, it tells about one00:00:54
of the darkest and darkest pages of our00:00:57
history about the sale by the Soviet00:00:59
government in the twenties and thirties of the00:01:02
national heritage of Russia,00:01:04
most of the publications that appeared in00:01:07
our press on this topic were written with00:01:10
the help of this book, and today I think00:01:13
it’s time to introduce you with00:01:15
the original source, but before we00:01:18
do this, I want to thank the00:01:19
antique association Gilas, which00:01:22
became the sponsor of our today's00:01:24
program, a little later we will tell you about the00:01:27
first private museum of00:01:29
antique values in today's Russia,00:01:31
which belongs to this association, and00:01:33
now Russian art and American00:01:37
money in May 1935 many00:01:44
American newspapers published a00:01:46
sensational report in Washington,00:01:49
more than 20 masterpieces of00:01:51
Western European painting were discovered00:01:53
that in the early 30s00:01:56
mysteriously disappeared from the Leningrad00:01:58
Hermitage,00:01:59
their new owner was the famous00:02:02
American banker Andrew Mellon,00:02:04
then the00:02:07
details of the sensational deal between the00:02:10
Soviet government and the company first became known It00:02:12
slowly turned out that in the thirty-first00:02:15
year, for the paltry sum of 7 million00:02:19
dollars, 25 world-00:02:22
famous masterpieces of the Hermitage were sold to her,00:02:25
most of them were intended for the00:02:27
chief treasurer of the United States, Andrew Milan00:02:31
[music]00:02:34
paintings by Raphael and Titian Botticelli00:02:38
Rembrandt Van Dyck and Rubens and other00:02:41
geniuses of European the paintings cost him00:02:45
6 million00:02:47
654 thousand dollars, which is exactly how much00:02:51
Soviet foreign trade00:02:53
officials valued the priceless treasures of the Hermitage,00:02:57
but this was just the tip of the iceberg, the00:03:00
true scale of beer beg and the00:03:03
squandering of00:03:04
Russia's national wealth surpasses all imagination, the00:03:12
American professor Robert Williams was00:03:15
one of the first to lift the veil of this00:03:18
secret to the core his books00:03:23
Russian art and American money00:03:25
formed unique documents from00:03:28
public and private archives of the United States;00:03:31
acquaintance with them allowed him to draw00:03:33
the following conclusion: the00:03:36
misfortune of Russia00:03:38
opened up incredible opportunities for many people in the West00:03:40
for quick and00:03:43
almost fabulous enrichment; what00:03:46
was a tragedy for the Russians became good for us00:03:48
business, however, in today's00:03:54
story we will omit the emotional00:03:56
conclusion of the author and since we are00:03:58
only interested in the figures and facts he collected00:04:01
[music]00:04:08
after the October Revolution of 1917, the00:04:12
colossal00:04:15
riches of the former Russian Empire fell into the hands of the Bolsheviks,00:04:19
huge Romanov palaces,00:04:21
noble estates, houses of wealthy00:04:24
merchants and industrialists, the00:04:25
ancient church and the monasteries00:04:28
were literally bursting with fabulous treasures00:04:30
accumulated by Russia over a thousand years of its00:04:33
existence, the00:04:35
new government declared all this to be the property of the00:04:38
republic and the peoples, but only in words,00:04:42
but in reality everything was different already in the00:04:47
early 20s, under the guise of helping00:04:50
the hungry, they were confiscated from the Russian Orthodox Church00:04:53
enormous wealth00:04:56
in the twenty-second year alone,00:05:00
thirty-four pounds of gold were confiscated, about 2400:05:04
thousand pounds of silver, diamonds and00:05:07
diamonds, 33 thousand four hundred and00:05:10
fifty-six pieces of other things00:05:12
decorated with pearls and precious stones,00:05:15
49 pounds00:05:17
in the twenty-third year, another00:05:20
26 pounds of gold and about 25 thousand were confiscated poods of00:05:24
silver,00:05:26
all this was sold to the West, but of the00:05:29
money received,00:05:31
less than one percent went to help the starving. In 1924, the00:05:37
first reports appeared in England00:05:40
that the Soviet government was preparing00:05:43
for sale some of the nationalized00:05:45
valuables from the palaces of the St. Petersburg nobility;00:05:48
however, the head of the Soviet trade00:05:51
delegation in London these denied the reports,00:05:53
calling them fabrications of the00:05:55
capitalist press,00:05:57
three years later, famous in France,00:06:00
antiques trade specialist00:06:02
Germont Seligman received00:06:05
an invitation from the Soviet authorities to visit Moscow,00:06:08
here he was offered to get acquainted with the00:06:11
property of several00:06:13
wealthy families confiscated by him, the customers were interested in00:06:16
one question: can it be sold in00:06:19
the West?00:06:20
Seligman came to Moscow twice in the00:06:23
twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth00:06:25
years, but the deal did not take place, the00:06:28
French government forbade00:06:30
the auction to be held in Paris, fearing00:06:32
protests from the former owners00:06:35
from the Russian emigration,00:06:38
then Soviet foreign trade00:06:39
organizations turned to the00:06:42
Germans and Americans for help, and already in the fall of00:06:47
1928 it was held in Berlin and Vienna00:06:50
two large auctions on November 2, the00:06:53
capital of Germany sold more than 40000:06:57
items from the Hermitage and some00:06:59
St. Petersburg fighters bronze silver00:07:02
furniture porcelain00:07:04
malachite and crystal products from this is00:07:08
the first time the word Hermitage appeared on the world market the00:07:11
second time they started talking about it in the00:07:15
winter of twenty-nine during a00:07:19
meeting with the American entrepreneur00:07:22
Armando Mha Mir, the director of the Soviet00:07:24
foreign trade association00:07:26
antiques, Shapira told him that a00:07:29
big sale of paintings from the00:07:31
Hermitage in the hills was being prepared, contacted his brother00:07:34
Harry in New York and two days later brought00:07:38
Shapira a telegram from a syndicate of00:07:40
American dealers00:07:42
they offered to buy 40 masterpieces00:07:45
from the Hermitage for $5 million Having learned00:07:49
the price, Shapira was indignant and the next00:07:52
day made a counter offer for00:07:55
half of this amount, he agreed to give00:07:58
the Americans a painting by Leonardo da Vinci00:08:00
Madonna Benoit, soon an answer came from New York, we’ll take it,00:08:05
but for two million in the end the deal00:08:09
fell through, however, what the Hummer failed to succeed00:08:14
in was same year, to the oil magnate00:08:16
colossus in the outback, and well,00:08:22
being a great friend of the chairman of00:08:24
the state bank Pyatakov, with his help he managed to00:08:28
buy in the Hermitage 24 gold and00:08:31
silver items of French work,00:08:33
two paintings and a desk of Louis00:08:36
1600:08:39
in the further outback, he concluded three more00:08:43
contracts on them, he took them out of the Hermitage00:08:47
seven paintings, including 2 Rembrandts and a00:08:51
Benz raid, a00:08:52
statue by Gudon and a couple of dozen00:08:56
silver items, for all this he00:09:00
paid three hundred twenty-five thousand00:09:03
pounds sterling00:09:05
[music]00:09:16
but the most terrible blow to the00:09:19
Hermitage collection was dealt in the thirties by an00:09:22
American company to the numbers that00:09:25
bought paintings for the chief treasurer of00:09:27
the United States, Andrew Mellon, and in April 1930 for00:09:36
550 thousand dollars and a00:09:40
portrait of a young man by Hals and00:09:43
two paintings by Rembrandt, a00:09:46
girl with a broom and a portrait of a Polish00:09:50
nobleman, were sold,00:09:52
then the real disaster began van00:09:58
Eyck the Annunciation, the painting was sold in June of the00:10:02
thirtieth year for half a million dollars00:10:08
then several masterpieces were sold for 1 million 84 thousand dollars00:10:16
including a portrait of a Turk and a woman with a00:10:19
carnation repairs and three paintings by Van00:10:22
Dyck00:10:23
Philip Lord Vartan portrait of a Flemish00:10:29
woman [music]00:10:32
Susan Forman and her daughter in January 193100:10:40
for 745 thousand00:10:44
Raphael's famous painting00:10:46
Saint George and the Dragon was sold for 500 dollars, in addition to it,00:10:53
for 223 thousand dollars they gave away a portrait of00:10:57
Pope Innocent 10 by Velasquez00:11:01
[music]00:11:04
a month later,00:11:07
two more masterpieces, the Adoration of the Magi by00:11:11
Botticelli and Rembrandt's paintings of00:11:14
Joseph Condemning his Wife, went to America for a million dollars Potiphar00:11:19
in March 1930 of the first year for only 40000:11:24
2000 dollars00:11:25
window for bought wholesale paintings by00:11:28
several artists Veronese Van Dyck00:11:31
Hals and Chardin00:11:34
[music]00:11:38
and finally in April 1931 we forever00:11:41
lost 3 more greatest masterpieces00:11:46
crucifixion by Perugino sold for 19500:11:52
thousand dollars Madonna Raphael's Alba and00:11:56
one of Titian's most famous paintings,00:11:59
Venus with a Mirror, were given to the Americans00:12:03
for 1 million seven hundred ten thousand00:12:06
dollars; all these paintings were purchased at different times00:12:09
for the Hermitage00:12:11
by Catherine the Second, Alexander the First and00:12:14
Nicholas the First; today they are in the00:12:19
National Gallery of Art in00:12:21
Washington00:12:23
[music]00:12:32
Most of the paintings sold by the Soviet00:12:35
government in the thirties were00:12:37
given away for next to nothing in the West. At that time, the00:12:41
economic crisis, later called the00:12:45
Great Depression, was raging. Prices for works of00:12:48
art fell to a record low,00:12:51
but this did not bother the new owners of Russia,00:12:57
according to the People's Commissar of Foreign Trade00:13:00
Mikoyan, the country needs at any cost there was a00:13:03
currency for the successful implementation of the00:13:05
first five-year plan in his00:13:09
department there was not even an00:13:11
official slogan, let's turn Rubens into00:13:14
rubles and Raphael into tractors and turned in May00:13:20
1930 at an auction in Leipzig00:13:24
dozens of paintings from the00:13:26
Hermitage and St. Petersburg palaces were sold at a low price,00:13:28
not without a peculiar record00:13:32
painting by Rembrandt Christ healing the00:13:35
sick was sold for only four00:13:38
thousand six hundred dollars, the total proceeds00:13:41
amounted to more than 1 million US dollars a00:13:46
year later in the same Leipzig a00:13:49
new auction was held with great success,00:13:51
it was called Russian painting of the 18th century from the00:13:55
museums of Leningrad, Moscow and Khotkovo in the00:13:59
spring of 31 In Berlin, a00:14:03
magnificent00:14:05
collection of paintings and sculptures and the00:14:07
Stroganov Palace in St. Petersburg was also sold cheaply,00:14:10
along with it, the00:14:12
antique French furniture located in the palace,00:14:16
bronze porcelain, a total of 256 items for 60000:14:21
13 thousand dollars in 30 that year, the00:14:26
Philadelphia Museum of Art acquired00:14:29
from the Hermitage a total of for 50 thousand dollars a00:14:32
painting by Poussin the Birth of Venus a00:14:35
year later there for 195 thousand dollars00:14:39
the Americans bought one of00:14:41
Van Eyck’s greatest masterpieces flexible crucifixion and the00:14:44
Last Judgment now it is in the00:14:47
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York during these same years00:14:52
several00:14:55
priceless libraries and manuscripts, so in the00:14:58
thirty-second year, the00:15:03
oldest Greek copy of the New00:15:06
Testament belonging to Alexander the Second was sold to the British Museum for half a million dollars. Less00:15:10
valuable, in the opinion of Soviet officials,00:15:12
things were literally sold by00:15:15
weight and not in atomic kilograms,00:15:19
according to the data of the00:15:21
USSR magazine of foreign trade published in the twenty-00:15:25
ninth year, the Soviet Union exported00:15:28
abroad one thousand one hundred ninety tons of00:15:31
various antiques00:15:33
for nine months of the next year one00:15:36
thousand six hundred eighty-one tons on00:15:39
average about 200 tons per month00:15:45
one of the first to put his bag under this golden shower was the00:15:50
American entrepreneur Armand Khan,00:15:54
his father Julius Hammer was one of the00:15:58
founders of the communist movement in00:16:00
the USA and the publisher of the newspaper, a New York00:16:03
communist,00:16:04
therefore, when00:16:06
Armand arrived in Moscow in the twenty-first year, he was treated kindly by00:16:10
Lenin himself and, thanks to his participation,00:16:12
received a profitable concession for the development of the00:16:16
Ural mineral resources, with his help he00:16:22
rented everything for his company for 1200:16:25
dollars a month, the building of a former00:16:27
Faberge jewelry store on Kuznetsky00:16:30
Bridge, where he soon moved from New York and his whole00:16:33
family,00:16:34
his main assistant in all matters was his00:16:37
brother Victor, together in 9 years they collected a00:16:41
huge collection of jewelry and00:16:44
valuables that belonged to a member of the00:16:47
House of Romanovs00:16:50
in 1930 year Hammar and received permission from the stone to00:16:55
take the Romanov00:16:57
treasures00:16:58
abroad in exchange for their pencil00:17:01
factory in Moscow, and already in the thirty-first00:17:05
year their first auction was held in New York,00:17:08
in particular, the00:17:14
desk of00:17:15
Emperor Paul the First was sold for a cup of 200 dollars00:17:18
Charles the Twelfth Nicholas's cutlery captured near00:17:22
Poltava for $57 100:17:27
of 12 items for $20000:17:31
financial success was not great and then00:17:34
Armand suggested that the brothers sell00:17:36
Romanov treasures through supermarkets;00:17:39
the idea bore brilliant fruit in January00:17:44
1933, the first was held in New York with great success a00:17:47
big sale of00:17:50
Faberge products, it was called the00:17:53
treasure of the Russian imperial court00:17:56
and the winter palace and the royal village00:17:59
belonging to00:18:00
Arman spirits, then auctions followed00:18:03
one after another until the fortieth year,00:18:05
one of the most famous took place in the00:18:09
thirty-seventh year,00:18:10
then 350 Faberge products00:18:14
decorated with diamonds and other things were sold at once00:18:16
precious stones00:18:20
among the buyers were the richest00:18:23
people in America, one of them, Mrs. Mary00:18:28
Post, subsequently created an entire museum from Russian00:18:31
valuables purchased at auctions;00:18:34
it is located in the Hill00:18:37
Wood area near Washington,00:18:40
among the most famous exhibits, a00:18:43
wedding diamond crown,00:18:45
the bride of Grand Duke Alexander, a00:18:48
portrait of Countess Samoilova with her adopted00:18:51
daughter brushes by Bryullov00:18:53
about 90 items from the Faberge company as well as00:18:58
several services by Catherine the Second00:19:01
[music]00:19:02
but still most of my things00:19:06
were bought in Russia00:19:08
[music]00:19:15
she visited here in 193700:19:18
with her husband, the00:19:20
US Ambassador to the Soviet Union Joseph00:19:23
Davis, both returned no longer00:19:27
empty-handed, using his connections00:19:30
in the Soviet government, Davis managed to00:19:33
acquire in the Tretyakov00:19:35
gallery alone 20 unique icons from the most ancient00:19:39
monasteries of Russia, including the Kiev00:19:42
Pechersk and Trinity-Sergius Lavra of the00:19:44
Miracle and the Ascension Monastery in the00:19:47
Kremlin,00:19:49
along with them he took eighty to the USA00:19:53
seven paintings among which were paintings by00:19:56
Repin and Kustodiev,00:19:59
many jewelry,00:20:02
folk crafts and other00:20:04
valuables that Davis gave to his00:20:06
wife are in her museums and ludi00:20:12
today it is considered one of the most00:20:15
significant private collections of Russian00:20:18
antiques in the West00:20:20
[music]00:20:36
[music]00:20:40
in our the country's first00:20:44
private museum of antique values since 1700:20:46
appeared quite recently, just a few00:20:49
years ago, it is located in Moscow and00:20:52
belongs to the antique association00:20:55
Gilas, by the way, also the first non-00:20:58
state institution of this kind in Russia00:21:01
[music]00:21:02
the main goal of the museum, according to00:21:05
its director Nikolai Nikolaevich the00:21:07
Great, is the preservation of national00:21:10
the heritage of Russia, or rather what remains of it00:21:15
[music]00:21:19
in these halls, the unification of the cause will preserve00:21:21
everything that is of historical and00:21:24
museum value furniture paintings porcelain00:21:28
gold silver and bronze items00:21:32
antique watches and icons00:21:36
looking at all this beauty it is difficult to get00:21:39
rid of one feeling of00:21:41
what Russia was rich,00:21:44
if after so many decades of robbery,00:21:47
senseless destruction and00:21:49
squandering after all the wars and00:21:51
revolutions, there is still so much left in it,00:21:55
and how good it is that we finally00:21:58
have people who look at all00:22:01
this not only as a means of enrichment,00:22:03
but also as a property of00:22:06
national culture00:22:08
[music]00:22:39
in the search00:22:40
and acquisition of works of art,00:22:43
the business cooperates with the most authoritative00:22:45
museums of our country, the State00:22:49
Tretyakov Gallery, the State00:22:51
Historical Museum and the museums of the00:22:53
Moscow Kremlin,00:22:56
the main goal of this cooperation is to00:22:59
prevent the export from the country of objects of00:23:02
particular historical and00:23:05
artistic value;00:23:11
well as also provides great assistance to the Russian The Orthodox00:23:14
Church,00:23:15
just last year, the association00:23:18
donated00:23:20
several valuable icons to the Moscow Patriarchate free of charge, one00:23:24
of them from the 16th century, the Mother of God of the Deesis00:23:28
rank, was specially purchased for a00:23:30
gift to our church at a Sotheby's auction, this00:23:35
icon could have cost $100,000, but00:23:37
now it will be in the Church of the00:23:41
Great Ascension at Nikitsky At the gate,00:23:44
two icons were donated to the Tolka00:23:47
convent of the00:23:48
Yaroslavl region. During the filming of this00:23:53
program, specialists were preparing for the00:23:56
transfer of00:23:57
several more icons and chairs for the high00:24:00
place in the future Cathedral of Christ the Savior in00:24:03
Moscow,00:24:05
and it all began seven years ago with a00:24:16
small cooperative engaged in00:24:18
restoration and production replicas of00:24:21
antique furniture today there are00:24:26
unique specialists working here: carvers,00:24:28
restorers, cabinet makers, many00:24:32
are capable of not only reviving an ancient00:24:35
thing, but also making a new one, and one00:24:38
that in its complexity of sophistication00:24:40
will not be inferior to00:24:42
the work of the old masters00:24:44
[music]00:24:50
this work requires from the carver00:24:53
not only enormous skill and00:24:55
patience, but and extensive knowledge of the00:24:58
history of art, a good restorer00:25:01
must accurately determine the time and00:25:04
place of manufacture of an item, distinguish the00:25:06
features of the style of each era,00:25:13
in seven years of persistent and painstaking work, a00:25:16
small cooperative located in the00:25:19
basement of an old house has00:25:20
grown into a huge association, today it does00:25:25
business with its representative offices and00:25:27
stores not only in Moscow00:25:29
but also in Kiev, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl and00:25:32
Nizhny Novgorod,00:25:35
and here they not only trade and00:25:37
evaluate, but also collect, restore,00:25:40
conduct scientific consultations,00:25:45
unfortunately, it is precisely such honest and solid00:25:48
business that, as usual,00:25:50
in our country encounters a huge00:25:52
number of bureaucratic obstacles and00:25:55
slingshots with all the talk about democracy in the00:25:58
civilized market and the protection of the00:26:01
national interests of Russia, it is00:26:03
the state bureaucracy that today00:26:05
causes the greatest damage with this00:26:08
interest; it would seem to be00:26:11
extremely beneficial for the state that all trade in00:26:14
antiques should be carried out on a strictly legal00:26:16
and legal basis,00:26:18
so there is a much greater chance of preventing the00:26:21
leakage abroad of objects of00:26:24
great historical and artistic00:26:26
value. the opportunity00:26:29
to control where what is sold and00:26:31
bought, especially since such00:26:34
organizations are already00:26:36
helping museums and churches preserve00:26:40
many valuables, but despite the fact that00:26:43
there is a presidential decree on the sale of00:26:45
antiques in Russia, a00:26:48
federal service for the preservation of cultural property has not yet been created00:26:51
therefore,00:26:54
everyone who openly and legally deals with00:26:56
antiques for several years this00:26:59
year has not received a license or, more simply put, a00:27:02
permit for their activities, as00:27:05
a result the state itself is creating a00:27:07
black market where no00:27:10
control over what is sold and00:27:12
bought is already possible; all00:27:16
unscrupulous dealers in antiques are actively using it for00:27:18
whom it doesn’t matter what and to whom to sell,00:27:21
the main thing is to get the maximum profit as00:27:24
a result, Russian culture again suffers00:27:26
and yet they are in business and are convinced00:27:30
that sooner or later this disgrace00:27:32
will end, for too00:27:34
long we have only been losing, it’s time to00:27:37
finally leave something for our00:27:40
own home00:27:41
[ music]00:28:27
[laughter]00:28:28
[music]00:28:49
[applause]00:28:50
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Телепередача "Русский мир" (А. Денисов, Б. Костенко, 1993 -1997 гг.) Видео из личного архива авторов А. Денисова и Б. Костенко, переданное авторами для эксклюзивного показа на канале History Lab. © 2020 ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – лаборатория для постижения всемирной истории. Историю лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Официальный научно-познавательный YouTube канал студии-производителя документального кино «Студия ГРАД». © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://t.me/historylab_online
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