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00:00:17

what kind of education Alexander Nevsky could have received

00:00:20

is of course a very complex question for the

00:00:22

reason that literally crumbs

00:00:24

from the literary wealth of the 13th century have reached us,

00:00:27

but in order to understand Alexander we must

00:00:30

of course look at who his ancestors were,

00:00:32

his father was and relax good luck sands I

00:00:35

will be a big nest accordingly his

00:00:37

grandfather is the well-known

00:00:40

builder of the Vladimir cathedrals, the man

00:00:42

who brought Byzantine culture to Russia

00:00:44

since he himself was a

00:00:47

Byzantine mother, then we look at Yuri

00:00:51

Dolgorukiy Yuri Dolnorukiy the founder of

00:00:53

Moscow, he was, of course, first of all a warrior,

00:00:55

but he was also an outstanding

00:00:57

statesman,

00:00:58

but finally Vladimir Monomakh is a man

00:01:01

who himself wrote essays and wrote a

00:01:04

lesson for children in which he feels a

00:01:06

huge culture,

00:01:07

so I want to say that the princes of

00:01:10

the pre-Mongol time, the princes of the 13th century,

00:01:12

are usually educated people,

00:01:15

well-read in the literature of that time, and

00:01:17

of course Alexander Nevsky was

00:01:19

certainly literate and was certainly a

00:01:22

man of high spiritual culture and a

00:01:24

person who was aware of the

00:01:27

literary activity of that time,

00:01:34

what Novgorod was,

00:01:36

what it was for Alexander Nevsky, but

00:01:38

here we must remember that

00:01:39

Alexander Nevsky

00:01:40

was first sent to Novgorod when he

00:01:42

was eight years old, his father Yaroslav, all

00:01:45

the luck was the Grand Duke of Vladimir

00:01:47

and how is it usually it was done he sent

00:01:49

his son as his governor in

00:01:51

Novgorod,

00:01:52

Alexander literally grew up in Novgorod and I’m

00:01:56

sure that he loved this city and he had some kind of

00:01:58

Novgorodian character,

00:02:00

you know, such a sweeping one, such an energetic

00:02:03

mother, a bit like that, that’s what the

00:02:05

Novgorodians were like because in front of them there was a

00:02:07

huge northern Russia that needed to be

00:02:10

mastered, colonized,

00:02:11

the Novgorodians are very enterprising people,

00:02:13

the Novgorodians are very cunning people, because

00:02:15

in Novgorod there is constantly a struggle between

00:02:17

political parties, there is always some kind of

00:02:19

political intrigue, political life is in full swing,

00:02:22

and Alexander absorbed all this into

00:02:25

himself, both this Novgorodian scope and this

00:02:27

Novgorodian trick, I think that he

00:02:30

came to Novgorod, felt at home,

00:02:32

it was his nest, so to speak,

00:02:35

this is its significance for Alexander

00:02:38

Nevsky, but its significance for Russian

00:02:39

culture, of course at that time, Novgorod

00:02:42

is a repository of the culture of saving the culture of

00:02:45

pre-Mongol Russia, Novgorod

00:02:47

was never devastated by the Tatars, the Tatars were never they

00:02:50

didn’t come there, although many princes

00:02:52

blackmailed Novgorod that if you don’t

00:02:54

pay, we will bring the Tatars and you

00:02:57

will feel bad, and the Novgorodians were looking for some

00:02:59

solutions, someone was bribed, someone was intimidated, so to speak,

00:03:02

but practically

00:03:04

Novgorod never received anything in return, so the

00:03:05

Kiev ones were also preserved there pancakes

00:03:09

were preserved there and huge books were of course a

00:03:11

collection in Sofia of Novgorod and in this

00:03:14

regard, in general, the role of Novgorod in

00:03:16

Russian history is unique. Novgorod

00:03:18

shows that the history of Russia is not

00:03:21

only the history of prison, but this history of

00:03:24

freedom, the Novgorod tradition

00:03:26

was picked up with the Vyatka club, this is the tradition of

00:03:30

self-government,

00:03:31

this is the tradition that shows us that

00:03:34

our ancestors loved freedom no less than us

00:03:36

and that when it was possible to preserve,

00:03:38

then they

00:03:39

preserved the Novgorodians, I think there were people

00:03:47

who were very similar to us in many ways, that

00:03:51

is, when we read the text and these

00:03:52

birch bark letters, the same everyday

00:03:54

concerns of the same - petty intrigues of the

00:03:56

same some minor quarrels, that is, this is

00:03:59

everyday life, this is a rare case

00:04:01

when we can look at the

00:04:02

everyday life of a medieval city

00:04:04

and this is everyday life, I repeat, it is

00:04:08

very similar to ours, we feel

00:04:10

some kind of real closeness with these

00:04:11

people we understand their problems, they are the

00:04:14

same as us, we are the same as them, so

00:04:17

of course this is a great discovery,

00:04:18

the archeology of Novgorod,

00:04:20

but this once again shows that the history of

00:04:22

Russia has, well, how to say,

00:04:24

multivariance, where this

00:04:27

history went in a natural order

00:04:29

where it was not broken through knee to

00:04:31

serfdom and all sorts of

00:04:32

dictatorial excesses, so to speak, there the

00:04:35

normal development of society led to the

00:04:38

development of normal, full-fledged,

00:04:39

culturally educated people, well,

00:04:42

archaeological excavations in Novgorod and

00:04:43

of course testify to the high

00:04:45

everyday culture of this city that

00:04:47

people there found opportunities to

00:04:49

keep their city clean and take care of

00:04:52

some kind of improvement that they generally

00:04:53

felt such a concept as a city as a

00:04:55

kind of community, this is very valuable

00:04:59

information on other cities, we

00:05:00

simply don’t have sources; there were possible ones there

00:05:02

too,

00:05:03

but Novgorod is a unique case when

00:05:05

we can know how our

00:05:08

distant ancestors lived every day, about what what they thought

00:05:10

about, what they dreamed about, why they were upset,

00:05:13

well, I think that the level of development of this

00:05:16

everyday culture of Novgorod is,

00:05:18

in any case, not lower than that of fish,

00:05:21

and maybe higher than the level of development of the

00:05:23

same everyday culture of the

00:05:24

largest Western European cities

00:05:27

such as Paris, Rome, London and

00:05:29

d that is, our country did

00:05:31

not lag behind in this regard, although the living conditions were

00:05:35

much more difficult, but pre-Mongol

00:05:38

Russia was practically at the same level of

00:05:40

development as the cities of the Western groups

00:05:46

than Alexander Nevsky abandoned the

00:05:49

Kiev throne,

00:05:50

well, here you can of course guess, but I think

00:05:53

that the main the reason was that Kiev at

00:05:56

that time was ruined

00:05:57

there, in fact, he had nothing to

00:05:59

do, Kiev lay in ruins, the people were

00:06:01

almost all destroyed and therefore ruling in

00:06:05

Kiev did not represent any honor for him

00:06:07

and no political prospects,

00:06:10

but besides, he still considered himself

00:06:13

as an older brother,

00:06:14

as an older brother, he should have, of course,

00:06:16

received Vladimir, but Vladimir was received by

00:06:19

his younger brother Andrey,

00:06:21

and here we already come to such a

00:06:24

complex complex story connected with

00:06:28

family relations with the brothers of

00:06:31

Alexander Nevsky and related to the

00:06:33

politics of the Golden Horde, the

00:06:34

fact is that after all At this time, the

00:06:36

Tatar-Mongols were divided into two power

00:06:39

structures: 1 had the center of Karakorum, that

00:06:42

is, the center of the entire Mongol Empire, and

00:06:44

the other power structure was the Golden

00:06:46

Horde, which ruled first Bate and then

00:06:49

his brother Birki, and the relations between

00:06:51

these two centers of power were very

00:06:54

tense and hostile, although Outwardly, they

00:06:57

maintained reverence for each other

00:06:59

and until some time did not enter into an

00:07:01

open fight, that

00:07:02

is, it was the most complex diplomacy and

00:07:04

our princes had to become part of

00:07:07

this diplomacy, and since

00:07:09

Alexander Nevsky, as the eldest, was

00:07:11

nominated by the baty, so on the contrary, the fatal one

00:07:14

decided to replay the show their power and

00:07:16

make Andrei Alexander in first place

00:07:19

put Alexander in second place it was such a

00:07:21

trick with the aim of firstly to quarrel between the

00:07:24

brothers and secondly to show that they there

00:07:26

in Karakorum decide what

00:07:28

the system of power should be who should be first

00:07:30

who should be

00:07:31

so what I want to say is that Alexander

00:07:33

Nevsky was forced to be constantly

00:07:36

extremely careful so as not to spoil

00:07:38

relations with some or with others, so as not to

00:07:41

give a reason for an attack for the

00:07:44

Mongol Tatar raids on Russian lands, what the

00:07:51

people of that time experienced, how they

00:07:53

perceived the Tatar-Mongol

00:07:55

invasion, but above all it

00:07:56

was perceived as we would now say a

00:07:59

catastrophe, a grandiose historical

00:08:01

catastrophe, but in the system of concepts of that

00:08:04

time it is primarily a religious

00:08:05

understanding of this event, this is the wrath of God,

00:08:08

this is the wrath of God that fell on the

00:08:11

Russian land for its sins, for the sins of

00:08:13

princes, for the sins of ordinary people, and this is the

00:08:17

wrath of God it must stop, and in

00:08:20

this regard, the

00:08:21

victories of Alexander Nevsky that he

00:08:24

won in the north-west, they received a

00:08:27

huge resonance throughout the country, they

00:08:29

said they admired them, why

00:08:32

because people needed to believe that

00:08:34

God had not yet completely abandoned the

00:08:37

Russian land since we have these victories

00:08:39

mean that the Lord still loves the Russian

00:08:41

land, yes he punished it, but now he

00:08:43

has mercy on it, he forgives it, and therefore there is

00:08:46

hope that the Lord will free us from

00:08:48

this, we must be righteous, we must

00:08:50

correct our lives and we must

00:08:53

be courageous, and then the Lord

00:08:54

will return us what he took from us

00:09:01

I think that whether Alexander had

00:09:05

any choice, unfortunately he did

00:09:09

n’t have a choice because the horde was the

00:09:12

dominant force and speaking out

00:09:14

against the horde some kind of attempted rebellion

00:09:16

attempts of rebellion they simply led to

00:09:19

what will come a new punitive

00:09:20

expedition and the last thing left in

00:09:23

Russia will be destroyed simply physically, it

00:09:25

will simply be a dead country and of course

00:09:28

Alexander Nevsky had a hard time

00:09:29

going to the horde to humiliate himself for a long time to live there to

00:09:32

collect this tribute to force the Russian

00:09:34

people to pay when they were not

00:09:36

used to paying anyone before it was extremely

00:09:38

difficult and we must in general, bow to

00:09:41

Alexander Nevsky for saving the

00:09:43

Russian land by his own

00:09:45

humiliation, his suffering, his

00:09:47

life, ultimately because he died

00:09:49

on the way back from the horde and

00:09:51

was most likely poisoned,

00:09:53

there is an assumption like his father, by the

00:09:55

way, but these people saved it that

00:09:58

it was possible to save the remnants of Russia were saved and

00:10:00

these remnants then gradually

00:10:02

begin to be reborn Alexander Nevsky

00:10:05

becomes a golden legend of our

00:10:07

medieval history. the

00:10:13

last trip of Alexander Nevsky to the

00:10:15

lord in 1262 sixty-third

00:10:19

is in many ways such a mysterious event, the

00:10:22

meaning of which we do not fully understand

00:10:24

because here intersected several

00:10:27

intersected several issues, on the one

00:10:30

hand, the Tatar-Mongols wanted to

00:10:32

mobilize Russian soldiers into their army

00:10:35

because they were planning a big

00:10:37

war there in the Caucasus and this is generally a common

00:10:40

practice for the Mongols among all conquered

00:10:41

peoples, they collected

00:10:43

soldiers and forced them to serve their

00:10:45

troops, but for in Russia it would have been

00:10:49

a disaster; it already had a very low

00:10:51

population density; a huge number

00:10:52

of people would have died; if

00:10:55

such mobilization had taken place, then there would simply be

00:10:57

no soldiers left in Russia at all; therefore, the task of

00:11:00

Alexander Nevsky was, of course, by any

00:11:02

means, somehow, as

00:11:04

the chronicle puts it, to pray away the thunderstorm to pray away the storm,

00:11:07

that is, to convince that there is no need to

00:11:09

touch Russia, that we have our own task,

00:11:11

we are holding the defense in the north-west, that there

00:11:13

are enemies there and we are

00:11:15

the possession of the Golden Horde, so we protect the cattle

00:11:19

from enemies in the west, so there is

00:11:21

no need to touch us, of course it was necessary to bring

00:11:23

gifts, of course, it was necessary to be well

00:11:26

versed in all the complexity of

00:11:27

relations at the Khan's court

00:11:29

because around the Khan's throne, as

00:11:31

usual, there are

00:11:32

all sorts of favorites of all kinds of

00:11:34

parties and everyone was striving for each other, so

00:11:37

to speak, to cause some kind of sabotage,

00:11:39

some kind of trouble, so Alexander

00:11:42

Nevsky, of course, was excellent

00:11:44

diplomats. this is an amazing property,

00:11:46

he combined two very different two

00:11:49

very different talents on the one hand, this is a

00:11:51

hero, of course, this is a warrior who

00:11:54

rushes forward headlong and takes his

00:11:56

fortresses with which they storm, as they

00:11:59

said then, and the drive to be a swift

00:12:01

attack, you need to have such a temperament,

00:12:03

you need to have drive like Goritsy for but on

00:12:07

the other hand, this is a person who has

00:12:09

such a cold self-control, a

00:12:12

wonderful analytical mind who

00:12:15

understands what needs to be said in what

00:12:16

situation, where you need to bow, where you need to

00:12:19

do what to

00:12:20

give to whom, the most complex diplomacy,

00:12:22

diplomacy, and on the edge of a knife,

00:12:24

one careless movement and you are lost

00:12:26

because in the horde

00:12:28

they paid for everything with their heads, and here is an

00:12:31

amazing combination of such rare

00:12:32

qualities as recklessly brave and

00:12:35

courage and at the same time a calm,

00:12:37

cold, reasonable mind that

00:12:39

will allow him to preserve the Russian land in the

00:12:42

most difficult conditions of that time.

00:12:48

Indeed, Alexander’s relationship with the

00:12:51

West is also complex and for historians, a

00:12:54

very interesting topic, on the one hand,

00:12:57

Alexander Nevsky, of course, as an

00:12:59

Orthodox person, did not allow the very

00:13:01

idea that Russia could be converted to

00:13:03

Catholicism, it was almost

00:13:05

impossible, on the other hand, as a real politician, he

00:13:08

considered all possible options for all

00:13:11

possible allies,

00:13:12

of course, he wanted to get rid of the

00:13:14

power of the Tatars Of course, he knew that

00:13:16

there was such a thing as the

00:13:18

crusades, that the Pope

00:13:20

could eventually organize a crusade and that

00:13:23

this crusade might be

00:13:24

able to overthrow the power of the Tatar-Mongols,

00:13:26

so he was not such an

00:13:29

absolute absolute apologist for the

00:13:32

Orthodox idea, he was a normal

00:13:34

Orthodox ruler who, as a

00:13:36

ruler, is looking for all kinds of political

00:13:38

codes, well, a well-known phrase of politics is the

00:13:40

art of the possible and this is where it

00:13:42

was possible to do, he tried it

00:13:45

is known that dad throw 4 sent two

00:13:49

letters, two letters from him to

00:13:51

Alexander Nevsky have been preserved where he says that

00:13:53

your father had good relations with us

00:13:55

and even seemed to be planning to

00:13:57

convert to our faith, and you allowed us to

00:13:59

build a church in Pskov on the account of Roman

00:14:01

law, and now you are giving

00:14:04

us our faith,

00:14:07

but these two letters remained unanswered

00:14:09

because they were written in the

00:14:11

year forty-eight, the first of them in January one

00:14:13

thousand two hundred forty-eight, and the

00:14:15

second already in the fall of one thousand two hundred forty-

00:14:17

eight, when Alexander was

00:14:20

on a trip to the

00:14:21

Golden Horde and not only the Golden Horde

00:14:23

to Mongolia Bate and sent him further to the

00:14:26

Great Khan Nut and now the trip through

00:14:29

almost the entire Mongol Empire

00:14:31

she showed Alexander Nevsky the

00:14:33

incredible strength of this nomadic

00:14:36

state, the enormous potential that is there in the steppes,

00:14:39

to put it simply, he realized that it was

00:14:41

impossible to fight, that there was no possibility, no

00:14:44

Roman troops would come here, so to speak,

00:14:45

and when he returned he no longer continued this

00:14:48

correspondence,

00:14:49

he stopped it and we do not

00:14:52

know any further his contacts with the

00:14:55

West, so I repeat that there

00:14:58

were certainly contacts with the West, and he, as a

00:15:00

sober politician, should have had such

00:15:01

contacts in order to understand what could be

00:15:03

done in this situation, but when he thought through

00:15:06

the situation, he realized that these

00:15:09

contacts were unpromising, he decisively

00:15:11

cut them off,

00:15:16

well, the end of the life of Alexander Nevsky the

00:15:19

last years of his life are a big

00:15:21

mystery for a historian because a

00:15:23

variety of historical

00:15:26

themes are intertwined here, different problems that

00:15:28

faced Alexander Nevsky,

00:15:30

which means I think that of course the uprising of

00:15:35

1262, about which the

00:15:38

chronicles tell of the uprising against the

00:15:40

Tatar-Mongols against the so-called

00:15:42

beads men of which from the dome tribute and

00:15:44

then this tribute was brutally collected from the

00:15:47

Russian population, this uprising

00:15:49

was certainly how to tell you, it

00:15:53

was not spontaneous, it was

00:15:56

organized because sources

00:15:58

say that there was no murder of these

00:16:01

Horde officials, that they were expelled

00:16:04

from the cities, but they were not torn apart

00:16:06

like this could have been when there was simply a

00:16:08

spontaneous popular uprising, that is,

00:16:10

this process was under the control of which

00:16:12

process of liberation from the

00:16:14

imperial administration of that

00:16:16

administration that was in

00:16:18

Karakorum and at this time the

00:16:20

process of formation of an

00:16:23

independent Golden Horde is taking place, that is, the Golden

00:16:25

Horde stops paying taxes to the

00:16:27

imperial office The

00:16:29

Golden Horde declares for itself the right

00:16:31

and an independent state and the

00:16:32

rulers of the Golden Horde

00:16:34

in particular, at this time Khan

00:16:36

Berke’s brother Bate was already ruling and they had to make it

00:16:40

look like they weren’t driving away the

00:16:44

imperial administration, but that it was the

00:16:46

population, in case something happened they could

00:16:49

win back, you know that we didn’t

00:16:52

want this, well, they are bad, they

00:16:54

started a rebellion, so to speak, but if we manage to

00:16:58

completely free ourselves, well, well,

00:17:00

so Alexander Nevsky, he had, as it were,

00:17:03

the blessing of the horde for these

00:17:05

actions,

00:17:06

but he carried out these actions according to a pre-

00:17:09

drawn up scenario very subtly

00:17:12

so as not to cause a

00:17:13

massacre of the Tatar-Mongols in general, which

00:17:15

could, of course, lead to a punitive

00:17:17

expedition, and this is another example of the

00:17:19

subtle diplomacy of Alexander Nevsky,

00:17:21

diplomacy on the edge of a knife, diplomacy

00:17:24

that allowed him, strictly

00:17:26

speaking, to be the Grand Duke of Vladimir for 10 years,

00:17:34

of course, Metropolitan Kirill’s move to the

00:17:36

northeast is another historical

00:17:38

mystery, we can only offer

00:17:41

some solutions to it 100 percent

00:17:43

when we can’t, we can’t be sure that

00:17:45

we are right, but nevertheless the fact is that

00:17:47

Daniel of Galicia Paul’s policy, the goal of

00:17:51

which was the liberation of the

00:17:54

Tatar-Mongols from power, but this policy was

00:17:56

unrealistic,

00:17:58

it was an adventuristic policy

00:17:59

that could and did ultimately lead

00:18:01

to the devastation of the possessions of

00:18:03

Daniil of Galicia,

00:18:04

that is, he began this fight when he did not yet

00:18:08

have enough funds for this, did not

00:18:10

have sufficient military potential, the

00:18:12

horde was still strong, so I think that

00:18:15

Metropolitan Kirill was just a very

00:18:17

sensible church leader

00:18:19

who realized that the future does not lie with the south and

00:18:22

west, that with such a policy, the southwest

00:18:25

will soon be just Mongol horses in this plan,

00:18:26

and what the future is for the

00:18:29

northeast, and of course there were negotiations

00:18:31

with Alexander Nevsky, Alexander Nevsky

00:18:33

invited him strongly towards itself and

00:18:36

ultimately the position of the Russian church in

00:18:38

relation to the needle, it coincided with the positions of

00:18:41

Alexander Nevsky,

00:18:42

that is, you need to endure, you need to gather

00:18:44

strength and you don’t need to run into a pogrom, and the

00:18:47

main thing is to save the people, save the country

00:18:50

in this regard, I think that Metropolitan

00:18:52

Kirill was like-minded with Alexander

00:18:55

Nevsky and therefore they had to

00:18:57

work together why do

00:19:02

we need the image of Alexander

00:19:04

Nevsky

00:19:06

this question can be posed more broadly

00:19:10

why do we need history xanar

00:19:12

Nevsky this is part of history

00:19:13

our history is our national

00:19:15

treasure this is our treasure which we

00:19:18

should use especially in

00:19:21

times when the country is going through some

00:19:23

difficult periods in its history, difficult

00:19:25

periods in its history, now Russia

00:19:28

is at the next historical

00:19:29

turning point, and in these situations they

00:19:33

always turn to history, look for

00:19:35

support in history, look for some

00:19:37

analogies, look for some advice in history,

00:19:40

Alexander Nevsky symbolizes first

00:19:43

of all high culture of the Russian people,

00:19:48

courage, the best qualities of the Russian people, the

00:19:51

Russian people are symbolized by

00:19:52

Alexander Nevsky and I remember Alexander

00:19:55

Nevsky,

00:19:56

we get some kind of spiritual

00:19:59

nourishment to survive our

00:20:01

current difficult times xander Nevsky,

00:20:04

as well as a number of other great

00:20:06

people of Russian history, this is our wealth

00:20:08

and we are keeping it,

00:20:14

you know the fact is that

00:20:17

already in the mid-30s our leadership of the Soviet Union

00:20:21

began to change its attitude towards

00:20:24

the past, if previously such a

00:20:26

revolutionary radical line prevailed that everything

00:20:29

was gone, I’m bad, the whole black kingdom,

00:20:32

now, on the contrary,

00:20:33

there is a return to some in a positive

00:20:35

way of the past, of course, not to everyone,

00:20:37

but to those who evoked the greatest

00:20:39

respect and who were best known to the

00:20:42

broad masses, and

00:20:44

Alexander Nevsky

00:20:45

is a symbol of military glory, a symbol of the struggle of

00:20:49

our people for independence, therefore,

00:20:52

in the general context, a return to the

00:20:54

history of our state is quite

00:20:56

natural that Stalin remembered

00:20:58

Alexander Nevsky and other great

00:21:00

people of the past, and it was certainly

00:21:02

very correct, such a strong

00:21:04

political move, Stalin’s address from the

00:21:06

rostrum of the mausoleum is one of the elements

00:21:09

of the return to common national

00:21:12

values that occurs just

00:21:15

before the war and at the beginning of the war, it was a

00:21:17

very correct step a step that

00:21:19

allowed us to consolidate our society for

00:21:22

some time, at least to

00:21:24

forget about the contradictions that

00:21:26

of course existed, but in the face of a

00:21:28

terrible danger, this consolidation

00:21:30

was a necessary condition for future

00:21:32

victory

Description:

Полная версия интервью из документального фильма "Александр Невский. Между Востоком и Западом" (History Lab, 2016). ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – лаборатория для постижения всемирной истории. Историю лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Официальный научно-познавательный YouTube канал студии-производителя документального кино «Студия ГРАД». © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://t.me/historylab_online

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