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Video tags
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Russian
00:00:00
we used to have two suns, our00:00:02
galaxy is already colliding with Andromeda,00:00:05
scientists measured the deformation of a neutron00:00:07
star as thick as a bacterium,00:00:10
we’ll talk about all this and much more right00:00:12
now in the sixty-second issue of the astra00:00:14
review, I’m Andrey and you are on the space channel,00:00:17
just00:00:22
the sun could be a double star and00:00:24
today the sun is a lonely star,00:00:27
but the authors of an article that was published in the journal00:00:30
astrophysical journal letters00:00:31
suggested that this might not00:00:33
always have been so,00:00:34
and in the distant past the sun could have had00:00:36
a companion similar in mass to it.00:00:38
Where did this idea come from? In general, it’s00:00:41
not difficult to imagine such a thing; after all,00:00:43
single stars stars and similar to00:00:45
our sun in our galaxy are in00:00:47
the minority, more double triple stars00:00:50
and more multiplicity, someone might think00:00:52
that scientists are like that there are more double stars00:00:56
and we’ll write an article for it, but of course not, and the00:00:59
motivation here is completely different and00:01:02
this story, oddly enough, is connected with the cloud00:01:04
oorta and planet 9, let me remind you that the00:01:08
oorta cloud is a supposed spherical00:01:10
structure surrounding the solar system and00:01:13
consisting of icy bodies. It is00:01:14
believed that it can be a source of00:01:16
long-period comets. It is00:01:18
not known exactly how the clouds00:01:20
formed; it may consist of00:01:22
matter remaining after the formation of the00:01:24
planets, and the fragments ended up in such00:01:26
distant orbits00:01:27
from -due to the gravitational influence of the planets,00:01:29
at least some of the objects00:01:31
could have been captured in the solar system00:01:33
from other systems at an early stage in the life of the00:01:36
solar system, and so the authors of the article00:01:38
say that under the standard scenario, the00:01:40
Oort cloud and another region of the00:01:42
scattered disk00:01:44
are expected to have certain parameters and00:01:46
previous models do not very successfully00:01:49
reproduced the observed parameters, and00:01:51
the authors of the article claim that the00:01:53
distribution of objects that are00:01:55
observed can be better explained by a00:01:57
system in which there is not one star but two00:02:00
because a double star00:02:02
captures objects much more efficiently than a00:02:03
single star, and here planets also appear00:02:06
9 I have not made a separate release00:02:08
of it yet could not be detected, but00:02:10
some scientists believe that it may00:02:12
exist because there is a00:02:14
special position and grouping of the orbits00:02:16
of trans-Neptunian objects, and this can be00:02:18
explained by the influence of another planet;00:02:21
one of the versions of the appearance of planet 9 in the00:02:23
solar system is also captured from00:02:26
outside our system, and again the chances00:02:29
of capture are increased by a binary system; in addition, it00:02:32
is assumed that if this is so, then there must00:02:34
be other objects, for example,00:02:36
more dwarf planets with00:02:39
orbital orientations approximately like those of planet 9,00:02:41
as I already said, the second star in this00:02:43
model should be similar in mass to the00:02:45
sun, but then it wouldn’t look like that00:02:48
in this case, the second star should00:02:50
be located quite far away at a00:02:52
distance of one and a half thousand or more00:02:54
astronomical units, that is, 50 times00:02:56
further than Neptune like other stars, and00:02:59
when our sun was formed00:03:00
it was most likely in a star00:03:02
cluster that appeared from one00:03:04
gas and dust cloud, the stars00:03:06
were then much closer to each other and00:03:08
could interact with the00:03:10
companion, the sun could have appeared in the00:03:12
cluster and the binary system captured00:03:14
planet 9 and some objects of the Oort cloud00:03:18
from other stars where the second00:03:20
star disappeared; it could have been00:03:22
gravitationally influenced by other nearby stars in a00:03:24
dense cluster and ejected from the system00:03:27
and now this star may be somewhere00:03:29
far away in the Milky Way, and even then only a model00:03:32
that, according to the authors, can better00:03:34
explain some of the observed properties00:03:36
of our system, but they also propose a00:03:39
way to test it, for example, a new00:03:41
telescope named Vera Rubin, which should00:03:43
begin operation in 2021 will be able to confirm00:03:46
or deny the presence of planet 9 and00:03:49
other previously unknown objects, if,00:03:51
nevertheless, planet 9 is discovered and they can still00:03:54
confirm that it ended up in the solar00:03:56
system by capture, then according to00:03:58
the authors, the chances of the double star model00:04:00
will be an order of magnitude higher than a single star, in00:04:03
general, we are waiting for the start of observations of the telescope of00:04:05
faith rubin00:04:08
when I prepare material for my videos, I00:04:11
often watch lectures and unfortunately there are00:04:13
not as many of them in Russian as I would like,00:04:15
but in English, for example, there is a whole00:04:17
Stanford course of lectures on cosmology00:04:19
Leonardo Soskin, fortunately my00:04:22
English allows me to watch them,00:04:24
I know for myself that often when teaching English00:04:26
they focus on grammar on reading in00:04:29
exercises the stock is of course also important, but00:04:32
in order to use the language fully00:04:34
you need all its aspects bit for which we00:04:37
learn English00:04:38
to speak and understand in float00:04:40
the index of the workshop with whose support00:04:42
this video comes out the focus is00:04:45
on conversational practice flow is a new00:04:47
way to learn English,00:04:49
this is an environment in which it is comfortable to study, you00:04:51
can communicate in English with people00:04:53
from different countries and just communicate, even00:04:55
make friends in flow, you00:04:58
learn grammar on your own in an interactive00:05:00
simulator, but even here everything is based on real00:05:02
stories and life like call a plumber,00:05:04
how to check in at a hotel, how to buy00:05:06
tickets to a football match in Barcelona, and00:05:08
so on, and after exercising in the simulator,00:05:11
you can consolidate the skill on calls with00:05:13
different teachers,00:05:14
with different ones in order to understand different00:05:17
accents, you do not adapt to00:05:19
the teacher, choose a time convenient for you,00:05:21
the practice lasts 15 minutes and also00:05:23
24/7 support; if you don’t understand something,00:05:26
ask questions flow will help you figure it out right away;00:05:28
in addition, once a week there is a00:05:30
session with a mentor; this is an00:05:32
experienced teacher who will help you00:05:34
understand anything you don’t understand; tracks00:05:37
progress; helps you set goals and00:05:39
motivates; and answers tricky00:05:41
questions; real speaking practice00:05:43
this is the key to fully00:05:45
using the language, not just knowing00:05:47
a bunch of spells, follow the link in00:05:49
the description and there the first00:05:51
story in the interactive simulator and00:05:53
speaking practice is waiting for you completely00:05:55
free of charge, as well as a bonus for my subscribers from00:05:57
me and flow, it would00:06:00
seem we already know so much00:06:03
Let’s talk about space in comparison with what we00:06:05
knew a hundred years ago, and yet we do00:06:08
n’t know a lot of things even in our00:06:10
closest galactic neighborhoods,00:06:12
for example, even in a small area of00:06:13
space around the solar system00:06:16
several tens of light years00:06:17
across, new objects continue to be discovered00:06:20
so recently 9500:06:22
new brown dwarfs were discovered in00:06:24
relative proximity to us, on the other00:06:26
hand, of course, considering that brown00:06:28
dwarfs are slightly massive, small and00:06:31
dim objects,00:06:33
this is not so surprisingly interesting00:06:35
that citizen scientists helped to discover these almost hundreds of new00:06:37
objects,00:06:38
that is, volunteers00:06:41
often without special education who00:06:43
in fact can any of you become?00:06:46
I often talk about various00:06:48
civil science projects where anyone00:06:49
can help scientists with the analysis of00:06:52
information. Some of my subscribers00:06:54
take quite an active part in00:06:56
this case we are talking about the back00:06:58
yard worlds planet 9 project through a special00:07:01
interface on the website. inspect00:07:02
infrared images of the No Wise00:07:05
and Spitzer observatories in search of objects that change00:07:07
position, despite the presence of00:07:10
various algorithms today,00:07:12
humans in general are better able to cope with this task, and00:07:20
I did separate brown dwarfs that are either not up to the star or Perry planets and sometimes have features of both00:07:22
detailed issue00:07:23
brown dwarfs are not00:07:25
massive enough to support constant00:07:27
thermonuclear reactions inside so they00:07:30
do not release as much energy00:07:32
as stars and do not shine as brightly so00:07:35
they are detected mainly using00:07:36
thermal infrared radiation they are in00:07:39
visible light to young brown00:07:42
dwarfs that have not yet had time to cool00:07:43
after formation, they can have a00:07:45
surface temperature comparable to00:07:48
some fairly cold stars,00:07:49
but there are also cold, very cold00:07:53
brown dwarfs, for example, in 2014, the00:07:57
dwarf VAZ 08 55 was discovered and its00:08:00
temperature was estimated at -23 degrees00:08:03
Celsius and this was a record, moreover,00:08:06
between this dwarf and others there was a00:08:09
significant difference in temperature and this00:08:11
raised questions,00:08:13
surely there must be objects with00:08:14
intermediate temperatures, and00:08:17
just the new portion actually fills00:08:20
this gap; the temperatures of many newly discovered00:08:22
brown dwarfs are comparable to those on Earth;00:08:24
water clouds can form;00:08:27
by the way, 20 volunteers from 10 different00:08:30
countries who helped with the discovery of these00:08:33
objects, he is listed as a co-author of a scientific00:08:35
article that talks about the discovery, a00:08:40
cosmic selection, the Hubble telescope00:08:43
received detailed images of comet C 202000:08:46
f3 not Wise, they even made this00:08:49
animation, which shows the dynamics,00:08:51
and here is another animation of the comet from the00:08:53
gemini observatory,00:08:54
well, since we started talking about comets00:08:56
Gennady Borisov, the discoverer of 100:08:59
interstellar comet, discovered another00:09:01
comet,00:09:02
already his tenth, and this is an00:09:04
amazing animation of the00:09:06
Osiris-rex apparatus approaching the surface of the00:09:08
asteroid Bennu during the final00:09:10
rehearsal before collecting the soil,00:09:12
and another apparatus that has already taken the00:09:14
soil of the asteroid and now the00:09:17
Japanese hayabusa 2 is heading towards the earth may not complete00:09:20
the mission after delivering samples to the earth,00:09:22
Japanese engineers calculated that after00:09:24
delivery hayabusa 2 may visit00:09:27
another asteroid,00:09:28
and as usual in the media, another portion of00:09:31
news about the next asteroids that00:09:34
will fall to earth again will not fall, well,00:09:37
at least At least they00:09:38
talked about the asteroid 2011 s4 and 201800:09:43
VP-1, but the asteroid the size of a00:09:46
car 2020 Q Jim recently00:09:48
set a record and flew only three00:09:51
thousand kilometers from the earth and our00:09:53
planet changed its trajectory of its00:09:55
gravity, but similar asteroids enter00:09:58
our atmosphere several times once a year00:10:02
our galaxy and the andromeda galaxy00:10:05
may in some sense already00:10:07
collide we know that in a00:10:09
few billion years the two galaxies will00:10:11
most likely begin to merge and then00:10:13
become one elliptical galaxy the00:10:15
andromeda galaxy is the only00:10:18
extragalactic object in the northern00:10:19
hemisphere that, under certain00:10:21
conditions, can be seen with the naked00:10:23
eye let and in the form of a small cloudy00:10:25
speck, although its real size in the sky is00:10:28
quite large, our eyes are00:10:30
sensitive enough, we would see00:10:32
the disk of the galaxy 7 lunar diameters in00:10:34
diameter, as00:10:36
the galaxy approaches us, it will become00:10:38
larger and larger, and I showed the following illustrations in the old issue about Andromeda00:10:43
what our night sky will look like00:10:45
in billions of years when Andromeda00:10:48
becomes much closer and eventually the galaxies00:10:50
begin to merge,00:10:51
but I said something there about how it is already00:10:54
somehow interacting with the Milky Way, and00:10:56
now look at this illustration and00:10:58
this is already the size andromeda together with its00:11:01
gala gala this part of the structure of the galaxy is a00:11:04
large region around the visible disk it00:11:07
has a relatively spherical shape00:11:09
of course not only andromeda has a head00:11:10
but also ours00:11:12
and other galaxies. It’s interesting that it is00:11:14
believed that the bulk of the galaxy00:11:16
is concentrated not here but in an almost00:11:19
invisible head yes, there are a00:11:21
number of stars in globular clusters,00:11:23
many of which are in00:11:25
the dark, but still the bulk, according to00:11:27
modern ideas, are in00:11:30
dark matter, but if00:11:32
we cannot see it with telescopes, then we00:11:36
can see another component, hot ionized gas, although indirectly this00:11:39
picture just shows a halo of00:11:41
gas and if we could see it with our00:11:43
eyes in the sky, Andromeda’s nakedness would be00:11:46
3 buckets wide of Ursa Major00:11:48
in the astrophysical journal,00:11:50
a study was published in which scientists compiled a00:11:52
new, more detailed map, the angle of00:11:55
Andromeda turned out to be in some00:11:57
directions it extends for one00:11:59
point three million light years,00:12:01
which is essentially half the way to the Milky00:12:04
Way in some directions, it generally00:12:08
moves away from the galaxy by 2 million00:12:10
light years, scientists still00:12:12
lived that the hole has a layered structure,00:12:15
no, just look how much00:12:17
smaller the disk of the galaxy itself is in this illustration we00:12:20
see a brighter central area,00:12:22
it is more complex and dynamic, most00:12:24
likely this is the result of the activity of stars,00:12:26
namely supernova explosions in the galaxy,00:12:28
which saturate the inner shells with00:12:31
heavier elements and the outer shell is00:12:34
more homogeneous. How was it possible to00:12:36
study such a rarefied region because the00:12:38
density of matter there is very low plus00:12:41
its own the radiation of this gas is very00:12:43
difficult to detect, this was done00:12:45
within the framework of the amiga project using the00:12:47
Hubble telescope, the telescope observed in the00:12:50
ultraviolet range distant00:12:52
quasars that are scattered in large00:12:54
numbers behind the goal00:12:55
when the light from the quasars passes through the goal,00:12:57
part of the light is absorbed and this can be00:13:00
recorded by the Hubble spectrograph and00:13:02
this allows to obtain information about the00:13:04
properties and composition of the goal, similar00:13:07
studies were carried out earlier, but then00:13:09
only 6 quasars were used, and00:13:11
now as many as forty-three,00:13:13
this made it possible to construct a much more00:13:15
accurate map of the goal,00:13:16
given the size of the Andromeda goal, apparently00:13:19
it is already in contact with the heads of00:13:22
our galaxy, so in what - in the00:13:24
sense that the collision of galaxies has00:13:25
already begun,00:13:29
scientists managed to measure the microscopic00:13:32
deformation of an object only a couple of00:13:34
tens of kilometers across, a00:13:36
neutron star from a distance of00:13:38
four and a half thousand light years,00:13:41
what do you say, aren’t you Andryusha00:13:44
told us that almost all the stars that are for00:13:47
a minute in millions of times more neutrons00:13:49
can be seen by a modern telescope00:13:50
only as point objects, and00:13:53
only a small number of not distant00:13:55
stars can be resolved00:13:57
and their surface cannot be seen in any way. but as00:14:00
a disk, it’s true that the angular resolution for00:14:02
this is almost always not enough, but in00:14:05
this study such an accurate00:14:07
measurement, of course, was taken not00:14:09
directly but indirectly,00:14:10
but such pictures from space our planet00:14:13
seems to be a perfect ball, although this is not00:14:15
entirely true, I’m of course not talking about such00:14:17
pictures with a model geoid, which00:14:19
fake articles pass off as the real00:14:21
shape of the earth, which we have already talked about in detail, I mean00:14:24
that due to rotation around an axis,00:14:25
one revolution in about twenty-four00:14:27
hours, our planet is slightly flattened and the00:14:30
polar and equatorial radius00:14:31
differ by about 20 kilometers,00:14:33
plus differences in relief elevations several00:14:36
kilometers here and there, but nevertheless, with the00:14:38
size of the earth close to a perfect00:14:40
sphere, its surface can be compared to00:14:43
billiard balls, but neutron stars00:14:45
are one of the closest00:14:47
objects in the universe to a perfect ball,00:14:49
with their size being the size of a city and a mass greater than00:14:52
the sun, their density is such that even00:14:54
they were able to have second pulsars that make00:14:56
hundreds of revolutions per second,00:14:58
the ellipticity is roughly flattened,00:15:00
it is very, very low, and the monstrous00:15:02
surface gravity does not allow00:15:04
large irregularities to appear on00:15:06
the surface, and with all this,00:15:08
neutron stars are also not ideal, and00:15:10
this is what was able to indirectly determine the00:15:12
difference along the neutron axes stars00:15:15
deviations of only a few micrometers00:15:18
or microns, that is, much less than the00:15:21
thickness of a human hair, an00:15:23
article was published about this measurement in the journal of the00:15:24
Royal Astronomical Society, the00:15:26
essence is that if you are neutron stars there00:15:28
will be a slight asymmetry during its00:15:31
rapid rotation,00:15:33
gravitational waves will arise a number of fabrics of00:15:35
space-time00:15:36
gravitational waves have so far been00:15:38
recorded only from powerful00:15:39
short-term events like00:15:41
black holes or neutron stars;00:15:44
such constant gravitational00:15:46
waves from such neutron stars have not00:15:48
yet been directly recorded; the00:15:49
sensitivity of current instruments is00:15:51
simply not enough for this;00:15:53
however, as I already said, this can be00:15:55
done indirectly if the pulsar has00:15:57
a slight asymmetry00:15:58
and emits gravitational waves, so00:16:01
it loses energy and therefore very00:16:03
slowly but slows down its rotation and00:16:05
this can already be measured; the ideal00:16:08
candidate for this turned out to be the pulsar ps00:16:11
or j10 23 + 0 0 3800:16:14
its uniqueness is that for it the00:16:15
slowdown of rotation was measured in two00:16:18
states00:16:19
when the pulsar absorbed the matter of the00:16:21
companion star and at the moment of calm without00:16:24
accretion, using data from these two00:16:26
different states and the basic principle of00:16:28
conservation of angular momentum, scientists00:16:30
were able to calculate the contribution of gravitational00:16:33
deceleration waves and from this, in00:16:35
turn, calculate how much00:16:38
the pulsar must be deformed in order to emitting00:16:39
such gravitational waves, it seems to me that00:16:42
this is another excellent example of the00:16:44
ingenuity of scientists who manage to00:16:46
find out something that would seem impossible to know,00:16:52
friends, thank you for watching if you00:16:54
liked this video, you know how to00:16:56
support me, like and00:16:58
leave a comment so that this video is00:17:00
more actively recommended on YouTube and00:17:02
more people saw it and of course thanks00:17:04
to everyone who supports me on Patreon00:17:06
on YouTube and in all other ways bye bye00:17:15
[music]00:17:22
how did you manage to study such a00:17:25
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Изучайте английский с Флоу от Яндекс.Практикума https://flow.yandex.ru/partners/kosmos-prosto/?promo_code=KOSMOS — первое занятие бесплатно. А также приятный бонус для зрителей моего канала! С чего ученые взяли, что Солнце могло быть двойной звездой, почему наша галактика, уже, возможно, начала столкновение с Андромедой, и как измерили деформацию нейтронной звезды толщиной с бактерию. Все это и многое другое в новом астрообзоре. По вопросам рекламы и сотрудничества [email protected] Телеграм канал Космос Просто: https://t.me/cosmosprosto ВК Космос Просто: https://vk.com/cosmosprosto Поддержать проект “Космос просто”: Boosty: https://boosty.to/cosmosprosto Мой выпуск о коричневых карликах: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8yqPz79QyA Мое видео о двойных и кратных звездах (первое из 3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVnf3-bt528 Мое видео об Андромеде https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsc4TIRZqks Источники: 1. Два солнца https://phys.org/news/2020-08-sun-life-binary-companion.html https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10339.pdf https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/ 2. Открытие коричневых карликов https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7727 3. Космическая подборка https://spacetelescope.org/news/heic2015/ https://phys.org/news/2020-08-gemini-observatory-images-reveal-comet.html https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20QA9.html https://www.nasa.gov/missions/a-successful-second-rehearsal-puts-nasas-osiris-rex-on-a-path-to-sample-collection/ https://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/topics/20200803_exm/ https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7728 https://phys.org/news/2020-08-asteroid-vp-earth.html 4. Гало Андромеды https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.07818.pdf https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-maps-giant-halo-around-andromeda-galaxy https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/oir/milky-way-halo https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/310/3/645/990034 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.2430.pdf 5. Измерение нейтронной звезды https://phys.org/news/2020-08-microscopic-deformation-neutron-star-inferred.html https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/498/1/728/5893803 https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20928026-700-eight-extremes-the-roundest-thing-in-the-universe/
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