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Первая итальянская война

Франция против Священной лиги

Франция против венецианской лиги

Битва при Семинаре

Битва при Форново

Карл VIII

Франческо II Гонзага

Гонсало Фернандес де Кордова

Королевство Франция

Неаполитанское королевство

понятная история

краткая история

простая история

история на пальцах

история на карте

военная история

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the end of the fifteenth century, a conflict arose between the

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Neapolitan king Fernando the first and the

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Pope of Rome and the eighth of Ghent,

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as a result of which on September 11,

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1408, the ninth year, the Pope excommunicated the Neapolitan

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king of the church and deprived

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him of the throne, offering the Neapolitan

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crown to the French king Charles the Eighth,

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who, thanks to the kinship of the Songju and the Sky

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dynasty, could to claim the

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Neapolitan throne

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shortly before his death, the Pope

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realized that he had gotten excited and, having established

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relations with Fernanda, was the first to grant him

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forgiveness

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since the situation had changed about the

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proposal to the French king, the

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Neapolitan throne was occupied by everyone, happily

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forgotten, and after the death of Fernando 1 in

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January

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1494, he became the new King of Naples

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son of Alfonso 2 at this

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time we all, if the French king

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occupied the Neapolitan throne that was not previously offered to him,

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but his own

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plans for the liberation of the

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Balkan Peninsula and

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Constantinople from the Ottomans,

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counting that with the arrival of French

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troops in the fight against the Ottomans, the

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rebel peoples of the Balkans would join the rebel peoples of the Balkans, the French

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king was ready to begin the campaign but

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decided to first secure the borders of

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his states for this purpose in

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1493, he made peace with England,

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Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, and

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Charles the Eighth managed to

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agree on the neutrality of the Venetian

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Republic and the Papal States,

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in addition to his own troops, the French

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king attracted

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Swiss mercenaries to the upcoming campaign, who were rightfully

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considered better than infantry of his time,

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Charles 8th had quite an impressive military force and decided to

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involve the

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Gen sq republic in the upcoming campaign, as well as the Milanese

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Savoy and Ferrars and duchies. It’s

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funny that it was precisely

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because of the new allies that the

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campaign against Constantinople planned by the French king did

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not take place The fact is

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that back in

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1476, after the murder of the

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Duke of Milan, Maria Sforza,

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his seven-year-old son

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Gianga leads a Sforza became the new ruler, and actual

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power was concentrated in the hands of Ludovico

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Sforza. In

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1494, after the death of Gianga, the

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Milanese nobility proclaimed

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Ludovico Sforza the new Duke.

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This development of events caused serious

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dissatisfaction with the Neapolitan king

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Alfonso 2, who hoped to

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annex the

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Duchy of Milan to his

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kingdom after the death of John,

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since he did not plan to fight with the Neapolitan king

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Lodovico Sforza, he decided to

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cause problems for him; remind his

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ally the French king that

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the Pope was kitty before his death

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managed to offer him the Neapolitan

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crown, the

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very idea of helping his ally and

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at the same time gaining control

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over the Neapolitan kingdom, Charles

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the Eighth liked it, so he

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decided to temporarily postpone the campaign against the

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Ottomans.

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there were two and a

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half thousand heavy horsemen of their own, as well as

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8,000 mercenary Swiss infantrymen and

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Landsknechts.

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What’s funny is the fact that since

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Landsknechts and Swiss mercenaries

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competed for the title of the best infantry in the world,

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they often found themselves in

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opposing armies, which is why

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they hated each other fiercely and as a

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rule, they were not taken prisoner; the

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French king knew very well about

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this feature of his mercenaries, which is why

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he had to place them in

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different parts of the military camp and

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certainly place his troops between them;

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also, Carlo the Eighth had at his disposal a

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new branch of the military artillery for that period of time

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to allow maintenance which

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only the richest states could boast of, the

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French army could boast of

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having 136 field guns, which

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was a lot at that time.

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In August

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1494, the French army crossed the

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Alps and reached Piedmont near the

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city of Asti. Charles the eighth

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joined the maritime army, as

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a result of which the number of his troops

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reached 60 thousand warriors

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[music]

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in turn, having received news of the

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offensive of the French army, the

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Neapolitan king Alfonso II

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decided to send two detachments to the north of the waist

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so that they would threaten the flanks of the

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army of Charles 8 and thereby slow down his

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advances; one of the mentioned detachments

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was to advance to the region of romania

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and the

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second was supposed to go by sea and

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land in the Genoese Riviera; the

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Neapolitan landing force landed

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near Genoa, but almost immediately it

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was attacked by a 10 thousandth army under the

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command of the Duke of Orleans, as

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a result of which the Neapolitan landing force

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was defeated and Russia

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[music]

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as for the second Neapolitan

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detachment, it also failed to cope with

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task and was ousted by the

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French in the novel and in November

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1494 the French army began

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moving into central Italy

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very soon Charles 8, without encountering

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serious resistance, occupied Florence,

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he signed an agreement with the local residents

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according to which the French crossed the

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fortress located on the coast of Pisa

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and Livorno,

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also residents Florence committed you to

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pay a certain amount to cover the

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military expenses of the French king,

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continuing to move south December 31, the

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French army occupied Rome

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Charles 8 concludes an agreement with the Pope

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on the free passage of the army through the papal

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state at the same time Charles receives reinforcements

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delivered by the French fleet the

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French army leaves Rome 23 January

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1495 and, without meeting any

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resistance, begins to move

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towards Naples,

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in turn Alfonso 2,

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taking advantage of the temporary inaction of the

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French army, managed to concentrate

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your army in a position convenient for defense

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near Sanjar Mono,

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realizing that the Neapolitans occupied positions quite

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advantageous for defense, Charles 8

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instead frontal attack, he decided to make a

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roundabout maneuver,

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he allocated part of the army and ordered it to

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move towards L'Aquila,

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according to the plan of the French king,

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sent in the direction as they were, the

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army was supposed to go to the rear of the

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Neapolitans, depriving them of the opportunity to

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effectively defend themselves;

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funny is the fact that the

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maneuver prepared by Charles 8 was not

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useful the fact is that upon learning of the

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approach of the French army, some of the

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Neapolitans went over to the side of Charles 8

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and the rest fled in disarray the

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French army continued to move

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south, several Neapolitan detachments were defeated on their way,

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already on February 22

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the French occupied the capital of the

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Kingdom of Naples, the city of

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Naples

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Alfonso 2 having received the news that that

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his army, having met the French, simply

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fled, managed to leave Naples in a timely manner

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to escape to Sicily my sin, where

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he died on November 19,

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1495,

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while back in January Alfonso II

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managed 3 that from the throne in favor of his

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son Ferdinand 2 who fled with him

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to Sicily

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after occupation of Naples, Charles 8 faced a

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rather serious problem, since

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around 3 the army fell ill with a new disease for that

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time, syphilis, and began to

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rapidly lose combat effectiveness,

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observing the helplessness of the Italian

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states in the face of the French army,

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Carlo the 8th's ally, the Duke of Milan,

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Ludovico Sforza,

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began to think that the French

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might not stop there and

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decide to conquer all of Italy; if war

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was not the strongest side of the

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Italian states, then in political

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intrigues they had no equal; it was this

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tool that Ludovico Sforza decided to use;

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he managed to persuade Pope

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Alexander 6 not to recognize the right of Carlo the

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eighth to the Neapolitan throne in the

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end On March 31,

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1495, the creation of the

00:10:14

Holy League was announced, which is better known

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as the Venetian League. The main

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purpose of this union was to expel the

00:10:23

French from Italy. In addition to the

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Duke of Milan and the Pope, this league included the

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Spanish king as well as the future

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Holy Roman Emperor

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Maximilian 1, who is described

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period of time bore the title of King of

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Germany; in addition, the

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Venetian Republic joined the mentioned union,

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and in

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1496 the

00:10:50

main enemy of France, England, also joined the union,

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having learned about the creation of the Venetian League, Charles

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8 began to fear that the combined

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forces of the League could block it.

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Vitality of the current situation, he

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placed garrisons in the main fortresses of the

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Neapolitan kingdom, and he himself, at the

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head of a small army, decided to

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move to France in order to gather

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additional forces to return and defeat the

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Venetian League,

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having received the news that Charles 8, together

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with the main army, had left Naples, the

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Neapolitan

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king Fernando 2, who was in Sicily, began to make plans to

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oust the French garrisons from

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his kingdom

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since his own forces

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were clearly not enough to fight the French,

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the Neapolitan king turned for

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help to his cousin the Spanish

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king to help Fernando the second, the

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Spanish general console was sent and

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Fernandez de Cordova On

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May 24, Fernandez de Cordova arrived in

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Messina and learned about that Fernando 2, without

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waiting for him, landed in Calabria, de

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Cordova hurried to him and also

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landed in Calabria,

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uniting with the allied army, began

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moving into the lips of the Kingdom of Naples

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and very soon occupied the

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fortified village of the seminar,

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at this time the commander of the French

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troops in the region began to gather forces and

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waited for reinforcements in the form of

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Swiss spearmen, he began to move

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towards the seminar; in turn,

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Fernando 2, having learned about the approach of

00:12:40

French forces and not knowing that they

00:12:44

had received reinforcements in the form of Swiss

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mercenaries,

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decided to move at the head of his army

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to meet the enemy. On

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June 28, Fernando 2 withdrew his army to the

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seminars and took up positions behind the hills

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three kilometers from the city,

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soon

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the French approached the site of the upcoming battle, the opposing armies were

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divided by a plain with a small stream,

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the forces of the parties immediately before the

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battle looked like this, the

00:13:16

French army consisted of 400

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heavily armed French gendarmes

00:13:21

and you, the place of light horsemen, was also

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part of the French army 800

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Swiss pikemen as well as

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French infantry, the number of which is

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unknown, the

00:13:34

allied and Spassky Neapolitan army

00:13:37

consisted of 600 Spanish horsemen,

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most of whom were lightly

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armed, it

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also included one and a half thousand

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Spanish infantry and 3,500 soldiers of the

00:13:50

Spanish fleet. As for the

00:13:52

Neapolitan army itself,

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its size is not known for certain only

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that already in Calabria,

00:14:01

6 thousand volunteers joined Fernando II;

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the allies were more numerous, but

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most of their soldiers were

00:14:09

lightly armed, which made it possible to successfully

00:14:12

fight the Moors, but was a serious

00:14:14

drawback in the fight against such a strong

00:14:16

enemy as the French gendarmes and

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Swiss spearmen, since the French

00:14:22

were confident of their victory, they began

00:14:25

attacks at the initial stage, the Spanish light

00:14:29

cavalry

00:14:30

successfully resisted the French

00:14:32

gendarme, throwing darts at them and

00:14:35

retreating, avoiding direct confrontation,

00:14:38

at this time the Swiss and French

00:14:41

infantry, bristling with pikes, approached the

00:14:45

enemy infantry, the

00:14:47

terrifying appearance of the attacking Swiss

00:14:50

infantry caused panic in the ranks of the

00:14:52

Calabrian The militia, which began

00:14:55

to flee and exposed the left flank, the

00:14:58

commanders tried to return the militia to the

00:15:01

battle, but it was attacked by the French

00:15:04

gendarmes after the attack of the gendarmes. The militia was

00:15:07

completely defeated and completely lost the

00:15:10

remnants of its fighting spirit. By this time,

00:15:14

the Swiss had reached the position of the

00:15:17

Allied infantry, since the

00:15:19

Swiss pikemen were effectively opposed to the

00:15:21

light infantry. was not able to, she

00:15:24

immediately began to back away

00:15:26

at this time the gendarme managed to catch up with the

00:15:29

allied cavalry, the light cavalry had no chance against the heavily

00:15:33

armed French gendarmes in

00:15:35

close combat, as

00:15:38

a result of which after a short

00:15:40

skirmish it was defeated and Fernando 2 himself,

00:15:44

having lost his horse, was almost captured

00:15:47

thanks to the fact that the French practically did

00:15:50

not pursue the defeated enemy,

00:15:52

the remainder of the infantry and cavalry of the Spaniards and

00:15:55

Neapolitans managed to escape after

00:15:58

this crushing defeat, Gonzalo

00:16:01

Fernandez de Cordoba completely

00:16:03

reformed the Spanish army, which

00:16:05

after some time would become the strongest

00:16:08

in the world

00:16:09

since the army of the French king

00:16:11

advanced slowly, the

00:16:13

Venetian League managed to gather

00:16:15

quite an impressive army

00:16:18

led by condottiere Francesco 2 gun Zach the

00:16:22

army of the Venetian League took up convenient

00:16:24

positions on the Tara River planning to block the

00:16:27

path of Charles the Eighth by the time they met on the

00:16:31

banks of the Tara River near the division of the

00:16:33

headlights of the new enemy forces looked

00:16:36

as follows under the command of

00:16:39

Charles the Eighth

00:16:40

there were 9500 infantrymen, including

00:16:44

included two and a half thousand

00:16:45

Swiss mercenaries as well as 900

00:16:49

knights, in addition, the

00:16:51

French king had at his disposal about twenty-

00:16:54

eight field guns under the command of

00:16:57

Francesco Gonzaga there were 19,200 infantry,

00:17:02

2,800 heavy horsemen and about 8,000

00:17:06

light horsemen, a significant part of

00:17:09

which were mounted crossbowmen also at the

00:17:13

disposal of Francesco Gonzaga there was

00:17:15

Venetian artillery, so on the

00:17:18

side of the Venetian League there was a

00:17:20

threefold numerical advantage and the

00:17:23

French king could boast

00:17:25

that his army consisted only of well-

00:17:28

trained and armed warriors.

00:17:31

The battle began on July 6,

00:17:34

1495, Charles 8 divided his army into

00:17:39

three parts, the vanguard consisted of three

00:17:42

heavy horsemen

00:17:43

as well as Swiss infantry and Lance Knecht, the

00:17:47

total number of the vanguard was

00:17:49

about three thousand warriors; the

00:17:52

center of the army consisted of French

00:17:55

infantry and 600 heavy knights; the

00:17:58

rearguard of the French army consisted of

00:18:01

3,100 knights and infantry, which in terms of

00:18:04

discipline and training was inferior to both the

00:18:06

Swiss infantry and the French

00:18:08

infantry from In the central part of the troops, the

00:18:11

Venetian League divided its army

00:18:14

into five parts; the

00:18:15

vanguard, an army consisting of three

00:18:18

thousand light horsemen and 700 infantry,

00:18:21

was personally commanded by Francesco Hansa. In the early

00:18:25

morning, the French decided to

00:18:27

cross the river near the

00:18:29

village of Novo and launch an attack, a

00:18:33

small skirmish began during which the

00:18:36

council organized by the Venetian

00:18:38

leagues, an action plan was developed

00:18:41

that assumed that the left flank of the

00:18:43

Italian army would distract the

00:18:46

French vangas while the center

00:18:49

of the Dolians was to cross the

00:18:51

river and attack the center of the French

00:18:54

troops at the same time the rear of the French

00:18:57

center was to be struck by

00:18:59

light horsemen crossing the river

00:19:01

which included 600

00:19:04

stratilate,

00:19:06

as soon as the artillery fire was

00:19:09

over, the Italians crossed

00:19:12

the river and struck the flank of the

00:19:14

central part of the French troops. The

00:19:17

French king who commanded

00:19:19

the vanguard was forced to send

00:19:22

reinforcements to the center of his troops. In the end, the

00:19:25

Italian attack was repulsed

00:19:27

and they were forced to retreat to this

00:19:30

time, the strategists who lost

00:19:32

two of their commanders in battle, retreating, began to

00:19:35

rob the French convoy, which was left

00:19:38

practically unguarded. Around

00:19:40

this time, the

00:19:42

left flank of the Italian

00:19:44

troops crossed the river. The attack of the Italian left flank on the

00:19:48

French vanguard was stopped by

00:19:50

Swiss spearmen and after a

00:19:53

short battle, the Italians were

00:19:55

forced to begin hastily and retreated to

00:19:58

its shore,

00:19:59

by this time the

00:20:03

center of the Italian army had managed to cross the river,

00:20:05

which was supposed to launch an attack

00:20:08

simultaneously with the left flank, but due to the

00:20:10

river overflowing its banks, the crossing was

00:20:12

seriously slowed down. The

00:20:15

Italian cavalry began a rapid attack on the

00:20:17

center of the French army, using the plan to

00:20:20

use paradise for victory. their numerical

00:20:22

advantage,

00:20:23

but due to a delay during the crossing, the

00:20:26

vanguard of the French army managed to

00:20:28

come to the aid of the center and take up positions. The

00:20:32

Italian cavalry managed to break through the

00:20:34

enemy’s formation only on the left flank, but the

00:20:37

French counterattack overturned the

00:20:39

Italians, who wavered and began to

00:20:42

flee, to the

00:20:44

surprise of the Italians who were accustomed to

00:20:47

fighting with each other. According to other rather

00:20:48

humane rules, the French did not

00:20:51

take prisoners and began to immediately kill the

00:20:54

Italian knights who fell into the hands of the Italian knights.

00:20:57

By this moment, the

00:21:00

Italian infantry had crossed the river, which was supposed to

00:21:03

support the cavalry attack, since by

00:21:06

this moment the Italian cavalry had already

00:21:08

fled, the Italian infantry was quite

00:21:11

quickly overturned and panic began in its ranks,

00:21:15

only a group of Milanese did not succumb to panic,

00:21:19

they attacked Carlo the Eighth, next to

00:21:21

whom at that moment there was only a

00:21:23

poorly armed servant, the French

00:21:26

king fought back furiously, and

00:21:29

his parents, who came to his aid, overturned the bodies of

00:21:31

Melons

00:21:33

by 12 o'clock in the afternoon the battle stopped, the

00:21:38

Italians having lost about two thousand

00:21:40

soldiers The French found themselves on their shore,

00:21:44

who had lost about a thousand

00:21:47

soldiers and the convoy did not pursue them.

00:21:50

At the military council organized, the

00:21:53

Italians decided not to continue the

00:21:55

battle, but at the same time did not leave their positions,

00:21:58

since otherwise

00:22:00

the French would have been able to take Parma without a fight

00:22:03

already in the morning. a truce was concluded and the

00:22:07

French were guaranteed free

00:22:09

passage through Italian lands. At about the

00:22:12

same time, the

00:22:15

French fleet located near Genoa suffered a

00:22:17

crushing defeat from the

00:22:19

united fleet of the Venetian League.

00:22:22

Charles 8, along with his army, left

00:22:26

Italy on August 25,

00:22:28

1495, but the hopes of the French king to

00:22:32

return with renewed vigor The fact was

00:22:35

that the use of mercenaries,

00:22:38

especially Swiss ones, was

00:22:40

quite expensive, which is why there

00:22:43

simply wasn’t enough money to raise a new army for the king.

00:22:46

Very soon the Spanish

00:22:49

army arrived, since the French garrisons

00:22:52

in the Kingdom of Naples did not have

00:22:54

centralized command; the

00:22:56

combined forces of the Italians and Spaniards

00:22:59

succeeded quite quickly regain control

00:23:01

of the fortresses of the

00:23:03

Kingdom of Naples in the end the French

00:23:06

garrison of Naples was forced to

00:23:08

capitulate

00:23:09

thus

00:23:12

1498 the Kingdom of Naples

00:23:15

was completely cleared of French

00:23:17

troops at this 1st Italian War

00:23:20

ended but the French did not plan to

00:23:23

abandon their plans to

00:23:25

conquer Italy so 2nd Italian

00:23:28

War was inevitable if you

00:23:31

liked this video, be sure to

00:23:33

subscribe to my channel, we will

00:23:35

understand the story together

00:23:37

[music]

Description:

На начальном этапе первой итальянской войны французскому королевству сопутствовала удача, но затем против французского короля была сформирована Священная лига. Поддержать канал: Разовая поддержка https://yoomoney.ru/to/4100116800101933 Постоянная поддержка https://www.patreon.com/ponjatnaja_istorija

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