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полезный

полезное

00:00:00

[music]

00:00:08

it is impossible to see how an object hides

00:00:10

in a black

00:00:11

hole Imagine you lock your

00:00:14

sworn enemy in a rocket and launch him into a

00:00:16

black hole, he looks at you angrily

00:00:20

shaking his fist with constant purity,

00:00:23

the closer he is to the black hole, the stronger

00:00:25

Gravity Which means he must accelerate

00:00:28

But what what happens is that the rocket seems to be

00:00:31

slowing down on the contrary. Yes, and your

00:00:34

enemy seems to be shaking his fist more and more

00:00:37

slowly. The fact is that from your point

00:00:40

of view, time is slowing down for him and at the

00:00:43

very moment when it is time for him to

00:00:45

cross the Event Horizon from the other side of

00:00:47

which even he cannot escape the light, neither

00:00:50

the ship nor the villain is hidden from view,

00:00:54

it’s as if the

00:01:00

spaceship freezes, gradually

00:01:02

turns red, dims and finally goes out completely, and

00:01:06

this will happen with any object. On the

00:01:08

event horizon, from the place where the object crossed this

00:01:11

border, there is still radiation, but because of the

00:01:14

red shift, we see it we don’t see But

00:01:16

if we could perceive it, then

00:01:19

perhaps we would see the imprint of everything that has

00:01:21

ever crossed the

00:01:24

Event Horizon of this Noah hole, even the star

00:01:26

that did not give birth to photons in fact, not in a

00:01:30

continuous stream, which means one of

00:01:32

them will be the last one before the horizon

00:01:33

events, therefore, after some time, the

00:01:36

images of objects still disappear; this is just

00:01:38

one of the mass of strange conclusions to which the

00:01:40

general theory of relativity pushes us.

00:01:42

The best

00:01:44

explanation of

00:01:45

gravity today, from the first solutions of

00:01:47

Einstein’s equation, the existence of not

00:01:49

only black holes was deduced, but their

00:01:50

opposite, white holes, followed from the same

00:01:52

equations that there are

00:01:54

parallel universes and that you

00:01:56

can even get there this video about what it

00:02:00

says about black holes white holes and

00:02:04

wormholes the general theory of relativity

00:02:06

partly arose due to a fundamental

00:02:08

flaw Newton's ideas about

00:02:10

gravity at the turn of the 20th century Newton

00:02:14

thought about how apples fall How

00:02:16

The Moon flies in orbit around the Earth and the

00:02:18

Earth around the Sun, he decided that every

00:02:20

object with mass

00:02:22

attracts all the others and his own

00:02:24

theory did not give him peace. How is it

00:02:26

possible for objects separated by a

00:02:28

huge distance to influence each

00:02:30

other? He wrote the possibility that

00:02:33

bodies are separated distance in a vacuum

00:02:35

influence each other without

00:02:36

any means, not so

00:02:38

absurd that, in my opinion, not a single

00:02:41

person capable of thinking will believe in this,

00:02:46

at least one such

00:02:50

person was found, this man was Albert Einstein,

00:02:52

about 200 years after the death

00:02:54

of Newton, he understood how this works

00:02:56

the impact does not occur directly

00:02:58

from the object To the object,

00:03:00

massive bodies, for example the sun,

00:03:02

bend space time

00:03:04

nearby;

00:03:05

curvature in one place affects

00:03:07

space time in neighboring areas and

00:03:09

this distortion reaches the earth itself, that

00:03:12

is, the earth revolves around the Sun

00:03:14

because it moves along the

00:03:17

space time curved by it mass

00:03:18

is affected by curved time. Therefore,

00:03:21

no forces

00:03:23

need to be applied through space mathematically; it

00:03:25

is described by eino field equations.

00:03:30

Albert Einstein struggled with this for 10 years

00:03:33

after the special theory of relativity.

00:03:35

So what do we see in the field equations on the

00:03:38

right side? The distribution of

00:03:40

matter and energy on the left is described. What is the

00:03:43

curvature of space? time should be

00:03:46

expected With such a distribution And what a

00:03:50

short equation you look at and think

00:03:52

how simple it is, but in general it’s not just

00:03:55

one equation, it’s a whole system of

00:03:57

equations so that life is too

00:04:00

All interconnected, these are

00:04:02

differential equations, which means you

00:04:04

need to take integrals there Well, and all sorts of things in

00:04:07

general so that to solve the field equation you need to work hard

00:04:11

to see what the solutions to

00:04:14

these equations look like we need to acquire a

00:04:15

tool for understanding space

00:04:18

time Imagine that you are floating in the

00:04:21

void Suddenly a light comes on above your head

00:04:24

and begins

00:04:25

to spread in all directions any

00:04:28

future events anything that can happen to you

00:04:30

and what will happen is contained

00:04:33

within this

00:04:34

sphere because the only way

00:04:37

to be outside of it is to

00:04:38

overcome the speed of light in two-dimensional

00:04:41

space it will not be a sphere but a

00:04:43

growing circle on the graph, time moves

00:04:45

upward and taking pictures at regular

00:04:47

intervals you will get a light cone of the

00:04:50

future coordinate axes are usually

00:04:53

positioned like this so that the light

00:04:54

propagates at an angle of

00:04:56

45° by this cone is literally limited by BC

00:05:00

space time with which you can

00:05:01

at least hope to

00:05:03

come into contact in one way or another. Now imagine that

00:05:05

the light does not come from one point above your

00:05:07

head, but from all corners

00:05:09

of the Universe, photons fly to you and then

00:05:12

each flew

00:05:15

further in this case, we will get

00:05:18

another light cone, the first one went into

00:05:20

the future and the second one will be in

00:05:22

the past, its borders up to the present

00:05:24

moment, the sun was happening that

00:05:27

could somehow influence you.

00:05:35

space-time diagram of

00:05:37

empty space the distance of two

00:05:39

events from each other in space

00:05:41

time is usually called an interval, the

00:05:44

square of the interval is minus the square of the

00:05:46

change in time plus the square of the change in

00:05:49

distance since space-time is

00:05:51

not curved anywhere. We work with a

00:05:53

plane, which means this formula can be

00:05:55

applied to any area on graph and

00:05:58

calculate the distance of any

00:06:00

from each other is very simple, but any

00:06:02

object with mass

00:06:04

is curved to change with the mind of new

00:06:07

geometric properties, all this is

00:06:10

contained in Einstein’s equations, they

00:06:12

tell you exactly how

00:06:14

space-time is curved and how to calculate the

00:06:16

interval between two events in a

00:06:20

curved one, published the equation in

00:06:22

1915. during the First World War, but

00:06:25

at that moment he didn’t have an exact solution, he didn’t

00:06:29

reach the Eastern Front where Germany

00:06:31

was fighting with Russia, at that time

00:06:34

one of the best astrophysicists of

00:06:36

his time, Karl Schwarzschild, was there,

00:06:39

he volunteered and calculated the

00:06:42

trajectories of shells for German

00:06:44

artillery and suddenly his attention was attracted a

00:06:47

more interesting question is how to solve

00:06:51

Einstein's equation, the bastard began with a standard

00:06:54

exercise for a physicist, imagined the

00:06:57

simplest model of an infinite

00:06:59

universe in which there is nothing except a

00:07:01

single spherically symmetric

00:07:03

point mass, this mass has no

00:07:05

electric charge and does not rotate

00:07:07

since this is the only characteristic in

00:07:09

such a Schwarzschild Universe

00:07:20

as from the point of view of an observer

00:07:23

located somewhere Far away, where

00:07:25

the space of time

00:07:29

is non-trivial, the solution to the Einstein equation,

00:07:31

which is now written

00:07:34

like this The Wald metric describes how

00:07:37

space-time is curved outside the

00:07:39

mass, this part is quite easy to understand

00:07:42

Far from the mass, space-time is almost

00:07:44

Flat, but when approaching the mass

00:07:47

it is all it bends more as if

00:07:50

attracting other objects to itself and

00:07:52

slowing down

00:07:54

time solution Schiel send

00:07:59

condescendingly despite the firing of guns

00:08:01

he improved the time to walk through the

00:08:03

expanses of new ideas of his

00:08:07

colleague Einstein replied I

00:08:10

read your work with incredible interest I did not expect

00:08:12

that anyone would be able to formulate an

00:08:14

exact solution problems in such a simple

00:08:19

form. However, what at first seemed

00:08:22

quite simple quickly became more complicated

00:08:25

shortly after the publication of

00:08:28

Wald’s work. Problems, firstly, at the center of mass

00:08:32

at zero radius R, here

00:08:34

we get division by zero, which means

00:08:36

infinity appears; the equation

00:08:39

can no longer describe what

00:08:41

happens in in reality this is called

00:08:45

singularity, the problem arises in the very

00:08:48

center of the mass and one could

00:08:50

turn a blind eye to it, but the second complexity is beyond its limits

00:08:53

at a certain distance from the

00:08:55

center at the so-called

00:08:57

Schwarzschild radius, the same thing happens in this

00:08:59

part the second singularity appears,

00:09:02

what is it

00:09:04

at the Schwarzschild radius

00:09:07

space-time is curved so

00:09:09

strongly that an object, in order to escape

00:09:12

beyond this radius, will have to move

00:09:14

at the speed

00:09:17

of light, which in turn means that even light cannot escape from the

00:09:20

region surrounded by the Schwarzschild radius,

00:09:25

resulting in a region of absolute

00:09:27

darkness that absorbs matter,

00:09:31

so to speak, a black

00:09:33

hole, most scientists doubted that

00:09:36

such objects are possible because for

00:09:38

their existence a huge amount of

00:09:40

mass must be concentrated in a very

00:09:42

small volume. Could this

00:09:44

happen in

00:09:47

reality? The attention of astronomers in those

00:09:50

days was focused on how

00:09:51

stars die, flow and life. Gravity is

00:09:54

compensated from the inside by pressure, which

00:09:56

creates the effects of

00:09:59

nuclear fusion but when the fuel runs

00:10:02

out, the pressure directed outward

00:10:04

drops and all matter under the influence of

00:10:06

gravity rushes towards the core sounds

00:10:08

logical, but most scientists agreed

00:10:11

that some

00:10:12

physical process prevents this 1926 a description of a

00:10:16

possible mechanism was proposed by Rahl

00:10:18

Fowler According to the Pauli exclusion principle,

00:10:20

several fermions, including

00:10:22

electrons, cannot simultaneously

00:10:24

being in the same state

00:10:26

means pressing the matter; each electron

00:10:28

occupies a large volume of space. But

00:10:31

according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle,

00:10:33

it is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and

00:10:35

momentum of a particle, it turns out that the

00:10:38

less space remains for each particle,

00:10:40

the less accurate their momentum and speed are for us,

00:10:44

that is, the less The more

00:10:47

the star is compressed, the more intensely the

00:10:49

electrons oscillate, which generates

00:10:51

outward pressure, the so-called

00:10:54

degenerate pressure prevents the star’s substance from

00:10:56

finally breaking off, so it forms a

00:11:00

density much greater than that of an

00:11:02

ordinary star, and what’s interesting is that astronomers

00:11:04

already found stars that fit

00:11:06

this description, one of them is

00:11:10

Sirius, but Fowler's explanation calmed down

00:11:29

electrons have a limit, the speed of their

00:11:31

oscillations can of course increase, but

00:11:33

only up to the speed of light, which means their

00:11:36

pressure is enough to support

00:11:38

stars up to a certain mass up to the

00:11:40

Chandra Sira limit, after this value even

00:11:44

the pressure of degenerate electrons

00:11:45

will not withstand

00:11:47

gravity Eddington was not impressed by these reasonings,

00:11:50

he openly ridiculed Chandra

00:11:52

Sekhar and stated that there must be a general

00:11:54

law of nature that would prohibit a star from

00:11:56

behaving in such an absurd way and

00:11:59

indeed scientists have discovered a mechanism

00:12:01

due to which stars more massive than

00:12:02

Chandra Sekhar limits can avoid

00:12:04

collapse when a star contracts to a

00:12:07

size smaller than a white dwarf electrons

00:12:09

and protons merge which releases the

00:12:11

trine And neutrons are also fermions, but they are

00:12:15

almost 2000 times heavier than electrons and the

00:12:19

degenerate pressure is much stronger due to

00:12:22

this and neutron stars live in this

00:12:25

environment, there was a conviction that even if it

00:12:28

exactly

00:12:30

must be some kind of mechanism that would not

00:12:32

let the Kolarov star hit a point and form a

00:12:34

black

00:12:35

hole too outrageous it seemed to

00:12:38

admit that black holes

00:12:41

exist But this belief

00:12:44

was destined to receive a crushing blow in 1930

00:12:47

Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkow

00:12:49

found out that neutron stars also have a

00:12:51

limiting mass.

00:13:05

but Einstein And this was not convinced.

00:13:09

While Oppenheimer stated that stars

00:13:11

can collapse to infinity, calculations

00:13:13

said that time freezes at the event horizon

00:13:16

And probably

00:13:19

nothing will ever cross this limit, it turned out that either

00:13:21

we don’t know something or black holes do not

00:13:28

exist However open Gamer suggested

00:13:31

another option, in his opinion, it is impossible to observe

00:13:33

from the side how an object falls inward,

00:13:35

but if we

00:13:38

ourselves crossed the Event Horizon, we would not see

00:13:41

anything strange, we would fly by and not even

00:13:44

notice. But how is this

00:13:47

possible, we will need a

00:13:49

space-time graph for the black hole

00:13:51

on the left singularity at R frame Well, the

00:13:54

dotted line at R frame 2m is the

00:13:57

Event Horizon, the hole is standing still,

00:14:00

which means these lines will go in a straight line in time.

00:14:02

Now let's see how

00:14:05

light will behave on both sides of the

00:14:07

event horizon, taking into account the curvature of

00:14:09

space-time, remember about the cones

00:14:12

in the distance light, as usual, propagates

00:14:14

at an angle of 45° But the closer to the

00:14:17

event horizon, the smaller and smaller

00:14:19

this angle becomes at the horizon itself, it is

00:14:21

so small that the light will

00:14:23

propagate exactly upward beyond the

00:14:25

event horizon, all cones are turned

00:14:28

to

00:14:30

Let's take a closer look at the rays very

00:14:32

close to the horizon, they are approaching very

00:14:35

close but they never touch the horizon,

00:14:38

they move along

00:14:41

asymptotic lines, they get closer and closer,

00:14:44

but they don’t reach it and they don’t get lost in

00:14:47

infinity, from the point of view of mathematics,

00:14:50

they end up beyond the horizon and move

00:14:53

to the left, and this picture bothered many people.

00:14:58

Einstein also thought about the equation if nothing

00:15:01

is able to cross such a boundary, how

00:15:03

then can black holes exist, how would

00:15:05

they

00:15:06

have formed in the first place? Well, what is it,

00:15:10

first of all, it is important to understand that Our graph

00:15:13

is a projection, in fact, it is a two-dimensional

00:15:16

map of

00:15:17

four-dimensional space time, the same

00:15:20

as if we transferred the

00:15:22

three-dimensional earth to the map when such a

00:15:24

projection inevitably distorts the methods of

00:15:27

accuracy on the ground on the surface

00:15:29

simply does not exist. But different maps

00:15:32

can be useful for different purposes. For

00:15:34

example, if it is important for you to preserve the

00:15:36

characteristics of angles and outlines for

00:15:38

navigation, when it is important to follow the

00:15:40

direction, we take the mercator projection,

00:15:42

which is exactly what we are all used to; the

00:15:45

fact that

00:15:46

the dimensions are not respected, for example, in this projection,

00:15:49

Africa and Greenland turn out to be almost identical.

00:15:50

Although the first is about 14 times

00:15:53

larger than the second, Gal Peterson’s projection

00:15:56

retains the relative sizes but

00:15:57

distorts the angles of the shape. In a similar way,

00:16:00

you can create different

00:16:04

four-dimensional projections and study its properties, the

00:16:07

physical reality does not change, it

00:16:09

only changes the way of displaying it on the

00:16:11

map along one axis, he put the distance

00:16:15

on the other, the time of the external observer and

00:16:18

forward it seems this is the most reasonable approach,

00:16:20

but it turns out that if you take the time of the

00:16:23

falling astronaut and transform the

00:16:25

coordinates, then the singularity is on the event horizon

00:16:31

and the whole problem is solved and it turns out

00:16:34

that it is a black fool it is quite possible to

00:16:37

penetrate because of this we can

00:16:39

conclude that there is no physical

00:16:41

singularity on the event horizon and

00:16:44

it appeared there only because of an

00:16:46

unsuccessful choice of coordinate system. But here is

00:16:49

another way to imagine how

00:16:52

it all works. Let space seem to

00:16:54

flow into a black hole as if

00:16:56

it flows like a waterfall, the closer it is, the faster

00:17:00

this stream is, the photon that the

00:17:03

ship releases has to swim against the current,

00:17:05

and doing this the more difficult it is, the closer it is to the

00:17:08

event horizon, the photons that the ship

00:17:11

released almost from the horizon barely

00:17:13

break free and it

00:17:15

takes more time. At the event horizon,

00:17:17

space falls inward at the same

00:17:19

speed with which photons fly. If

00:17:22

it had a width,

00:17:24

photons from everything that ever fell

00:17:27

into the black hole would be stuck there, but the width of the horizon is

00:17:30

infinitesimal. Therefore, in

00:17:32

reality, photons either escape

00:17:34

or fall inward; behind the event horizon,

00:17:38

space flows faster than the speed

00:17:40

light and in the end everything ends up

00:17:42

in the singularity Oppenheimer was right

00:17:46

From the outside it is impossible to see how an object

00:17:48

flies into a black hole because the

00:17:50

last point from which photons

00:17:52

will reach the observer is at the

00:17:54

very border of the event horizon, but

00:17:57

we ourselves could easily cross the goon to get

00:17:59

into the

00:18:02

singularity with our cosmic it is

00:18:04

quite possible for waterfalls to cover three

00:18:06

dimensions and then it will turn out that this is a

00:18:09

model that quite well reflects how

00:18:11

space pours into a static

00:18:13

black hole. Thanks to Alessandra from channel

00:18:15

S for visualizing the model for a rotating

00:18:18

black hole, we will consider

00:18:22

later if we take this map and

00:18:25

adapt it so that all the rays from At the

00:18:28

usual angle of 45°, something amazing will happen: the

00:18:33

singularity of the black hole,

00:18:37

the former left edge, having moved upward,

00:18:40

will turn into a curved line. And since on

00:18:42

the graph the future is always directed upward, it

00:18:45

turns out that the singularity is not a

00:18:48

point in

00:18:49

space, but a moment in

00:18:53

time, the last moment in time for

00:18:56

everything that falls into

00:19:00

we have a Kruskal Secker diagram for the black hole.

00:19:04

However, this is not a complete picture; it

00:19:06

shows only the black hole behind the

00:19:09

event horizon and the closest section of

00:19:11

the Universe to it. But here’s what you can do:

00:19:14

compress the rest of the Universe,

00:19:16

infinite past, infinite

00:19:18

distance, infinite future, and

00:19:20

depict it on a map as if we were looking at it

00:19:23

at it through the most powerful fisheye lens

00:19:26

in the world and then we will get a

00:19:29

rose diagram, let me remind you that the light is always at an angle of 45°

00:19:33

and the future is always directed upwards the

00:19:36

infinite past is, as it were, compressed in the

00:19:38

lower corner the infinite future is in the

00:19:40

upper and infinite space

00:19:42

goes to the right the singularity of a black hole

00:19:45

Straight line at the top and this is the last

00:19:47

moment

00:19:49

of time, these lines represent

00:19:52

some distance from the black hole, the

00:19:54

singularity is located at R equal to

00:19:57

zero and the Event horizon at R ra 2m

00:20:00

here R ra 4M And here is infinite The far

00:20:04

distance the lines intersecting them

00:20:06

show some point in time this

00:20:09

diagram makes it easy to understand where we

00:20:11

can go and what could

00:20:13

affect us, for example, at this point we have a lot of

00:20:16

different possibilities, we can fly

00:20:18

into a black hole or head to

00:20:20

infinity and information

00:20:23

from this area is available to us, but

00:20:26

once we move beyond the event horizon, it will come down to

00:20:29

falling into a

00:20:30

singularity It is still possible to receive

00:20:33

information from the rest of the Universe, but

00:20:35

now there is no way to send news there.

00:20:38

Imagine that you find yourself at this

00:20:41

point, it is located on the

00:20:43

event horizon and our entire future is in a black hole.

00:20:46

But what about this moment in the past, if you

00:20:50

depict the light cone of the past, then

00:20:52

this area will open Nova, being

00:20:56

in it, you can send signals to our

00:20:58

universe, but nothing can be sent back to this area;

00:21:01

it will never

00:21:05

end up in our cone of Light.

00:21:08

Something can arrive from there, but we ca

00:21:11

n’t get inside; it’s the opposite of a black

00:21:13

hole, a white

00:21:15

hole. What color is a white

00:21:20

hole? Well, how to say as if there is no

00:21:25

color of what flies out of there, the question is

00:21:28

what is in it and what

00:21:30

comes out of it is this. We will probably see there

00:21:34

will be some kind of light, some kind of mass and all

00:21:36

this will fly out to us; a white hole is

00:21:39

imagined as a black one but

00:21:41

unfolded back in time

00:21:43

nothing falls there, on the contrary, it

00:21:46

erupts if the black hole has a

00:21:48

kind of membrane

00:21:50

Schwarzschild horizon that does not let anything

00:21:53

out; a white hole must have something

00:21:56

opposite to the sun. What is inside

00:21:59

is thrown out there are no other

00:22:01

options; the theory of relativity does not

00:22:04

dictate the direction in which time flows,

00:22:06

nothing in it says that this is

00:22:09

the future, and this is the past, doing

00:22:12

calculations, calculating the behavior of

00:22:14

objects. We ourselves decide in which

00:22:16

direction our future is, but based on

00:22:19

Pure mathematics, this direction can be

00:22:22

chosen relatively freely. For example,

00:22:25

it would be possible to direct time in the

00:22:26

opposite direction, any decision

00:22:29

Einstein’s equations can be turned

00:22:31

backwards and it will turn out backwards

00:22:33

in time, but it will be a solution to the same

00:22:36

equations. By the way, in our diagram, the

00:22:38

white hole throws everything to the right, but with the

00:22:41

same success it could do it to the

00:22:43

left. Why is this line not at

00:22:47

infinity? it means there must be something behind it,

00:22:49

if something flies out in this

00:22:52

direction, it turns out it ends up in a

00:22:54

completely different universe parallel to

00:22:57

ours, we

00:23:02

can assume that if we fell

00:23:05

into this black hole and someone from another

00:23:07

Universe too, then we could well

00:23:10

end up in the same and the same black

00:23:12

hole. It’s a pity that the same fate would await us - to

00:23:16

fall into a

00:23:18

singularity. I would probably like to

00:23:20

figure out where to look for this parallel

00:23:23

universe in a mathematical solution, you can

00:23:26

poke it in the memory in relation to our Universe, but

00:23:31

I don’t know what’s going on here for another,

00:23:33

the question is clear or not Yes, we are dealing with

00:23:35

coordinates Imagine that someone

00:23:37

came up with a coordinate system for the earth, but

00:23:40

only for its northern hemisphere, and now

00:23:45

we look at these coordinates and look. And

00:23:47

what would we say then that the

00:23:49

coordinate system is quite normal, but purely

00:23:53

mathematically, latitude can be

00:23:55

negative knowledge of the coordinate system only

00:23:58

positive, where did the

00:24:00

negative ones go? And they would answer us this:

00:24:02

why is there no Southern Hemisphere here, and we

00:24:06

would have to object to this that since

00:24:08

mathematically latitude can be

00:24:10

negative, we should check if there is

00:24:12

something beyond the equator, this is of course an almost

00:24:15

absurd example We after all, we know what

00:24:17

planet we live on, but we know the geometry of the Universe

00:24:20

poorly; Wald coordinates

00:24:23

cover the solution as if we

00:24:25

marked only the Northern hemisphere of the

00:24:27

Earth; those who suggested thinking about the fact

00:24:31

that there is also a Southern hemisphere and, moreover,

00:24:34

perhaps

00:24:36

two lands, it’s not for nothing that they called it the maximum

00:24:40

expansion of the logician we have a

00:24:42

certain mathematical construction to

00:24:44

what extent can we expand the

00:24:47

coordinate system that we

00:24:49

have with a Schwarzschild black hole,

00:24:52

it turns out that there is another universe with

00:24:54

its own set of coordinates independent of

00:24:56

ours, by the way, I want to emphasize this is the

00:24:59

simplest possible solution,

00:25:02

Einstein has already found a place for a black one

00:25:04

holes of a white hole and two universes This is what

00:25:07

happens If you expand this diagram

00:25:09

so that from any edge it either

00:25:11

ends with a singularity or goes to

00:25:14

infinity, there is another

00:25:16

interesting feature, look

00:25:18

here at the

00:25:19

intersection, this is the Einstein

00:25:24

Rozan Bridge, to see it you need to

00:25:27

change the coordinates again this blue line

00:25:29

represents constant time in

00:25:31

Kruskal coordinates and connects

00:25:33

the space of two universes if

00:25:35

you move along it from right to left you can

00:25:37

see what space looks like time

00:25:39

away from the event horizon it is

00:25:41

almost Flat But the closer to it the

00:25:44

more it curves

00:25:46

at the intersection of these lines we will find ourselves on the

00:25:49

horizon events and having passed through it you can

00:25:52

get into a parallel universe, this is a

00:25:55

wormhole or a wormhole,

00:26:01

hypothetically, so with the help of

00:26:03

black holes it would be possible to get from

00:26:05

one Universe to another only

00:26:08

hypothetically because wormholes are

00:26:10

unstable in

00:26:12

time, it is somewhat similar to a bridge Only

00:26:15

at first it is long then it shortens and

00:26:17

then lengthens again. Therefore, if we

00:26:19

cross it, then when it is short, this is the

00:26:22

right time, and so we are

00:26:25

stepping on this bridge, even

00:26:28

at the speed of light, the speed is

00:26:30

finite, but the bridge suddenly stretches and

00:26:33

we still won’t reach the other end

00:26:35

Tom, the destruction of the bridge occurs

00:26:38

so quickly that it is

00:26:40

impossible to cross in time. This is obvious if you look

00:26:43

at the Penrose diagram; in one Universe

00:26:45

there is no light cone, the rays of which

00:26:47

would fall into

00:26:49

another; the only way to get over to the

00:26:52

neighboring universe is to fly faster than

00:26:54

light, but perhaps there is another version of the

00:27:03

Schwarzschild

00:27:12

nai week solution for a rotating

00:27:15

massive object was not at all so

00:27:17

easy, physicists tried very hard, but

00:27:20

10 years passed from Schwarzschild’s work and no one

00:27:22

succeeded, another ten years passed,

00:27:25

then 20, and finally

00:27:29

Roy Kehr presented a solution to

00:27:31

Einstein’s equation for rotating black holes, it is

00:27:34

much more complicated than Schwarzschild’s solution to

00:27:37

besides, there is a very significant difference in it,

00:27:40

for starters, the black hole is structured

00:27:43

completely differently, here several layers are distinguished in it, and

00:27:46

secondly, now it does not

00:27:49

have spherical symmetry because

00:27:52

due to rotation the hole is stretched on

00:27:55

the Equator, the symmetry is preserved only by

00:28:00

rotation Alessandra from the Science channel cck

00:28:03

simulated what will happen happen

00:28:05

around such

00:28:08

an object, the black hole pulls space

00:28:11

along with it, dragging us and the particles, the

00:28:14

closer we are, the faster the black hole

00:28:17

pulls space in a spiral until it

00:28:19

overcomes the speed of light, then we

00:28:23

find ourselves in the first of the New regions of

00:28:25

space ergos

00:28:28

No matter how much we squeeze out of our rockets

00:28:31

here it is impossible to remain motionless

00:28:33

relative to distant stars, space is

00:28:36

not yet rushing directly into the black

00:28:38

hole and from here you can get out the point

00:28:41

of no return, then this is the outer

00:28:45

Event Horizon, having passed which we will

00:28:48

only have one way left, closer to the center,

00:28:52

something incredible happens We

00:28:54

find ourselves in an area where again we can

00:28:58

move freely Which means we are not

00:29:01

doomed to fall into a

00:29:03

singularity. We find ourselves beyond the internal

00:29:07

event horizon. From here you can look at the

00:29:12

singularity in a simple black hole, this is a

00:29:14

point. In a rotating one, this point

00:29:17

turns into a ring; there, in the center of a

00:29:20

rotating black hole,

00:29:22

all sorts of strange things happen to space-time and

00:29:24

are considered in principle

00:29:31

we will need the Penrose diagram again,

00:29:33

now for a rotating black hole,

00:29:35

previously the singularity was represented by a

00:29:37

horizontal line from above. Now

00:29:40

it will open to the sides and show us a

00:29:42

new region outlined by the internal

00:29:45

horizon of which we can move

00:29:48

without falling into the singularity. But these

00:29:51

regions do not close the singularity and do not

00:29:54

go into infinity.

00:29:58

be something if you head in that

00:30:00

direction you can end up in a white hole

00:30:02

that

00:30:05

[music] was pushed

00:30:08

out by the universe, you end up in a

00:30:11

rotating black hole, you fly

00:30:14

back through the Event Horizon and you are

00:30:16

spit out from the white hole of another

00:30:18

universe, and you can repeat this as much as

00:30:22

you like and continue this diagram endlessly

00:30:28

we never did, we didn’t overcome the

00:30:30

singularity itself, we deploy the rocket exactly

00:30:33

to the center of the ring and directing it there, time does not

00:30:37

end, instead we

00:30:39

find ourselves in some kind of Universe in a

00:30:42

strange Universe where Gravity does not

00:30:44

attract but repels, this

00:30:47

anti-universe is

00:30:48

too wonderful then perhaps we will return

00:30:52

back through the singularity to

00:30:53

a universe with normal gravity,

00:30:58

science fiction is true, but if

00:31:01

you look at the solutions of these

00:31:03

equations alone and complete them a little, as

00:31:07

Penrose did. He saw that according to

00:31:10

the form, these parts can be connected, then

00:31:14

what will be the conclusion? We will get an

00:31:17

infinite number of universes that are

00:31:19

connected here and there black and white

00:31:22

holes at least

00:31:25

Follow But where will

00:31:28

you decide to be the first to go into a black hole

00:31:30

and check whether it is BC or

00:31:33

not Yes, I wouldn’t dare So can

00:31:37

the world that these maximally

00:31:38

extended solutions of Schwarzschild and Kehr describe

00:31:41

exist in reality there are

00:31:43

some

00:31:47

snag holes exist forever and in

00:31:50

absolutely empty universes. As you

00:31:52

said, this solution to something eternal, it

00:31:54

goes into the past indefinitely and

00:31:56

continues. It is not

00:31:58

taken into account, for example, the formation of a

00:32:00

black hole is only a certain unchanging

00:32:03

state. I think this is partly the

00:32:07

reason why we

00:32:11

found black holes in our Universe and there are no white ones or not yet

00:32:16

or Not yet, but I personally am

00:32:19

quite confident that they do

00:32:22

not exist in the maximum expansion of

00:32:25

Kehr’s solution. There is another problem:

00:32:27

electromagnetic gravitational

00:32:29

disturbances caused by objects or

00:32:32

energy During the entire existence of the

00:32:34

external Universe, they are concentrated near the

00:32:37

internal horizon and create an

00:32:40

infinite density of

00:32:42

energy on it, such conditions lead to the

00:32:45

emergence of a

00:32:46

singularity that blocks access to Beyond

00:32:50

the horizon I have a suspicion And not

00:32:53

only me but also others that this

00:32:55

Horizon will become singular And then other

00:32:58

universes will no longer be accessible This is how

00:33:01

white holes and wormholes disappear

00:33:04

parallel universes and the anti-universe

00:33:15

holes it would be possible to travel through

00:33:17

space They do not have a horizon, so it

00:33:19

will be possible to travel in both directions They are

00:33:21

stable They have a number of properties We

00:33:24

can

00:33:26

create several geometries that are permissible from the

00:33:29

point of view of the theory of relativity,

00:33:32

which theoretically could connect

00:33:34

parts of the same or even different parts with high-speed highways It’s

00:33:39

just not the task of the Universe; for this, a

00:33:42

special type of substance with a

00:33:44

negative energy density is needed, otherwise the

00:33:47

wormhole will fall apart, but such a

00:33:50

substance contradicts the laws of physics,

00:33:54

so I am inclined to assume that it is

00:33:56

unlikely to exist. I am somewhat

00:33:58

worried when they say that

00:34:00

wormholes, as in science fiction, are mathematically

00:34:02

possible at all. With mathematical point of

00:34:04

view, this is how all sorts of geometries can exist,

00:34:07

but Einstein’s theory is not only

00:34:10

geometry but also field equations, if

00:34:13

you rely on the properties of matter

00:34:15

that it really has, then

00:34:18

wormholes are unreal and it seems to me that

00:34:20

the arguments for this are very

00:34:23

convincing. So, with the greatest

00:34:25

confidence, based on current knowledge, we can

00:34:27

say that white holes, mouth holes, and

00:34:30

parallel universes do not exist, and

00:34:33

yet once upon a time we believed that

00:34:35

black holes do not exist. Who knows what

00:34:38

discoveries await us? Well, at least there is one

00:34:41

Universe. Excellent. Why

00:34:44

not then have

00:34:46

two translated and voiced by the Vert Deider studio

Description:

Поддержать проект можно по ссылкам: Если вы в России: https://boosty.to/vertdider Если вы не в России: https://www.patreon.com/VertDider Чёрные дыры, белые дыры, кротовые норы и параллельные вселенные вполне допустимы исходя из теории относительности и математических расчётов. Чёрные дыры реально существуют, всё остальное — вроде как нет, а может быть да, но, согласно имеющимся данным, всё-таки нет. Но гипотетически они возможны, правда, есть нюансы. Всё сложно и не очень понятно… Дерек с канала Veritasium попробовал разобраться, мы тоже попробовали, теперь ваша очередь, дорогие подписчики. Удачи. Перевод: Елена Смотрова Редактура: Алексей Малов Научная редактура: Кирилл Циберкин, Вячеслав Авдеев Озвучка: Дмитрий Чепусов, Алексей Никитин, Дмитрий Машкович Монтаж звука: Андрей Фокин Монтаж видео: Джон Исмаилов Обложка: Андрей Гавриков Спасибо за поддержку на https://www.patreon.com/VertDider и https://boosty.to/vertdider Озвучки Vert Dider выходят с вашей помощью: Pavel Dunaev, Mikhail Stolpovskiy, Sergey Zhukov, Mariya, Katoto Chan, Pavel Parpura, Oleg Zingilevskiy, Vitaliy Vachynyuk, Eugene Tsaplin, Anatoly Zapadinsky, Все будет хорошо, Nataliya Slovesnikova, Anton Bolotov, Maryna Tereshchenko, Мikhail Samin, Viktor Egorov, Victor Turansky, Anna Ostrovskaya, Alexander Goida, Valeriy Dubrava, Alex, Leonid Steinberg, Victoria Kleban, Aleksei Shabalin, Vladimir Sharich, Alex Kulakov, Maxim Korotkov, Victor Cazacov, mifon bejenari, Ihar Marozau, Irina Shakhverdova, Kirill Zaslavskii, Dmitry Chechulin, Lexx, Rashn, simens_green, Александр Рыбаков, Виктор Харламов, Мария Тёплая, Постный Оладий, Шурик Самара, Alexander Kulikov, Alien, Artem Sobolenkov, Being of Whiteout, Dmitry14, Ilia Mogilner, KGA, Kirill Markov, Maxim Titov, Rincewind, SodayaSodochka, Timophey Popov, Unhexigion, andruche, asdadasa, dv0, pervprog, Арс Ник, Артем Сиваченко, Дмитрий Казанов, Екатерина Боноева, Кожаный Гусь, Максимилиан, Тимур Абдуллин, Тот самый Виктор, Шамсудин Насаев. #vertdider #veritasium Сайт студии: http://vertdider.tv Мы в социальных сетях: — https://vk.com/studio_vd — https://t.me/vertdider — https://twitter.com/Vert_Dider Разрешение на публикацию: https://bit.ly/2SFhrHZ © https://www.youtube.com/@veritasium Источник: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6akmv1bsz1M

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