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Биология поведения человека: Лекция #12. Эндокринология [Роберт Сапольски, 2010. Стэнфорд]

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Гарвардское исследование счастья длиной 85 лет [Veritasium]

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here is the site with shawarma works

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[music]

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welcome to Stanford for the course

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biology of human behavior let's start

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the announcement about the exam

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firstly judging by the statistics of grades that

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is by the average and

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arithmetic mean it

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seems to me that you are all doing a good job keep it up

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also you have done a great job

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assistants who have not left the classroom

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since you handed in your

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work to them, with the exception

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of our lectures, they howled in despair

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checking the same question

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550 times and they worked hard so that you

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get the results just right and so that

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you know who gets how many points not

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enough guys did a great job

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uranium assistant

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the next exam at the end of the course will be

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held outside the classroom families and on the

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floor above the knees and the letters below

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I hope you can figure out where the

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assistants will hand out

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the exam paper to you don’t forget to take

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yours they did a great job and so returning

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to ours now sickeningly familiar diagram on the

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board on Friday, we finished here on

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the left in the field of sexual behavior and the

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train of thought was like this, and if we are talking about

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genes or hormones or receptors, then we

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definitely touch on the issue of their

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evolution, what does the theory of

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natural selection tell us in the evolution of

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sexual behavior on last lecture

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we tossed between the two sexes and their

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strategies,

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starting with the basic asymmetry of

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calorie expenditure on sperm compared to the

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egg, adding pregnancy and in

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most species

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caring for offspring, all this led to the

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famous promiscuity of both males and

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very low pickiness,

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we looked at the role of competition between

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males and analyzed the behavior that

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should help transmit more ken, we

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also studied the various strategies of

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males to reduce the reproductive

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success of rivals and at the same time

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reduce the future

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reproductive success of themselves and in many

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cases

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females develop counter strategies, then

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we learned that females have a choice of them

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even in tournaments species and now

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let's get to the topic of competition between Santa

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on issues of reproduction is punished in

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many species most often in monogamous

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paired species there is a huge likelihood of

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competition between females for access to the

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male ironically for the scheme to work, that

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is, you gave birth to a child and the guy who

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considers himself the father took care of him you

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need someone who can cope with this, who can

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clearly demonstrate parental care,

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which means that such individuals will become the object of

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serious competition between females, this is how

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collection pressure arises in species

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such as new world monkeys or for example

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in many species of birds, females in such

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cases become even more aggressive than

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males such females usually larger and with

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pronounced secondary sexual

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characteristics, why do castles compete with

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females for the right to be males? the scenario

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is the opposite of most of what

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we already know, and so we move on to the

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next wonderful question

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that I have been asked more than once during a

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break from the question of understanding the evolution of

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various types of sexual behavior

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about the transmission of copies of one's genes, family

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relationships and all that is an inevitable question,

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but what about the evolution of homosexuality is an

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eternal mystery for any zoologist,

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evolutionary biologist and other scientists

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trying to understand all this in the context of

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adaptation and transmission of copies of genes,

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especially considering how often

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homosexuality occurs in a huge

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variety of other species this is why

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the mystery until relatively

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recently in almost every culture in the world

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gays on average passed on much less of

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their genes

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as this trait may be so

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common the most accurate estimates are

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from 5 to 20 percent in all

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cultures studied how selection works here why

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it didn’t work against in general

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three theories have become widespread,

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all of them are based on one simple

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fact which in fact is not yet a fact,

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namely, sexual orientation

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is partially determined by genes, but we have already heard

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various arguments in favor of the influence of the

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prenatal endocrine environment that

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we have encountered.

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studies that have found

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covariation of sexual orientation

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between identical and fraternal twins,

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genetic markers that no one

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else has been able to find, so now everything

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is based on the idea that genes are at

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least somehow related to orientations.

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this phenomenon is

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familiar from other areas of genetics,

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certain traits can exist in

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homozygous and heterozygous form for

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whom this topic is new, go back and

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re-read the notes on almonds and

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genetics from additional lectures,

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it turns out that with many disorders you can

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get an extreme degree, that is, the

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disease itself or an incomplete version that

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contributes adaptation is usually given the

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classic example of

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drip on centos and its full-fledged

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homozygous version, a terrible

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hematological disorder, and

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heterozygous and gives immunity to malaria

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and a bunch of other diseases according to the

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same logic, no matter what

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genes we are talking about,

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homozygous and the form possibly

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leads to a behavioral phenotype

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that reduces reproductive success

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but determined heterozygous and the form

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gives such an advantage that

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completely compensates for the losses of

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relatives with homozygous this is the first

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model to be not particularly supported by

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facts the next 2 is the

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effect of a gene depending on the sex, let’s

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say a genetic trait

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manifests itself in one sex and brings

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poor adaptation and a decrease in

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reproductive success, but when you are

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manifested in the other sex, then everything is the other

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way around; adaptation and success can be

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immediately calculated as long as the benefit for the

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other sibling or sex is greater than

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the damage, this trait will undergo selection, what does it

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look like, what

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evidence is there, it can be assumed that the

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sisters of homosexual men have a

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reproduction rate above average and this proven

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in the study, so supporters of this

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position will say that there is such a sign

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that in males manifests itself as

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homosexuality in females in some way

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increases reproductive success the third

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model is a nurse for chicks, that is, the method

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usually does not transfer copies of one’s own

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coat of arms directly, but instead

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use one’s resources to help

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the difference

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in general is similar to the second model itself

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what is the difference according to the second model the rate of reproduction should increase for

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sisters of homosexual men

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agree from the 3rd model the level of reproduction

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should increase and for brothers and sisters

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this is basically what happens this is already

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evidence in favor of the theory of

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kin selection according to the principle

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baby sitters what else do you usually look for in a

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partner besides what

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the males and, in paired species, the

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females compete over, certain traits come up again and

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again when it comes to deciding who is

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attractive,

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whether we're talking about a dragonfly or

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something else form, the

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starting characteristic is the notorious

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role of facial symmetry,

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attractiveness, the history of this phenomenon

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goes back to the 19th century, there was one guy,

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what was his name,

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Francis Galton, so I probably think it was

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Francis Galton, no, they ca

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n’t have them, don’t forget,

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don’t write down, there was one guy in the 19th century, a

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famous criminologist promoting the

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classic delusional theory of that

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time that they say there is a certain face of a

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criminal and that the most experienced police

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can look at the account and face and

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immediately say that this person will inevitably

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commit a crime sooner or later, such

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nonsense is intertwined here,

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genetic determinism, racism and other

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prejudices are complete nonsense and in At the same

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time, one of the prevailing

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intellectual models of criminology of the

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19th century declared that there are facial features

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that are characteristic of a criminal, so

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this man one day decided to deduce the

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architypical face of a criminal, he managed to

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get photographs of a whole bunch of

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criminals, he probably found them

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in prisons and photographed them with a newly invented

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camera

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using a method which was clearly his great-

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great-grandfather photoshop he managed to

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superimpose the faces on top of each other to

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create an average face that

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was supposed to represent the most criminal face anyone had

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ever seen

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but something went wrong instead everyone

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who saw this face said hey the guy is quite

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profitable, he’s really handsome, so an

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interesting phenomenon was discovered: if

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you average the faces, mix them all and

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combine them into one,

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the result, the overall picture looks

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more attractive

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than the owners of the faces individually, as a result, for

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many years now people have been happily

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engaged in all sorts of experiments

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mixing and matching the parameters of different

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people take photos of them, put

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certain features together and ask other people to

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rate the resulting attractiveness and

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this is where this bizarre phenomenon comes into play:

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on average, the more faces that

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are thrown into the mix, the more often they are considered

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attractive, even incredibly subtle

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differences between images of 50 and 25

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faces people are able to pick out

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even them and not always consciously what’s the

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matter, after many decades it turned out

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that if you bring all the faces into one common

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picture, you get an extremely

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symmetrical face, it seems that this is a

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key element in the sphere of attractiveness,

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that is, and if you average a

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huge number of faces, then the average

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becomes

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and the typicality of the face disappears at 7 3 this

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everything is simple with whomever you mate, and

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the proof turns out that symmetry

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serves as an excellent

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reliable indicator of health; excessively

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asymmetrical individuals are usually the

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consequences of developmental complications or

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health problems, so the general conclusion

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is that symmetry is attractive and as an

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indicator of health in

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absolutely every article in

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non-specialized and even some

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scientific journals that should be

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higher than this there will definitely be a photograph of

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someone fabulously attractive and it

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will show measurements with the

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same numbers

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and next to it a photograph of the unlucky poor

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fellow

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chosen to represent an asymmetrical

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face you added to the list of references

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then articles from news VIC no entered logan

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lile login and it’s his face the

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authors mercilessly ridiculed and pointed out the

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asymmetry of the lips and so on, something about a

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symmetrical face means health

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and is considered more attractive people

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can detect

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amazingly small asymmetries in

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faces they conducted experiments with the participation of a

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baby they were shown these composite

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faces

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slightly varying the number of

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photographs used and Here are children who, for two

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months, preferred to look at

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images of more symmetrical faces. This also

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manifests itself in other species. Let’s take,

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for example, rats that press levers

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to gain access to

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individuals of the opposite sex. It turns out

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that their choice of symmetry is also influenced by the

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tendency for more symmetrical faces

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in primates.

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What do you think? crazy

00:15:13

research published five years

00:15:15

ago in a magazine now based on its results

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people with more symmetrical faces

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dance better let's figure out what's going on here

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strange

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but nevertheless somehow

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effective research here's what they

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find they filmed people

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dancing and of course everything it was perfect there

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was a control group

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and everyone danced to the same music

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I don’t know let’s say

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you fish performed by outstanding scientists and

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people danced

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scientists used a wonderful method

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that I never understood, something like a

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motion capture technique when everyone

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dancing

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looks like figures there are no

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individual ones than all the general ones and they

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were assessed by their ability to dance and then the

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faces of those Chetans

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sick skills and men and women

00:16:14

were rated higher,

00:16:15

measured with special rulers and it

00:16:18

turned out that they had more symmetrical

00:16:21

faces, isn’t it strange, I think

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this is one of those indirect effects

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that we I have already met, it seems to me that

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more symmetrical faces are more

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attractive, therefore such

00:16:37

people are treated better, they are more confident

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in themselves, they are more extravagant and they

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feel free and in dance,

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knowing that they will not be recognized anyway, perhaps this is a

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workaround, but the main motive

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here is still symmetry a wide

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variety of species and people surprisingly

00:16:57

accurately capture all the nuances. Another

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fact from the same area is that during

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ovulation,

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women’s faces become just a little more

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symmetrical. Well, over the next couple of

00:17:15

weeks you will definitely be scratching your head over

00:17:18

why this happens and I haven’t found a

00:17:21

satisfactory explanation, but such

00:17:23

observations fixed

00:17:26

so if you are some kind of simple

00:17:29

social animal and are looking for a

00:17:32

partner, the first thing you will pay

00:17:35

attention to is symmetry, the next area of

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attractiveness is represented by

00:17:41

secondary sexual characteristics,

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why do female peacocks choose males

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who look like male peacocks,

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scientists have been working on a

00:17:53

solution to something over the years, a

00:17:55

very influential Israeli zoologist,

00:17:58

Mads Zoho very, has put forward the so-called

00:18:01

concept of handicap, namely why

00:18:05

secondary sexual characteristics are

00:18:07

attractive

00:18:09

characteristics that enhance the external

00:18:11

differences between the sexes, why this is

00:18:14

attractive because in the end, the more bright and

00:18:19

elaborate your secondary sexual characteristics are,

00:18:21

the more actively you communicate to others

00:18:25

My energy is in full swing, I am so

00:18:27

healthy that I can afford to

00:18:29

waste a huge amount of

00:18:32

calories in order to walk around with

00:18:34

stupid illuminated horns, there is an

00:18:37

opinion that this is to some extent

00:18:39

distinct and a manifestation of ostentatious

00:18:41

wastefulness; the ability to spend

00:18:44

energy on impressive secondary

00:18:46

sexual characteristics speaks of good

00:18:48

health and a

00:18:49

functioning immune system, there is a lot of

00:18:52

evidence for this in our time, this is already a whole

00:18:55

area for research in the store,

00:18:57

here is one scenario, the research

00:19:00

was carried out on marsupial mice, they were taken because of some

00:19:03

peculiarities of the reproduction of

00:19:06

marsupials, insemination was carried out, the

00:19:08

scientists took sperm samples from the males

00:19:11

of these mice after measuring certain

00:19:14

secondary sexual characteristics,

00:19:16

it seems they didn’t have horns, I don’t remember

00:19:20

what exactly I measured, as a result,

00:19:23

the researchers obtained sperm from males

00:19:26

with varying degrees of expression of secondary

00:19:29

sexual characteristics and it was discovered that the

00:19:34

sperm of males in

00:19:36

which these characteristics were more

00:19:38

pronounced was more fertile, so

00:19:45

this became the first significant confirmation of the

00:19:49

handicap principle, things like secondary

00:19:52

sexual characteristics can indicate

00:19:55

health and or fertility, and

00:20:00

why is this so, in general, the point is to show off

00:20:05

just to show off so that it is clear

00:20:09

that since you spend so much energy and then have it

00:20:12

in reserve, this is probably even more an

00:20:15

indicator of health and good

00:20:17

immunity

00:20:18

as can be seen from many studies, this

00:20:20

means that the same signals that express

00:20:24

secondary sexual characteristics indicate the

00:20:26

functioning of the immune system; a functioning

00:20:30

immune system produces molecules

00:20:32

that make the color of the muzzle more intense; this is a

00:20:37

secondary sexual characteristic and there is an

00:20:41

obvious connection between the immune system,

00:20:44

its functioning and these

00:20:47

indicators; curiously, one recent

00:20:52

study studied women, if I’m not

00:20:55

mistaken, from 20 of their countries, and it

00:20:59

turned out that in general women

00:21:01

prefer male faces with strongly

00:21:03

expressed personal characteristics,

00:21:06

for example, with a large protruding jaw,

00:21:08

high forehead strong muscles, but

00:21:12

it turned out that the higher the

00:21:15

average life expectancy in a certain country,

00:21:17

the better the developed economy

00:21:20

than the higher the quality of life, the less

00:21:23

women pay attention to the

00:21:25

masculinity of men; it is extremely interesting

00:21:29

how the comparison was made; they took the

00:21:33

Scandinavian countries,

00:21:35

thank God they are where else to find such

00:21:38

developed and so Scandinavian countries; forehead

00:21:42

height has not been a

00:21:47

criterion for choosing a guy for many centuries, while in a

00:21:51

number of other cultures I don’t remember who was in the bottom

00:21:55

lines,

00:21:56

well, okay, there are all the sets and there

00:22:01

was a much stricter selection

00:22:03

for traits that are considered signs of

00:22:07

fertility and health, another

00:22:10

proof,

00:22:11

and so these are all signals, they say not

00:22:15

only who you should mate with, who you

00:22:20

should cooperate with pass on

00:22:23

their genes but also report that another

00:22:27

individual can do something more santoni

00:22:32

in the world of social creatures no one wants to

00:22:36

catch a sexually transmitted disease in

00:22:41

many ways the handicap principle is a way

00:22:44

to advertise their excellent immune

00:22:47

system and report the absence of

00:22:50

infectious diseases animals of

00:22:54

various species can extremely accurately

00:22:57

detect the

00:22:59

smell of parasitic or any other

00:23:02

infections in other individuals and then avoid them like

00:23:04

fire; a common occurrence in many species;

00:23:09

it has been best studied on rodents,

00:23:12

which have an incredible ability

00:23:15

to smell the health of another individual and understand

00:23:19

when it is better to stay away if you don’t

00:23:21

want STDs, that too it’s important, of course,

00:23:26

there are those who are trying to somehow

00:23:28

outwit the system, selection suddenly appears to

00:23:31

disconnect secondary

00:23:34

sexual characteristics about health, is it possible to

00:23:39

cheat, is it possible it turns out in

00:23:43

some species of birds, let’s say the male is lying

00:23:47

on his deathbed, what should he do with the

00:23:49

remaining three and a half calories

00:23:52

he spends energy on the color of his wings

00:23:55

or some other secondary sign

00:23:57

he has four minutes to live, but

00:24:00

perhaps there is still a last chance to

00:24:03

pass on copies of his genes, and so you can

00:24:07

cheat, there are cases of

00:24:09

disproportionate investment of calories,

00:24:11

some signs even to the detriment of health,

00:24:14

so of course there are counter

00:24:17

strategies before us there is a whole kingdom of

00:24:20

evolution between deception strategies and

00:24:22

counter strategies for exposing them

00:24:26

the truth is with the literature on the topic there is a

00:24:28

problem you can coffee your

00:24:31

feet everything in such a way that no one

00:24:33

can find research that contradicts

00:24:36

your general position how it works

00:24:39

we just learned about in principle, a handicap,

00:24:43

and that is, you need a secondary

00:24:45

sexual characteristic so

00:24:46

that its severity reflects the

00:24:48

state of your immune system in

00:24:52

many types, the color of the muzzle is set by the

00:24:55

molecules of the immune system and there is a direct

00:24:59

dependence, yes, this is a way

00:25:03

to advertise your excellent immune

00:25:05

system, but how

00:25:08

can this happen to you at the same time and are

00:25:09

diametrically opposed, that is, your

00:25:12

secondary sexual characteristic will be more

00:25:15

pronounced due to an infectious

00:25:17

disease, it turns out that you are reporting that you are

00:25:21

still able to perform a

00:25:23

stupid mating dance, despite the fact

00:25:26

that you write as parasites, you have the coolest

00:25:29

DNA in the area, what can you say, this

00:25:33

is observed in a vulture, the very idea of sex

00:25:37

vultures, not to mention sex, based on the

00:25:40

fact that some of them

00:25:41

are considered prettier than others leaves me

00:25:44

speechless with delight,

00:25:46

but it turns out that vultures don’t remember exactly

00:25:49

what kind of exactly sexually

00:25:51

demortal males have a more colorful head,

00:25:54

they usually have such orange heads because

00:25:57

pigments trough 0 so map but this is

00:26:01

one explanation we have already heard

00:26:03

where carotenoids come from they

00:26:06

are produced in the immune system the

00:26:08

happier it is the more carotenoids

00:26:11

are released this is the first scenario about

00:26:14

vultures the opposite situation but

00:26:17

now everything will go downhill how do you

00:26:20

get carotenoids being

00:26:22

vultures somewhere on

00:26:23

East African plain, eating

00:26:26

ungulate feces, which vultures are

00:26:30

quite happy with if the food is fresh or even

00:26:33

if it’s not very fresh, and it usually contains

00:26:36

a lot of parasites, eating large

00:26:38

amounts of ungulate waste,

00:26:41

say their meat, increases the

00:26:43

likelihood of catching an infection, which is how you

00:26:46

prove it,

00:26:48

here I am, happy I’m jumping around fervently,

00:26:51

just imagine how good my genes are

00:26:53

if I’m capable of this even after acquiring

00:26:56

parasites due to specific food

00:26:59

preferences, so here are two sides of the

00:27:03

coin,

00:27:04

pronounced secondary sexual

00:27:07

characteristics as evidence of a working

00:27:09

immune system, that is, I can overcome the

00:27:12

disease and pronounced secondary

00:27:14

signs so that show how well I can

00:27:16

function even despite the illness of a

00:27:20

possible variant,

00:27:21

this is still a rather controversial topic for the

00:27:24

three and a half people who

00:27:25

care about it, however, just like free cheese only

00:27:28

in a mousetrap, it

00:27:29

doesn’t happen and free waste

00:27:32

doesn’t matter, modern studies

00:27:35

show that lions have an

00:27:38

extremely tournament-like appearance and bright pronounced

00:27:43

secondary sexual characteristics, namely the

00:27:47

lion's mane and everyone saw in the queen

00:27:51

that she can be very lush and

00:27:53

pretentious and increase your

00:27:55

attractiveness and if you do not hang out with hyenas,

00:27:59

but it is also obvious that it has its

00:28:02

price, which male will seem attractive to you

00:28:04

with a black mane like this how

00:28:07

it costs more than others in the context of the

00:28:09

handicap theory, but there is also a drawback:

00:28:12

your head gets hotter under the African sun

00:28:14

if you have a black

00:28:17

mane, you need to spend more energy on

00:28:21

thermoregulation, that’s the drawback, there is a

00:28:24

need for balance, what else is

00:28:29

important in terms of attractiveness, using the

00:28:32

example of many other species it has been proven that

00:28:34

symmetry means health, secondary

00:28:37

sexual characteristics indicate health

00:28:39

but they can be interpreted in

00:28:41

other ways, then

00:28:43

there are secondary sexual characteristics

00:28:46

that directly indicate

00:28:48

fertility here we enter the kingdom of

00:28:52

primates where females

00:28:55

have enlarged external genitalia during ovulation

00:28:58

where there are visible signs of estrus

00:29:01

readiness for mating

00:29:03

in humans ovulation is more hidden,

00:29:07

some theories about this are already

00:29:10

familiar to us, but all other primates

00:29:13

have pronounced and visible

00:29:15

swelling of the vulva during ovulation, you

00:29:18

just have to look at baboons somewhere

00:29:21

older than the class when they enter

00:29:23

puberty in some of the most the

00:29:25

swelling is stronger than in others,

00:29:27

it turns out that these stupid superficial

00:29:30

male baboons prefer the ones with the

00:29:32

largest swelling of the vulva, even using the

00:29:35

example of a laboratory male baboon, it

00:29:37

is obvious that he will press the lever more actively to

00:29:40

see photographs of the ones

00:29:43

with the largest swelling, we rush with medium or

00:29:45

weak please, based on the

00:29:50

experiments, it can certainly be done

00:29:52

great reality show along with

00:29:55

what is the role of swelling it indicates

00:29:59

estrogen levels

00:30:01

the higher the estrogen level the more

00:30:05

swelling dump

00:30:06

eventually various studies have repeatedly

00:30:09

demonstrated that the offspring of female

00:30:12

primates with more swelling wolves

00:30:14

are more likely to survive the first

00:30:18

year after birth this is an indicator of better

00:30:23

fertility and good health,

00:30:26

perhaps the handicap principle is partly involved here,

00:30:28

because at the moment

00:30:31

when the females have the most severe swelling,

00:30:34

they weigh about 25 percent

00:30:37

more than usual, all due to

00:30:40

fluid retention in the body, presumably the following is

00:30:42

reported if I can

00:30:46

run like this all that west Russia,

00:30:49

despite the weight hanging from behind, weighing a quarter of

00:30:51

my body, imagine how strong and healthy I am,

00:30:55

and this is a way of attracting, at the same

00:30:58

time, males are looking for other attractive signs in castles,

00:31:02

as I already said, in humans, ovulation

00:31:06

occurs without external symptoms,

00:31:09

but people have the notorious

00:31:12

waist-to-hip ratio,

00:31:14

about which there is a ton of

00:31:17

research and discussion, the idea

00:31:21

that the larger the hips compared to the

00:31:23

waist size, the greater the ratio,

00:31:28

no, the smaller it turns out, on the contrary,

00:31:31

larger hips in relation to the

00:31:34

waist indicate fertility, this is tass

00:31:38

ready to bear children this healthy

00:31:42

development is a favorable sign for

00:31:44

the passage of a child through the birth canal

00:31:47

in many cultures men find

00:31:52

women more attractive with a more contrasting

00:31:54

hip to waist ratio studies have been done

00:31:59

all over however there is one question of validity

00:32:03

whether every culture studied could

00:32:06

have been contaminated by the harmful influence of western

00:32:10

culture and its ubiquitous values may

00:32:14

be the case because of this, the golden

00:32:21

fleece for those who study waists and hips is

00:32:24

a kind of equivalent of the

00:32:26

identical twins separated at birth

00:32:28

that they were trying to find have become

00:32:30

human populations that have

00:32:32

just made their first contact with the

00:32:35

outside world and have not yet been

00:32:37

influenced by Western culture

00:32:39

so So you could rush in there,

00:32:41

quickly master their language and then

00:32:43

ask them the very first question in

00:32:45

history and interaction with the Western

00:32:47

world, which of the ladies do you like best?

00:32:50

Ask guys at that time, as

00:32:53

expected, there weren’t many records of

00:32:56

surveys about the waist-to-hip ratio at

00:32:59

first contact so the

00:33:01

sources contain mixed data, if we take a

00:33:05

more traditional society, they do not

00:33:08

necessarily have a pronounced tendency

00:33:10

to take into account the ratio of the hips and waist;

00:33:13

however, at least partially this

00:33:17

phenomenon is universal for every

00:33:19

culture studied; again, this is a

00:33:22

sign of fertility; as for females,

00:33:27

we already know some parameters

00:33:29

selection to what secondary characteristics

00:33:32

in males they react to: a

00:33:35

prominent jaw, a large, high forehead and

00:33:38

muscle mass, this all indirectly

00:33:42

indicates the level of testosterone, as

00:33:44

well as sensitivity to testosterone

00:33:46

or the fact that there was a lot of it in

00:33:48

adolescence,

00:33:50

such parameters benefit what is interesting

00:33:54

if you show women male faces in

00:33:57

which the degree of manifestation of

00:34:00

secondary characteristics is changed: forehead, protrusion of the

00:34:03

jaw, angularity of the face,

00:34:05

then a curious split is observed in

00:34:09

such experiments, women on average

00:34:12

evaluate chubby men as more

00:34:16

attractive, more honest and reliable, and

00:34:20

as less attractive;

00:34:36

information conveyed and what

00:34:39

attracts again according to

00:34:42

research if you change the width of the

00:34:44

nostrils by 5 percent these are extremely

00:34:48

subtle differences and most people do not

00:34:50

consciously perceive them which face is

00:34:54

more attractive be which one you

00:34:56

like better which face you will trust if

00:35:01

they tell you who to vote for

00:35:03

interesting division that also about women

00:35:09

during ovulation,

00:35:11

they prefer male faces with more

00:35:14

secondary sexual characteristics

00:35:17

that is, during ovulation, women are more

00:35:21

attracted to

00:35:22

faces with a more protruding jaw and

00:35:24

more muscle mass, a large forehead, and

00:35:28

so on, another point while

00:35:33

estrogen levels are at peak, like you of other

00:35:37

species, women are most sensitive to

00:35:40

male pheromone, the ability to perceive

00:35:43

subtle differences in the symmetry of the face or

00:35:46

secondary sexual characteristics at a maximum, this is where

00:35:48

preferences come from in

00:35:53

some cases, this effect is very

00:35:56

noticeable, well, what else is important, one

00:36:02

problem arises in the scientific literature

00:36:03

again and again, this is the case in which

00:36:06

imagine that you are a gazelle in a female gazelle

00:36:12

who has read a lot of books on zoology

00:36:15

and knows all about the principle of handicapping and you

00:36:18

know that large, pronounced

00:36:21

secondary sexual characteristics in males

00:36:23

indicate a better immune system,

00:36:25

more fertile sperm and other

00:36:29

wonderful things so you go all

00:36:30

out you try to find such a guy and

00:36:33

mate with him and now you have just

00:36:35

given birth,

00:36:36

having all that knowledge, you understand

00:36:40

that you received from a personal child with

00:36:42

excellent genes from a male antelope with a

00:36:45

prominent jaw,

00:36:46

now it is very important that this child

00:36:48

survives because he has enormous potential

00:36:51

in terms of future reproductive success

00:36:54

what are you doing you are spending more calories

00:36:57

on caring for the baby this is observed in

00:37:01

different species for example you can look

00:37:04

at different species of birds

00:37:07

one female mates with an attractive

00:37:10

male 2 with not so much and it turns out that the

00:37:14

first one lays

00:37:17

larger eggs interesting here is

00:37:24

proof that the father has good

00:37:26

genes, but the genes of the male have no effect on the

00:37:30

size of the egg, it depends on how much

00:37:33

protein the mother invests in the creation and

00:37:36

development of the fetus, so this is a

00:37:40

self-fulfilling prophecy, based on the example of

00:37:43

many species, it has been proven that when females

00:37:45

mate with more attractive ones,

00:37:47

they themselves put more effort into

00:37:50

so that the offspring survives that in the end

00:37:53

you really want to mate with

00:37:55

a male with huge horns

00:37:56

causes and consequences are a little mixed here an

00:37:59

incredible discovery in this area another

00:38:03

amazing study

00:38:05

shows that there are many more species close to us

00:38:07

than the author of this

00:38:11

experiment seems to be guesses not from the University of

00:38:14

Kentucky he studied their ospreys or

00:38:19

some other birds of that area,

00:38:21

first he found a male and female osprey and

00:38:26

introduced them to each other, he selects them

00:38:29

so that nothing happens to them,

00:38:32

no romance and fire, the female rejects

00:38:36

the male, then in the next round they

00:38:40

make it ugly so that the male seems very

00:38:43

attractive,

00:38:44

he takes the male and places

00:38:47

a whole flock of stuffed females around him who stare

00:38:52

at him with genuine admiration and

00:38:55

are frozen in place when they see the coloring of his

00:38:58

beak after eating someone’s waste,

00:39:02

and now with some probability the

00:39:05

female who rejected him begins to

00:39:07

show affection for him signs of attention, in other

00:39:11

words, she joined the majority, it

00:39:15

manifests itself in many types, what is the point here, it is

00:39:17

in such cases that the role of

00:39:20

secondary sexual characteristics is visible, I

00:39:22

don’t understand how someone can be

00:39:25

attracted to

00:39:27

him, it’s neither cold nor hot, but if it

00:39:29

turns out that these signs are very

00:39:31

popular and thus

00:39:32

indicates the ability to pass on

00:39:35

more copies of genes then

00:39:37

of course I want my child to

00:39:40

have such characteristics

00:39:41

hence the herd effect so all these are

00:39:45

varieties of extremely superficial and

00:39:47

incorrectly set priorities

00:39:48

when choosing a partner

00:39:50

but then of course we move on to

00:39:53

paired views a lot of lectures ago we

00:39:56

learned that in some species

00:39:58

male courtship rituals are based on

00:40:00

demonstrating their paternal

00:40:02

qualities and showing that they can at least

00:40:05

partially replace the mother for the offspring.

00:40:07

How to explain this, because many

00:40:10

male birds court by bringing worms and feeding the

00:40:13

female to show look and I know

00:40:16

that we will eat, I know where to get

00:40:18

worms when we consider paired

00:40:21

species, then courtship rituals and parameters of

00:40:24

attractiveness often indicate not

00:40:26

fertility but parental skills

00:40:29

and readiness on the other hand, when

00:40:34

females of the studied species of primates are

00:40:36

most attractive to males

00:40:38

if we do not take into account everything related to

00:40:40

estrus

00:40:42

when they have already raised a couple of children,

00:40:46

females undergoing their first ovulation

00:40:48

are given less preference than those

00:40:51

who already have several children, the

00:40:54

same thing happens; they have already proven that they have

00:40:57

enough experience

00:40:58

not to kill the cubs by dropping them from a

00:41:01

tree, which means they know how to raise children

00:41:06

well; the last selection criterion pairs

00:41:10

found in different species, it is important to find

00:41:14

not only one who looks healthy and

00:41:17

symmetrical with pronounced

00:41:19

secondary sexual characteristics that

00:41:21

indicate fertility and who

00:41:24

for some reason is loved by everyone around and you too,

00:41:26

but suddenly it turns out that in a huge

00:41:30

number of species and in every human

00:41:32

culture there arises attraction to those who are

00:41:35

similar to you attraction to your own kind

00:41:39

this is called go magicians hammocks polygamy with

00:41:45

your feet in this case

00:41:48

papers of mating with someone who has

00:41:52

similar traits to you in many

00:41:57

countries including the USA people are extremely magicians when

00:42:01

choosing a partner for marriage here are

00:42:04

the statistics if Take couples from the United States, the

00:42:09

probability that the

00:42:12

age difference between them is no more than three years,

00:42:14

that they share religious and

00:42:17

political views, the same

00:42:19

racial or ethnic background, the

00:42:22

same socioeconomic

00:42:24

status in childhood, that is, they grew up in a poor

00:42:27

or rich family, the probability of these

00:42:30

similarities in the United States is more than 90

00:42:33

percent is an indicator that you have a huge

00:42:35

choice in favor of those who are similar to you, not

00:42:39

such a high indicator, but still in 40

00:42:42

percent of cases, for people in gamma-garden

00:42:45

pores, the difference is about five

00:42:48

points, which indicates a similar level of education,

00:42:51

this is extremely gamma-gamno traits

00:42:54

then there is a group of strange and less

00:42:57

pronounced properties that, however, have

00:43:00

statistical significance; the probability

00:43:03

that partners are of the same height is from

00:43:06

twenty to forty percent not in

00:43:09

centimeters,

00:43:10

but for example, you are both much above average

00:43:13

for your gender, weight, hair color,

00:43:16

and then completely strange

00:43:19

parameters begin, such as the

00:43:20

volume of the lungs, the width of the nostrils and the shape of the

00:43:23

eyes, according to research results, these are

00:43:27

features that can be seen by magicians,

00:43:30

not so brightly but statistically higher than

00:43:33

chance, how to explain such

00:43:36

oddities, perhaps these are surrogate

00:43:39

markers of the fact that we prefer people with

00:43:42

similar racial and ethnic

00:43:44

backgrounds, probably hence such

00:43:48

statistics, what’s the matter suddenly we’re

00:43:51

coming back much more

00:43:52

ago, you shouldn’t mate with

00:43:54

those with whom you share half of your genes,

00:43:57

inbreeding can be dangerous,

00:43:59

but you also shouldn’t mate with someone who is

00:44:03

very far from you because then there is no

00:44:05

motivation for cooperation and

00:44:06

kin selection

00:44:08

optimal fertility in many species

00:44:11

from birds to humans where -that at the level of

00:44:13

four or five blood relatives,

00:44:17

optimal fertility in conditions of

00:44:19

selection of a sufficient level of ha by magicians in

00:44:22

various cultures

00:44:24

historically popularity with papers

00:44:26

naturally various studies

00:44:29

show that the average

00:44:32

hunter-gatherer will marry a person who

00:44:35

grew up no more than 40 kilometers from

00:44:38

him people in traditional villages in

00:44:43

developing countries marry someone

00:44:46

who grew up no more than ten

00:44:48

kilometers away,

00:44:50

a lot of people end up

00:44:53

marrying similar individuals, let's return to the

00:44:58

problem of partial kinship

00:45:00

4 and 5 and natural relatives, well, is

00:45:04

n't the reason that I'm more likely to know

00:45:06

people and that the same age, the same

00:45:08

race, the same socioeconomic

00:45:10

status, why look around

00:45:14

here, it’s a very diverse

00:45:17

corner of the planet in more homogeneous

00:45:20

societies, everything is different, but if you take

00:45:24

Western European society with its

00:45:25

increasing diversity, then there

00:45:28

is a decent level of paperwork and

00:45:32

interesting data Iceland is another

00:45:36

old good Scandinavian Iceland is

00:45:40

also Scandinavian or should they

00:45:42

belong to Scandinavia so boring and

00:45:45

healthy and rational and so these

00:45:48

rational non-Scandinavian Icelanders

00:45:50

in total I don’t know 300 thousand in the whole country

00:45:53

and they all have at most 7 native

00:45:57

relatives, they are all fanatically

00:45:59

accurate a record of all marriages over the centuries,

00:46:03

research was carried out on material

00:46:05

for two hundred years about what kind of relationship

00:46:08

couples are in Iceland, it turns out that

00:46:12

optimal fertility is the optimal

00:46:15

number of children surviving to

00:46:17

adulthood in marriages between 4 and 5 and natural

00:46:22

relatives, according to research,

00:46:27

another interesting version of the magicians

00:46:31

appears The fact is that in the USA the

00:46:34

situation is somewhat different, here age comes into play,

00:46:38

that is, when marrying at a young

00:46:41

age, you are

00:46:42

much more likely to

00:46:44

choose a partner who is not similar to yourself,

00:46:48

which I am leading to the sad fact that

00:46:51

on average, with age, a person’s

00:46:54

horizons narrow, the younger people are, the the

00:46:59

greater likelihood is that they will

00:47:01

marry a person of a completely different

00:47:03

origin, the peak occurs at 20-25

00:47:09

years old, the level of magicians and the lowest

00:47:12

is curious that some exceptions here

00:47:15

turn out to be with religion,

00:47:19

if you take people

00:47:20

marrying between the ages of 20 and 25,

00:47:24

then this is the probability that they marry

00:47:28

someone from a different religion then the

00:47:31

probability drops around thirty

00:47:33

forty years somewhere around the age of 50 60 the

00:47:36

graph goes up again many

00:47:39

studies confirm this

00:47:41

why this happens there are guesses

00:47:48

good choice less

00:47:52

less choice of partners depressing

00:47:55

option let's see what happens to you

00:47:58

nursing home and what will attract you there is

00:48:00

the guess that they will no longer have

00:48:05

offspring so they don’t have to

00:48:07

worry about passing on genes to children. It

00:48:10

turns out well that if you wait and

00:48:13

confidently do not plan for more children, then there

00:48:15

will be no quarrels about

00:48:18

which computer to buy mac or windows

00:48:22

or why families break up there

00:48:26

possibility scenarios there are more ideas you

00:48:29

understand that you will die well you realize

00:48:32

your mortality and decide you are happy with this

00:48:35

nonsense what difference does it make if I

00:48:38

like a person yes it is possible that

00:48:41

someone else out there has an idea

00:48:42

midlife crisis midlife crisis

00:48:46

then whether you buy a convertible or whether

00:48:48

you marry an aborigine on

00:48:52

Tierra del Fuego all these factors play a role, but

00:48:56

there is one more that seems to me simply

00:48:58

beautiful in its unusualness. During the

00:49:02

surveys it turned out that those who are experiencing the

00:49:05

late peak are already in a long-term

00:49:08

relationship with a partner in which the thing is, they

00:49:14

wait until their parents die so as not to

00:49:16

kill them with their choice,

00:49:18

this also seems to play a role, we will get married

00:49:24

as soon as they die,

00:49:26

I can’t upset them so much, it turned out that

00:49:30

this is one of the factors,

00:49:33

finally the famous study was

00:49:36

carried out by me about 15 years ago by

00:49:40

David Bass with an evolutionary biologist

00:49:43

now

00:49:45

from University of Texas, he conducted

00:49:48

research that is recognized and in our

00:49:50

time he asked people to compile questionnaires

00:49:54

for people from different cultures and corners of

00:49:57

the planet, a huge study I don’t remember

00:50:01

exactly how many cultures, covering both

00:50:05

nomadic pastoralists and farmers far from Western culture, as well

00:50:08

00:50:11

socialist communist and

00:50:14

capitalist countries and all between

00:50:17

them individualists and

00:50:19

communities and cultures and so on, tens of thousands of

00:50:22

people took part in all of them, he distributed a

00:50:26

list of properties and asked

00:50:28

those traits that are most important to you in a future

00:50:31

partner in every last culture,

00:50:35

it was discovered that following

00:50:37

each culture, women are more likely than men

00:50:42

to choose a partner older than themselves in in every

00:50:47

culture, men are more likely than women

00:50:51

to choose a partner younger than themselves in every

00:50:55

culture,

00:50:56

women are more likely than men to indicate

00:51:00

high economic potential of an individual

00:51:03

as one of the desirable traits in every

00:51:10

culture examined, men are more likely

00:51:11

than women to

00:51:15

prefer a partner with better

00:51:17

health and fertility indicators everyone

00:51:21

talked about this study and

00:51:24

that the same

00:51:26

disappointing stereotypes have been found in

00:51:30

different cultures: women seek

00:51:35

older fat men

00:51:37

and men seek younger women with

00:51:42

wide hips in every single

00:51:45

culture, but usually when discussing this

00:51:50

research, they release one detail

00:51:53

that is worthy of becoming a signature for

00:51:56

some Valentine's card it is known that in

00:52:00

many cultures

00:52:01

certain traits are more

00:52:03

likely to be mentioned by

00:52:05

representatives of one sex they are of the other,

00:52:08

but in each of the cultures for both sexes the

00:52:12

priority trait

00:52:14

will equally be a relationship with a person who

00:52:17

treats them well on this note let's

00:52:20

take a break and now we move on to the

00:52:24

second part of our scheme, adhering to

00:52:27

the same strategy as before, here we

00:52:31

will have a whole series of lectures and such vast and

00:52:35

interconnected areas as aggression,

00:52:39

competition, cooperation and empathy, we

00:52:44

will have to face the various

00:52:46

features and subtleties of these topics,

00:52:49

study the biology that underlies them and the

00:52:53

important social consequences that

00:52:55

they in many cases they carry,

00:52:58

of course, our starting point will be the

00:53:01

questions of what kind of behavior there is, how

00:53:04

objectively it can be described, and it

00:53:08

dawned on me that a good start would be not

00:53:10

only to outline the scale of possible

00:53:12

manifestations of aggression, but also to note

00:53:15

another important point that

00:53:17

we will encounter more than once in the lecture, I thought that

00:53:19

good it would be more accurate to describe my own

00:53:22

relatively recent encounter with

00:53:25

human aggression as how I

00:53:28

showed aggression towards someone this happened

00:53:31

a couple of years ago before my back started to

00:53:33

fail me I played football two or three

00:53:37

times a week I've been playing for decades I'm actually a

00:53:40

pretty lousy footballer short,

00:53:43

old and not very good at coordination,

00:53:45

so it’s not like I planned to

00:53:49

play as part of the Olympic

00:53:50

football team, and so a couple of years ago

00:53:54

there was one guy who somehow

00:53:58

always played against me, constantly

00:54:00

covered me up and in general was such a scoundrel,

00:54:04

this guy was much younger and taller

00:54:07

me and much more athletic, he played

00:54:11

many times better than me, on top of everything else, he

00:54:14

played dirty, which drove me crazy

00:54:16

as soon as the ball was near

00:54:20

me, he pushed his elbow into my ear or

00:54:22

something else that shouldn’t happen like that

00:54:26

one day day we were playing and

00:54:29

someone slipped me the ball as usual, he

00:54:31

had no problem removing me from the path

00:54:33

rudely and against the rules, which no one

00:54:36

noticed and took the ball away and I got angry and he

00:54:41

quickly passed the sword to another, it

00:54:43

turned out that we were both along the edge of the field

00:54:46

simply by inertia and Then I understand that

00:54:50

the ball is on the other side of the field, which

00:54:52

means everyone is looking in the other direction,

00:54:55

so we’re running and I’m about half a step behind

00:54:59

and I just put my foot forward, he

00:55:03

catches it and flies over my head and I’m

00:55:08

just in seventh heaven,

00:55:10

it was summer and It turned out there was still a

00:55:14

semi-dried puddle of mud, it’s great,

00:55:17

so I didn’t even try to

00:55:21

pretend like these were okay, I’m sorry, it’s just that at

00:55:25

that moment I had to calm

00:55:29

myself so as not to tear his belly with my

00:55:30

fangs,

00:55:31

I felt great, the best thing that

00:55:36

has happened to me in a long time a few months

00:55:40

nelson mandela nelson mandela

00:55:45

in his 90th second year of life fragile

00:55:49

embodiment of all that is good and beautiful in

00:55:51

humanity is now on its last

00:55:54

legs what if I played with

00:55:57

Nelson Mandela and did this to

00:55:59

him you would be horrified

00:56:02

no one would clap for me unheard of so

00:56:05

who -he did this to the wonderful

00:56:08

Nelson Mandela at the age of 92, as you

00:56:12

can see, here is an important point that will be

00:56:14

repeated throughout the lecture, everything that is

00:56:17

connected with society, the

00:56:19

environment and learning in the context of

00:56:24

aggression has almost no effect on how we

00:56:28

show it, they say when they

00:56:31

indicate the appropriate social the context

00:56:34

thus confirms that it is

00:56:38

crystal clear 99 percent and know we

00:56:42

don't need a world without violence we adore

00:56:45

violence the pineapple is exciting we will pay a

00:56:48

decent amount just to watch the

00:56:51

manifestation of competitive violence we

00:56:54

can hardly resist

00:56:56

running up and joining it is so

00:57:00

exciting and wonderful we love wearing the

00:57:03

right look

00:57:05

in the right context wrestling is

00:57:08

largely built on the premise that the same

00:57:10

behavior in certain situations

00:57:12

gets you the rewards of good work and

00:57:15

reproductive success

00:57:17

but the same pattern and muscle movements in

00:57:20

other situations is the worst thing

00:57:24

one person can do do the

00:57:27

same behavior to another when we examine this topic, we

00:57:31

will again and again be faced with one

00:57:34

central problem: the

00:57:35

biology of violence, the biology of competition and

00:57:37

other things, has little to do with how

00:57:39

behavior is implemented, it’s

00:57:42

all about the appropriate context,

00:57:45

it turns out that various

00:57:47

neurological diseases are severe

00:57:49

disorders in terms of controlling violence

00:57:51

very much rarely touches on the

00:57:53

sheer scale of violence, in fact

00:57:57

more often it is about the wrong context

00:58:00

if violence is right and we approve of it

00:58:03

we vote for those who practice it,

00:58:06

mate with them and pay to

00:58:08

see such violence the

00:58:11

right situation is necessary only a few of us are

00:58:14

actually pure pacifists from head to toe

00:58:17

I like violence only in

00:58:20

certain conditions, so one of

00:58:22

our main goals will be to understand

00:58:24

biology in a social context.

00:58:26

We already came across tips in the last

00:58:29

topic. Of course, let’s start with definitions, so to speak,

00:58:33

and talking about violence and

00:58:36

aggression more often than in others spheres

00:58:39

there is an approach I don’t know the exact

00:58:41

definition but I know what it looks like

00:58:44

perhaps an excellent starting point as well as

00:58:47

sexual behavior would be the question of

00:58:49

what aspects of violence and aggression are unique to

00:58:51

humans, for

00:58:55

decades there has been a tendency

00:58:57

all areas that were previously considered

00:59:00

unique to humans are no longer so

00:59:03

some examples to us We are already

00:59:06

familiar from lectures on sociology with

00:59:09

all those films about wildlife where

00:59:11

the narrator in a very deep voice

00:59:13

talks about how

00:59:15

only a person kills for fun

00:59:19

while some animals throw an old

00:59:21

antelope into the river

00:59:22

it was always only our species that kills

00:59:25

but the whole concept has crumbled to dust

00:59:28

as soon as people began to observe the killing of

00:59:31

young

00:59:32

due to competition, it seems I already

00:59:36

mentioned that for the first time this was observed in

00:59:39

Gulman tied up axara hardy at that time, a

00:59:42

Harvard employee

00:59:44

1 reported this phenomenon, yes it cannot

00:59:48

be male primates killing young,

00:59:51

impossible murder, psychopathology was explained as the

00:59:54

reason for the deterioration of conditions

00:59:58

habitats the onset of human

01:00:00

populations displacement Hardy studied

01:00:04

the population of monkeys in urban areas

01:00:06

Hansel this is not normal because other species do

01:00:10

not kill and now they are talking about twenty

01:00:15

twenty-five species practicing

01:00:18

infanticide, which means that not

01:00:21

only people kill and not only humans

01:00:24

are killed following some cunning insidious

01:00:27

strategies to pass on

01:00:29

more copies of genes Jane

01:00:35

Goodall has

01:00:36

today recorded

01:00:38

many cases of murder among chimpanzees,

01:00:41

quite often females kill babies and

01:00:44

each other males kill other males and

01:00:47

again we are not the only species, also from

01:00:50

recent studies of chimpanzees it has become

01:00:52

clear that not only our species produces

01:00:55

weapons as it turned out, chimpanzees take a

01:00:59

heavy branch, break off the side branches,

01:01:01

align and and

01:01:03

and use it as a weapon to hit

01:01:05

another animal, this is the production and

01:01:09

use of a tool, another species

01:01:12

creates a weapon, we are also not the only

01:01:16

species with organized violence, let's go back

01:01:20

again to the chimpanzee once in a lecture I

01:01:22

mentioned that in chimpanzees

01:01:25

female exogamy is observed, that is, in the puberty

01:01:29

period, it is the females who

01:01:30

move to other groups; all adult

01:01:34

males in a group of chimpanzees are

01:01:36

more or less related; they are relatives;

01:01:38

thus,

01:01:40

organized aggression arises in the males of a

01:01:43

certain group; they

01:01:46

patrol the borders; year 1, the

01:01:50

term joint aggression was used for of this

01:01:52

phenomenon, the males of the group will be in a

01:01:55

collective excited state, a

01:01:57

state of emotional contagion

01:02:00

and in which they build up a very high

01:02:03

level of arousal, then they

01:02:07

patrol the territory between their

01:02:09

group and the neighboring one. Goodall first

01:02:13

recorded that if they meet

01:02:15

a male from another group, they will kill him; she

01:02:19

also observed a case where a group

01:02:22

male chimpanzees could

01:02:24

systematically kill all the males of a

01:02:26

neighboring group that we see in

01:02:30

other species genocide the concept of killing not

01:02:35

because of who the wasps are but because

01:02:38

of what group and population they

01:02:42

belong to as part of the desire to exterminate an

01:02:44

entire population not only our species is

01:02:47

capable of something reminiscent of genocide in

01:02:51

this sense, so in which area we could

01:02:57

be the only ones,

01:02:59

many still insist that only

01:03:03

psychopathological man confuses sexual and

01:03:05

aggressive behavior, if we take sadism

01:03:08

and masochism and all that, it seems to be

01:03:11

characteristic only of man, well

01:03:14

now let’s move on to more positive things

01:03:18

cooperation

01:03:19

empathy which aspects of such behaviors

01:03:22

are characteristic only of humans and which were previously

01:03:25

considered exclusively human until it was

01:03:29

recorded or the case that

01:03:32

certain groups of

01:03:33

monkeys kill not only the males in the other

01:03:35

group but also the females and cubs, committing

01:03:38

genocide until the

01:03:40

cubs are killed due to competition and

01:03:43

then the males rest in the company of the females and

01:03:47

if you’re lucky, he’ll do something else;

01:03:51

this is also a strategy familiar to us from the

01:03:54

history of mankind and repeated

01:03:56

again and again from good things. Previously, the law

01:04:01

was that people are

01:04:02

the only species that shows reconciliation, a

01:04:05

high probability of affiliative

01:04:08

behavior between two individuals after

01:04:11

they showed aggression to each other, as a

01:04:15

result collisions, there is a high probability

01:04:17

that they will reconcile and

01:04:20

strive for

01:04:21

affiliation something like that, however, in the

01:04:26

last twenty years a lot of research has appeared

01:04:28

demonstrating

01:04:29

conciliatory behavior in several

01:04:32

dozen other species in the first one this was

01:04:35

recorded directly by thalac france let's

01:04:38

watch rhesus monkeys if I'm not

01:04:41

mistaken Since then, many other species have been added to them,

01:04:43

including dolphins and

01:04:46

whales,

01:04:47

it turns out that after a quarrel it is much

01:04:50

more likely than at any other time that

01:04:53

two individuals, for example gorillas, will begin to

01:04:57

comb each other, it is more likely that this

01:05:00

will happen after a fight constellation is

01:05:04

especially noteworthy and the subtleties of the process

01:05:08

Marina cards from Columbia

01:05:11

University conducted a study and it

01:05:13

seemed that the likelihood of reconciliation

01:05:16

increases in the case of more important and

01:05:19

valuable relationships between individuals, as she

01:05:22

demonstrated, she observed

01:05:25

macaques

01:05:26

and created certain conditions, the animals

01:05:30

were in cages and she put food behind

01:05:33

them on a tray that could be

01:05:36

reached

01:05:38

in one situation the monkey could it was possible

01:05:42

to make a module on your own,

01:05:44

and in the other, moving the cages under your nose

01:05:46

was possible only through joint efforts,

01:05:50

so they did what’s the difference in the second

01:05:55

case, you formed a relationship of

01:05:57

cooperation with your neighbor, you

01:05:59

need him and he needs you to

01:06:02

move the food closer to the cage cards

01:06:06

discovered a much higher the level of

01:06:08

reconciliation between pairs of monkeys who have

01:06:10

already collaborated before, how to

01:06:13

explain this, the more you have collaborated in

01:06:16

the past, as in game theory, the more readily you

01:06:19

will forget the offense

01:06:27

; if you look at it from a different angle, as Korzh does, then your relationship is of great value and you do not want to

01:06:29

spoil it, therefore

01:06:30

you are more willing to reconcile and baboons are

01:06:35

conciliatory and the behavior is observed in

01:06:37

females but never in males

01:06:39

the difference between the sexes u-bahn both

01:06:43

reconciliation is different from all other

01:06:46

species in other animals

01:06:48

it is based on mutual grooming

01:06:50

hugs and so on u-bahn both

01:06:53

you guessed it sex for them,

01:06:57

sex serves as a solution to any situation, but

01:07:01

what is interesting is that bonobos have a

01:07:02

reputation for being an incredibly peaceful species

01:07:05

living in communities,

01:07:08

but reconciliation cannot take place

01:07:11

without aggression, they have

01:07:14

aggressive interactions, otherwise there would be no

01:07:17

need to reconcile, even the blessed

01:07:21

bo have a certain level of

01:07:23

aggression and subsequently a very high the

01:07:26

level and variety of ways to

01:07:28

make peace that just recently

01:07:32

seemed to be the only empathy we have,

01:07:36

modern sources show

01:07:38

some of its elements and in other species the

01:07:41

first example is chimpanzees 2

01:07:44

laboratory rats chimpanzees conducted the study

01:07:49

again France gave excellent experience he

01:07:53

analyzed 2 situations when a male

01:07:56

falls under the

01:07:57

first hand scenario a low-ranking male

01:08:00

approaches a higher-ranking male, threatens

01:08:03

him, starts a fight and gets hit on the head

01:08:07

second option, a low-ranking guy

01:08:10

sits and minds his own business, a

01:08:13

high-ranking male is in a bad mood and

01:08:15

hits him, what’s the difference in the first case,

01:08:20

the young man himself started the mess by challenging his

01:08:22

opponent a in the second case, he

01:08:26

stood innocently on the sidelines, let's discover that

01:08:29

half an hour after the incident, the females in the

01:08:31

group were much more likely to take care of the

01:08:33

innocent victims than those who started the

01:08:36

fight; the

01:08:37

females are able to distinguish

01:08:39

not only the individual who was just

01:08:42

beaten, but whether

01:08:44

they were to blame for it or were

01:08:46

the victim much more cared for the

01:08:50

victim of the beating, something

01:08:52

reminiscent of

01:08:54

simple empathy happened a couple of years ago, scientists from

01:08:59

McGill University

01:09:01

published significant research in the

01:09:03

journal science and showed that rats also

01:09:06

have something similar to empathy, that’s what

01:09:09

they demonstrated they had

01:09:13

a second, how they pulled it off they

01:09:16

had one tied rat

01:09:19

did not like this and it emitted an ultrasonic

01:09:22

alarm signal, now they took a second

01:09:26

rat and conducted a pain threshold test, which

01:09:29

means putting the rats on a cool

01:09:31

surface, start heating it up and

01:09:33

observe at what temperature they

01:09:35

begin to raise their paws, then quickly

01:09:37

remove them from there. their

01:09:40

temperature threshold when they feel

01:09:42

unpleasant, scientists have proven that this threshold is

01:09:47

lower in rats, that they are more sensitive

01:09:50

to painful stimuli if another

01:09:54

rat nearby makes alarm signals, but everything is

01:09:59

much more complicated, you can just say

01:10:02

okay, the alarm signal and stress put

01:10:05

me in an excited state, it

01:10:07

turned out that it works only with those

01:10:10

rats that had previously been together in

01:10:14

the same cage, if the rat knew each other, then hearing

01:10:17

that a comrade was in trouble they became more

01:10:20

sensitive to a painful stimulus with

01:10:22

strangers this did not work; a

01:10:25

primitive version of something vaguely

01:10:27

reminiscent of empathy, so we are not

01:10:30

the only one, but it is obvious that we the

01:10:34

only species capable of taking

01:10:36

empathy beyond recognition only we

01:10:41

can be touched by the stories of people who survived

01:10:43

some kind of disaster on the other side of the planet

01:10:46

only we can be touched by works of

01:10:49

art depicting suffering

01:10:52

movie characters fictional book characters nothing

01:10:56

similar in other species there is one

01:11:00

wonderful video IKEA advertisement

01:11:03

anyone I saw it where they throw away

01:11:06

the lamp, there are those who haven’t seen it, okay, so that’s

01:11:13

the beginning of a dreary night, a thunderstorm is pouring rain, it’s

01:11:19

terribly cold, they

01:11:20

show an apartment on the table, there’s an

01:11:23

old lamp with a flexible leg standing there,

01:11:28

suddenly a man appears,

01:11:30

picks it up and goes outside in the rain and

01:11:34

leaves it next to the trash tank and she

01:11:38

was thrown out and now, thanks to the brilliant

01:11:42

work of the operator and shooting right under

01:11:44

the lamp, the viewer sees how she is bending over

01:11:46

there and looks so miserable in the

01:11:49

rain, all alone, and because of this

01:11:53

angle in the background you can see an apartment where it is

01:11:55

warm and the lights are on and then

01:11:59

something happens heartbreakingly, a man comes to the

01:12:02

window where the chairs are and puts a new

01:12:05

lamp that is better and more beautiful, and they even

01:12:09

show, to complete the atmosphere, how a

01:12:12

man is gazing at the new Pororo lamp

01:12:14

and then again the shot is in the dark and the rain is pouring,

01:12:18

terribly uncomfortable and the viewer sits feeling

01:12:21

incredible pity for the damn lamp like

01:12:23

this works

01:12:24

then, for greater effect, a person appears in the frame

01:12:27

and says, yes,

01:12:29

what’s wrong with you, it’s just a lamp, it’s lamps

01:12:32

and the new one works better, the

01:12:35

IKEA inscription appears, but I suspect this is not the best

01:12:38

strategy since you perceive those in charge as

01:12:40

soulless monsters

01:12:42

to get rid of poor

01:12:44

little lamps of some kind. someday a hippopotamus in

01:12:49

life won’t understand why you feel sorry for a piece of

01:12:51

iron;

01:12:53

not only we have empathy, but we

01:12:56

show it in a unique way

01:12:59

that only we have a sense of

01:13:03

justice, again, not quite like that

01:13:07

again, the work of the French dressed whom I

01:13:10

often mention as one of the

01:13:12

best and creative primatologist ff in the

01:13:15

universe in this study the following

01:13:18

conditions are again set: either

01:13:21

one chimpanzee is enough to drag a tray

01:13:23

of food or two animals need to

01:13:26

cooperate to get food, you can

01:13:29

show that if after

01:13:32

they have worked together, change the conditions and

01:13:35

give the food to one chimpanzee after

01:13:38

both made an effort to

01:13:40

get it then the chimpanzee is more

01:13:43

likely to share food with a neighbor

01:13:46

than if they are working for the first time on

01:13:51

some level

01:13:52

that chimpanzee sympathizes with the other guy

01:13:55

who got dumped if you

01:13:59

have a cooperative relationship with the other chimpanzee

01:14:01

then you will be more

01:14:04

inclined to share the spoils with him

01:14:07

after he got into trouble what else

01:14:10

about other species what is unique

01:14:13

and what is there no dominance hierarchy

01:14:18

according to one sociological school

01:14:21

people are the least susceptible and hierarchy we do not

01:14:25

divide territory like many other species we

01:14:27

do not have strict hierarchies

01:14:30

different species hierarchies can

01:14:32

mean a variety of things a

01:14:35

general division can be made between

01:14:37

top-down and bottom-up hierarchies in the

01:14:42

first case there is one dominant and

01:14:45

most aggressive individual at the top of the

01:14:47

hierarchy such a hierarchy is

01:14:50

also called despotic characterized by an

01:14:53

extremely uneven distribution of

01:14:55

resources reinforced by violence or

01:14:58

threats of violence from above for example these are

01:15:03

baboons these are chimpanzees these are rhesus monkeys and

01:15:06

but if you take monkeys wear branches then

01:15:09

they have a hierarchy from bottom to top or an

01:15:12

egalitarian hierarchy is present but

01:15:15

an individual is at the top only if

01:15:17

everyone else agrees with it as soon as an

01:15:21

individual abuses power and is

01:15:23

overthrown

01:15:24

so that hierarchy in other species does not

01:15:26

necessarily mean

01:15:27

aggressive and dominance and

01:15:29

uneven distribution of resources it all

01:15:33

depends on the species also when looking at

01:15:37

other species it becomes really

01:15:40

difficult to understand what is considered

01:15:42

violence let's take exactly African

01:15:46

hussar monkeys, visit them for 40 50 60 years

01:15:52

and you will see that male

01:15:55

hussar monkeys almost never

01:15:57

fight with each other wow what a non-

01:16:02

aggressive species how cool and put

01:16:06

two males in a cage and they will not only

01:16:08

soon start fighting but they will

01:16:11

fight to the death

01:16:12

because they will not receive the signal to

01:16:15

stop the aggression what is the matter this is a

01:16:21

species in which the level of tension and

01:16:23

aggression between males is so high

01:16:26

that the whole the social structure of the species

01:16:29

is built around ensuring that males

01:16:32

encounter each other as little as possible;

01:16:34

males don’t fight not because they are so

01:16:37

peaceful, but because they live in

01:16:39

dispersed groups so this is an

01:16:42

aggressive species and

01:16:43

no this is not an aggressive species you will never

01:16:47

see a fight

01:16:48

this is terribly aggressive species is a key

01:16:50

element of

01:16:51

their social structure the need to

01:16:53

keep aggressive males at a distance

01:16:56

where to classify this species and if one

01:16:59

animal rushes at another and tears

01:17:01

it apart sometimes this aggression sometimes

01:17:04

dinner again as in the field of sexual

01:17:08

behavior let's go back to the clinical component

01:17:11

is it an aggressive species or just predator

01:17:14

completely different biological phenomena you ca

01:17:18

n’t figure out so easily important issues in the

01:17:22

field of aggression there has always been the

01:17:23

problem of friendly sparring, that’s the

01:17:27

essence of such games

01:17:28

they are observed in many species,

01:17:32

many studies have shown that during

01:17:34

periods of hunger the cubs are the last to

01:17:37

refuse to play, this behavior is very

01:17:40

deeply programmed when

01:17:42

aggressive play are we seeing

01:17:45

real aggression or is it training

01:17:48

laying the foundations for subsequent

01:17:50

real encounters many

01:17:53

studies of primates suggest that

01:17:55

this is not training or play a manifestation of

01:17:59

inequality that will play a role

01:18:01

in later life well so aggression

01:18:05

may manifest itself differently in other

01:18:07

species in unexpected areas like

01:18:10

cooperation and so on, what is

01:18:13

unique to humans despite the fact

01:18:16

that we have something in common, sometimes we create

01:18:19

unique things, we, like chimpanzees,

01:18:22

are capable of violence

01:18:24

if we need to hit someone on the head, but

01:18:27

only we show aggression, I don’t do

01:18:29

anything special just pull the trigger

01:18:34

turn away

01:18:35

when necessary or drop a bomb from a height of

01:18:38

10 kilometers turn on passive

01:18:41

aggression or give a backhanded

01:18:44

compliment and suddenly we move on to the

01:18:48

subtleties of aggression here are three examples of

01:18:53

human aggression

01:18:55

that demonstrate how complex

01:18:58

this phenomenon can be the

01:19:00

first example was when my friend’s daughter

01:19:03

was five years old she went to kindergarten

01:19:07

and another girl with

01:19:11

whom she didn’t get along went there too, it was before

01:19:14

Easter and they were painting Easter eggs, a

01:19:16

quarrel arose between the children and

01:19:19

my friend’s daughter broke an egg, and then the other

01:19:23

girl was in tears and hysterical, the teachers were in a hurry to

01:19:26

scold you, you’re a good girl, but you

01:19:28

did it it’s bad and you can’t do that

01:19:31

you just paint a new egg and give it

01:19:33

to her instead of the one you broke so

01:19:37

my friend’s daughter heads to the corner with

01:19:40

this new egg and brushes after

01:19:43

a while it becomes noticeable that

01:19:45

she is looking over her shoulder and working

01:19:47

on something angrily looking at

01:19:49

the others, finally she approaches the girls and

01:19:51

says hold your stupid

01:19:54

Easter egg and gives her an egg that is completely black,

01:19:56

good than here aggression

01:20:02

Easter eggs are usually pastel colors

01:20:05

with bunnies and all that they shouldn't

01:20:09

be solid colors and certainly not

01:20:11

black what did the girl do she

01:20:15

followed words are laws and at the same time

01:20:18

tried to distort its essence as much as possible

01:20:20

she said with this I was forced

01:20:25

to paint an egg for you but I

01:20:27

still don’t like you confirmation that the

01:20:31

second girl fully understood the manifestation of

01:20:34

passive aggression she burst into tears as

01:20:37

soon as she saw the egg the next example of

01:20:41

sophisticated human aggression

01:20:44

my wife is involved here okay so the situation we were

01:20:51

heading somewhere in a mini war with

01:20:53

children and some idiot cut us off you

01:20:57

know he could have killed us and our children and the

01:21:01

wife was driving and after the first five

01:21:04

seconds of silence when usually everyone curses at

01:21:07

such people she says, well, I’ll deal with him,

01:21:10

she continues to follow

01:21:15

him for a couple of kilometers while I sit next to him and

01:21:18

gradually panics, in the

01:21:22

end he realizes that they are coming for him and

01:21:24

begins to somehow maneuver, in the end we

01:21:28

overtook him on the street at a red light and in

01:21:32

front of there was a car parked behind him and we were behind him, that

01:21:36

is, he couldn’t rush through a

01:21:38

red light in a panic, he was trapped, we just

01:21:41

knew that the red light was on there for a very long time, I’ve been

01:21:44

trying to say for five minutes, dear, are

01:21:46

you sure the beetle isn’t listening to me,

01:21:49

we’re going after him and so we are sitting there and

01:21:52

suddenly my wife says now he

01:21:54

’ll get it from me, she grabs something between the seats

01:21:57

and runs out of the car while I’m so

01:21:59

dear and you’re sure she’s already gone, so

01:22:02

I also get out and run there, I

01:22:04

see that the window in the car is down she

01:22:07

yells at the guy;

01:22:08

drivers like you can’t do without this

01:22:10

and throws something at him, then she

01:22:13

returns to the car, the traffic light

01:22:15

switches and the guy obediently crawls away,

01:22:20

if you can obediently crawl away in a car

01:22:23

at a speed of 6 kilometers per hour and

01:22:25

sets off into the sunset through a small

01:22:27

dark quarter we We’re sitting in the car, my

01:22:31

wife is sitting contentedly, I ask what you

01:22:35

threw at him, she’s just glowing with

01:22:38

self-satisfaction,

01:22:39

I say, well, I told him something,

01:22:43

drivers like you can’t do without it, and what do

01:22:46

you say, she threw a

01:22:51

lollipop at him, I said wow, well,

01:22:55

you come on,

01:22:56

I was so proud of her, God, how much violence there is, no

01:23:00

other species would understand

01:23:03

what’s wrong, what’s the manifestation of

01:23:05

passive aggression and all that, only

01:23:10

our species could come up with something like that, the

01:23:13

third example, every day in one

01:23:19

town in Nevada,

01:23:21

a man gathers to work and kiss

01:23:24

their family goodbye

01:23:25

they are reminded that they need to pick up their clothes

01:23:28

from the dry cleaner

01:23:30

they get into their cars and are a little

01:23:32

late there are traffic jams which is why the

01:23:35

men start to get nervous

01:23:37

but they get to work on time and

01:23:40

relax a little they enter the building and

01:23:43

go to their work a place that

01:23:46

looks like the

01:23:47

cockpit of a military plane they fly

01:23:51

drones on the other side of the planet in

01:23:53

Iraq

01:23:54

they spend the whole day sitting on their

01:23:57

shift flying planes that

01:24:00

drop bombs and missiles and destroy

01:24:03

people 20 thousand kilometers away

01:24:06

so they spend the whole day sitting in an

01:24:09

air-conditioned room on at an

01:24:11

air force base just outside of

01:24:13

las vegas

01:24:15

they do this all day long and at the end

01:24:19

they get up from their seats

01:24:21

telling everyone goodbye they pick up their clothes

01:24:24

from the dry cleaner on the way home they

01:24:25

go to see their daughters for a school concert they

01:24:28

hug them and don’t believe they are capable of loving like that

01:24:31

someone else and the next morning

01:24:35

they spend the day again killing people on the

01:24:38

other side of the planet there are only so

01:24:40

many species that can do this as

01:24:43

far as the uniqueness of humans we can

01:24:45

be unimaginably cruel to other

01:24:48

members of our species so that

01:24:50

no other species compares and just

01:24:54

like that we can show empathy

01:24:56

as soon as we begin to understand

01:24:58

neurobiology and endocrinology and

01:25:01

gradually move back to the left

01:25:03

side, a huge problem of the

01:25:05

context of aggression will arise and an even greater

01:25:08

problem of the

01:25:09

versatility of aggression and empathy when it

01:25:12

comes to people, I will give an example of both

01:25:15

human empathy and the version of the thing

01:25:20

that we able to forgive our species

01:25:24

invented the truth

01:25:26

and reconciliation commission in south africa in the balkans

01:25:30

in rwanda when people come face to

01:25:33

face with the person who wronged them

01:25:36

who ruined their life destroyed their

01:25:39

family what has now become a

01:25:42

fairly elaborate

01:25:44

and well studied process in some

01:25:47

In cases of reconciliation, sometimes

01:25:50

even forgiveness occurs. How is this even possible? We

01:25:54

live in a society in which people come

01:25:56

to peace through the most incredible

01:25:59

conclusions, and I will not allow anyone to

01:26:02

desecrate my soul by awakening you not to

01:26:05

hatred, an unprecedented attitude, there are

01:26:10

people like that Catholic nun,

01:26:13

Sister Helen Prizhat, who dedicated everything

01:26:16

life caring for men on

01:26:19

death row in a maximum

01:26:22

security prison in Louisiana

01:26:24

they made the movie Dead Man Walking and

01:26:30

she took up a lot of her time talking with

01:26:32

skeptics, often with relatives of

01:26:34

murder victims who came to her and

01:26:36

asked how can you do this, how

01:26:41

can you dedicate all her life to such

01:26:43

people, she came up with such a humane

01:26:47

answer that no matter how much other species

01:26:50

suck each other out, they are not even close, the

01:26:53

unforgivable

01:26:55

the action, the more important it is to forgive him, the less

01:27:00

love a person deserves, the

01:27:03

more he should be loved, suddenly we have a

01:27:06

moral message, the less someone

01:27:07

deserves something the more important it is for him

01:27:10

to get it

01:27:12

from no one from the animal kingdom will understand

01:27:16

what is on our minds

01:27:17

if we start to understand

01:27:19

biological mechanisms then we

01:27:21

have a very complex area ahead of us

01:27:25

so let's get down to our strategy an

01:27:27

act of violence

01:27:29

occurs so empathy any of these

01:27:32

categories that happened in the brain a

01:27:35

second before and of course, what do you

01:27:38

think, we will immediately find ourselves right in the

01:27:41

center of the limbic system and just

01:27:44

like with the clover syndrome I fight from

01:27:46

the eighties, which we learned about

01:27:48

last week,

01:27:49

just like with that syndrome if it destroys the

01:27:52

limbic system in primates

01:27:54

there is inappropriate sexual

01:27:56

behavior, also studies have shown

01:27:59

that inappropriate and aggressive

01:28:01

behavior is manifested well 80 years of research

01:28:05

sends us to the limbic system

01:28:07

which areas interest us at the very

01:28:11

beginning of the list, immediately there is an area about

01:28:14

which we have already heard a lot, the amygdala, the

01:28:18

amygdala and its role in fear and its role in

01:28:21

anxiety and and its strange role in the sexual

01:28:24

motivation of males but what the amygdala is best

01:28:29

known for is its role in aggression as I

01:28:32

previously emphasized I find it extremely

01:28:34

interesting that the part of the brain that

01:28:36

reacts most acutely to fear is even the

01:28:40

part of the brain that initiates

01:28:42

aggressive behavior again in a world in

01:28:45

which not a single neuron will need to be

01:28:47

afraid there will be much less aggressive

01:28:50

tonsils confirmation of the process you are already

01:28:54

dating, go and destroy the

01:28:58

animal’s amygdala and you will no longer get

01:29:00

aggression from him, do the same with a

01:29:03

person and get the same result

01:29:06

one of the dark and scary chapters in the history of

01:29:10

science brain surgery on the mentally ill

01:29:13

prescribed by law

01:29:15

this trend was very popular in the

01:29:17

sixties and seventies the

01:29:20

court ordered people to have their tonsils removed and

01:29:24

for this a

01:29:25

special syringe was injected on both sides of the

01:29:28

tonsils has a bilateral structure,

01:29:31

like two of them deep in the brain,

01:29:34

take and destroy this structure as

01:29:39

a result, aggression was weakened and much more;

01:29:44

this all made it to the front page of

01:29:47

the New York Times when, somewhere in 1970, 3

01:29:51

neurosurgeons from Harvard wrote a letter

01:29:54

to the New York Times

01:29:56

telling about one wonderful

01:29:58

surgical technique that they

01:30:00

invented that

01:30:02

can make an aggressive person

01:30:04

less aggressive without side effects,

01:30:07

reduce aggression, don’t you think that

01:30:10

our cities are overcrowded,

01:30:13

perhaps it’s time to start carrying out such

01:30:15

operations for preventive purposes, this is the

01:30:19

letter written by the guys from the

01:30:21

Harvard Medical School. It’s not surprising that

01:30:23

not everyone appreciated this idea.

01:30:33

tonsils and and until everything calmed down with the

01:30:37

help of this technique they did no less

01:30:39

than with a frontal lobotomy people

01:30:42

had their tonsils removed because they argued

01:30:45

because in adolescence they did not

01:30:47

obey their parents did not obey

01:30:50

teachers thousands of cases one thing was clear yes

01:30:55

indeed these people had a decrease in

01:30:57

aggressiveness behavior, but there

01:31:01

was little left from the person himself, and so this is the first stage of

01:31:05

proof, let’s move on to stimulation,

01:31:08

how to do this, you

01:31:11

insert an electrode into the rat’s amygdala and

01:31:13

stimulate the area with a long time and we get a

01:31:16

very aggressive individual; in humans,

01:31:20

two scenarios are possible and both are incredibly rare and the

01:31:25

first is very very a very rare type of

01:31:30

epilepsy in which there is an epileptic

01:31:32

focus. in which the attack begins

01:31:35

is located in the amygdala in most

01:31:39

types of epilepsy. the onset of an attack in

01:31:42

the brain can tell a lot about the

01:31:45

appropriate behavior just before the

01:31:49

onset of an attack, people experience an

01:31:52

olfactory aura two to three seconds of

01:31:55

olfactory hallucinations such an attack

01:31:58

begins somewhere down in the olfactory

01:32:01

part of the

01:32:02

limbic system, different

01:32:05

situations occur; cases of epileptics are recorded

01:32:07

who 2 seconds before the

01:32:11

attack they see a mathematical equation,

01:32:14

this is if the

01:32:16

cortical areas are affected, auditory attacks when people

01:32:19

hear music a couple of seconds before a seizure,

01:32:21

and in those rare cases when an attack

01:32:25

begins in the amygdala 2 seconds before

01:32:28

it, the person becomes enraged, hold

01:32:32

me, how they enrage me

01:32:35

and then an attack of uncontrolled

01:32:38

stimulation tonsils and at the exit there

01:32:41

is aggression the following example of

01:32:44

stimulation of the amygdala has

01:32:46

anyone heard of a certain charm, my name is

01:32:49

how many hands are there, what do you

01:32:55

even teach here Charles Whitman

01:32:57

once set a record in the USA for

01:32:59

mass murder in the early sixties,

01:33:03

he has had no equal since then his record

01:33:07

eclipsed a decent number of times, but at

01:33:09

that time he had a gold medal for

01:33:12

mass murder,

01:33:14

this guy in 1962, I think,

01:33:17

climbed onto the famous chapel of the

01:33:19

University of Texas in Austin and

01:33:22

opened fire

01:33:23

on the people below and then committed

01:33:27

suicide, this was the first time that

01:33:30

neighbors shook their heads in one voice and

01:33:33

said God, there was such a calm guy, a

01:33:36

wonderful neighbor, and the first case when

01:33:38

at the funeral everyone moaned in unison,

01:33:40

God, how could this happen, who would have

01:33:43

thought

01:33:44

after an autopsy in his almond, they

01:33:46

found a tumor and another rare

01:33:50

case 70 in Germany there was a left-wing

01:33:53

radical terrorist group

01:33:55

called the faction the red army

01:33:58

was founded by two people and

01:34:01

during an autopsy a girl of an incredibly cruel person

01:34:04

was found to have a tumor in her tonsil,

01:34:06

so there are such very rare

01:34:10

cases, and also on this topic, in

01:34:13

circumstances in which the

01:34:15

metabolism in the tonsil accelerates,

01:34:18

aggressive behavior is more clearly manifested, more examples,

01:34:23

another approach from our lectures we insert an

01:34:26

electrode that reacts to an

01:34:28

electrical signal, show the animal

01:34:30

something that awakens aggression and the

01:34:33

amygdala is activated, now do

01:34:37

the same with a person, put him in a

01:34:40

tomograph and show him something that awakens

01:34:43

anger, the metabolism in the amygdala

01:34:45

is activated, so that in a variety of

01:34:49

circumstances you can record this

01:34:51

function of the amygdala what's interesting is that

01:34:55

the amygdala increases in people with

01:34:58

post-traumatic stress

01:35:00

disorder, the

01:35:02

frequency of violent behavior also increases accordingly,

01:35:07

another evidence of the role of the amygdala is a

01:35:10

very tricky thing it was oh my god the

01:35:15

time is on the clock

01:35:16

turn around and look for yourself

01:35:25

run

01:35:27

well since we are at the finish line

01:35:31

to mention one more thing some

01:35:35

studies have shown that people with

01:35:37

damage to the amygdala have difficulty recognizing

01:35:40

faces expressing anger they are more

01:35:43

trusting than the average

01:35:46

person

01:35:47

they forgive more often in general they are worse at recognizing

01:35:50

such information Antonio Damasio one

01:35:55

of the leading scientists in this field has conducted

01:35:58

remarkable research

01:35:59

he followed the gaze of people with

01:36:02

damage to the amygdala and those who have

01:36:05

it destroyed area of the brain does not look into the

01:36:07

eyes of other people looking at faces they

01:36:10

will look at the nose at the chin they

01:36:14

do not look where

01:36:17

accurate information about emotions can be read what does this

01:36:21

mean the amygdala not only responds to

01:36:24

stimuli that provoke aggression and fear

01:36:27

the amygdala tells how and where to look for them on

01:36:31

Wednesday but also consider how testosterone,

01:36:33

among other things, makes males search

01:36:36

more carefully and they are more

01:36:39

likely to mistake an unclear

01:36:41

facial expression for from pop ax

01:36:45

it's time for the area

01:36:49

translated and voiced by vert diver studio

Description:

Поддержать проект можно по ссылкам: Если вы в России: https://boosty.to/vertdider Если вы не в России: https://www.patreon.com/VertDider Это заключительная лекция о сексуальном поведении человека и других видов животных, в которой рассказывается о чертах и характеристиках, которые считаются привлекательными. Затем Роберт Сапольски переходит к другой теме – человеческой агрессии, её эволюции и развитии в различных культурах. Перевод: Светлана Семеренко Редактура: Алексей Малов Озвучка: Дмитрий Машкович, Александр Штанг, Алёна Соколова Монтаж звука: Александр Штанг Монтаж видео: Джон Исмаилов Обложка: Антонина Карташова, Павел Петерсон Источник: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPYmarGO5jM

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