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00:00:04

hello guys, my name is

00:00:07

Tatyana Belousova, a genius chemistry teacher, today

00:00:10

we continue to study the elements of the

00:00:13

periodic table and we’ll talk today about

00:00:16

halogen itself, this name translated from

00:00:20

Latin means birthing salts or

00:00:23

birthing salts,

00:00:24

this name comes from the fact that

00:00:27

halogens are very active and form

00:00:29

a huge the number of salts is

00:00:31

where their name came from, which

00:00:34

was given to

00:00:36

this family during the times of alchemy, the

00:00:39

halogen elements are in group 7,

00:00:44

but this is in the short version of the table, or in

00:00:48

group 17 in the semi-long or long

00:00:52

version of the periodic table, halogens

00:00:55

also include the elements fluorine and chlorine

00:00:59

braun j & as that element 117, discovered not so long ago, it is

00:01:05

still difficult to say

00:01:08

what it will be;

00:01:10

it is formally in the same group,

00:01:12

but whether it will exhibit the properties of

00:01:15

halogens is not yet known, and so

00:01:18

fluorine is the element that is the

00:01:22

strongest metallic element; its

00:01:24

name even sounds in translated from

00:01:26

Latin, the destroyer chlorine got its

00:01:29

name because it has a

00:01:31

greenish color; bromine, translated from

00:01:34

Latin, means fetid because

00:01:37

its smell has such an unpleasant odor,

00:01:41

so they thought that it was just like that, but for

00:01:44

example,

00:01:45

its name is connected with its color of

00:01:49

iodine vapor, and so on in this subgroup

00:01:52

the elements are located and have

00:01:56

ns-2 nt-5 electrons on the outer level, that

00:02:02

is, stages elements that are

00:02:04

missing one

00:02:06

electron before completion if we are talking about quantum

00:02:09

cells of the outer level then it will be with

00:02:12

electra

00:02:13

it evaporates and accordingly awp

00:02:17

electrons are placed in 3 quantum

00:02:20

cells and will not be located in exactly

00:02:23

this way, in this way it turns out

00:02:27

that halogens have one unpaired

00:02:29

electron and therefore they strive to

00:02:31

complete their outer level

00:02:34

in any way, that is, they are the most

00:02:36

active among them metals and besides

00:02:39

fluorine, all other elements

00:02:42

also have a spare d - a sublevel to which they

00:02:46

can pair their electrons with s&p

00:02:50

sublevels due to this, there is an

00:02:52

increase in the valence that they can

00:02:55

exhibit, thus these elements

00:02:58

are very strong oxidizing agents, but

00:03:01

from top to bottom the properties are not metallic

00:03:07

or

00:03:08

oxidizing properties and not from top to bottom

00:03:11

naturally decrease

00:03:13

and

00:03:17

metallic properties accordingly increase therefore, for example,

00:03:20

j looks outwardly very similar to metal,

00:03:24

it even has such a certain

00:03:26

metallic luster and reducing

00:03:29

properties, they will also increase from top to bottom,

00:03:32

and so halogens are

00:03:36

elements that form simple

00:03:39

substances of the same shape, you can write

00:03:42

it like this: halogen 2,

00:03:43

then for fluorine it will be fluorine 2 chlorine and,

00:03:47

accordingly, chlorine 2-bromine 2 j2

00:03:51

and astatine 2, that is, their simple substances

00:03:55

have all the same form,

00:03:58

these elements have no allotropic modifications,

00:04:00

that is, simple substances are

00:04:02

represented only by these fluorine and tagaz,

00:04:06

it has a yellowish color, it has a

00:04:10

characteristic odor,

00:04:11

but fluorine is extremely active and this is

00:04:15

perhaps the only gas that is not

00:04:18

dissolved in water because water in the

00:04:20

presence of fluorine

00:04:22

simply burns, I recommend that

00:04:24

you watch this experiment, therefore fluorine is

00:04:27

accordingly not dissolved in water

00:04:29

because of this chemical reaction and it is

00:04:31

naturally very poisonous and the

00:04:35

discovery of fluorine was accompanied by the deaths of the

00:04:38

scientists who you tried open and

00:04:41

opened the wasson when he was awarded the

00:04:43

Nobel Prize, he even came out with a

00:04:46

black bandage over his eye,

00:04:50

although he did not talk about what

00:04:53

happened to him, but they suspect that he also

00:04:55

suffered from fluorine and chlorine,

00:04:58

this is also a gas, it has a yellow-green

00:05:02

color, and this is where it comes from name

00:05:05

it has a smell you can feel this smell

00:05:08

because but with chlorine with such a

00:05:11

substance you have probably encountered

00:05:13

chlorine it smells and some household

00:05:15

preparations such as billy white

00:05:19

for example has the smell of chlorine some

00:05:22

other type of bleach

00:05:24

this substance is this gas is

00:05:28

soluble in water I can’t say that

00:05:31

it dissolves well, as a result,

00:05:33

chlorine water is formed, and

00:05:36

chlorine itself is very poisonous, then when

00:05:40

treating a room with the same bleach,

00:05:42

it is necessary that the room

00:05:44

is ventilated; bromine is the only

00:05:46

metal in the middle; this substance is liquid;

00:05:49

it has an abnura brown color; bureau

00:05:53

paint also has a smell; it dissolves

00:05:57

in water. It’s quite bad and just like

00:06:02

all other halogens, it’s poisonous, but for

00:06:05

example, bromine in its pure form is

00:06:08

practically impossible to encounter in your life;

00:06:10

it’s a solid substance; it has a sulfur-

00:06:15

like gray-black color; therefore, it

00:06:19

has a smell; it’s practically insoluble

00:06:22

in water and it’s poisonous. but here

00:06:26

comes, for example, it dissolves very well

00:06:29

in alcohol, so you can meet with

00:06:31

iodine in dissolved alcohol, since

00:06:34

it is used as a

00:06:35

substance and is a

00:06:39

residual medicinal product, similar to gives

00:06:44

only its color is not a little

00:06:46

browner, so in principle it is very similar

00:06:49

to j,

00:06:50

but astatine is a radioactive element,

00:06:52

so in ordinary life we

00:06:54

practically never encounter them, and so

00:06:57

all halogens, as you can see, are

00:06:59

substances of various colors at once,

00:07:02

they are all poisonous, so in ordinary life

00:07:05

we practically do not encounter such substances, in

00:07:08

particular, we sometimes do not encounter fluorine or bromine

00:07:11

we meet with chlorine

00:07:14

and iodine in what form these substances

00:07:17

are found in nature in this regard,

00:07:21

let us further devote our lesson to the

00:07:25

large loracs since it is the most

00:07:27

used among all these halogens and

00:07:31

so chlorine has a structure according to the 18th

00:07:36

order in number and one of the isotopes 35

00:07:40

it will have protons, respectively 17

00:07:46

neutrons will be 35 minutes 1718 electrons

00:07:51

will be 17 but I will remind you that chlorine

00:07:54

also has an isotope with a mass of 35 day neutrons

00:07:57

will be respectively 2 more chlorine

00:08:00

will have a nucleus + 17 since chlorine is in the

00:08:05

third small period it will have three

00:08:08

energy levels on the first level

00:08:11

it has two electrons on the second 8 on the

00:08:14

last 7 the last one is incomplete by

00:08:16

one electron its electronic formula is 1

00:08:20

of 2 2 of 2

00:08:24

263 with 23 p5 and unlike fluorine

00:08:29

which does not have a depot before the level it has a

00:08:32

spare one d-sublevel, respectively,

00:08:35

chlorine will have a structure similar to what we

00:08:38

showed you here now

00:08:40

and as a consequence of this, the valency of chlorine

00:08:44

will be predominantly one, like all

00:08:47

halogens by the way, then it can

00:08:50

steam out its electrons, passing into the

00:08:53

first excited state, the valence

00:08:55

will become 3,

00:08:56

passing into the second excited

00:08:59

state it receives a valence of 5 and

00:09:04

if all times it floats and electrons the third

00:09:09

excited state of the valence will become 7

00:09:12

for fluorine there is no this possibility, fluorine

00:09:15

has an oxidation state and a

00:09:17

valence only equal to one, but it doesn’t have 3 5 and 7,

00:09:22

but for all the

00:09:24

others except chlorine in including all the

00:09:27

others, chlorine and bromine and iodine

00:09:30

will have a similar structure, except for fluorine,

00:09:33

2 tapes sell only one

00:09:36

oxidation state of chlorine, respectively, it can be

00:09:39

minus 10 plus 1 plus 3 plus 5 and plus, but there are

00:09:47

intermediate even

00:09:49

oxidation states, but such compounds exist they are

00:09:52

not very stable if we are talking about

00:09:55

being in nature in nature and chlorine and

00:10:01

all other halogens cannot occur in pure form due to

00:10:03

their

00:10:05

high activity, so they

00:10:07

are found in the main bidet

00:10:09

naturally salts, for example fluorine

00:10:12

is found in the form of fluorspar

00:10:14

calcium fluorine of the 22nd century it would be spar from

00:10:19

this substance that fluorine is extracted and chlorine is

00:10:22

found in the form of sodium chlorine, this is the

00:10:25

most common compound,

00:10:27

table salt or halite, if chlorine is

00:10:32

sylvain, magnesium chlorine is also found 2

00:10:37

is bischofite, these compounds, as you can see,

00:10:43

are all salami and bromine and the same

00:10:47

are found mainly in the form of salts, but I will once

00:10:49

again emphasize the floor is the most

00:10:51

common head among all,

00:10:53

but it is through them that we will mainly talk about the memory of it,

00:10:58

thus halogens are found in nature

00:11:01

only in compounds from here they are

00:11:03

mainly obtained, for example, the

00:11:06

same fluorine is obtained from calcium, thor 2

00:11:11

by passing an electric current and

00:11:15

it breaks down into calcium and fluorine, but

00:11:18

we will talk about the production of chlorine and the properties of chlorine

00:11:21

in the next lesson, and I

00:11:23

would also like to say that halogens

00:11:25

are used in different ways in their pure form;

00:11:28

practically

00:11:29

they are used extremely rarely, but perhaps they

00:11:33

only bleach with chlorine In the end, they

00:11:35

were white in color

00:11:37

j they are used in the main form of an alcohol

00:11:40

solution as a simple substance, but in general,

00:11:43

halogen is mainly used to

00:11:45

obtain certain substances from these

00:11:49

as a derivative, including sodium chlorine, a

00:11:53

physiological solution is obtained,

00:11:55

so they are mainly used

00:11:57

precisely for their compounds, but

00:12:00

I would also like to add that not despite the fact

00:12:03

that they are very active and

00:12:06

are poisonous substances, of course they are

00:12:09

used in practice and used, but

00:12:12

although, for example, for chlorine, the use of

00:12:14

its toxicity had very unpleasant

00:12:18

unpleasant situations because chlorine is

00:12:21

one of the first

00:12:23

toxic substances that was used

00:12:25

for example, the Germans in the First World War,

00:12:28

when at the same time on the battlefield in one

00:12:31

of the battles against the British and French,

00:12:34

several thousand cylinders with

00:12:37

chlorine were opened, and chlorine is a yellow-green

00:12:40

gas, it began to spread along the ground, the troops

00:12:44

naturally encountered such a

00:12:46

chemical attack for the first time and they they tried to

00:12:49

go down, although on the dbal, on the contrary, to

00:12:51

rise as high as possible and at the same time

00:12:54

about 15 thousand military personnel were injured, 5000

00:12:58

then died

00:12:59

and therefore chlorine is the culprit,

00:13:02

but such an incorrect use of this

00:13:05

gas for such purposes, after this,

00:13:08

by the way, a convention was adopted on the

00:13:11

prohibition of chemical weapons as the

00:13:13

most barbaric type of weapons, well,

00:13:17

for today we

00:13:19

discussed everything about genes. In the next lesson we

00:13:22

will talk to you and continue the conversation about

00:13:25

flora and we will study its properties and its

00:13:29

connections, don’t miss our next

00:13:31

lesson,

00:13:32

goodbye guys

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