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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:04
hello guys, my name is00:00:07
Tatyana Gennadievna Belousova, I’m a chemistry teacher,00:00:09
today we will get to know the00:00:12
elements that are in the fourth00:00:15
group, the main subgroup, that is, 4 aa00:00:18
group or in the semi-long and long00:00:21
version, this is group 14, this subgroup of00:00:24
elements is also called differently, the00:00:26
carbon subgroup is the family of00:00:30
elements is amazing because in this00:00:34
family there are record holders00:00:36
that have the most direct relation to our lives,00:00:40
but let’s find out which elements are included00:00:42
in this subgroup, the first element00:00:45
is carbon,00:00:46
its serial number is 6 and its mass is 12, below00:00:52
is the element silicon, its number is00:00:56
14 and its mass is 2800:00:59
then comes the element germanium, which has00:01:03
number 32 and mass 73,00:01:06
then there is tin, which has00:01:11
number 50 and mass 119, then there is00:01:16
lead, which has number 82 and mass00:01:21
207, and in 2015 an element was included in this family,00:01:28
which is designated by00:01:31
the letter fl l00:01:33
this is flyer away, which has 114 number and in00:01:39
one of the most stable isotopes00:01:42
289, first I would like to say about the00:01:45
origin of these elements, how long ago they00:01:49
were not discovered, absolute history has not00:01:52
preserved who was the first to discover carbon, its00:01:56
name comes from the name of coal00:01:59
because it was first discovered00:02:02
there, but also carbon Of course, this is the00:02:05
most important element in this subgroup,00:02:07
since this element is formed by all00:02:10
living organisms on our planet, we are00:02:14
made up of00:02:15
carbon, it is the basis of00:02:18
organic chemistry, and surprisingly, this00:02:21
element currently produces about 3000:02:24
million organic substances,00:02:27
but at the same time it does not the most00:02:29
common element on our00:02:31
planet, although it is not even included in the top00:02:34
ten, which means the second element is00:02:37
silicon, silicon is an element that was00:02:40
discovered at the end of the00:02:44
nineteenth century, this element has the00:02:48
pronunciation silicium in00:02:52
their chemical formulas and in equations, its name00:02:55
comes from the name flint00:02:57
which means at the same time, the meaning of the00:03:02
stone is germanium, this is an amazing element,00:03:05
this is one of the three elements that were00:03:08
predicted by Dmitry Vanny than00:03:09
Mendeleev when he created his periodic00:03:12
table, this00:03:15
element is named after naturally germanium, which00:03:17
means the next element is tin and lead,00:03:20
history has not preserved who was the first to discover00:03:23
these elements the name is considered00:03:26
to come from the name of their rocks in00:03:30
which they were first discovered, but00:03:33
history has not preserved who discovered them first,00:03:36
and finally, flyer avi00:03:38
is an element that was discovered in the00:03:40
center of Dubna near Moscow00:03:43
and named after Flerov physics physics00:03:48
mathematics who led one of the00:03:51
laboratories in this center and so this is the00:03:55
origin of these elements, which means00:03:58
once again, carbon is the basis of00:04:00
all living matter,00:04:02
but among these elements the most00:04:05
common is silicon,00:04:07
silicon on our planet ranks second00:04:10
after00:04:11
oxygen, it accounts for about00:04:14
twenty-five-plus percent, and so00:04:18
what is the structure of these elements at the00:04:21
external level these elements00:04:23
have00:04:24
n c00:04:25
2 n p 2 electronic sublevels00:04:30
then for carbon of an element of the second00:04:34
period it will be 2 of 2 2 p 2 for00:04:40
silicon of an element of the third period 3 c 2300:04:44
p 2 for germanium of an element of the fourth00:04:47
period 4 of 24 p 2 for tin,00:04:53
respectively, 5s 25 p 2 for lead 6 s00:05:02
26 p 2 but the supposed structure for00:05:06
flyer avi00:05:07
is probably 7 s 27 p 200:05:14
so having 4 electrons in the external level,00:05:18
these electrons are distributed in the00:05:20
normal state in this case with00:05:23
electrons will be in paired00:05:27
state, but the electrons00:05:29
are placed one at a time in two cells,00:05:34
respectively, all these elements00:05:35
have the opportunity to go into an excited00:05:39
state, then their number of unpaired00:05:42
electrons of the external level can00:05:44
increase from two to four. Now00:05:48
let's talk about what forms00:05:50
carbon and all the elements of this subgroup are00:05:53
simple substances and so carbon forms00:05:57
two famous simple substances of which00:06:01
you have certainly heard, first of all00:06:03
this is diamond, diamond and the second is graphite,00:06:09
but besides this carbon there are other00:06:13
allotropic modifications of which we00:06:15
will talk a little now, but00:06:17
by far the most important are diamond and graphite,00:06:20
diamond the name comes from Arabic00:06:22
in and you repeat, and this is due to the fact that00:06:25
amos is the hardest compound created in nature;00:06:28
however, now00:06:32
some compounds have been created synthetically00:06:34
that are harder than diamond,00:06:36
which means a diamond has this structure, it00:06:39
consists of tetrahedrons connected to00:06:42
each other in a certain resemblance to a00:06:45
house of cards in a diamond there is sp300:06:49
hybridization it has an atomic00:06:55
crystal lattice, which makes it00:06:58
really very hard and00:07:01
refractory, but there is an unusual thing about diamond00:07:04
that if you hit it in a certain direction,00:07:07
it can fold like a house of cards,00:07:10
so diamond is00:07:12
really very hard, but if00:07:14
you hit it in a certain direction,00:07:17
it can crack, by the way, you know00:07:19
For a long time there was such a00:07:21
misconception that they believed that the00:07:24
hardest and most durable ones were tested by00:07:26
real or fake diamonds by hitting00:07:29
them on an anvil, if the diamonds00:07:33
were broken and crumbled, then such diamonds00:07:36
were considered fake, but in fact, as00:07:38
you understand, everything depends on the direction of the00:07:40
blow, besides this there is also modification00:07:44
graphite translated from Latin and00:07:48
Greek means, writing00:07:51
respectively, hybridization here sp2 and00:07:55
graphite also has an atomic00:07:58
crystal lattice and its structure is00:08:02
built like this, like layers of00:08:07
hexagons located between each other along the longest bonds,00:08:09
mentally press graphite, these layers00:08:13
peel off from each other and remain00:08:16
mark on paper, graphite also has an00:08:19
atomic lattice and, accordingly, it is also00:08:21
quite00:08:22
refractory, but diamond and00:08:25
graphite differ from each other in that diamond, for example,00:08:28
in its pure form without impurities, is absolutely00:08:31
transparent and colorless, but graphite is00:08:35
not transparent and, as a rule, has a gray00:08:38
color with a metallic sheen00:08:41
because light does not pass through the structure of graphite,00:08:45
diamond does not conduct electric current at all00:08:49
and almost does not conduct heat, so if you00:08:52
take a diamond in your hand, it remains00:08:54
cold,00:08:55
but graphite, on the contrary, conducts00:08:57
electric current,00:08:58
so it turns out that diamond is not00:09:01
a conductor,00:09:02
but graphite is a conductor, which00:09:08
by the way uses for example, in such an00:09:10
industrial method known to you as00:09:13
electrolysis, graphite electrodes are used,00:09:17
but I must say that in addition to diamond00:09:19
graphite, there are also other00:09:21
allotropic modifications, recently00:09:25
reports on examples of such modifications00:09:28
as fullerene, fullerenes are00:09:31
ball-like, find such ellipse-00:09:34
like structures are closed, which00:09:37
consist of connected between00:09:40
carbon atoms are considered to00:09:44
have sections of an atomic lattice and a00:09:47
layered graphite lattice, but in general00:09:49
they are also atomic compounds,00:09:52
and fullerenes have recently been very00:09:54
often used in nanotechnology; in00:09:57
addition, there is also corbin corbin, this00:10:00
substance is similar to graphite, only they are00:10:03
more so black color and carbine00:10:06
hybridization sp.00:10:07
and so its properties are very very similar00:10:10
to the graph, it is also refractory, but00:10:13
of course diamond and graphite are00:10:15
the most used and of all the simple00:10:18
substances that form carbon, besides00:10:21
this carbon, we could also00:10:23
observe simple substances in the form of coal,00:10:25
hard coal, brown coal, which00:10:28
is also an inclusion of almost00:10:31
pure almost carbon00:10:33
but definitely containing some kind of00:10:35
impurity, the color of this coal depends on this,00:10:38
so silicon cream does not exist00:10:41
in two forms, it has two00:10:43
allotropic modifications, this is00:10:46
crystalline silicon,00:10:49
which has a similar structure to00:10:53
diamond, which means it has an atomic00:10:56
crystal lattice, it is inferior in00:10:59
hardness only diamond00:11:01
and such cream is not very widely used,00:11:04
for example, in computers as the basis of a00:11:08
hard drive, but there is also00:11:11
amorphous silicon,00:11:14
which is a00:11:16
brown compound that does not have00:11:21
such a high hardness as00:11:24
crystalline silicon, crystalline00:11:26
silicon is certainly more used in00:11:30
its hybridization as well as in diamond00:11:32
sp300:11:33
but unlike diamond it is a00:11:38
semiconductor semiconductor and00:11:41
conductivity in cream does not exist00:11:44
electron on hole and conductivity of00:11:46
germanium germanium also has diamond00:11:50
similar structure to00:11:53
diamond similar crystal lattice00:11:57
resembles diamond it also has00:12:00
like00:12:03
crystalline silicon it has gray00:12:06
color it is a semiconductor and,00:12:10
accordingly, is also used and in00:12:14
computer technology is also used00:12:17
like silicon, but silicon is certainly00:12:19
more effective in this regard, now00:12:22
tin tin is already a substance00:12:25
that also has allotropic00:12:28
modifications,00:12:29
it is crystalline metal00:12:34
metal tin is a form that00:12:39
resembles this structure is00:12:41
solid and is a00:12:44
crystalline structure00:12:45
but nevertheless, this is already a metal00:12:48
crystal lattice which has a00:12:52
cubic volume centered, this is what00:12:55
the structure of tin looks like,00:12:57
tin itself is a00:13:01
metal that is closer to white in color, it is00:13:05
quite electrically conductive, although00:13:09
its melting point is not very00:13:11
high and there is also a gray00:13:16
modification of tin which00:13:19
is powder and such tin is already only but of00:13:23
such a crystalline structure,00:13:25
that is, it is tin that does not look00:13:28
like metal, it is such a00:13:30
metal powder,00:13:32
you know,00:13:34
such an interesting story happened with such a modification of tin that00:13:37
earlier in the00:13:41
beginning of almost the 20th century before the00:13:46
First World War,00:13:47
tin was used for the buttons that00:13:51
were sewn on on our nelik tunics and so on,00:13:55
and you know when such a new batch of00:13:58
such tires was sent to the north, then00:14:03
when they arrived there and when they decided to00:14:05
issue00:14:06
these clothes to the troops, it turned out that there00:14:10
was not a single button on them and when00:14:12
they began to find out it turned out that all these00:14:15
overcoats, all the jackets were covered with gray00:14:17
powder, you know, even at the beginning they wanted to00:14:21
shoot for the phases of this warehouse, but00:14:24
then they wondered why00:14:27
he needed so many buttons and began to find out00:14:29
what the reason was that tin at a00:14:32
very low temperature00:14:36
turns from durable metal tin into powdery tin, which00:14:39
no longer has such properties, so00:14:42
here, respectively, is a cubic volume00:14:45
centered lattice and, accordingly,00:14:50
this lattice is a metal lattice, so00:14:53
lead lead, everyone most likely of you00:14:56
has seen lead sinkers, which are sometimes00:14:59
used, for example, for fishing00:15:01
gear, and you yourself may have00:15:05
seen some kind of lead bullets00:15:07
lead itself is a00:15:09
rather heavy metal; its00:15:12
crystal lattice is00:15:15
metallic, but it is face-00:15:18
centered; it looks like this;00:15:21
on each of the faces, like a00:15:25
dice, there are additional00:15:28
centers and lead itself is very heavy,00:15:32
refractory, quite a metal, but still00:15:35
less, its melting point is not as00:15:38
high as, for example, other metals,00:15:40
so it is quite easy to00:15:42
cast parts from it, just like all00:15:45
metals, it conducts heat and electricity, it is00:15:49
used very often, it is precisely this00:15:52
high density of this00:15:55
metal that it is used for such00:15:58
cargo, let's say so goals, but lead,00:16:01
you know, has another remarkable property:00:16:03
it blocks radiation, which it uses,00:16:06
for example, to store some00:16:09
radioactive materials, and so it does not allow00:16:13
gamma rays to pass through, which it00:16:16
sometimes uses at nuclear00:16:18
power plants to store00:16:20
radioactive waste, and so on, but here are the00:16:23
properties will have00:16:25
flyer avi, we can only00:16:27
guess for now, most likely it will be00:16:31
similar to lead in its properties, but00:16:34
for now it is not yet possible to find much information about this element00:16:40
since it was his00:16:42
and the name was given as you understand not00:16:44
so long ago and so on these00:16:47
metals look from the point of view of simple substances, this is what00:16:50
their crystal00:16:53
lattices look like, I’ll emphasize once again that in this00:16:56
subgroup00:16:57
the celebrities are, but one can say that00:17:00
almost each of these elements is00:17:02
interesting in some way, but00:17:04
carbon and silicon are of absolute interest,00:17:06
which is the basis of living and inanimate00:17:09
matter on our planet, but the rest of the00:17:12
elements, believe me, are not without certain00:17:15
interesting properties which we00:17:18
will talk to you about00:17:19
in the next lesson, but for today00:17:22
I have everything, don’t miss our next00:17:24
lesson where we will study how these00:17:27
metals enter into chemical00:17:30
interactions, what their properties are, how it00:17:32
will be react both carbon and silicon00:17:34
what patterns exist in this case00:17:37
we will learn how to work with you and with such00:17:40
interesting elements00:17:42
in the next lesson goodbye guys00:17:46
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