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IT Learning

00:00:04

hello everyone so today we will be

00:00:06

able to move on to a slightly

00:00:08

more concrete subject we will finally be interested

00:00:09

in the protocols themselves

00:00:11

after the theory so we will start

00:00:13

at the bottom the layer of layers of the

00:00:16

model also with ethernet and we will then move on

00:00:20

to the ipo tcp and the eu of the countries

00:00:23

so we will see in this video

00:00:24

a quick presentation of the

00:00:26

ethernet protocol the addressing of the fathers therefore the

00:00:29

mac addresses their structure the

00:00:32

media access algorithm and finally

00:00:35

the structure of ethernet trams

00:00:38

so first of all what is

00:00:40

the ethernet protocol

00:00:42

so it is a network protocol made for

00:00:45

lan so it implements the physical layer one

00:00:47

of the oaci model so we can

00:00:52

have internet on cable networks

00:00:54

also of course coaxial twisted pairs

00:00:57

as baseband optical fiber

00:00:59

of course therefore as

00:01:02

opposed to broadband type ADSL

00:01:04

so that is why we use

00:01:05

moreover in the years however it

00:01:08

does not apply not to the cpl which has its

00:01:11

own in body so that for everything

00:01:14

which is really cable and gold cpl and adsl

00:01:17

etc and then it also implements

00:01:20

the link layer of the oaci model

00:01:23

therefore which will allow communication

00:01:25

between two loses so we will have here

00:01:29

the definition of a mac address etc.

00:01:32

generally when we talk about the internet

00:01:34

in the different layers of the

00:01:36

model also we will say that it is a

00:01:38

protocol of layers even if it

00:01:39

implements the layer so it is defined

00:01:44

by the standard ieee 3e 802.3 so it is a

00:01:50

standard which is used by

00:01:52

everyone today and it is

00:01:54

also a standard which is part

00:01:56

of the 802 family of network standards

00:01:58

as its name indicates which defines

00:02:01

almost everything we use on the

00:02:03

network today

00:02:06

and another protocol that you

00:02:07

know from the same layer

00:02:10

you probably know so it's wifi so

00:02:13

wifi allows us to do the same

00:02:15

thing but on the other hand for

00:02:18

wireless networks so it will be the

00:02:20

802.11 standard it is a different protocol it

00:02:24

is almost identical to the internet

00:02:26

concerning the season layer so we

00:02:28

also have the question of mac addresses etc

00:02:29

but of course there are some additions

00:02:32

compared to the specificities of wireless

00:02:35

such as for example the network identifier

00:02:37

the pair but the possibility of making

00:02:39

a discovery duration of the different

00:02:41

networks available the association that in

00:02:43

short everything which is not linked a simple

00:02:45

connection of line with the terres-net

00:02:48

we simply connect our cable

00:02:51

like that we are connected to the network

00:02:52

to which we are connected if we have

00:02:54

several cables available its

00:02:55

ducal connections where you do that no

00:02:57

need to integrate with a protocol

00:02:58

whereas with low wifi we have several

00:03:01

networks available on the airwaves

00:03:04

around us and we must be able to

00:03:05

characterize these networks to connect to them,

00:03:08

hence the network identifier the possibility of

00:03:10

discovering the different networks

00:03:11

available the association therefore the fact of connecting

00:03:14

the wifi cable in quotes to

00:03:15

make an analogy with the internet etc.

00:03:18

so let's return to our ethernet protocol

00:03:21

this subject is also applicable for

00:03:24

wifi so the addressing of the fathers so

00:03:27

to have an addressing in the layer

00:03:29

of new bikes and if we are going to use

00:03:31

the mac address therefore media access paint

00:03:34

so it is a sub-layer of the

00:03:37

link layer which is used as well by

00:03:39

the internet as the wifi the bluetooth the

00:03:42

tm the token ring music big c

00:03:43

it is really an extremely

00:03:45

widespread model generally when we talk

00:03:47

today about the drees says physical

00:03:52

any address of ten thousand houses

00:03:53

should we say but generally ten

00:03:55

physical addresses

00:03:56

we are talking about the identifier which

00:03:58

allows us to identify another

00:04:01

ethernet wifi bluetooth card etc

00:04:05

then above we will have

00:04:07

the identification of our machine for

00:04:10

the network layer so there it will be

00:04:12

the ip address we will talk about it later and at

00:04:15

great length in the chapter on

00:04:16

so if if the mac address it is an

00:04:20

address which stored on the card where

00:04:22

the network interface

00:04:23

we thought that a priori it is

00:04:25

supposed to be unique for each card

00:04:27

in any case it is supposed to

00:04:30

clearly identify a card in fact on

00:04:32

many cards thanks to certain

00:04:33

regions we can modify this attack

00:04:35

so many start from the principle that

00:04:38

this mac address makes it possible to identify

00:04:40

a machine we will therefore be able to

00:04:43

perfectly, for example, filter access

00:04:45

to a network in relation to Mac addresses,

00:04:47

this is what we often do on wifi,

00:04:48

you must have already had the leather on your box

00:04:50

to say, this machine allows us to

00:04:53

access to the network in fact

00:04:54

given that we can modify

00:04:56

the mac address of the interface a

00:04:58

malicious user very

00:05:02

well wants to give the mac address of another

00:05:05

authorized on your network to his own

00:05:07

card and thus integrate the network

00:05:09

generally this will still be

00:05:11

something that few people

00:05:12

will be able to do on a daily basis

00:05:15

so to use these mac addresses in

00:05:20

fact we will have a real source and

00:05:22

the destination address in the

00:05:24

ethernet trams we will see it later

00:05:27

so this address is coded on 48 or

00:05:30

6 oct and which we will generally

00:05:32

represented in hexadecimal form we will

00:05:34

separate each of the two

00:05:37

hexadecimal digits adopted represented by two

00:05:39

exact decimal digits by double

00:05:42

points so in our example here for

00:05:44

example 5e ff 56 etc

00:05:46

we have here the first in tc 5e the second

00:05:50

mode tff etc etc

00:05:51

sometimes we can see them represented

00:05:54

separated by shots and will be a

00:05:56

little rarer

00:05:58

so then the structure of a

00:06:01

mac address for the erm a little longer

00:06:02

how our address is made up mac

00:06:04

so the mac address I wanted to say to

00:06:07

the echo of the bit reprieves

00:06:08

there are in fact two groups of three

00:06:10

bits the first group end of group of

00:06:14

3 oct and sorry 6 oct and groups of 3

00:06:17

oct and therefore

00:06:19

the first group from October 3 and and a

00:06:23

group reserved for the different

00:06:26

manufacturers so in fact if you

00:06:28

study the mac address which is

00:06:30

provided to you for internet eternity you

00:06:32

can in theory know from which

00:06:34

manufacturer this ethernet card

00:06:36

comes from where this bluetooth wifi card and it was

00:06:38

done as I tell you we can

00:06:40

modify this so that a few for

00:06:42

certain cards so in fact you

00:06:44

should not completely trust it

00:06:47

douk in its first three bytes we have

00:06:52

in fact

00:06:53

the 1st oct is therefore composed of eight which

00:06:57

will allow us to have a

00:06:58

particular meaning in relation to

00:07:01

these last two bits so we would

00:07:03

quickly one and the beats bit

00:07:05

1 it will allow us we will call it

00:07:07

the iger bit it will allow us to

00:07:10

determine if the address mac is a

00:07:11

nicast address so to address

00:07:14

a card in particular so your

00:07:18

wifi ethernet card etc which is classified 6th

00:07:20

but at the value zero so our first

00:07:23

byte will therefore have a value

00:07:26

loses therefore father in hexadecimal that

00:07:29

means even numbers decimals plus in

00:07:33

seoul

00:07:35

this beat if it takes the value 1 we are

00:07:37

in fact addressing the multicast of the

00:07:39

broadcast so it will be in fact

00:07:41

to say we communicate with

00:07:43

any machine that we send this

00:07:44

information for any father

00:07:47

so here we will have our first byte a

00:07:49

father also bdf given that in and

00:07:53

in hexadecimal then the be2 called

00:07:56

bits ul so for unicast sorry for

00:08:00

ionic and local y so it will be able

00:08:02

to have as value zero point this is

00:08:05

normal we are in of binary 0 it will be

00:08:07

to indicate that it is a

00:08:09

universal address therefore an address which

00:08:11

conforms to the format 2 established by the

00:08:14

standard of beds 3e and 6.7

00:08:17

this beat had a value of 1 it is for

00:08:20

them in fact indicating a local address

00:08:24

therefore used a priori yes it is then

00:08:28

the last e3 byte define the

00:08:30

unique address of your machine in relation to the

00:08:33

manufacturers

00:08:34

3 first byte the manufacturer

00:08:36

last three opted indicates the address of this

00:08:40

card so that this address is unique

00:08:44

therefore like this we will be able to differentiate the

00:08:46

different network cards of the same

00:08:48

manufacturer

00:08:50

then concerning access to the media

00:08:54

so how the internet will define access

00:08:56

to the media in fact it will be

00:08:59

defined by the protocol csm has given in so

00:09:03

ccsm ac dc for 400 multiple access wyss

00:09:08

college section so let's first talk

00:09:10

about the first part the csm has

00:09:13

so he is the one who will define

00:09:16

the multiple access with listening to the

00:09:18

carrier so he will listen to the media

00:09:20

to check that no authorization

00:09:23

transmits data on it if it receives

00:09:24

a signal

00:09:25

it will not go to transmit

00:09:28

information so if there is no

00:09:31

signal on the media and only if

00:09:34

there is no signal it will be able to transmit

00:09:36

so like that thanks to already the

00:09:39

first seven parts of the algorithm that we

00:09:40

avoid collisions

00:09:41

I will have I remind you a collision is

00:09:44

when two signals meet on the

00:09:46

same media as a result of which they are superimposed and

00:09:49

modified which deletes the information

00:09:52

which was supposed to be be sent by these

00:09:53

two different signs in

00:09:57

fact this part of the algorithm is

00:09:59

not enough to completely avoid collisions

00:10:02

given that there can be a

00:10:04

latency on our media the profession at a

00:10:05

certain length therefore when we send

00:10:07

a signal to one end

00:10:10

the moment we send it it may not

00:10:12

be detected at the other end

00:10:14

so we are going to set up a

00:10:16

hill collision detection

00:10:18

so that is the second part the cd

00:10:19

yes what the young detection which

00:10:22

will detect if there has been a collision

00:10:25

and if there has been a collision will send the

00:10:27

same message

00:10:29

after a random delay so I

00:10:32

synthesized this via a small

00:10:33

algorithmic diagram a little agony g

00:10:35

on your right so we start the

00:10:39

procedure for sending messages

00:10:41

we will listen to the media 6 signal beds

00:10:45

we carry out a random wait and we

00:10:47

will listen to the media again if there is no

00:10:49

signal and only if it does not have signal

00:10:51

we will be able to transmit

00:10:52

if after transmission there was a collision

00:10:55

during transmission it is a

00:10:57

collision when it has this means that the

00:10:59

message has not reached its

00:11:00

recipient that it will be necessary to

00:11:02

wait again for a certain time

00:11:04

this wait is also random

00:11:06

and start the procedure again from the

00:11:09

beginning so listen to see if there is a

00:11:10

signal etc. and we will repeat our

00:11:13

operations until we have been able to

00:11:14

transmit our signal if there is no

00:11:17

signal on the media so we were able to

00:11:21

transmit and there was no

00:11:22

collision

00:11:23

in this case the signal could well have been

00:11:26

forgotten this is the end of our sending operation

00:11:28

so all this will allow us to share

00:11:31

the same media between two pairs there is

00:11:33

no token system or priority

00:11:36

of missions only this algorithm makes it possible

00:11:38

to avoid collisions

00:11:41

at least to act accordingly then

00:11:43

the question of trams so I recall

00:11:45

a model also the tram is the pd eu

00:11:48

of the link layer protocol data unit

00:11:50

therefore the element which will be sent on the

00:11:53

link layer therefore this frame defined

00:11:57

but understood a header a body and a

00:11:59

foot in the header we will have the

00:12:02

destination mac address and the mac address

00:12:03

sources so the mac address of the

00:12:06

recipient of the message recipient of

00:12:08

the frame and the mac address of the one who

00:12:10

sent it from the sender then we have a

00:12:13

third chance and the land size

00:12:14

so the hype pies that's what will

00:12:17

allow us to define the

00:12:19

higher layer protocol which was used

00:12:21

so the packet

00:12:24

is the type of the packet the protocol

00:12:25

of the packet which was encapsulated in the

00:12:28

body of our tram so an example the

00:12:33

0800 so it is the exam will

00:12:36

allow us to say it is IPv4

00:12:38

internet protocol version 4

00:12:40

we will see later which has been

00:12:42

encapsulated in our train I have

00:12:44

given you a small clickable link here to

00:12:46

consult a fairly complete list

00:12:48

of codes corresponding to the different

00:12:50

protocols which we can use on the

00:12:52

upper layer, therefore the network layer,

00:12:55

so we have taken a look at our

00:12:58

ethernet protocol,

00:12:59

we have seen in this video the

00:13:01

most common link protocol

00:13:03

ethernet, a small note in passing where

00:13:06

the word ethernet comes from, ethernet is quite

00:13:09

simply it comes from the word and r so the

00:13:11

lands is the theoretical space between quotes

00:13:15

in which we send our

00:13:17

information at the level of the layer

00:13:19

read a little bit of the history of the

00:13:20

thing so that allowed us to see

00:13:23

the physical addressing

00:13:24

mc which allows us to go a

00:13:26

little further than the internet

00:13:28

the csm has given up therefore access to the media

00:13:32

the algorithm of access to the media

00:13:34

uses the internet and finally the structure

00:13:37

of an eternal frame so this concludes

00:13:39

our presentation of the ethernet protocol

00:13:41

and we will be able to

00:13:43

move directly to the higher layers with the

00:13:45

ip protocol in its versions 4 and 6, which

00:13:48

we will further deepen in

00:13:50

the following chapters, see you immediately

00:13:51

for the free presentation

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