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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:04
hello guys, my name is00:00:07
Tatyana Belousova, a genius chemistry teacher, today00:00:10
we will begin to get acquainted with metals,00:00:13
and so00:00:14
metals are substances that are familiar to you00:00:16
in our life, very many and often00:00:19
found metals, you are familiar with copper00:00:21
gold silver metals such as iron,00:00:26
obviously you know, that is, what it is00:00:28
metal, but still, we are studying this00:00:31
topic, we already know a lot about the construction, so00:00:33
let’s clarify metals, we call00:00:36
elements that00:00:41
usually have up to three electrons in the outer level;00:00:47
electrons in the outer level very rarely00:00:50
have 4 electrons; such metals00:00:52
are tin and lead,00:00:55
for example, but the majority metals have a00:00:58
number of electrons that does not exceed this00:01:01
figure; however, there are exceptions to this conditional rule; they00:01:04
are not metals,00:01:07
although they contain such a number of00:01:08
electrons,00:01:09
the element hydrogen, the element helium and boron, and00:01:14
so what is a metal, the picture is clear00:01:17
now where metals are located in the00:01:20
periodic table,00:01:21
I will remind you that if you are in short00:01:23
version of the periodic table, from00:01:27
element 4 beryllium, draw a conditional00:01:30
diagonal to00:01:33
element 85 as that the metal and will be00:01:37
located in the lower triangle from00:01:40
this diagonal, the upper triangle00:01:43
contains non-metals,00:01:45
but adjacent to where the channel there will be00:01:48
elements that we call fatyr us,00:01:50
that is, exhibiting the properties of both metals00:01:53
and non-metals but you know when in the00:01:56
table they are simply divided into metals and00:01:58
non-metals, amphoteric ones automatically00:02:00
fall into the category of metal, which means there are00:02:03
not very many non-metals on the periodic table,00:02:06
about twenty-two elements,00:02:10
non-metals are located only in the main00:02:13
subgroups00:02:14
only in subgroups, but metals00:02:19
can also be located00:02:21
in the main subgroups then there are,00:02:24
respectively, they are located in about00:02:26
subgroups and in side subgroups,00:02:30
so all the elements that you can00:02:33
see in side subgroups00:02:35
they are metals, metals can00:02:38
be with or without elements00:02:42
and, respectively, d and f elements, we also00:02:45
place it at the bottom of the periodic table,00:02:48
usually placed under the table lanthanides and00:02:51
actinides are also metals, then it is easy to00:02:54
conclude that there is a00:02:57
greater amount of metal in the periodic table00:02:59
than in00:03:00
metal, and so where the metals are located,00:03:03
the picture is now clear that we have our own in terms of00:03:07
metals, I will remind you that00:03:10
the properties of the metal are metals and they tend to give00:03:13
up electrons, this is due to the fact that00:03:16
they have a small number of electrons at the external level,00:03:18
while they00:03:20
go into a cation, this is a ion and with a charge00:03:23
plus,00:03:24
acting in all chemical reactions00:03:27
as a reducing agent and they are oxidized, the00:03:30
number of electrons given up can00:03:33
be from one maximum to 4, but 4 is00:03:37
for some elements of the00:03:40
periodic table the possible transition is basically00:03:43
this amount is less, and the00:03:46
less the metal gives up electrons, the00:03:48
stronger it will be, what then does the00:03:50
pattern of changes in metallic00:03:53
properties look like by period and by group, and so by00:03:57
period, metallic properties00:04:02
naturally decrease, therefore the00:04:06
strongest metals are located at the beginning of00:04:09
any period of pop- group00:04:12
from top to bottom in the group they will00:04:15
increase00:04:16
predominantly increase, however, when00:04:20
we later study the metals of the side00:04:22
subgroups already in high school, we will00:04:25
find out that this has its own characteristics;00:04:27
today the strongest00:04:30
metals are located in the first group,00:04:34
these are the elements called alkali00:04:38
metals,00:04:39
these are the strongest metals Among all those00:04:44
available among them, the undisputed king00:04:47
is France, France, the strongest00:04:51
metal, although it is a radioactive element00:04:54
and such high activity is actually00:04:57
almost never used in00:05:00
nature; this element does not00:05:02
exist under natural conditions,00:05:05
so usually when they say, alkali00:05:07
metals are called the same as cesium,00:05:10
for example. an element that exists in nature00:05:12
will be more active then, according to the gradation,00:05:17
in second place are metals 2 and00:05:20
their groups are called alkaline earth metals and00:05:26
among them also the strongest in this00:05:29
subgroup will be the element that00:05:31
is at the bottom, this is the element00:05:34
for the sake of metals are located in the00:05:37
periodic table therefore like this00:05:39
how will they have a structure?00:05:43
They will have a small number of00:05:44
electrons on the outer level.00:05:47
These electrons are located on the outer00:05:50
level, respectively. Well, let’s say for00:05:52
magnesium, magnesium has 12 serial number,00:05:55
mass 24. The bank is not located in the third00:06:00
small period in the second group of the main00:06:03
subgroup. In addition, magnesium will have00:06:06
respectively 12 protons 12 neutrons00:06:11
and 12 electrons therefore it00:06:14
will have a nucleus with charge plus 12 according to its00:06:18
position in the third period it will have00:06:20
three energy levels on the first two00:06:23
electrons on the first more than two days00:06:26
it happens I will remind you on the second 8 and on the00:06:29
outer 200:06:31
electron formula magnesium will be like this 100:06:35
out of 2, I remind you that I with electrons is always the00:06:37
first at any level and until00:06:41
2 of them appear, others do not appear00:06:43
further, it will be 2 out of 200:06:48
263 with 2 since at the external level00:06:52
he has an electron with an00:06:55
element I I won’t show all of its00:06:58
electrons on the graphical formula, I’ll show00:07:02
only the outer level00:07:03
on the outer level it will have00:07:06
2 electrons due to this, magnesium00:07:09
exhibits a valency of 2, although for this00:07:12
they must be steamed and so the00:07:14
structure and position of metals in the00:07:17
periodic table we explained now the metals are00:07:20
very similar at each other purely00:07:22
visually, you can take for example an00:07:24
iron steel stud and compare it00:07:27
with aluminum, for example, it will be00:07:29
very similar in appearance, this is explained by the fact that00:07:32
metals have a very similar00:07:35
structure, as a result of this, metals00:07:40
have a common chemical bond, a00:07:43
metallic bond, as a result of this, a00:07:47
metallic crystalline bond appears00:07:50
lattice and the consequence of this is their00:07:55
general physical and chemical properties00:07:59
properties will be similar metal00:08:02
bond and the metal lattice is structured00:08:04
as follows at the nodes of the00:08:06
crystal lattice there are00:08:08
metal ions, positively charged,00:08:11
sometimes atoms and electrons can be found00:08:15
in the crystal00:08:19
lattice in chaotic movement between00:08:22
particles, ions and00:08:24
atoms electrons move at high00:08:26
speed they create a concept00:08:29
that exists for electrons00:08:31
electron gas due to this00:08:36
due to the presence of shared electrons00:08:38
metals have common physical00:08:41
properties so look it turns out that the00:08:44
metal lattice is built on the00:08:46
principle of electrostatic attraction00:08:48
between positively charged ions and00:08:52
shared electrons00:08:55
thus it on the one hand,00:08:57
similar to an00:08:58
ionic bond, but there are no negatively00:09:01
charged ions, and on the other hand, they look00:09:04
like a covalent bond, but here the00:09:06
electrons do not belong to two atoms and00:09:09
are not common to them; therefore, the00:09:11
metal lattice and the corresponding00:09:14
lyrical bond are special00:09:17
manifestations of a chemical bond as a00:09:19
consequence of this metals have common00:09:23
physical properties;00:09:27
you can easily notice these properties in the00:09:30
example of any metal; firstly, all metals are00:09:33
solid; however, the exception to this00:09:36
rule is the only00:09:38
metal - mercury, and you know mercury has00:09:42
always surprised people, if only because00:09:45
it is so unusual.00:09:47
liquid although in appearance it seems to be similar to00:09:50
metal therefore at one time00:09:53
special magical properties were attributed to mercury00:09:55
although mercury vapor obviously you know00:09:58
is poisonous00:10:00
second metals usually have a gray00:10:02
color00:10:03
they are gray in color but there00:10:06
is also an exception to this right the exception00:10:08
is gold which is yellow in color00:10:12
to have a red metal colors are metal00:10:17
and more gray, moreover, black-gray, but00:10:20
in general they have this color, then00:10:22
metals have a metallic sheen,00:10:26
the most shiny metal that you00:10:29
look at then look at your reflection00:10:33
in the mirror, this is silver,00:10:35
so metals have their own00:10:38
celebrities in the top ten, so-called00:10:41
thanks to which but we can00:10:43
evaluate them from such an unusual position,00:10:45
the most brilliant silver is applied by00:10:48
seeing amalgams on mirrors and you see00:10:51
your reflection, it turns out in00:10:54
silver, the00:10:55
metal has heat and00:10:58
electrical conductivity, this conductivity00:11:03
looks like in metals, but dynamo is not the00:11:05
same, the best conductor is00:11:08
silver on the second where it stands there,00:11:11
it turns out there is gold, copper, and so on and00:11:14
so forth, aluminum is a good conductor,00:11:16
but one of the worst conductors00:11:19
is tungsten, which is why00:11:22
tungsten is used in00:11:24
incandescent light bulbs, when the current00:11:27
passes through them through this spiral, then00:11:29
accordingly even00:11:31
heating occurs, you see how glows,00:11:34
but it is the tungsten filament of00:11:37
metal that has the property of plasticity,00:11:41
plasticity or malleability means that00:11:45
if you hit the metal, it will not00:11:48
crumble, for example, like sulfur or like00:11:51
coal, but it flattens this is due to the00:11:54
common electrons that00:11:57
metals have, the most ductile metal is00:11:59
gold,00:12:01
if you take and by tapping on gold00:12:06
with a hammer, for example, you can pull out00:12:08
foil from it and you know, there is an00:12:13
experiment listed in the Guinness Book of Records when they took two grams of00:12:16
gold and managed to pull out the foil by tapping like00:12:19
this00:12:21
up to 50 square meters,00:12:23
this methane is not so plastic and so the00:12:27
general physical properties we looked00:12:29
but you know metal has special00:12:31
properties00:12:33
special physical properties such00:12:37
special properties include,00:12:39
for example, such a parameter as the hardness of a00:12:42
metal, there are hard and soft soft00:12:47
metals, for example, they are very soft00:12:50
in 3 if they can be easily cut with a knife00:12:54
and there is metal and hard the hardest00:12:58
metal is chrome therefore, chrome usually adds00:13:01
steel to give it increased00:13:03
hardness,00:13:04
then metals differ together in00:13:08
density, the00:13:10
density of metals is determined in grams00:13:12
per cubic centimeter is metal and,00:13:15
accordingly, the00:13:17
heaviest the heaviest metal exceeding a00:13:22
density of 5 grams per00:13:24
cubic centimeter is osmium and metal is light00:13:29
light metals the lightest metal fly00:13:32
here you know, if the [ __ ] wasn’t so00:13:34
active, it would be possible to make00:13:36
an airplane out of it, let’s say the size of a00:13:40
maize truck is such a small airplane, then00:13:42
several people could easily00:13:44
lift it, it’s very light, aluminum is00:13:48
magnesium, that’s why the airplane is made, and the00:13:51
aluminum alloy is not pure aluminum.00:13:53
that it is a soft metal and its alloy is00:13:56
called duralumin and the metals00:13:59
differ accordingly in the00:14:02
melting point there is metal and low-melting00:14:07
low-melting the most fusible is00:14:10
mercury, its melting point00:14:13
is minus 30 degrees Celsius,00:14:19
gallium is a very low-melting metal, you know very often children00:14:21
ask me what is it for this kind of metal we00:14:24
saw a picture where they put00:14:27
a piece of this metal in their hands and it00:14:28
melts due to body temperature; this00:14:30
metal is gallium;00:14:32
fusible metals are not considered metals up to00:14:35
1000 degrees Celsius and there are refractory metals; the00:14:39
most refractory metal is tungsten;00:14:42
its melting point approaches00:14:45
3 thousand 200 degrees Celsius; there is also00:14:48
other parameters, for example, there is metal and00:14:50
which is attracted to a magnet, this is00:14:53
iron, cobalt, and there are00:14:54
those that are not attracted, there is00:14:57
metal and which are found well in00:15:00
nature, there are and which are less00:15:02
common, there are very different parameters for00:15:05
comparing metals with each other, so00:15:08
today in the lesson we found out and00:15:10
reminded you where metals are located in the00:15:13
periodic table, what they strive to00:15:15
do, we reminded you a little about the structure of00:15:18
metals and also figured out their00:15:20
physical properties, but in the00:15:23
next lesson we will talk to you about00:15:25
their chemical activity, don’t miss00:15:29
our next lesson, it will be interesting,00:15:32
goodbye guys00:15:47
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