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00:00:07

Hello Hello guys My name is

00:00:10

Belousova Tatyana Gennadievna I am a

00:00:13

chemistry teacher today I continue to study

00:00:15

chemical bonds we have come to the study of

00:00:18

ionic bonds Before this we talked about the fact

00:00:21

that a bond can be covalent, this is a bond between

00:00:25

non-metals if they have the same

00:00:28

electronegativity then it will be

00:00:30

equivalent to a non-polar bond if it

00:00:33

differs slightly within the

00:00:35

difference in electronegativity of up to two

00:00:39

units, then accordingly it will be

00:00:42

Covalently Polar bond What is an ionic

00:00:45

bond, the name itself suggests this

00:00:47

bond between ions Then you need to remember

00:00:50

And what are ions Ions are charged

00:00:56

particles into which atoms pass by

00:00:59

giving up or accepting electrons Well, for

00:01:02

example, if we're talking about it's not

00:01:04

sodium, let's look at the

00:01:07

periodic table. We'll see that sodium is in the

00:01:10

first group of the main subgroup and that means

00:01:13

it has one Electron at the external level

00:01:15

that it will give up. And

00:01:17

therefore it will be and it will have a

00:01:20

dispositional charge if we

00:01:23

took for example the metal magnesium, which

00:01:25

is the closest neighbor of sodium, then

00:01:28

magnesium, accordingly, already at the outer

00:01:31

level of 2 electrons, he will also give them up

00:01:33

because for the purpose of completion it is

00:01:36

beneficial for him and, accordingly, its charge will be

00:01:39

two plus, if we take for example

00:01:41

aluminum next to magnesium, then

00:01:44

aluminum, accordingly, the charge will be 3 + Let

00:01:47

me remind you that ions with a positive

00:01:50

charge have their own special charge, they are

00:01:54

called cations and now we move on to

00:01:57

ions of a different charge, not necessarily all of them

00:02:00

and it only has a positive charge.

00:02:02

For example, if we take chlorine, chlorine

00:02:05

is in the seventh group of the main

00:02:07

group. Until completion, we are missing

00:02:09

one electron by taking it will receive a

00:02:12

minus charge. For example, if sodium

00:02:15

gives it its Electron. Further, for

00:02:17

example, if it is sulfur, sulfur is in the

00:02:20

6th group of the main subgroup and,

00:02:22

accordingly,

00:02:24

two electrons are missing before completion, having accepted them, it

00:02:27

will receive a charge of 2 minus, for example, sulfur

00:02:29

can receive these two electrons from

00:02:32

magnesium or from two sodium atoms further

00:02:36

if we take phosphorus, then phosphorus

00:02:38

is in the fifth group Until completion,

00:02:40

three are missing its charge and it will be 3

00:02:44

minus And it with a negative charge is

00:02:47

called anions.

00:02:49

So, an ionic bond is a bond between

00:02:52

ions of positive and negative

00:02:55

charge or if we let's talk about the

00:02:58

difference in electronegativity, then they

00:03:01

say an ionic bond is formed between

00:03:03

elements with the greatest difference in

00:03:06

electronegativity, if in numerical

00:03:08

terms, then this difference should

00:03:11

exceed two units according to the

00:03:14

pudding electronegativity table. So,

00:03:17

now let's see how it is customary to

00:03:19

build an ionic bond. Let's take

00:03:22

chloride as examples sodium

00:03:25

sodium chloride This is a well-known substance,

00:03:27

table salt, in this compound there will be an

00:03:31

ionic bond. By the way, it’s not difficult to notice

00:03:34

that the ionic bond involves not just

00:03:36

ions, but metal ions.

00:03:46

metal therefore,

00:03:49

Looking at the formula, we can guess

00:03:51

what the bond will be, including ionic.

00:03:54

So we begin to build the formula for

00:03:57

sodium chloride just as we did in the covalent

00:04:00

bond of the Lewis formula, so sodium has

00:04:03

1 electron on the outer level,

00:04:05

we will show this with one point And

00:04:08

chlorine has a total of electrons 7 but Before

00:04:11

completion, one thing is missing, its

00:04:13

electron will be depicted with

00:04:15

crosses;

00:04:17

this uses the method of dots and crosses;

00:04:20

at the first stage, between sodium and chlorine, an

00:04:23

electron will transfer to a common

00:04:27

pair from sodium to chlorine; a

00:04:31

common pair will be formed, but it is beneficial for sodium to

00:04:35

give up its electron; it is beneficial to accept electrons to chlorine;

00:04:37

therefore, in the ionic connection, it is customary to

00:04:40

show such a border, a bracket

00:04:43

around a non-metal, its charge is set to

00:04:46

minus And for the sodium ion we put the charge plus,

00:04:50

we got the Lewis electronic formula,

00:04:53

now below we will show the graphic formula

00:04:56

then between sodium and chlorine we will show the

00:05:00

shift in electron density, chlorine

00:05:03

receives a charge minus And for sodium it is plus But it

00:05:06

should It’s fair to say that

00:05:09

in fact in sodium chloride there will be more than

00:05:12

one sodium and one chlorine and it will

00:05:15

combine like this. Around the sodium ions,

00:05:18

ionic chlorine accumulates

00:05:21

around the chlorine, the environment is sodium soap, and

00:05:24

therefore the graphic formula reflects the

00:05:26

conditional relationship between sodium ions and

00:05:28

chlorine ions, the formation of ionic

00:05:32

connections and through the formulas of the

00:05:34

Bohr diagram, so

00:05:37

sodium has a nuclear charge plus 11 It has three

00:05:44

energy levels

00:05:49

on the First level Two electrons paired

00:05:52

on the second level of

00:05:56

its electron 8 they are also paired And

00:06:01

on the last level there is one electron that is not

00:06:04

burned, we showed here the sodium atom,

00:06:09

so chlorine has

00:06:11

electrons is also located according to

00:06:15

energy levels, but its core plus

00:06:18

17

00:06:19

levels is also 3,

00:06:23

and following the same logic,

00:06:26

we depict it electronically with crosses like this Two

00:06:30

electrons paired on the First level

00:06:34

8 on the second and they are paired like this on the

00:06:40

last level 7

00:06:46

and here it will be An unpaired electron

00:06:49

we showed this is an atom chlorine, now sodium

00:06:54

transfers its Electron here

00:06:59

and as a result, an

00:07:03

ionic bond is formed

00:07:05

in sodium.

00:07:08

Two energy levels remain

00:07:13

and it takes the form of it and it is an

00:07:18

inert gas and charge plus. Well,

00:07:22

accordingly, next to it is

00:07:24

chlorine with its nucleus plus 17

00:07:29

levels, it has three on the First 2 on the second

00:07:35

8 That is, the first second level they do not

00:07:40

participate in this case, but on the third

00:07:44

level, in addition to the electrons that

00:07:47

have chlorine of their own,

00:07:50

an electron from sodium appears, its charge will be minus

00:07:55

the only thing I would like to say is that in

00:07:58

this case when we show

00:08:01

these are formulas, for example, through

00:08:04

Bohr diagrams, of course, it may seem to you that

00:08:07

such a design, the formation of an ionic

00:08:10

bond is quite difficult, takes a lot of

00:08:12

time, but nevertheless it

00:08:15

allows you to show how, from the point of view of

00:08:17

atoms, electrons shift from

00:08:21

one element to another, in

00:08:22

fact, how such an ionic bond is formed

00:08:25

but in in principle, you can show,

00:08:29

depending on how

00:08:30

your assignments require you, you

00:08:33

can show a slightly more simplified

00:08:35

formula and, accordingly, the

00:08:38

Lewis formula, the structural electronic formula,

00:08:40

or through Bohr diagrams, and so it also

00:08:43

shows, you know, international

00:08:45

exams very often ask you to show it

00:08:47

through Bohr diagrams Exactly

00:08:49

therefore, I considered it necessary to show you

00:08:52

all the possible ways of writing Such

00:08:56

a form, so let’s give another example,

00:09:00

let’s say if it is calcium o Why

00:09:04

can I say that there is an ionic bond

00:09:06

because calcium is a metal and Oxygen

00:09:09

is not a metal,

00:09:11

so we build the formula in the same way as

00:09:13

we built for sodium chlorine, so calcium has

00:09:16

2 electrons on the outer level,

00:09:19

let’s remember that when we learned to build

00:09:21

Lewis formulas for atoms, we said in

00:09:25

which group the element is located from groups 1 to 4, there are

00:09:28

so many unpaired ones, so

00:09:31

calcium will have two unpaired ones for

00:09:34

oxygen on the outer level According to the

00:09:37

group number has 6 electrons, but from the fifth to the

00:09:41

eighth group we determine the number of

00:09:43

unpaired electrons by the number of

00:09:46

missing ones up to 8. Until the end of the electrons,

00:09:49

it means that oxygen will have two electrons,

00:09:53

respectively

00:09:55

unpaired, then a common

00:09:59

electron pair is formed, but this pair will immediately

00:10:04

go to

00:10:05

oxygen for more use and then it is

00:10:09

formed

00:10:11

formally double bond Why I say

00:10:14

formally because in reality there are much more ions

00:10:17

in this

00:10:19

sodium oxide. Therefore, we

00:10:22

reflect only the relationship between these

00:10:24

ions, but they are also the graphic formula

00:10:27

between calcium and oxygen, conditionally the

00:10:30

double bond goes towards

00:10:33

oxygen 2 minus 2 + Of course we

00:10:37

could depict both the transition formula and the

00:10:40

formula of the diagram that we showed

00:10:43

Bohr Let's show it in this case,

00:10:47

so calcium has a charge of its nucleus plus 20

00:10:54

It has four levels

00:10:56

on the First 2 on the second there will be

00:11:01

8

00:11:04

on the third also 8 and it has four

00:11:09

levels

00:11:10

and on the last we will depict Two

00:11:15

unpaired electrons, this is calcium for

00:11:19

oxygen, its diagram is a little simpler its

00:11:23

number

00:11:25

Ordinal 8 means it has two

00:11:29

levels

00:11:31

on the first two unpaired on the second two

00:11:35

pairs of paired and, accordingly, two

00:11:40

unpaired electrons this is oxygen

00:11:43

calcium will transfer to

00:11:46

oxygen one Electron here and

00:11:51

one more Electron here and here is an electron

00:11:55

and here is an electron and as a

00:11:58

result calcium has

00:12:02

a nucleus plus 20 at the first level it has two

00:12:08

as it was and will remain at the second

00:12:13

8 and at the third level it also has 8 and

00:12:19

it is in a state of

00:12:21

inert

00:12:23

gas argon charge 2 + but next to it there

00:12:29

will be oxygen, its nucleus will be plus 8,

00:12:34

the nucleus does not change at the first level 2

00:12:38

electrons and at the second level 2

00:12:43

paired electrons two more paired and one common

00:12:48

pair here is the second but moved

00:12:51

towards oxygen this is ours and it is calcium

00:12:55

2 plus this we have oxygen 2 minus So you and

00:12:59

I got Today in the lesson,

00:13:02

first of all, it distinguishes What is an ionic

00:13:04

bond; we were reminded What are ions How do we

00:13:07

determine the charges of these ions?

00:13:20

Of course, if you are asked

00:13:22

to construct such formulas for other

00:13:25

examples, I hope that with our help

00:13:28

now this will not be some kind of

00:13:30

difficult problem for you, especially since the

00:13:33

forms are too complex for you and no one will

00:13:36

ask you to build When we teach you how to do this

00:13:38

in high school High school

00:13:40

certainly has its own nuances

00:13:43

that we will talk about, but only

00:13:45

in high school. But here are examples of this type.

00:13:48

I hope you will also

00:13:50

succeed for today, I’m all

00:13:53

goodbye guys

00:13:55

[music]

00:14:04

[music]

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