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00:00:08

hello guys, my name is

00:00:10

Tatyana Gennadievna Belousova, I’m a chemistry teacher.

00:00:13

Today we again continue to

00:00:15

prepare for the unified national

00:00:17

testing,

00:00:19

so today we start with the first question,

00:00:22

which sounds like this: the

00:00:24

degree of hydrolysis

00:00:27

is reflected in what formula is the degree

00:00:31

of hydrolysis, so well, firstly, I would like to

00:00:34

remind you that the degree of hydrolysis

00:00:36

is denoted by the letter small h and, like

00:00:40

the degree of dissociation, the degree

00:00:43

implies a part of the whole, but since

00:00:45

we are talking about hydrolysis, this means that this will be the

00:00:48

ratio of the number of

00:00:52

molecules

00:00:54

that

00:00:56

undergo

00:00:58

hydrolysis and

00:01:00

hydrolysis, and accordingly 1 part of

00:01:03

the whole then to the total the total number of

00:01:08

molecules of a

00:01:10

given substance in a solution in a solution

00:01:14

it is usually expressed as a percentage and,

00:01:17

accordingly, the higher the value of the

00:01:20

degree of hydrolysis, the stronger this

00:01:22

hydrolysis occurs. Let me remind you that

00:01:25

salts undergo hydrolysis are formed by

00:01:28

something weak, either a weak

00:01:30

base, a strong acid, a strong

00:01:33

base, a weak acid, or if both

00:01:36

bases are both substances are

00:01:39

weak and the acid and the following reason does

00:01:44

not affect the displacement of chemical equilibrium, but

00:01:47

firstly, I will remind you that we have a

00:01:49

special principle, the Le Chatelier-Brown principle,

00:01:52

and the questions associated with this turn out to

00:01:57

revolve around this question, and according to the

00:02:01

Le Chatelier principle, the concentration that affects the

00:02:03

equilibrium is three parameters I

00:02:05

just want to draw your

00:02:07

attention to the fact that this concentration of

00:02:10

gases and substances in the solution further affects the

00:02:14

equilibrium temperature and pressure,

00:02:19

but now I’m reading you the answer options,

00:02:21

which means we need where pressure does not shift the

00:02:24

equilibrium

00:02:25

pressure according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the

00:02:28

concentration of the solution affects

00:02:31

the concentration c is also indicated here now

00:02:35

the concentration of gaseous substances, yes, and

00:02:38

this is appropriate; temperature, and this is appropriate,

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but here the principle is indicated; another

00:02:44

degree of grinding

00:02:47

for a substance for a substance; then this

00:02:53

question and this answer, accordingly, will be

00:02:56

correct; indeed, the degree of

00:02:58

grinding of a substance will

00:03:00

influence the equilibrium; will all other factors

00:03:03

influence it? So now the next

00:03:05

question we are asked about the

00:03:08

metals of the side subgroups,

00:03:11

then what elements will they be, but

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first of the side subgroup they

00:03:18

contain elements that belong

00:03:20

to the family

00:03:21

d and the family f of elements, then the

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correct answer would be just d and f

00:03:28

elements for example, I would like to bring up

00:03:32

such a point before the element will be for

00:03:35

example, the element iron is this element, and

00:03:38

for example the f element is uranium,

00:03:41

therefore the metals of the side subgroups

00:03:43

will be d and f elements, respectively, but

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what they cannot be, it

00:03:48

cannot be c and b elements because the

00:03:52

side subgroups contain only

00:03:54

elements of such families, the next

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fourth question is on they ask so that

00:04:00

in the group in this row there are all metals,

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then it is useful to remind that metals are

00:04:07

elements that

00:04:11

have at the outer level, as a rule, no more than

00:04:15

three electrons

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and metals can be determined by such a

00:04:21

conditional scheme if you carry out a selection, whether it

00:04:24

will give or not, that is, from 4 to 85 elements are a

00:04:29

conventional diagonal, then the metals

00:04:31

are located below, this is wildly diagonal with

00:04:34

them, then you are on top of this diagonal,

00:04:38

amphoteric diagonals adjoin, but

00:04:41

we can consider it fatal as metals, and

00:04:44

there is also such a moment that metals can

00:04:47

be with

00:04:50

pdf elements, see this is the

00:04:53

previous question, but not metals come with ip

00:04:56

and elements, which means they are located

00:04:59

only in the main subgroups,

00:05:02

but metals can be located in the

00:05:04

main and secondary groups

00:05:05

and see what the correct answer is then

00:05:07

nickel is an element of 8 groups and a

00:05:11

secondary subgroup this is a barry metal

00:05:15

barry from an element of the second group of the main

00:05:17

subgroup this is a metal and also iron, this

00:05:22

answer is correct, I will give another

00:05:24

example of an answer which, accordingly,

00:05:27

will not be correct here, for example kuprum, yes

00:05:31

this is metal, then it is indicated at 3 and this is

00:05:35

definitely metal, but the next one is indicated as

00:05:38

strong, but strong refers to it as metal

00:05:41

and please note that you have

00:05:43

everything elements must be in this answer

00:05:47

must be metals and if at

00:05:49

least one of

00:05:51

the composition of one of the components of this

00:05:54

answer is inappropriate, then

00:05:58

we consider this entire answer incorrect all this

00:06:01

will be the fourth question and now the

00:06:03

next fifth question what is characteristic

00:06:06

of benzene but for benzene follows

00:06:10

recall his formula c 6 h there are these

00:06:14

questions are questions of the so-

00:06:16

called true force that is correct

00:06:18

incorrect

00:06:19

aromatic enclosures this is a hydrocarbon

00:06:21

this is an arene

00:06:23

then it would be correct for example if

00:06:26

the answer was reduced it was aromatic this is an

00:06:29

arene it has a closed structure it

00:06:32

has an electronic system in

00:06:34

the form of a benzene ring and so on, well,

00:06:37

I’ll read the answer options that

00:06:39

are here, it’s not poisonous, no, benzene is

00:06:43

very poisonous, this substance is a

00:06:46

carcinogen, it causes the growth and provokes the

00:06:50

growth of cancerous tumors, then it

00:06:54

dissolves well in water, it pulls all

00:06:56

aromatics, they are insoluble in water,

00:07:00

and this also does not fit

00:07:03

further this a substance without odor no is also

00:07:07

not suitable because all romantic ones

00:07:09

have an odor further gas under normal

00:07:13

conditions this is also not suitable because the

00:07:16

aromatic begins

00:07:18

to spread from the liquid then the

00:07:21

transition some will be solid but there is

00:07:23

absolutely no gas among them and so on and 1 more

00:07:27

answer this liquid in which it will be lighter than

00:07:30

water, liquid

00:07:32

lighter than water, what does it mean lighter than water, that is,

00:07:35

if you take and pour benzene into water, the tone will be

00:07:40

in the upper layer since it does

00:07:42

not mix with water, it will be noticeable

00:07:45

because there will be a boundary between the two

00:07:48

liquids, this will be our correct

00:07:50

answer, but perhaps in the answer would be

00:07:53

some other options, but not in this

00:07:56

case which you would then have to

00:07:58

see that is suitable for benzene once again

00:08:01

this is an aromatic arene and of course

00:08:05

its name is also of course you need to know this is

00:08:07

benzene the next isomerism asks

00:08:11

which is characteristic of

00:08:15

unsaturated hydrocarbons with the presence of

00:08:19

double bonds that is, for the double

00:08:22

bond of

00:08:24

hydrocarbons but read the answer options

00:08:27

isomerism of the position of the functional group the

00:08:30

double bond is actually not a

00:08:32

functional group of the functional

00:08:34

group this is the group your amino group

00:08:36

nitro group let's say this is impossible further in the world

00:08:39

optical summary

00:08:42

optical isomerism on this earth which is

00:08:45

characteristic if there are

00:08:47

four different groups around carbon atom, it

00:08:50

will be possible for some alkynes, but

00:08:53

not for all of them, this is definitely further because of the

00:08:56

world between classes, yes, alkenes have one in the world,

00:08:58

for example, but it is not

00:09:02

connected specifically with the double bond, it is

00:09:04

connected with the general class of this substance,

00:09:07

isomerism of the carbon skeleton, yes this

00:09:10

is related to the alkene me, but this is not related in

00:09:13

particular to the double bond, he

00:09:15

is asking about you specifically in relation to the double

00:09:17

bond, but it’s just cis and trans

00:09:22

isomerism that will be characteristic of

00:09:25

this type of substance and I will add here the

00:09:28

correct answers to this but

00:09:30

what answer would be correct, well,

00:09:33

let’s say in another version of

00:09:35

national testing, for example,

00:09:37

then there would be isomerism, the

00:09:39

position of the

00:09:41

multiple bond of the

00:09:43

multiple bond, this would be in the world

00:09:47

then for this type of substances, and

00:09:50

it would be not only for double but also

00:09:52

for triple bonds, too, but here for a triple

00:09:56

bond then there would be no cis-trans and

00:09:58

measure so the seventh question so they ask the

00:10:02

molar mass of an

00:10:04

unknown gas if its hydrogen density

00:10:07

is

00:10:10

15 this task is very simple because

00:10:13

what is the density you need to

00:10:16

imagine, well, let’s say some

00:10:18

gas expo hydrogen it will be mr

00:10:22

asks about the molar mass then the

00:10:24

molar mass of the gas is x by the molar mass of

00:10:28

hydrogen but how much does hydrogen weigh we

00:10:31

know the density is given to us and therefore

00:10:34

calculating the molar mass of an unknown

00:10:37

substance is very simple it would be 15

00:10:39

times 2 grams per mole so the

00:10:43

molar mass would be 30 grams per mole,

00:10:46

I’ll add another question to this task, you know, a

00:10:49

question that could also be asked,

00:10:52

let’s say if they asked, for example,

00:10:55

what kind of gas are we talking about, what gas would have

00:10:58

such a density, I’ll add that, for example,

00:11:00

as an option it would be c 26

00:11:04

ethane, which has exactly the same the molar

00:11:06

mass is equal to 30 grams per mole and this is a gas,

00:11:09

then the eighth question

00:11:12

asks what is the density of carbon dioxide, the

00:11:17

density of carbon dioxide and asks

00:11:21

this for example, air for air,

00:11:27

look, the formula is almost the

00:11:29

same, only you are asked specifically

00:11:32

about co2 and specifically about air, but

00:11:36

pay attention to air I didn’t write the formula

00:11:38

because air has no formula for them

00:11:40

since this mixture is then m molar mass

00:11:44

for co2 it will be 44 12 plus 16 multiplied

00:11:49

by 2 and air needs to remember that it has a

00:11:53

constant mass of 29 and then if we

00:11:56

calculate it turns out to be one whole

00:11:59

point fifty-two hundredths and then

00:12:02

carbon dioxide, we say, is a gas

00:12:04

heavier than air,

00:12:06

and let me remind you that we have already discussed this point a little,

00:12:10

that this gas is then collected

00:12:13

by holding the vessel with the bottom down, respectively,

00:12:18

and then gas 2 will be collected exactly the

00:12:20

same way, we could calculate for other

00:12:23

gases also by air, but for example,

00:12:26

if it was hydrogen, its density

00:12:28

would be less than one, then this gas would be

00:12:31

collected upside down, such

00:12:34

practical questions also happen and so

00:12:37

we have dealt with eight questions so far in the

00:12:39

next lesson we will talk about the

00:12:41

subsequent tasks of this test well, that’s

00:12:44

all for today, goodbye guys

00:12:48

[music ]

00:12:57

[music]

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