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Video tags
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Russian
00:00:00
Funded by the Ministry of
Culture of the Russian Federation00:00:03
Channel 100:00:13
Star Media00:00:21
babich-design00:00:25
Russian Military-Historical Society00:00:28
Present00:00:31
The Battle of Sinop, 185300:00:34
The triumphal news about the victory in
Sinop soon spread across the Russian empire.00:00:40
Aristocrats, state officials,
merchants, industrialists, peasants -00:00:44
everyone was congratulating one
another on the historic victory.00:00:48
Children pretended to be Black Sea
sailors defeating the Turks in their games.00:00:52
Society ladies admired the
courage of ordinary sailors.00:00:56
But in a while the war, known to
peaceful citizens only from newspapers,00:01:02
and always taking place somewhere far
away, will unfold on the Russian land.00:01:10
This war was called the Crimean war.
The main battles, indeed, took place00:01:15
in the Crimea. But were battles
going on as well on the Baltic lands,00:01:18
on the coasts of the Arctic and Pacific
oceans. That war was not for territories.00:01:25
The enemies willing to subordinate Russia
to their will attacked from all sides,00:01:30
wherever they could get closer. In a
way it was a war for the world hegemony,00:01:37
a rehearsal for the upcoming
First and the Second world wars.00:01:41
The Zero World War.00:01:43
ZERO WORLD WAR, episode 200:01:49
The contradictions between Russia
and the Western world couldn’t be00:01:56
resolved peacefully. And there was
a reason for a war. Napoleon III,00:02:03
who pressed the Turkish sultan
Abdulmecid, achieved that the keys00:02:09
from the Church of the Nativity in
Bethlehem was given to the Catholics.00:02:12
That was a blow against the prestige
of the Russian Federation, which had00:02:17
long protected the Orthodox Christians
in the East. Emperor Nicholas00:02:22
demanded to return the control over
the sacred places to the Orthodox00:02:26
clergy. However the sultan, who was
promised military support by Britain’s00:02:32
Ambassador Stratford Canning,
refused to meet Nicholas’s demands.00:02:37
To force the Ottoman Empire to make
a concession, the emperor invaded00:02:43
the Danube Principalities of Moldavia
and Walachia. The war actions took place00:02:48
not only in the Danube region,
but in the Caucasus as well.00:02:51
A turning point was the Battle of Sinop,
in which Admiral Nakhimov’s squadron00:02:55
destroyed the Ottoman Fleet. In response
to this the Western states, France and00:03:01
Britain, launched a war in March
1854. By that moment the Russian forces00:03:08
were standing at the Turkish border.00:03:11
"The Moscow barbarians entered
the teritory of the Ottoman Empire"00:03:19
"Chellenge to the entire civilized Europe?"
- The Daily Telegraph00:03:25
The Russian forces crossed the
Danube in three places, near Brailov,00:03:30
Galati, and Izmail. Immediately after
the crossing they faced the enemy’s fire.00:03:35
In the region of Galati and Brailov
everything ended with a short-time exchange of00:03:39
fire, and the Russians took two
borderline fortresses, Tulcea and Isakcea.00:03:45
Near Izmail, a more serious
clash lasted for two days.00:03:51
700 Russian servicemen were killed
or wounded, and around 1,000 Turks.00:04:00
After that the Turks ran away, leaving
the Macin Fortress with a lot of ammunition00:04:05
and a gunpowder storage facility,
and they were seized by Russians.00:04:08
Saint-Petersburg, 185400:04:12
Meanwhile, Russian commander in chief,
Count Paskevich was trying to convince00:04:16
the czar that the crossing of
the Danube was a mistake, and00:04:20
they had to immediately go
back to their former positions.00:04:25
The emperor didn’t
believed what he heard.00:04:27
He suggested that the field-marshal
was sick. Nicholas truly believed in his00:04:32
alliance with Austria. But Paskevich
proved right: Franz-Joseph who feared that00:04:39
Russia would reinforce its positions in
the Balkans, stationed 70,000 soldiers00:04:44
at the border. When Nicholas learned
about that, he recalled how six year prior00:04:49
the young emperor kissed his hand,
asking for help. Then the Russian czar00:04:54
suppressed the Hungarian
rebellion in the Austrian empire.00:04:58
And that was the gratitude.00:05:04
Yet Nicholas didn’t share Paskevich’s
panic moods. He thought that there was no00:05:10
road back - only ahead, to the Balkans.
The main obstacle on the way of the00:05:15
Russian army was the Silistria Fortress.
If the field-marshal hurried up,00:05:20
he could have taken it very fast -00:05:23
at the beginning the fortress
was very poorly protected.00:05:26
But because of Paskevich’s extreme
cautiousness the Russians missed00:05:29
the opportunity to take the fortress
immediately. Any other commander of the army00:05:36
would have faced czar’s anger, but
Nicholas respected Paskevich too much.00:05:41
The emperor simply left the old field-marshal
alone and staked on another person.00:05:47
Bulgaria, 185400:05:49
The unit which had been stationed for
over a month is Silistria passionately00:05:54
welcomed the arrival of General Shilder.
Although Karl Shilder was in his late00:06:01
sixties, he was in perfect shape. His
presence gave confidence for the soldiers.00:06:10
Shilder immediately organized the works
on the engineering base of the siege.00:06:18
Shilder Karl Alekseevich was born
in 1785. An outstanding military00:06:24
engineer, inventor, and test engineer
of the new methods of engineer attack00:06:29
and defense, he essentially improved
to the construction of embrasures.00:06:33
His innovations included tubular
mines, the counter-mine systems,00:06:39
underwater boats with spar torpedoes and
rockets. General Shilder took Silistria00:06:44
25 years prior, during
the Russo-Turkish war.00:06:48
"So what if he takes it again,
especiallythat the Turkish"00:06:52
"garrison is extremelly thin?"
- The Morning Post00:06:58
The Ottoman army could only
hope for the help of the allies.00:07:03
But the hope was fading. When the
Russian soldiers were constructing the00:07:08
batteries and embrasures for the siege of
Silistria, the English and French armies00:07:12
were only embarking on the ships heading
to the Turkish coast. How much time00:07:19
will they need to deploy in battle
order on the Ottoman territory?00:07:25
The Russian camp was
ready to take Silistria.00:07:29
The army was waiting for Paskevich’s
order to storm, but it didn’t come.00:07:34
At some point the Turks organized
an outfall, but they were defeated,00:07:38
and the greatest fort of Silistria
was left without any cover.00:07:42
General Selvan decided not to wait for the
order and storm the fort at his own risk.00:07:47
At 1 a.m. three Russian
battalions started an attack.00:07:51
In spite of the heavy fire, the Russian
soldiers managed to climb on the wall,00:07:56
and the victory was very close. Suddenly
Selvan was hit by a Turkish bullet.00:08:08
The general who was standing near
Selvan bowed down and as if in a fog00:08:15
froze near his friend’s dead body.
Then he straightened and with lost look00:08:26
shouted, “Go back! Go back!”00:08:32
The trumpeter, when he heard the
general’s order, sounded the retreat.00:08:38
The army retreated, suffering losses.00:08:42
The general couldn’t explain
the reasons of his deed.00:08:46
He was accused of cowardice, but
Paskevich defended the general.00:08:53
The commander in chief at the Danube
wanted least of all to attack Silistria,00:08:57
feeling that they would have to retreat
in any case. But no one in Russia00:09:02
understood that. On the contrary, everyone
was sure that the victory was close.00:09:08
Full of patriotic enthusiasm, retired
cavalryman Andrey Karamzin returned00:09:13
to service and asked to be transferred
to the Danube. Andrey Karamzin was a son00:09:18
of Nikolay Karamzin, the author of
The History of the Russian State.00:09:23
He lacked battle experience, but he
had connections in court, so Karamzin00:09:29
was immediately appointed
a Hussar colonel.00:09:34
However, the soldiers
considered him a capital dandy.00:09:38
Soon Karamzin was tasked with reconnoitering
the ground and, to the discontent00:09:42
of his subordinates, a six-squadron
unit, a hundred of Cossacks00:09:47
and four main guns were
given under his command.00:09:50
The troop headed to the village of Caracal
to establish the number of the Turkish00:09:55
troops located there. When the unit
crossed the ravine along a narrow bridge,00:09:59
the soldiers saw a huge cloud. It was
approaching, gradually divided into two,00:10:05
then four parts. Those were Turkish
columns. And even from afar it was clear00:10:12
that each of them consisted of no less
than 700 people. The total number was00:10:15
around 3,000. Lieutenant Cherniayev
told the commander that they couldn’t00:10:20
stay there any longer, because it was
too dangerous. But Karamzin made an ironic00:10:26
grimace, “Fear has big eyes. What seems
to be the third and the fourth columns00:10:34
are in fact just two fences.” Cherniayev
was looking for arguments to bring00:10:40
the colonel back to reality. But it was
too late. The latter ordered to open fire00:10:48
at the Turks and rushed into
the midst of the enemy’s forces.00:10:52
After a few shots, the Russian
artillery suddenly was silent.00:10:57
It turned out that there simply were
no shells - they forgot to take them.00:11:01
They could still retreat without any
losses, while the Turks were far away.00:11:05
In spite of everything, Karamzin
ordered to attack the Turkish units.00:11:10
The first squadron came close to the
Turks. After as short clash, having lost00:11:15
their commander, the soldiers started
running away. The second squadron turned00:11:20
back, before reaching the enemy. The
Russians understood that they stood no00:11:24
chances to win. The Turks rushed to
bypass, in order to take the bridge.00:11:29
To get there sooner than the enemy, the
Hussars in absolute chaos started running00:11:32
there too. Everything ended up in a
mayhem, where 150 Russian soldiers and00:11:39
officers were killed. The
rest managed to escape.00:11:59
Karamzin, surrounded by the Turks, was
fighting till the end. Later his dead body00:12:06
was found, with 18 wounds. Only death
saved him from the court martial.00:12:15
When the news reached Petersburg, it
sparked heated debate. Some people admired00:12:22
the courage of Karamzin who paid with
his life for his mistake. Others accused00:12:28
him of criminal light-heartedness.00:12:33
“Wishing to mark himself with a
victory, Colonel Karamzin was killed in00:12:38
Walachia fields, but at the same time
he drew in a meaningless attempt the unit00:12:42
he was entrusted with. The readers
must decide for themselves whether the00:12:47
colonel’s death should be regarded a
considerable loss for the fatherland.”00:12:51
(Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti)00:12:56
Not only soldiers and officers were
devastated by the incident with Karamzin,00:13:01
but Field-Marshal Paskevich as well.
He was furious, dreaming only about00:13:07
one thing, to put an end to this war the
sooner the better. If not for the army,00:13:12
then for himself. Soon
an opportunity arose.00:13:17
When Ivan Fedorovich was going along
the frontline, he ordered to halt00:13:22
and serve a dinner for him. The field-marshal
was suffering from uneasy thoughts.00:13:28
Although he had almost unlimited
power given to him by Emperor Nicholas,00:13:33
he was unable to finish the war operations
- that would be considered a treachery.00:13:45
Another way out remained, to absolve himself
of responsibility for what was going on.00:13:53
The field-marshal told his adjutant that
he was concussed by a bomb that blasted00:13:58
Nearby, he ordered him
to pack things, and left.00:14:03
He never returned. Those who knew
Paskevich personally bitterly grinned.00:14:16
After the elderly field-marshal left,
General Shilder was sure that no one would00:14:22
prevent him from taking Silistria. But
Shilder had to leave the positions himself -00:14:27
at the moment when he was examining
the trenches, a Turkish grenade exploded00:14:31
nearby and seriously wounded the general.
To save Shilder’s life, the doctors00:14:36
had to amputate his leg. After a painful
surgery, Shilder was taken far from the00:14:41
frontline, to the Moldavian town of
Calarasi. Meanwhile the Turks in Silistria,00:14:47
who were starving, were waiting for
death any day. Even Nekrasov Cossacks,00:14:53
who ran away from Russia back in the
18th century to the Danube and became00:14:57
Turkish nationals, shook their heads
seeing the hesitation of the Russian00:15:01
leadership, “Moscow, take this damned
Silistria fast, we have nothing to eat!”00:15:09
Prince Gorchakov who substituted Paskevich
listened to the opinion of his generals00:15:15
- they couldn’t wait any longer.00:15:17
The storm of the fortress was
timed on the night of June 9.00:15:22
Several minutes remained till the launch
of the signal flare, which would mean00:15:27
the beginning of the storm. And
though no one knew that on that night00:15:31
the first half of the war would be
lost by Russia, a heavy presentiment was00:15:36
hanging above the camp. “According to
the will of the czar, I order to stop00:15:43
the siege, if Silistria won’t be
taken before you receive the letter.”00:15:49
When Gorchakov read this phrase,
he understood everything. Paskevich00:15:54
achieved what he wanted, persuading
Emperor Nicholas to stop the warfare00:15:58
in the Danube region. The prince
had no choice but signal retreat.00:16:11
In June 1854 the units of the Russian
army started systematic retreat00:16:17
from the Danube Principalities.
Keeping a distance from the Russians,00:16:21
the Turkish troops were following them,
from time to time starting short clashes.00:16:25
In such a way, commander in chief Omer
Pasha pretended that he was driving00:16:31
the Russians away. The only serious battle
took place near the city Giurgiu, after00:16:37
which the Russian army continued
to retreat to their borders.00:16:44
Meanwhile, Shilder, who until recently
had been a battle general full of energy,00:16:50
and now a miserable old man,
was dying in a foreign country.00:16:56
Suffering from unbearable pain, he
couldn’t put up with the fact that00:17:02
the formidable Turkish fortress which
was nearly taken was now lost forever.00:17:08
Before his death Shilder was repeating
the only word, “Silistria! Silistria!”00:17:16
Having received a notice of Shilder’s
death, Emperor Nicholas wrote to Prince00:17:21
Gorchakov, “There will be no other man
like him, either in terms of knowledge,00:17:28
or bravery.”00:17:32
In August, the Austrian army, with the
consent of France and Britain, substituted00:17:37
the Russians in the Danube principalities.
The Austrians were behaving like00:17:41
occupants and started real tyranny. The
officers who beat the local residents with00:17:47
a stick are called “kind,” those who
beat with sabers, are called “angry,”00:17:52
those who beat to death are called
“strict,” those who torture their victims00:17:56
before killing them - “self-willed.”
Meanwhile, the allied forces of 40,00000:18:02
French and 20,000
Englishmen land near Varna.00:18:08
Russia had to take a defensive stand.
While the Russian forces were leaving00:18:13
Moldavia and Walachia, the capital
of the empire, Saint-Petersburg, was00:18:18
facing a threat.00:18:20
The British Royal Navywill
take Saint Petersburg!00:18:26
This announcement was made to the
standing ovation at the meeting00:18:31
of probably the most influential
politial organization of Britain. However,00:18:36
one of the soursesin the government
stated that the "claim to capture00:18:41
the Rusaian capital soon is nothing more
than an after-dinner joke. The Times.00:18:49
In Petersburg people knew that it
wasn’t a joke. Emperor nearly every day00:18:55
left the Winter Palace and went to the
seaside. He was gloomy, his face got thin,00:19:00
but his posture remained the same. In
Peterhof Nicholas was looking in the00:19:05
field glass all the time, observing
the contours of the English warships,00:19:10
bristling with cannons. During
summer they were either approaching or00:19:15
disappearing from the sight again.00:19:19
The squadron of the Royal British Navy
headed to the Baltic Sea back in spring.00:19:24
At first it had a goal of blocking the
Russian ships, preventing them from getting to00:19:29
the Northern Sea, and if they
refused to obey, start a battle.00:19:34
However, the Russian warships were
not going to leave their waters.00:19:39
Then the British admirals decided to
change their tactics and sent a new order:00:19:46
if an opportunity arises, to attack the
enemy and destroy the Russian Baltic Fleet.00:19:52
The squadron entered
the Gulf of Finland.00:19:54
Gulf of Finland, 185400:19:57
The coastal signs were hardly discernible
in the dense fog. The lighthouses00:20:01
were not working. They wanted
to hire marine pilots in Denmark,00:20:04
but the Danish refused to violate
the neutrality of their country.00:20:09
The mood of the English sailors
grew worse with each day passing.00:20:13
The commander of the squadron
Charles Napier found himself in a very00:20:17
difficult situation.00:20:21
Charles John Napier, vice admiral,
was born in 1786. At the age of 2000:20:28
he volunteered to serve in the fleet
and soon experienced the trial of fire00:20:31
in the war against Napoleon Bonaparte.
He achieved a number of victories in00:20:35
the Anglo-American and Turkish-Egyptian
wars. He was awarded with00:20:40
the highest military decorations,
including the English Order of the Bath00:20:44
and the Russian Order of St. George.00:20:47
After he arrived to the Gulf of Finland,
Napier understood: under these conditions00:20:52
they couldn’t even dream of any active
operations. They had to wait for the change00:20:57
of the weather. Then he sent the ships
to Stockholm to station. The vice admiral00:21:02
had another reason not to hurry: he knew
that the British government successfully00:21:07
persuaded Napoleon III to sent a
French squadron to the Baltic region.00:21:13
Louis-Napoleon didn’t care about the
Baltic Fleet - he was much more interested00:21:19
in the southern direction. But how could
he refuse to help such precious allies?00:21:26
When the French squadron arrived in the
Baltic region, the united fleet of the allies00:21:31
started to explore the waters of the
Russian empire with an intention to start a00:21:36
battle whenever an opportunity arises.00:21:38
When the allies approached the Sveaborg
Fortress, they saw that its fortifications00:21:43
were too strong. Napier didn’t take
the risk and refused from the attack.00:21:48
The admiral took the course towards
Kroonstad. On the road a new problem arose,00:21:53
a part of the sailors fell sick with
cholera. But the epidemic didn’t change00:21:58
the vice admiral’s decision to attack
the Russian fortress. He knew that in his00:22:04
homeland people were expecting a
great victory from him. Soon the00:22:07
reconnaissance brought a confusing
message: the entry to the Kroonstad was00:22:14
protected with mine barriers, and the
forces of the Russian fleet outnumber the00:22:18
allied forces, whereas the approach area
was guarded by powerful coastal artillery.00:22:29
The water route past Kroonstad to
Saint-Petersburg is narrow, and Napier00:22:33
would have had to put the ships in a
line. When the allied ships would approach,00:22:38
the Russians could hit them all, one by
one. He made a conclusion that he should00:22:46
refuse from attacking Kroonstad from
the sea. The only opportunity to take00:22:52
Saint-Petersburg was to land the troops.
But such prospect looked totally unreal.00:23:01
The Anglo-French Fleet that approached
the north-western coast of the Russian00:23:05
Empire, consisted of 26 battleships, 32
steamboats-frigates, and 7 sailing frigates.00:23:13
The Russian fleet, with its main forces
located in Kroonstad and Sweaborg,00:23:19
consisted of 25 battleships, 27
steamboat-frigates, 7 sailing frigates, and 60 small00:23:26
ships - corvettes, brigs, and cutters.
At the same time the coast of the Gulf of00:23:32
Finland was defended by the troops of the
land army. 80,000 soldiers and officers00:23:36
Were stationed near Petersburg and Kroonstad,
80,000 - near Sveaborg, and00:23:42
40,000 - in the lowlands of Western Dvina.
In July Emperor Nicholas arrived in00:23:49
Kroonstad to consult
with the port’s commander,00:23:51
Admiral Litke. The meeting was
held on the ship Emperor Peter I.00:23:57
The emperor said that it was impossible
to be defeated by the enemy’s navy00:24:02
near the Russian coast and offered
to order two Kroonstad divisions to00:24:07
go into the open sea, unite with a
Sveaborg division, and attack the allies.00:24:14
Litke answered that he was ready to fulfill
the czar’s will, but for the Russian navy00:24:19
it was safer to stay in the port. The result
of a marine battle could be in the enemy’s00:24:25
favor, besides the propeller ships of
the enemy could easily escape the Russian00:24:31
sailing ships. It was the most reasonable
tactics to refuse from going out to the sea.00:24:39
As long as the Russian ships remained
in the ports, the Russian coast was00:24:43
impregnable. The allied fleet found
itself in a deadlock situation.00:24:48
The situation could have changed
in favor of the Anglo-French forces,00:24:51
if they were supported by Sweden.00:24:55
Since the moment of declaring the
war, Sweden was keeping neutrality.00:24:59
But both Paris and London dreamt
to make Sweden’s King Oscar I a part00:25:04
of the anti-Russian coalition. The
influential English minister, Lord Palmerston00:25:10
even promised to return Finland to
the Swedish crown. They reckoned that00:25:15
if Sweden annexed the Finnish lands,
the border would go as far as Petersburg.00:25:22
Such a threat from the north was
supposed to seriously weaken Russia.00:25:26
Finland was annexed by Russia in
1809 as a result of Russo-Swedish war.00:25:33
Within the Russian Empire the Great Finnish
Principality was formed, it was given00:25:38
a great deal of economic and political
freedom. Although the principality was00:25:44
headed by the general-governor appointed
by the Russian emperor, Finland was00:25:48
governed by local governments
based on the local laws.00:25:54
The allies were sure that the Finns
would eagerly rebel against Russia.00:25:59
However, Charles Napier came to an
unexpected conclusion. The residents00:26:03
of Finland were completely satisfied
with their situation and didn’t considered00:26:07
the Russians as their enemies.00:26:12
Having learned about the allies’
proposal, Oscar I became enthusiastic.00:26:16
At first the debate at the royal palace
referred only to the legal organization00:26:21
Finland was supposed to get after
the annexation. The doubts about the00:26:26
success of this enterprise appeared
very soon. Listening to the confused00:26:30
speech of the British ambassador, the
king started to understand that England00:26:34
was not going to send its army to help
him. The right to conquer the Finnish lands00:26:40
back was given to Sweden. Oscar didn’t
agree to this: his army wasn’t ready for00:26:47
a war with the powerful neighbor, the
Russian Empire. Having considered all00:26:54
pros and cons, the king announced,
“Neither I, no my people seek conquest.”00:27:04
King Oscar is not willing to dight for the
ideals of freedom. However, the real Swedish00:27:09
people support us, the Englishmen, with
all theThink rts and souls. The Daily News.00:27:15
Think twice whether a person like Oscar is
worthy to occupy the royal throne. The Times.00:27:24
“They want to make us fall out with our
own king. But the allies started the war00:27:29
out of banal greediness, so their words
about the protection of humaneness and00:27:33
freedom are worthless.”
(Svenska Tidningen)00:27:39
If the Swedish king turned out so
disagreeable, and it was impossible to get00:27:44
to the main Russian fortresses, Sveaborg
and Kroonstad, vice admiral Napier00:27:49
needed at least some victory. Before
August the danger left the Russian capital,00:27:55
but closer to the utmost western region
of the Russian Empire, the Aland Islands.00:28:01
Bomarsund Fortress was located
on one of these islands.00:28:06
On July 20, a French infantry division of
12,000 people came to the Aland Islands.00:28:13
It joined the squadron of Charles
Napier. When the commandant of Bomarsund00:28:19
realized that his fortress with a
garrison of no less than 2,000 soldiers00:28:24
and officers, was doomed, but
he decided to fight to the end.00:28:31
On July 26 the allies landed on the
north and on the south of Bomarsund and00:28:36
started a massed bombarding of the fortress.
It lasted for nine days. On August 100:28:44
the defenders of the western tower
raised a parliamentarian flag.00:28:48
As a result of the negotiations, the
besieged asked about a four-hour truce,00:28:53
but the French agreed only for a one-hour
rest. On August 3, saluting to the00:28:59
birthday of Napoleon III, the allied
squadron shower the citadel with a shelling00:29:05
from 800 heavy weapons. The cannon balls
and the bombs were falling like hail.00:29:10
Only after that the commandant threw a
white flag. The garrison of the fortress,00:29:16
which mainly considered of Finnish
soldiers, yielded themselves prisoners.00:29:28
If it was about the storm of the
citadel, the allies wouldn’t spare anyone.00:29:35
Knowing this, one of the prisoners
wrote a letter to his aunt from England.00:29:43
He expressed his regret that he hadn’t
been killed in an open fight and admitted,00:29:48
“The end of the defense of Bomarsund
crushed my heart. Secretly with a feeling00:29:53
of soul pain I regretted that we were not
sons of church or true sons of czar and00:30:00
our fatherland, shamefully yielded with
almost entire garrison ourselves prisoners.”00:30:14
The victory in Bomarsund didn’t have
any military or political meaning for the00:30:19
allies. Having got an order to leave the
Baltic Sea, they didn’t even leave their00:30:24
garrison in the destroyed fortress. The
Swedish king also refused to take the00:30:29
Aland Islands into his possession. For
Charles Napier the Baltic campaign became00:30:35
an inglorious end of his career - the British
admirals blamed him for all the failures00:30:42
and dismissed him after 48 years of flawless
service. But there was something that00:30:49
Napier achieved - the Baltic Fleet
was blocked, and they had to deliver the00:30:54
ammunition across the mainland. It
slowed down the delivery and made it more00:30:58
expensive. With the same purpose, to block
the ports and intrude into the Russian00:31:02
trade - the allies sent
their fleet to the White Sea.00:31:07
A squadron under the command of
Admiral Erasmus Ommaney headed00:31:12
to the Arctic coast of Russia. It
consisted of three steamboats, three sailing00:31:17
frigates, one brig, one
schooner, and two sailing tenders.00:31:22
The main attacking force were the
British ships: 24-cannon corvette00:31:27
Eurydice, 15-cannon corvette
Miranda, and 14-cannon sloop Brisk.00:31:33
When the allies approached Archangelsk,
the allies found out that there was a big00:31:37
garrison, and the city was well fortified.
Admiral Ommaney didn’t take risk of00:31:42
attacking the main northern port of
Russia and instead decided to attack the00:31:45
Solovks Monastery.00:31:47
The Solovki Monastery was founded in
1436 by the monks Zosima and Savvaty.00:31:54
Since the 16th century, owing to the
activity of Hegumen Filipp Kolychev00:31:59
aimed at beautification of the monastery,
it became the most important industrial00:32:03
and cultural center of north Pomorye.
Besides, it served as a political and clerical00:32:08
prison and was an important borderline
fortress with a garrison and artillery.00:32:14
In the 16-17th centuries it endured
three attacks of the Swedish fleet.00:32:19
The Solovetsky Islands, 185400:32:22
The silence on the island was going
to be broken by a bell ring any minute.00:32:29
The ordinary life of Solovki, where
obedience and discipline ruled.00:32:35
Archimandrite Alexander, strict and
righteous, liked order in everything,00:32:40
and he was teaching the monks the
same. He was respected like a father.00:32:47
The entire life on the island was
subordinated to the love to God,00:32:51
work, and prayers. That’s how it was and
that’s how it supposed to remain forever.00:33:05
On July 6, the monastery clergy, having
learned about the approaching enemy,00:33:08
organized a cross procession and built
a coastal squadron with two cannons.00:33:12
Eight more guns were established in
the walls and towers of the fortress.00:33:16
Five hours later two British ships,
Miranda and Brisk, approached the monastery.00:33:21
With the first shot they tried to
destroy the monastery gates, but they00:33:24
missed the target. The bombarding
lasted for about an hour.00:33:28
The monastery responded with reinforced
firing. The cannon balls fired00:33:32
from the walls don’t reach the ships,
but a shot from the coastal squadron00:33:37
made a hole in Miranda. The damaged
frigate left for repair works.00:33:41
When the night fell, the artillerists
moved their guns to a more convenient00:33:45
place for firing, to the
extreme point of the cape.00:33:49
At the moment of the invasion of the
English there were about 700 people in00:33:54
the Solovetsky Monastery. Most of them
were monks, novices, and hired workers.00:34:00
There were also 25 prisoners in the
fortress. They were guarded by one officer,00:34:06
two petty officers, and 50
soldiers of an invalid team,00:34:11
which made the monastery garrison.00:34:16
The prior of the Solovetsky Monastery,
archimandrite Alexander, a former00:34:20
Regiment priest, was a brave man and a
brilliant organizer. When the news about00:34:27
the war reached Solovki, he recruited
a unit of volunteers who were taught00:34:32
shooting and the bayonet fighting.
Cannons and firing guns were not enough,00:34:38
so the monks got from the armory
ancient spears, battle-axes, and axes -00:34:44
in case they would have to fight
with the enemy hand-to-hand.00:34:51
On the next morning after the bombarding,
college assessor Sokolov, who came to00:34:56
the monastery for pilgrimage only a week
before that, got on a boat. In the neutral00:35:00
area, exactly in the middle between the
coast and the ships, he was met by an00:35:04
English officer. He looked at Sokolov
inquiringly. The latter took from his pocket00:35:10
a folded sheet of paper and gave to
the officer. Having read the message,00:35:14
the Englishman could hardly keep his
fury. Archimandrite Alexander refused to00:35:19
accept his proposal of capitulation.00:35:22
“So,” the officer stated, “the bombarding
will start again and the monastery00:35:27
will be totally brought to ruin.”00:35:39
On July 7 at 7:45 a.m. a very strong
cannonade began. It was replied by 1000:35:46
monastery cannons. To distract the
attention of the enemy, several volunteers,00:35:51
hiding behind the trees, were shooting
at the enemy ships from rifles.00:35:55
The Englishmen answered with the
case-shot fire. At noon one of the ships00:36:00
detoured the Pesiy Island, approached
the abode and shells the coastal squadron00:36:04
from the rear. The defenders of the
monastery took down the guns from the00:36:08
previous positions, under the fire of
the enemy took them to the other side and00:36:12
continued to shoot. Meanwhile a service
was underway in three churches with a00:36:18
prayer about assistance against the enemy.
Then , risking their lives, the monks00:36:23
organized a cross procession along
the monastery wall. They were holding00:36:27
miracle-working icons. Before
5 p.m. the cannonade ceased.00:36:35
The last cannon shot sounded exactly
at the moment when a monk rang the bell,00:36:40
announcing the beginning of the prayer
service for the protectress of the fatherland,00:36:46
Kazan Mother of God. The long awaited
silence returned to the monastery.00:36:54
The Englishmen didn’t dare to land
their troops and went into the sea.00:36:58
Over the two-day bombarding they
failed to do any serious damage to the00:37:03
monastery buildings constructed
of the northern stones.00:37:07
None of the defenders of the Solovki
Monastery was injured, but the enemy00:37:12
suffered losses: one person
was killed and five - wounded.00:37:16
The prior, Rev. Alexander, explained the
survival of the abode by the intrusion of00:37:20
saint miracle workers. Those who were
especially ardent in the defense of the00:37:25
monastery included a foreign tourist, a
Norwegian called Garder. The events of00:37:29
these two days impressed him so much
that he immediately became an Orthodox00:37:33
Christian. “The English ships that
started bombarding scared many thousands00:37:38
birds, which are more used to the
bell-ringing rather than the deafening sound of00:37:43
battles. The birds who rose immediately to
the sky, left their trace on the decks of00:37:49
the ships, after which it was no longer
possible to stand there. And the coast00:37:55
became white, as if covered
by snow.” (Russkiy Invalid)00:38:02
A month later after the bombarding of
the Solovki Monastery, frigate Miranda00:38:06
approached the port Kola in Barents
Sea and demanded capitulation.00:38:10
The commander of the garrison refused
to do this. The residents of the town00:38:13
confirmed that they were ready to
sacrifice their property and their lives,00:38:18
not to surrender to the enemy. On the
night of August 11, the English ship00:38:23
started firing from all guns. It used
bombs, grenades, scorching cannon balls,00:38:29
and bullets with incendiary material. The
attempt to land the troops met resistance00:38:33
from the 50 people of the invalid team
and several hundreds of volunteers.00:38:39
After many-hour bombarding the wooden
town was set on fire and soon burned00:38:43
down. Besides the residential houses
and household constructions, two00:38:48
ancient churches were destroyed by the
English fire, including the colossal00:38:51
Ascension Cathedral of the 17th
century, a masterpiece of Russian wooden00:38:55
architecture. Having accomplished this
action aimed at intimidating Russia,00:38:58
the allies left the
Arctic coast empty-handed.00:39:03
Meanwhile another theater of war
unfolded in the Pacific Ocean.00:39:09
The military activity started at the coasts
of Kamchatka. Those were no small bites00:39:13
of the allies, like in the polar seas. Britain
refused to put up with the fact that the00:39:20
entire north of the Pacific
Coast belonged to Russia.00:39:23
After the declaration of war, the English,
joined by the French, decided to take00:39:28
advantage of the situation and
forever oust Russia from Far East.00:39:35
The allies expected an
easy victory here as well.00:39:41
The events started to unfold at the
coast of South America. In April 185400:39:47
Russian frigate Aurora raised anchor
at the Peru port Callao and set course00:39:53
to the north-west. The frigate was
supposed to reinforce the Russian Pacific00:39:57
Squadron located in the Di-Kastri Bay.
When a month later the news that the war00:40:03
with Russia began reached South America,
two allied forces’ frigates started to00:40:08
chase Aurora, to drown it in the
open sea. They missed the moment.00:40:13
Having reached the Hawaii Islands, the
allies got a new order: to go to Kamchatka,00:40:19
seize the Russian ships there,
and conquer the port Petropavlovsk.00:40:25
The squadron under command of Admiral
David Price consisted of three French00:40:30
frigates, La Fort, L’Eurydice,
and Obligado, two English frigates,00:40:35
President and Peak, as well as the steamboat
Virago. In August the warships of the00:40:40
allies with 200 guns on board
entered the Russian waters.00:40:45
The residents of Petropavlovsk had known
long ago that the city was in danger.00:40:49
The port with a favorable location,
hidden from the ocean by Avachinsky Bay,00:40:53
couldn’t but present interest for the
enemy. Several years before the war was00:40:58
declared, the visits of quite suspicious
British whalers with military posture00:41:02
became more frequent. They were
clearly doing some reconnaissance.00:41:07
Then the governor of Eastern Siberia
Nikolay Muraviev-Amursky started00:41:12
to build fortifications in the
Petropavlovsk Port. The official news about00:41:18
the upcoming assault arrived in May
1854 from Russia’s General Consul00:41:26
in the North-American United States.00:41:32
The Americans kept neutrality in that
war. But in fact they were on the side of00:41:38
Petersburg. Weakened Russia in
Europe was unfavorable for Washington,00:41:42
because that would mean
that the British positions in00:41:45
the new world would strengthen.00:41:47
Starting with January 1854, the American
press published numerous articles00:41:52
in favor of the union with Russia.
When it became known that David Price’s00:42:01
squadron was heading to Kamchatka, the
number of the Petropavlovsk garrison00:42:05
accounted for about 200 people. The
Russians were armed only with six 6-feet00:42:12
cannons and one 3-feet
gun with a horse drive.00:42:17
Petropavlovsk, 185400:42:19
In such a situation they could count
only on the devotion of the citizens.00:42:25
Having gathered the residents of
Petropavlovsk at the main city square,00:42:30
the Governor of Kamchatka Vasily
Zavoiko called upon them to unite before00:42:35
the enemy - and if they would fail to defeat
the enemy, they would die without00:42:41
thinking of retreat.00:42:46
Zavoiko Vasily Stepanovich was born in
1809. An admiral, an around-the-world00:42:52
traveler, one of the pioneers of
the exploration of the Pacific Coast.00:42:57
He was a brave man and a talented
organizer. After he became the military00:43:03
governor of the Kamchatka krai, over
several years he reconstructed the00:43:07
Petropavlovsk port and created the city
infrastructure practically from scratch.00:43:14
Soon Zavoiko’s hopes that they would
successfully defend the city became stronger.00:43:19
At first the frigate Aurora came to the
Avachinsky Bay. Because of the lack of food00:43:24
and drinking water, the ship had to
make a temporary halt in Petropavlovsk.00:43:30
The captain of Aurora met with
Admiral Zavoiko and agreed to help him00:43:34
repel the attack of the allied forces. The
military ship Dvina brought to Kamchatka00:43:42
350 soldiers of Siberia Linear Battalion,
two-pud mortar guns, and 14 cannons.00:43:50
Before the beginning of August the garrison
of the port together with the crews of00:43:54
the ships counted for around 1,000 people.
Zavoiko formed voluntary troops to build00:43:59
the coastal batteries before
the arrival of the allied fleet.00:44:05
The work was underway day and night,
non-stop. 1,500 volunteers were taking00:44:11
the guns from Aurora and Dvina, and then
brought them on boats to the coast and00:44:15
taken up, along the steep
slopes of the bald peaks.00:44:20
As a result, seven squadrons were established
at the approaching area near the city.00:44:25
On August 17 at 12.30, the keeper
of the Far Lighthouse send to the00:44:31
neighboring post a signal, “I can see
a military squadron, which consists of00:44:35
six ships.” Several minutes later,
after the news passed through the chain00:44:38
of transmission points, the news reached
the city. Next morning,the Anglo-French00:44:44
Fleet entered the Avachinsky Bay. The
ships of the invaders started to take00:44:48
positions. The battle started with an artillery
duel, but then a strange thing occurred.00:44:55
The allied squadron turned round and
went back to the place of the anchor halt.00:45:00
A witness, English Captain Barridge
said that at the entry to the harbor the00:45:06
squadron commander Admiral Price
was desperate when he found out00:45:09
that the Petropavlovsk Port was much
better fortified than he had expected.00:45:13
Price decided that his mission was
doomed and shot himself in the heart.00:45:18
This event stopped the allies for a
while, but it didn’t change their plans.00:45:25
The morning of August 19 started
with fiery artillery exchange of fire.00:45:30
To enter the harbor, the four ships
of the allied forces, President, Pike,00:45:34
Le Fort, and Virago, were shelling the
first and fourth batteries that were covering00:45:38
the approaches to the port. The Russian
shells were reaching the enemy ships, but00:45:43
they couldn’t drown them. At the first
battery Lieutenant Gavrilov, shot in the head00:45:48
and in the leg, wasn’t leaving his
position and till the last moment continued00:45:52
to encourage his subordinates. Even women
and 12-year-old children took part in00:45:57
the battle - they carried
the cases with gunpowder to the guns.00:46:07
The enemy fire didn’t stop even for a
moment. The scabs of the bombs, scattered00:46:12
all over the coast, didn’t spare
anyone, even the youngest defenders of00:46:17
Petropavlovsk. When one of such boys,
whose arm was torn off with a scab, was00:46:23
asked by a doctor, “Does it hurt?”
the boy replied, holding back tears,00:46:30
“No, it’s for the czar.” The enemy managed
to suppress the first and the fourth00:46:41
batteries. The second battery, located
in the cape Koshka, gave several shots,00:46:46
but it was unable to stop the landing
of the French troops of 600 people.00:46:51
Admiral Zavoiko sent 130 sailors
and volunteers to counterattack -00:46:56
everyone he had near. At the same time,
the steamboat Virago by mistake fired00:47:02
a bomb at their own landing troops
who were rising the French flag.00:47:06
Aurora and Dvina opened fire against
the French too. The landing troops00:47:11
retreated to their boats in disorder.00:47:13
The first attempt of the allies to
seize Petropavlovsk ended with a failure.00:47:18
But it didn’t mean that the operation
was over. While the allies were repairing00:47:22
the damaged ships and burying the
killed, the defenders of Petropavlovsk,00:47:27
taking advantage of the calm period,
were restoring the destroyed batteries.00:47:30
The commandment of the English-French
squadron developed a new plan of attack.00:47:35
This time the enemy decided
to use military artifice.00:47:38
Five days later a
crucial battle took place.00:47:42
The squadron of the allied forces
was divided into two groups.00:47:46
President, Le Fort, and Virago were
shelling at the third and seventh squadrons00:47:51
established in the Avachinsky estuary
- that was their main target. Pike,00:47:56
L’ Eurydice, and Obligado to distract attention,
imitated an attack at the other two batteries,00:48:02
the first and the fourth ones, but soon
joined the rest of the ships. Three hours later00:48:07
the tactics of the allied forces yielded result
- all the guns of the third and seventh00:48:12
batteries were damaged and the Russians
with great losses retreated. 950 people00:48:18
of the allied forces landed on the coast.
The sixth battery started fire against them.00:48:23
The landing troops, firing back, climb
at the Nikolskaya bald peak and try to get00:48:28
down to the country road leading to the
city. At this critical point Admiral Zavoiko00:48:34
ordered to gather all the reserves and
asked the captain of Aurora to send two00:48:40
units of sailors to help. They managed
to gather only 350 people, who acted00:48:46
in separated units, rushed to
counterattack. The landing troops, facing the00:48:53
counterattack from all directions, started
to run. Many of them, trying to save their00:48:58
lives, jumped from a
40-meter-deep steep into the sea.00:49:00
The ships of the allies, not waiting for
the cutters with the wounded servicemen00:49:03
of the landing troops, went
back to the anchor halt.00:49:06
The battle that lasted for no less than
three hours finished for the allies with00:49:10
an unheard-of catastrophe. Their 400
people were killed, four - taken prisoners,00:49:16
and around 150 were wounded. On the
Russian side, 34 soldiers were killed.00:49:21
On August 26, two days after the
second attempt to seize Petropavlovsk,00:49:25
the English-French squadron
left Kamchatka forever.00:49:30
As they retreated, the Englishmen left
the flag of their sea regiment, seven00:49:36
officers’ sabers, and 56 rifles. On the
body of one of the killed English officers00:49:42
found at Nikolskaya bald peak
the defenders of Petropavlovsk saw00:49:47
an instruction about the actions
during an assault, and under it a remark00:49:51
made by a superior commander, “Don’t
forget to take a couple of cuffs. Remember00:49:59
that this thing is
absolutely necessary.”00:50:04
The people in Petropavlovsk were celebrating
a victory - which was even more00:50:09
pleasant because it had seemed to
be impossible, nearly miraculous.00:50:13
Admiral Zavoiko offered to the officers
to choose the most worthy among them00:50:19
to report to the emperor about the
victory. Soon Prince Maksutov, the commander00:50:26
of the second battery, went to Petersburg.
Later he became the last Russian00:50:29
governor of Alaska.00:50:32
In summer 1854 the Russian army was
leaving the Danube Principalities.00:50:39
The English-French squadron,
having taken the Bomarsund Fortress,00:50:43
was leaving the Baltic Sea. In all
theaters of the war it became quiet.00:50:50
Meanwhile the allied forces accounting
for 40,000 French and 20,000 Englishmen00:50:57
were landing in Varna, on the Black Sea
coast, and the commandment of the allies00:51:04
was developing a plan of
a new military expedition.00:51:07
The Crimea was lying ahead.Description:
Дорогие зрители! Рады сообщить, что теперь ваши любимые проекты доступны в формате аудиокниг 🎶: 📖🔊 «НУЛЕВАЯ МИРОВАЯ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lpyjVHr3rM8QC92K6GtAuMzw1C7dPBPSM 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКИЕ БИТВЫ РОССИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_njKBE_eiZTxmq5YxZ75zn1y_GogvjRry4 📖🔊 «ПОДЛИННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lhDR8wTGLr1f9bHJUFMl4NdQCHKeVB9zk Желаем приятного прослушивания 🎧 Войну 1853-1856 годов часто называют Крымской. Но битва за Крым была только эпизодом огромной войны. Противостояние Российской империи с объединенными силами союзников – Англии, Франции, Турции и Сардинского королевства – затронуло огромную территорию: от Балтийского моря до Тихого океана. Фактически это была война за мировое господство – мировая война. Каковы были явные и скрытые причины развернувшегося в середине XIX века противоборства великих держав? С чего всё началось и какую роль в итоге занимала Российская империя на мировой политической арене рассказывается в новом документально-игровом фильме «Нулевая Мировая». Формат: историческая реконструкция Жанр: докудрама Год производства: 2016 Количество серий: 4 Режиссер: Денис Беспалый Сценарий: Андрей Назаров, Андрей Буровский, Василий Шевцов Художник-постановщик: Михаил Гаврилов Оператор-постановщик: Иван Бархварт Композитор: Максим Войтов Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин В ролях: Олег Аношкин, Дмитрий Ячевский, Анатолий Бобер, Дмитрий Еременко, Юрий Пимкин, Виктор Башинский, Юлия Харьковская, Вячеслав Крамарев, Валерий Лукъянов Смотреть онлайн бесплатно: Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9M-isctzc4 Все серии "Нулевая Мировая" https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhuA9d7RIOdbI7cn3_JEXdxnotsKNiMAA Онлайн-кинотеатр StarMedia на YouTube https://www.youtube.com/starmedia Смотреть онлайн фильмы и сериалы бесплатно в хорошем качестве. https://www.starmediafilm.com/ Лучшие русские фильмы и сериалы, лучшие мелодрамы, военные фильмы, новинки кино, фильмы с русскими и английскими субтитрами — смотреть онлайн бесплатно в хорошем качестве в онлайн кинотеатре StarMedia на YouTube. Приятного просмотра! Star Media в социальных сетях: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser https://vk.com/starmediafilm https://ok.ru/starmedia https://workspaceupdates.googleblog.com/2023/04/new-community-features-for-google-chat-and-an-update-currents%20.html https://twitter.com/StarMedia_2006 https://www.linkedin.com/company/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-star-media- #StarMedia
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UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.
Which format of "Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм" video should I choose?
The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.
Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм" video?
The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.
How can I download "Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм" video to my phone?
You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.
How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм"?
The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.
How can I save a frame from a video "Нулевая Мировая. 2 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм"?
This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.
What's the price of all this stuff?
It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.