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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:06
18 hours and 5 minutes Moscow time on the00:00:09
YouTube channel Amateur program00:00:11
paragraph 43 program in which two00:00:13
teachers, former 43 schools of the currently operating school00:00:17
from the married Alexey Kuznetsov,00:00:18
discuss various subjects of00:00:20
Russian history in relation to their00:00:22
teaching at school last time We00:00:24
finished00:00:25
with such a small separate after the word a00:00:29
large cycle dedicated to the Great Reform, the00:00:31
abolition of serfdom, the peasant00:00:33
reform, the immediate consequences. I think00:00:36
that we will return to this topic in the00:00:38
future in some way,00:00:40
in the form of a separate topic00:00:43
or in some stories. Well, today we00:00:45
decided to jump into the era that we are00:00:49
still in. Our program00:00:51
has gone into its second year and has not been touched upon even once. Although this is00:00:55
probably one of the most00:01:02
described periods of history by both historians and authors of historical fiction,00:01:06
in which, for a number of reasons, some00:01:08
good and some not so much,00:01:11
interest has now increased again. I’m talking about the reign of00:01:14
Catherine the Second, the era of Catherine II00:01:17
is not every ruler deserves to have00:01:19
his reign called an era, but00:01:22
naturally, since this00:01:24
long and very bright reign in different00:01:27
senses of the word00:01:29
cannot be covered within the framework of even a00:01:32
large cycle, we naturally, just like00:01:34
with the Peter the Great era, just like with the00:01:36
time of Ivan and the Terrible. Yes, we will00:01:38
divide it into several cycles,00:01:40
trying to maintain some kind of internal00:01:43
logic and today's cycle, which we are00:01:46
starting today, it is named very00:01:48
conventionally Catherine the Great The First Steps00:01:50
is certainly such an uh00:01:53
halitarian name It’s just that yesterday my00:01:55
imagination didn’t work at all due to00:01:58
variable weather, I apologize to everyone00:01:59
for the flat selection of the name uh, but00:02:04
we will talk about the inner Catherine00:02:17
the Great is being transmitted I think Let’s do it a little differently, invite all discussions in view of the fact that Our kitchen is to blame, yes it’s true, I myself called the program Catherine the Great00:02:20
first steps Well, I don’t know if we will be able to00:02:23
get there today before internal00:02:24
politics, it will work out well, but00:02:29
then let’s start with the logic of this name00:02:32
from the first steps of Catherine the Great00:02:35
on Russian soil, would00:02:37
n’t you believe them, and certainly not00:02:40
believe a good part of our00:02:41
listeners at one time, uh, a few00:02:44
days ago at my place an idea was born that was very00:02:45
similar. I really wanted to start a little later00:02:49
with the reign of Peter the Third. And the first steps00:02:52
were, accordingly, several years earlier.00:02:55
Well, yes, I absolutely agree. Well,00:02:59
since we have such a call-sensus, we’ll00:03:03
start with this.00:03:10
Well, let’s remember that Elizaveta Petrovna00:03:14
entered into the throne as a result of the00:03:18
palace coup of 1741 when00:03:22
she overthrew the so-called friendly00:03:25
family,00:03:27
and Well, the legend says that00:03:30
Elizabeth personally woke up00:03:33
Leopold’s daughter with the words It’s time to get up,00:03:36
sister, and it seemed like the00:03:39
future life company was thundering behind her shoulders. Well, yes, but00:03:43
at the same time,00:03:44
Leopolda was and in general not her sister and00:03:47
cousin's niece Although in age00:03:51
Elizabeth was closer to Leopoldova00:03:54
than to her cousins Ekaterina00:03:57
Ivanovna,00:03:59
but00:04:02
here we must remember that there was a00:04:06
so-called testoment testament, this is00:04:09
the will of Catherine I, we00:04:12
may someday make a transfer about this era, actually00:04:15
we mentioned it in passing00:04:18
Well, yes, but still, let’s mention again00:04:22
because it was a long time ago that according to00:04:25
the testament,00:04:26
Elizabeth was the heir of the00:04:29
third line, so to speak, because well, under00:04:33
pressure from the lesser, Catherine the First first of all00:04:35
named00:04:37
her adopted grandson Peter II as00:04:42
the heir of the second line,00:04:45
Anna Petrovna her uh Well, as it was00:04:49
written there are descendants,00:04:53
if there are no such people or one of00:04:57
them dies childless then only00:04:58
Elizabeth Peter II interests us least of all00:05:01
now,00:05:02
but it is the order that interests us;00:05:21
yes But of course, what played a role here is that00:05:25
Alexander Danilovich decided to00:05:27
marry this boy with his girl,00:05:30
but I repeat we are not interested in him at all now,00:05:32
she will be interested in the00:05:34
Heirs of the second stage and the third00:05:36
stage, it’s00:05:37
all about ascending the throne, I barely00:05:40
found anything better for this than to00:05:41
refer to testament00:05:44
and only then did she realize that, in00:05:48
fact, therefore, the document was00:05:50
not supposed to reign for her, but it was supposed to00:05:52
reign, but not for her sister; her sister died long ago.00:05:56
And the sister’s son’s son’s name was00:05:59
actually their rudder and the00:06:04
boy was brought up,00:06:06
or rather Karl Peter, he was brought up00:06:11
in his father’s homeland also the long-00:06:13
deceased man00:06:15
was brought up, it must be said, as the future00:06:19
Heir to the Swedish throne because00:06:21
he received it like that, he was both the grandson of00:06:24
Peter the Great and the granddaughter of his nephew,00:06:27
of course00:06:32
[music]00:06:43
But not to mention the relationship between Dantes and00:06:47
Pushkin is00:06:48
easily traceable enough And there are00:06:52
no legends here, everything is absolutely accurate so the00:06:57
very unevenness of Dantes and Pushkin and00:07:01
then, as always,00:07:07
it means the boy was raised, I repeat,00:07:09
as the Heir to the Swedish throne and00:07:11
therefore instilled in him an extreme love for00:07:14
Russia, but when00:07:17
I00:07:21
could educate people00:07:25
when I00:07:26
realized00:07:28
what00:07:31
could actually happen So there00:07:35
seems to be a man on the Swedish throne00:07:36
having more rights to the Russian throne00:07:39
than she herself, she somehow very quickly took00:07:42
care of him00:07:43
from Germany,00:07:45
baptized him in Orthodoxy, which00:07:48
means he turned from Karl Peter Ulrich00:07:52
into Peter Fedorovich, which00:07:54
motivated her directly, she said that this was00:07:56
her future successor, and she had no00:07:59
other relatives in general,00:08:02
the only violation in this case is00:08:03
that he had more rights to the throne than00:08:05
she herself, but the00:08:07
stars As they say, for him it wasn’t00:08:09
quite up to that yet, yes, which means that00:08:13
the charter as heir to the Russian throne, he00:08:16
officially renounced his rights to the crown of00:08:20
Sweden,00:08:21
but it must be said that00:08:24
in general the boy very quickly disappointed his aunt00:08:27
for many reasons, so to speak,00:08:31
the boy was, first of all, undeveloped, passionate,00:08:33
lazy, he was00:08:35
only interested in00:08:37
playing with a toy soldier, you see, here’s an00:08:41
interesting thing, as you know, there are00:08:43
big doubts00:08:44
about this later, we’ll say in more detail that Pavel is00:08:48
his first son, but here’s something yes,00:08:53
this passion00:08:56
and this is what is called And the general00:08:59
eccentricity, of course, is another question,00:09:02
but here you understand00:09:08
wars. Parade fever.00:09:10
It begins with Peter III and00:09:15
it ends with the Pavlovichs; his grandson,00:09:19
after all, Alexander II has nothing00:09:22
like that.00:09:24
Well, besides, there was another problem, he was00:09:29
wrong, he was brought up Lutheran, he00:09:33
essentially remained the same and00:09:36
he never got used to Orthodoxy;00:09:39
he00:09:41
apparently despised Orthodoxy. Well, it seemed to him00:09:44
so rudely pagan with its00:09:49
pomp, which was generally alien to00:09:51
Lutheranism and, on top of everything else,00:09:54
he idolized the Prussian king Frederick II00:09:57
If we take into account that Frederick II of Russia00:10:00
will fight, then the ideal set as you00:10:03
understand,00:10:04
but the fact is that there is no other relative,00:10:08
he is the last00:10:11
and00:10:13
we understand that00:10:19
in the male tribe they have run out of00:10:30
renewals.00:10:40
in a tiny completely German00:10:43
principality, as it is known, there was such00:10:45
an anecdote that when a00:10:47
German prince goes to bed,00:10:51
he stretches his legs into the territory of a neighbor.00:10:53
This is absolutely true in a principality,00:10:59
of course, so small that it does00:11:02
not provide income and the prince owns the prince of the00:11:06
cholesterol service of colonels of the00:11:08
Russian army00:11:11
from there, as often happened Brides were recruited from00:11:14
small German principalities,00:11:17
it was actually00:11:19
such a00:11:20
reservoir in general European brides all of00:11:24
them before a00:11:27
14-year-old girl with her mother arrives,00:11:31
as far as I understand, a little over 3000:11:34
and in general, Duchess Johanna didn’t quite00:11:39
seem to understand, here they are inviting And who00:11:42
should play first violin here play She00:11:45
apparently decided that it was not her daughter who00:11:47
would play the first violin herself.00:11:49
Well, having looked at this matter, after a few00:11:52
months I lick Petrovna, you accompanied00:11:54
her back to Germany and I must say00:11:57
the girl in question will never00:11:58
see her relatives again, and her father is listening.00:12:02
not her brother, but the girl was apparently not00:12:05
sentimental. So I wanted to say,00:12:07
because the fact that she won’t see them from some00:12:09
point on is her decision, yes, or they00:12:13
will die before, as for their parents, I’m not00:12:16
sure, it’s quite possible that by the00:12:19
time she when they ascend the throne there00:12:21
will be no more. It seems to me that there is00:12:27
no sentimentality towards Germany in general, although it must be said00:12:31
that having become the Russian Empress we are doing00:12:36
as much as possible to ensure that she is00:12:38
accepted as a Russian, of course,00:12:40
internally she remains something different. But let’s put it00:12:43
this way let's talk, yes, of course,00:12:46
this will happen more than once, I think it will manifest itself, I00:12:48
must say that of course from the very beginning it00:12:51
becomes clear that this marriage does not00:12:53
bode well, which means I immediately want to make a reservation00:12:56
because we are starting a large cycle,00:13:00
Catherine may not even have one00:13:02
Well, we'll see, I want to warn you right away00:13:05
that00:13:07
if anyone expects that the main thing in00:13:10
this cycle will be a story about her 1500:13:12
favorites, you can switch off right away. I00:13:15
hope that people who listen00:13:16
constantly already understand that here there will be a00:13:19
conversation about her favorites because00:13:21
this cannot be avoided.00:13:22
But this will not be the main thing00:13:27
in the nature of favoritism, and the speech probably00:13:31
may not lead only about those few00:13:33
who deserve this attention.00:13:36
Moreover, in Russia of this time00:13:37
faritism is certainly00:13:39
in this case, it is impossible to do without00:13:41
some intimate details.00:13:43
Apparently, this is the essence because I00:13:46
had to read from Catherine in00:13:49
her first years as Grand Duchess and about00:13:52
Peter the Third himself,00:13:54
he apparently had some00:13:56
physiological or anatomical00:13:58
features that did not allow him to00:14:00
enter into intimate relationships00:14:02
and therefore for quite a long time between the00:14:06
spouses and she was married off, she was already00:14:10
15 and he was 16 and there00:14:13
was simply no intimate relationship between them for quite a long time00:14:14
Well, we know this from Catherine’s Diary and00:14:16
other sources, as far as I understand,00:14:20
the most important thing is that they00:14:23
simply didn’t have a child for a very long time, and in addition,00:14:27
there is evidence that, well, it’s00:14:32
unlikely that she would have included a diary00:14:34
if this had not actually happened. the00:14:38
fact that this is Petrovna, the absence of00:14:41
heirs because the girl was brought00:14:43
for a reason,00:14:45
in general, a woman00:14:48
as the heir’s wife at that time was00:14:51
needed00:14:53
as a00:14:54
reproductive machine, so her function was to00:14:57
give birth to an heir. And from none, it’s00:15:00
even better because then this one with00:15:02
insurance What is called00:15:03
but It didn’t work out, and then00:15:06
I took Petrovna through my confidante, the maid00:15:10
of honor and friend, to Mavr Shepelev.00:15:17
I don’t know, she can be called a daughter-in-law because00:15:20
she is a daughter, not a wife, not a nephew’s son,00:15:24
but apparently, after all, something like that00:15:26
passed on to her a recommendation00:15:30
to find Favorite00:15:32
and accordingly,00:15:38
the pain of why is a unique case a00:15:42
very young girl, how much more they do00:15:46
n’t just say, get a really00:15:52
choice00:15:54
She chooses from them00:15:57
and offers Pyatovo’s Saltykov00:16:00
right away yes Sergei Saltykov no Pyatovo00:16:04
no Pyatovo later the00:16:05
Japanese woman was her favorite But it will be00:16:08
later the second candidate I don’t remember but00:16:10
it’s important to get Sergei Saltykov, he00:16:12
really becomes his favorite,00:16:14
many, many years pass, I think00:16:18
more than 100,00:16:19
and the Russian Emperor00:16:22
addresses his relative,00:16:24
as far as I understand, cousin of00:16:26
Grand Duke Nicholas,00:16:30
by the way, an outstanding figure, the only one in the00:16:34
kingdom in the family, professional history,00:16:35
already mentioned more than once and asks00:16:38
How likely it is that Emperor Pavel00:16:42
Well, that means their common ancestor was not the son of00:16:45
Peter III.00:16:46
And Sergei Saltykova00:16:49
Nikolai Mikhailovich replies that this is00:16:51
very likely,00:16:54
but I am touched by the reaction of Alexander III to this story, he00:16:57
crossed himself widely and00:17:00
looked for it. Well, thank God, that means I have00:17:04
at least a drop of Russian blood.00:17:05
I offer it to listeners who this is00:17:08
interesting on its own,00:17:19
but it makes a joke, it has a00:17:22
continuation allegedly by Alexander III on the00:17:25
same one, completely anecdotally, supposedly other people00:17:28
began to dissuade him and when they presented00:17:31
Him with a version, he allegedly crossed himself on the00:17:34
same icon with the words thank God we are00:17:36
legal Yes, it looks like it can’t be anymore, it00:17:41
looks like a joke of course,00:17:43
but the point is that00:17:45
you understand. Here is the difference between the00:17:49
spouses, or rather, there is no difference, they agree00:17:51
between the spouses, it was caused not00:17:54
only by these unfortunate00:17:56
circumstances,00:17:57
they were different people,00:18:00
uh,00:18:01
there is a famous phrase00:18:05
belonging, as far as I remember, to00:18:06
Klyuchevsky00:18:12
Peter00:18:15
Horizon, it00:18:18
always seems to me00:18:29
to die at the age of 15, Peter also had a00:18:33
slightly different idea about him than now,00:18:36
but as for Peter III, there00:18:39
the horizon is really narrow.00:18:42
Well,00:18:44
you know. Memoirs in00:18:48
Catherine’s notes there is an episode that is impossible to come up with;00:18:50
water enters her husband’s room00:18:54
and sees00:18:56
that there is a trial going on there; a00:18:59
rat is being tried00:19:01
What a terrible military crime I committed,00:19:04
ate a starchy sentry00:19:07
who stood on guard at a cardboard00:19:09
fortress, a rat was tried by a military court,00:19:12
sentenced and hanged by the Grand Duke himself,00:19:18
and he forced her to stand on guard with a00:19:21
gun on the issue of Zori District, the episode00:19:25
always made an indelible00:19:28
impression on me, which does not depend even from00:19:30
her memoirs, which are proven by00:19:32
independent sources. If I00:19:35
’m not mistaken, I read Nathan Ilman in00:19:37
your 18th century. By the way, today, in my opinion, it00:19:39
was his birthday. Yes, but at00:19:42
least it flashed in the previous00:19:44
program in the chat. I haven’t checked yet, so00:19:46
about that that when he was already overthrown00:19:48
and imprisoned on the Ropsha manor under the00:19:50
supervision of these same guards' dunces,00:19:53
he humiliatingly asked with a note to00:19:56
send him three items without which it is00:19:59
difficult for him to do without a00:20:00
monkey, a favorite violin and some00:20:04
mistress, not some mistress, but00:20:06
Elizaveta Vorontsova is00:20:08
his mistress there was one00:20:10
regarding the violin, yes, it is known that he00:20:13
played the violin and00:20:16
as you know, I don’t even remember the songs of the city,00:20:19
which means monkeys. Honestly,00:20:21
somehow it didn’t stick in my head,00:20:23
but the man was also extremely00:20:26
limited, of course, and with00:20:30
the violin, the kingdom leaves hands,00:20:40
but you understand00:20:42
the paradox that this extremely00:20:45
limited man00:20:47
was found a wife who, already at the age of 15, at00:20:51
court Elizavet Petrovna was, well, not the00:20:55
most educated person,00:20:57
perhaps second only to Ivan00:21:00
Shuvalov, and more than that,00:21:04
she already reads French philosophers. She is00:21:07
reading an essay on00:21:09
political history, she is00:21:13
already corresponding with European philosophers00:21:18
and they have such a divergence of interests,00:21:22
some kind of code can be imagined.00:21:26
Imagine today a girl who is00:21:29
passionate about the philosophy of Mandelstam’s poetry00:21:32
and whose husband’s interests do not extend00:21:36
beyond football and beer. This is about the00:21:40
same thing,00:21:57
but at the same time, yes, apparently after some00:22:00
time there was what is called00:22:02
surgical intervention, he got the00:22:05
opportunity to have an intimate life, so to speak,00:22:07
but he chose a very strange00:22:11
woman00:22:12
as his favorite. The fact is that in00:22:15
general Ekaterina, unlike Elizaveta00:22:17
Petrovna, never read with the beauty,00:22:20
by the way, Petrovna according to current00:22:23
ideas It’s also unlikely that anyone would have considered00:22:25
a Beauty and she was a stately,00:22:27
tall woman, but already very00:22:29
portly, today there are other standards00:22:32
of beauty. But then they were exactly like that, and00:22:34
Ekaterina is not. Ekaterina is a beauty and00:22:37
never a word, but if you00:22:41
compare her with the portrait that I00:22:45
saw,00:22:46
then Ekaterina is simply it’s not like00:22:58
what to say,00:23:00
you understand Peter00:23:06
Russian Because thank you Ivan00:23:09
confirm00:23:18
thank you Well then, let’s00:23:21
say right in the program that we00:23:23
congratulate there, of course yes, because well,00:23:29
we actually congratulate00:23:31
people of our hobbies in our Circle00:23:34
because everyone was an exceptionally amazing person for us00:23:38
and his books,00:23:42
of course, had an unusually strong influence on all of us and00:23:45
they are interesting to re-read today,00:23:48
unlike many00:23:50
interesting but slightly faded00:23:52
books that influenced us in their time. It seems to me that they don’t00:23:55
get bored with his books. I agree mostly yes.00:24:00
Well, I would like to stop what00:24:03
Peter I wanted to say that he is00:24:06
half Russian No, he is still a00:24:07
quarter Russian because00:24:10
his grandmother on the Russian side was00:24:13
apparently00:24:16
either a Latvian or a Chukhonka,00:24:35
half German, a fourth Russian, a00:24:38
quarter Latvian, let’s assume that he00:24:40
remains a German,00:24:42
Ekaterina is German,00:24:45
she is purebred, in contrast he’s a fool, excuse the00:24:49
expression, he understands perfectly well that she on00:24:52
the throne can strengthen your position00:24:55
only if she becomes00:24:58
truly Russian.00:25:00
This is definitely an extremely important00:25:03
point. We’ll stop for a few00:25:06
tens of seconds, a commercial, then00:25:08
a few words about today’s book of the day, and00:25:12
we’ll be back.00:25:17
You’d better others know what a good00:25:21
book is00:25:22
[music]00:25:25
we know better than others where you can buy it00:25:32
[music]00:25:42
[music]00:25:51
[music]00:26:01
[music]00:26:26
[music]00:26:31
shop.dilettant.media our breadwinner our00:26:34
store00:26:36
online store of books and new books and00:26:40
books second-hand books and magazines, and not for00:26:44
the first time. We present the00:26:46
next edition, a re-release of a00:26:50
work of art by Boris00:26:53
Akunin in the series who follows00:26:55
the work of Grigory Shalovich Chertyashvili00:26:58
well knows his love for changing00:27:01
name masks. So in this series, Anatoly00:27:04
Brusnikin saved the ninth novel,00:27:07
respectively, with a postcard from the author for00:27:11
history buffs literature00:27:14
performed by him, look Well, in general,00:27:16
come in and refresh your ideas about00:27:19
what we offer because00:27:20
almost every day there are some new00:27:23
arrivals. Well, she understood that she00:27:26
needed 150%. and unlike her husband, she00:27:35
emphasizes and demonstrates her respect for Russia in every possible way; she00:27:39
learned the Russian language; she mastered the Russian language on a00:27:41
personal level; however, apparently00:27:44
she still did not fully master the intricacies of the Russian language,00:27:49
and why I think so because00:27:53
there is one saying that She loved00:27:55
but this saying looked like this in her00:27:59
mouth. It00:28:02
was necessary to talk about the need to unify00:28:07
some territories there00:28:10
so that they become00:28:12
Russified00:28:14
and stop looking like wolves in the forest,00:28:19
saying How many wolves look into the forest,00:28:23
look like wolves in the forest, that is, apparently00:28:26
she knows the subtleties of this saying didn’t get00:28:28
there But nevertheless,00:28:32
you understand, she00:28:35
constantly studies the history of Russia, the00:28:38
culture of Russia, the traditions of Russia, she00:28:42
really firmly understood that this00:28:45
country was her second and main Motherland,00:28:49
that in this country she would have to spend her00:28:52
life,00:28:53
one more thing must be said, it is00:28:56
known that Peter demonstrated his contempt in every possible way00:29:01
Orthodoxy during the service, walked around the00:29:05
church, turned his back to the bishop leading the service,00:29:09
laughed loudly, talked,00:29:14
demonstrated in every possible way that everything was disgusting to him.00:29:19
When it comes to Catherine, it is00:29:22
not at all very clear whether she was a believer,00:29:24
after all, she communicated very closely with00:29:28
educators, including the topic of Who00:29:31
obviously there is no warehouse Voltaire there is no00:29:35
volternation of life, as it were, and so00:29:37
especially the conversation was whether Walter was a00:29:40
believer of Walter, as you know, there are00:29:42
arguments about the fact that00:29:46
so to speak, you remember the00:29:47
famous statue of God from Walter if there00:29:50
were no God, it should have been invented If there00:29:53
was no Means there are, but there are other00:29:55
correspondents like Diderot Yes Lambert,00:29:58
who Well, they are quite clearly inclined towards00:30:01
atheism and it is difficult to say whether she was a believer.00:30:03
It is known that00:30:06
in the court church she00:30:09
was present in the choir during the service00:30:12
and there they placed a table00:30:15
on which she lay out during the service, a00:30:23
completely respectful Orthodoxy00:30:26
relationship. She was just unlike00:30:28
her husband,00:30:30
and he was, alas, very sweet, yes,00:30:35
we should make a reservation that there is a00:30:41
book about Peter III in the ZhZL series. She belongs to her. If I00:30:46
just pronounce the name isi correctly, I’m00:30:48
wrong, please forgive me, according to my00:30:49
Alexei Mylnikov,00:30:51
who in general is completely different00:30:53
Peter III evaluates and characterizes, but I00:30:58
would say that00:31:00
his point of view has not become mainstream00:31:03
and it seems to me that it is not very00:31:05
justified,00:31:08
the war begins, the00:31:11
well-known Seven Years' War,00:31:14
Peter does not hide his00:31:17
sympathy for Prussia, his desire for Victory,00:31:21
which, as is known, after the00:31:26
first successful battle for the Russian army00:31:30
which really almost became completely00:31:32
unsuccessful,00:31:38
Commander-in-Chief Stepan00:31:42
decides to retreat from sin00:31:47
Yes, because he knows that the Empress is00:31:52
seriously ill,00:31:53
expects that she will die And take the throne.00:31:57
This is a sympathizer00:31:59
of Frederick the Great. Well, in the end, we00:32:02
know what he did when he00:32:03
really turned out to be the00:32:07
emperor, as he did not guess, and for this it00:32:10
was00:32:11
not just framed, he died in00:32:14
prison, well, Catherine’s father,00:32:18
who at this time continues to serve00:32:21
Frederick II already in the rank of general,00:32:25
she is holding on completely as a Russian patriot,00:32:28
she will not resume the war00:32:33
on the throne because she Apparently, she00:32:36
also considered this war completely00:32:37
senseless, but she does not demonstrate,00:32:39
she behaves completely differently00:32:42
and, in general, Peter’s unsuitability for00:32:45
reigning becomes more clear and there00:32:48
is already talk that the Empress00:32:50
Auntie decided to00:32:56
expel them from Russia.00:33:00
When finally00:33:10
she has a child almost immediately They00:33:15
also took away Elizaveta Petrovna, who, in general,00:33:18
was not given, as we know, maternal00:33:20
happiness, decided that night to raise a fellow tribesman00:33:24
herself, it must be said that they had00:33:27
categorically different ideas about how to raise children,00:33:29
because00:33:32
one was brought up, although in the fatherly00:33:37
spirit of Peter the Great, but still in the00:33:41
Russian style and the00:33:43
flooded heap is a nanny for mothers, a child is00:33:46
cabbage, and the other one was raised in Germany, and00:33:50
by the way, I recently read one of the00:33:53
current immigrants, so to speak, people00:33:57
who are moving to Germany. They are00:33:59
amazed, it seems, in Germany it is warmer00:34:02
than in Russia,00:34:05
but at the same time the Germans are much more00:34:07
stable. Here’s more ours walks around in warm00:34:10
jackets, the Germans are already undressing almost down to a00:34:13
T-shirt,00:34:15
so it’s understandable that it was always cool in their houses,00:34:19
17-18 degrees, when00:34:23
in our house it happens 17-18 according to sanpins 21 in the00:34:27
school office it00:34:28
really happens a lot more, it happens yes So that’s00:34:31
the case is that when00:34:34
the quiz entered the upper room for the first time,00:34:38
where was her newborn son00:34:43
because it was really00:34:45
heated there, he was lying on two feather beds,00:34:50
one feather bed was covered with all this00:34:52
and there was also a blanket of some kind of00:34:55
downy surface00:35:00
and here I00:35:01
must say one more thing, apparently, is00:35:06
that she was deprived of the opportunity00:35:09
to communicate with her own child, a00:35:12
bad word, but I couldn’t find a better one, it00:35:15
really affected her feminine nature in general,00:35:19
in the future00:35:21
you understand, I treat Catherine well00:35:23
as00:35:24
the ruler of the state, I understand,00:35:26
of course, that there is, like any ruler,00:35:31
she has a difficult moment of the reign I understand00:35:36
that, for example, she is rightfully00:35:38
disliked in Ukraine Because00:35:41
formally, She put an end to it. Yes,00:35:44
there were at least three difficult moments in the beginning,00:35:49
in fact, we see more, but for00:35:51
Russia, looking ahead, I will say that she has done00:35:53
a lot and I am with her00:35:56
I treat him well as a ruler00:35:57
But that’s what this woman was deprived of. So00:36:01
she was apparently deprived of maternal00:36:03
feelings, she00:36:05
had practically nothing to do with00:36:08
her eldest son, she did not00:36:10
raise him in his youth in childhood and adolescence00:36:12
and kept him away from herself as far away as possible00:36:16
when he was adults and she,00:36:18
as far as I understand, had nothing to do00:36:21
with his second child, the founder of the00:36:24
dynasty, Count Bobrinsky, just a00:36:27
devoted servant carried him out of the palace in a basket.00:36:30
Well, this is perhaps the same as going00:36:33
to church in the choir in order not to00:36:35
scandalize society, no, although00:36:38
the lover analyzed and nothing00:36:47
She fussed a lot with her grandchildren and the two eldest, and she00:36:52
composed the ABCs of fairy tales for them herself,00:36:55
but this is a little different, but the00:36:58
grandmothers00:37:11
apparently decided to remove the nephew and they00:37:15
found the throne to be passed on to the00:37:17
grandnephew; we now know00:37:20
how00:37:22
mature Pavel Petrovich was and it’s00:37:26
also soft there speaking of this man, there are a lot of strange things,00:37:28
but on the other hand,00:37:31
maybe he used to, and not all of them were possible,00:37:35
that he would have been a different person, but00:37:37
let’s pretend and somehow we will definitely00:37:38
make a transfer,00:37:42
it was expected that as soon as00:37:46
Elizabeth died, she had already felt very bad00:37:50
these years, omnipotent then the00:37:52
Shuvalovs, on the one hand, are her favorite Ivan00:37:55
Ivanovich Shuvalov, on the other hand,00:37:57
in fact the head of the00:37:59
Ministry of00:38:05
Internal Policy of Peter,00:38:13
but either Elizaveta Petrovna did not dare to00:38:18
take such a step or did not have time00:38:21
to know that Catherine was preparing for the00:38:26
moment when we would still00:38:29
not call her mother-in-law00:38:31
Elizaveta Petrovna gathered00:38:33
loyal and guards officers around her,00:38:36
prepared, uh, for a possible forceful00:38:38
struggle was not needed,00:38:41
and on December 25,00:38:44
1761, uh, Peter becomes emperor,00:38:48
we now naturally won’t talk00:38:50
about Peter’s reign, what’s important to us is that00:38:54
he00:38:55
publicly and openly humiliated00:38:58
discredited his wife. Well, if the ruling00:39:02
sovereign, in the presence of a large number of00:39:05
court officers, shouts across the entire table to the00:39:07
wife of a fool on00:39:10
June 9, 1761.00:39:14
This is generally not a good sign,00:39:19
and it must be said that she00:39:21
restrained herself;00:39:30
to say strong and00:39:33
firm, but she understood that she was00:39:35
on the verge because she was no one,00:39:37
she was because the empress was the wife of00:39:40
the emperor, and by that time, before Sasha, she had already00:39:44
learned Russian history well in order00:39:47
to remember the existence of the Intercession00:39:48
Monastery,00:39:50
in which two wives also ended their days.00:39:54
Ivan the Terrible and stayed there for quite a long time, the00:39:58
breakdowns were collected, in my opinion no00:40:02
Well, Salmanit Soborov of00:40:07
course But I’m talking about the two wives of Ivan00:40:11
the Terrible,00:40:15
Evdokia Lopukhina from Russia ended up there at one time00:40:29
and hysteria could not help,00:40:32
but00:40:33
another matter could help here is that with00:40:38
all his exercises, starting from00:40:42
how he insanely ended the seven-year war00:40:46
and how he was going to fight the building of00:40:49
Zagalstinsky interests and ending with his at00:40:57
that time obscene projects00:41:00
in relation to the Russian church, Peter I00:41:04
terribly turned the then nobility against himself00:41:07
and in a nutshell00:41:10
turned into some semblance of Lutheran,00:41:13
for example, he00:41:16
sent the synod a decree that all00:41:20
Orthodox priests should be removed,00:41:25
he demanded that Orthodox00:41:28
priests begin to shave their beards, as00:41:31
you know, even his almighty grandfather did not00:41:34
demand,00:41:35
he sent a decree to the Senate on the equalization of00:41:39
all religions, you know, here I must say in00:41:43
general, religious equality is always quite00:41:47
good but only for the 20th century00:41:50
And even more so for the 21st or maybe for the00:41:53
second plan 19th but not for the 18th century00:41:57
Moreover, contemporaries very00:41:59
reasonably believed that the point here was not the00:42:02
equality of religions, but in preparation for the00:42:05
introduction of Lutheranism in Russia,00:42:09
so Catherine was right when in00:42:13
her notes she wrote a phrase that00:42:15
sounded approximately like he didn’t have a00:42:17
more terrible enemy than himself,00:42:22
but she just took advantage of all this and00:42:29
gathered around her, I repeat once again,00:42:32
loyal officers and of00:42:34
course the00:42:37
role of the core is00:42:39
played by the five, take the Orlovs,00:42:46
one of them is the second I remember correctly from00:42:50
the count,00:42:53
Grigory Orlov becomes her favorite and00:42:59
I must say that in general among her00:43:01
favorites there were00:43:03
not many outstanding people,00:43:06
many became her favorites00:43:09
especially in later years when one of00:43:13
them was 40 years younger than her. Well, let’s just00:43:16
say because of his00:43:18
in my opinion, not even the teeth of that teeth are also a00:43:21
huge difference, but there was another one, as00:43:24
unfortunately now I don’t even00:43:26
want to remember them, but among her00:43:29
favorites there were two absolutely outstanding00:43:32
people:00:43:35
Grigory Orlov00:43:39
and00:43:41
Alexander, and I must say in her00:43:44
memoirs, in her notes, she gave00:43:46
characteristics00:43:48
She wrote Gorky very words to many of her favorites of his Barlov,00:43:51
I will not quote them, I00:43:54
will try to convey the meaning of these words,00:43:58
such that he would have remained until the end of his days00:44:02
if he had00:44:05
not looked the other way at some00:44:08
point, apparently he was tired of her00:44:11
[music ]00:44:13
the initiator of their breakup was00:44:18
Well, it00:44:20
must be borne in mind that this is00:44:22
the Five I remember the names of the four eldest00:44:26
Ivan then Grigory there Alexey there00:44:30
Fyodor In general, the patriarchal Vladimir, in00:44:33
my opinion, is the last one,00:44:36
it must be said that such a completely00:44:38
patriarchal family was Because00:44:40
when00:44:41
Ivan In general, nothing00:44:45
two of them distinguished themselves, Grigory Alexey,00:44:48
when Ivan entered the room,00:44:51
Grigory and Alexey stood up, there was an00:44:55
independent difference in rank in position,00:45:02
so you understand, this was a family of not00:45:05
just guards officers, but unusually00:45:08
popular guards officers,00:45:11
strongmen, handsome revelers, whom many00:45:16
looked at simply with extraordinary00:45:18
envy,00:45:19
but in in the conspiracy, not only they take00:45:21
part, let’s say Nikita00:45:25
Ivanovich Panin, the00:45:27
heir’s educator and diplomat, an00:45:30
absolutely civilian man, absolutely00:45:33
another person takes part in the conspiracy, a00:45:35
faraway Nystadt00:45:37
man holds the position of colonel of the00:45:40
Izmailovsky regiment00:45:42
and at the same time, the truth is the head of the00:45:46
Academy of Sciences,00:45:48
for 50 years he headed and00:45:51
at the same time is the last00:45:53
Ukrainian hetman,00:45:56
of course, but in this context, the00:46:00
Izmailovsky regiment is important for us00:46:04
for her. I think00:46:09
finally another person is taking00:46:11
part00:46:14
as00:46:15
he asked how many divisions00:46:19
this character has, no divisions,00:46:22
regiments, or officers behind her,00:46:24
but she is well aware of what is00:46:28
happening on the other side because00:46:32
we are talking00:46:35
about Ekaterina Romanovna, her00:46:39
own sister was00:46:42
then a very young girl to help her,00:46:50
and in total, Ekaterina could00:46:53
rely so little on 10 thousand00:46:56
people of00:46:57
guards officers and soldiers. Well, here on00:47:01
June 28, it’s 1762, the most important thing is00:47:06
probably that he is almost he00:47:08
couldn’t rely on anyone in the army, he was wildly00:47:11
unpopular and in the Guard, especially in the00:47:14
Guard, especially in the Guard because00:47:16
he was going to withdraw the Guard from00:47:17
St. Petersburg, he called the Guards00:47:20
Janissaries, they couldn’t stand him. Well,00:47:23
the army, because he stole the victory,00:47:25
naturally Well, yes, usually all the same, yes,00:47:28
that is, here you just need to understand what00:47:30
you remember when we say guard or00:47:32
army. Of course, in this case we00:47:33
mean officers as soldiers00:47:36
in the Guard. By the way, it is not necessary00:47:45
to celebrate your name day in Peterhof in the company of Vorontsova.00:47:49
Meanwhile, supporters of Catherine the00:47:54
guards regiments proclaim00:48:01
and00:48:02
present demands to him to surrender, to00:48:05
capitulate, at first he generally00:48:08
expected to resist. Why is he on the00:48:11
water at this moment? Yes,00:48:13
they already understood back if they are in00:48:16
Peterhof. Well, here I won’t insist;00:48:21
soon he will capitulate because he is a00:48:24
man besides all his others00:48:26
merits apparently quite weak-willed00:48:29
stubborn scary But weak-willed it00:48:32
goes very well00:48:34
and he’s just about one thing00:48:36
Let me go to foreign lands, let me00:48:40
go to00:48:42
foreign lands and give me the opportunity to take00:48:46
Elizaveta Vorontsova with me, but he can’t be00:48:49
let go And if00:48:52
tomorrow he finds himself outside Russian borders,00:48:56
change his mind his own00:48:59
and will try to drag back the throne,00:49:03
relying on foreign support. I’m00:49:06
now trying to become Catherine’s point of view,00:49:08
she can’t let him go, it’s00:49:10
terribly dangerous.00:49:12
There was a case when Petrovna, the so-called00:49:17
Brunswick family,00:49:21
England sent her husband and00:49:24
children00:49:26
to Kholmogory, but it’s one thing for Elizavet00:49:29
Petrovna she was the daughter of Peter the Great the00:49:33
worm Petrov she was an advertisement for herself00:49:37
Now we said00:49:39
and at the same time uh00:49:46
no that’s not true he was also00:49:49
sent at first yes But there he was kept on00:49:53
another floor plan of the house and there was a blank wall he00:49:56
couldn’t communicate with them and then he here they00:49:58
took him00:49:59
to the Shlisselburg fortress for00:50:06
quite a long time00:50:24
and therefore she cannot take risks, which00:50:28
means Peter is sent to the Country00:50:30
Palace in Ropsha00:50:33
and there, well, he did not live for 3 weeks,00:50:39
he was guarded by00:50:41
all this00:50:46
company of Alexei Orlov, who was well received on his chest,00:50:51
and00:50:52
then a very interesting thing, two notes00:50:57
first the note looks like this Masha,00:51:01
merciful state, hello to you,00:51:03
we all wish our lesson was very interesting, as00:51:07
if he had not died today or at night,00:51:11
and then follows the second note Masha,00:51:14
merciful state, there is no way to00:51:16
explain what happened, trouble, we00:51:20
were drunk and he, too, he argued at the00:51:23
table, remove Fedor I By the way,00:51:25
Fyodor never found out, we didn’t have time to separate him and he was00:51:28
no longer there, we don’t remember what we did,00:51:31
have mercy on me, even for my brother. This is Alexey00:51:34
Orlov, this is written by Alexey Orlov, it’s00:51:37
said in a drunken jumping handwriting,00:51:48
which is interesting when00:51:52
Catherine died many, many years later,00:51:56
34 years have passed00:51:58
Pavel who was sorting out her papers found00:52:02
both of these notes in her box00:52:04
and he took it at face value, he00:52:07
thought that it would rehabilitate his mother,00:52:10
how he dropped the charges against her for the murder of her father,00:52:13
in my opinion there is nothing00:52:15
rehabilitating here, but the fact that the first00:52:18
note was written the day before is just00:52:22
evidence that murder is a00:52:25
different question. We don’t know what00:52:29
happened here, I’m just sure that she didn’t00:52:31
give the order to kill him, and not00:52:34
because she didn’t want him dead. And who00:52:36
was too careful, but00:52:40
these guardsmen could not doubt her00:52:44
wishes, they clearly wanted00:52:46
please00:52:51
can be perfect I'm sure that no00:52:55
that They understood what she wanted00:53:01
of course there is some assumption that there00:53:04
was no unspoken order there could have been an00:53:06
intimate conversation taking into account her relationship00:53:09
with Gregory it could or could not have been00:53:12
I'm the devil the king she was00:53:14
careful enough they couldn't help but to understand that00:53:17
for her, death and deliverance, of course,00:53:19
there is some fraction of a percent that00:53:21
they really got drunk there, they argued,00:53:24
they were hefty boogers, and he was a00:53:27
little crazy, but apparently he was00:53:31
determined to eat,00:53:33
of course, he was really drunk and killed him with a blow of his00:53:36
fist, any of them could Yes they could have simply00:53:38
pushed him away, but I’m almost sure that00:53:45
this version of the accident,00:53:47
which was clearly a note written on the channel.00:53:50
Of course, it00:53:57
still seems to me that this is criminality,00:54:00
that they certainly killed him, counting on00:54:03
Masha to be a merciful state,00:54:09
as it is, in general, and it turned out00:54:14
partly in the near future after 1900:54:19
on the channel, a live guest awaits you with an interview with00:54:23
Vladislav Inozemtsev, economist Masha00:54:25
Mayer, a conversation with him in the Minority Report program00:54:27
Well, at 21:00 Maxim Kurnikov and a00:54:30
foreign agent according to the Russian00:54:31
authorities00:54:32
Ekaterina Shulman in the status program and00:54:36
Leonid and I Say goodbye to you before00:54:38
next Tuesday I once again tell those00:54:42
who haven’t listened to the program Listen to the echo, don’t00:54:45
wait for me this weekend on00:54:50
Maxim’s program roots of Kovarovaloyan there won’t be a00:54:52
morning historical turnaround there won’t00:54:54
be a traditional one this00:54:56
Thursday I’m going on a short vacation everything is00:54:59
fine just the guard is tired everything All00:55:02
the bestDescription:
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