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00:00:01
Welcome to the00:00:03
entertainment and educational channel about00:00:04
electronics Haydev Today we continue00:00:06
our semiconductor adventures and00:00:09
will understand such a wonderful00:00:11
semiconductor device as a thyristor,00:00:13
many call it a controlled diode00:00:15
or a solid-state relay. And in its00:00:17
design it is similar to a double00:00:19
transistor in general this device has its00:00:21
tangible advantages, but at the same time it00:00:24
has limitations that do not allow00:00:26
it to be used as widely as a00:00:28
transistor, the video will be very interesting.00:00:30
So guys, subscribe to the channel and00:00:33
watch to the end. A00:00:36
thyristor is a semiconductor element00:00:39
that is used mainly to00:00:40
control a powerful load;00:00:43
it does not itself passes current through itself But if a00:00:47
small voltage is applied to its control electrode, it will open and00:00:49
be able to pass current, this is very similar00:00:51
to a transistor. But if, after opening00:00:53
the thyristor, you turn off its control00:00:55
electrode, then here the00:00:57
nuances of its operation and differences from a00:01:00
transistor begin, but first things first.00:01:02
to understand the principle of operation of a thyristor,00:01:04
first let’s remember what semiconductors are00:01:06
and how they work in general, we have a00:01:09
good video on the channel about00:01:10
semiconductors, a link to it in the upper00:01:12
right corner and in the description. But if we briefly00:01:14
recall, there are two types of00:01:16
semiconductor materials:00:01:17
N-type semiconductor with electronic00:01:20
conductivity and a p-type semiconductor with00:01:22
hole conductivity, if you combine00:01:24
these two types of semiconductor together, a00:01:27
PN junction is formed at their junction;00:01:29
current can flow through it in one direction00:01:31
and not in the other. Semiconductor devices are built on this simple00:01:34
principle of a PN junction.00:01:36
And in fact,00:01:38
all modern devices world we have a00:01:40
video on the channel where we talk about how00:01:42
semiconductors learned to count; it’s00:01:44
true that they are transistors and not thyristors, but00:01:46
the principles of transition are the same. But now it’s00:01:50
simply impossible to look at Modern semiconductor technologies without admiration;00:01:52
any kind of computer technology;00:01:55
chips; processors; without this, the00:01:57
modern world cannot exist00:01:58
These technologies have given birth to the most00:02:00
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link in the description and leave a request for the00:03:26
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we return to thyristors epn junction00:03:31
The thyristor, like all semiconductor00:03:33
devices, has a Mon-junction and a thyristor has00:03:36
three of them if you schematically depict the00:03:38
internal structure of a thyristor then you can00:03:40
see such a semiconductor00:03:42
sandwich of four alternating00:03:44
regions00:03:45
pnpn The outermost region will be the anode, that00:03:48
is, in the open state current will flow into it00:03:50
and the outermost N region will be the00:03:53
cathode from it the current will flow the00:03:55
control electrode can be00:03:57
connected like this in the area which is00:03:59
closer to cathode and it will be a thyristor with00:04:01
cathode control. So it can be00:04:03
connected to this N region then it00:04:05
will be a thyristor with sonode control, but the00:04:08
most common option is00:04:09
still a thyristor with cathode control,00:04:11
so let's start with it, if you don’t touch the00:04:14
control electrodes, just try to00:04:15
apply current through anode Cathode of the thyristor, then the00:04:18
two outermost PN junctions will be ready00:04:20
to pass current through themselves, but the Central00:04:23
PN junction will be biased in the opposite00:04:25
direction and it will not allow current to flow.00:04:27
But if you apply a00:04:29
positive voltage to the control contact, thereby00:04:31
allowing current to flow through it, then in this case the00:04:33
Central PN junction will open and00:04:36
current will flow through the thyristor. And what’s most00:04:38
interesting is that if the control contact is00:04:40
de-energized, current00:04:42
will still flow through the anode. The thyristor cathode will still flow00:04:45
until the main current source itself is turned off.00:04:47
We’ll figure out how it00:04:49
works. It won’t be possible to understand if we00:04:51
imagine the thyristor as two bipolar00:04:53
transistors, one npn another pnp and the00:04:57
collector of each transistor is connected to the00:04:59
base of the other. Such a design of00:05:01
bipolar transistors is essentially the00:05:03
same as a thyristor, only the halves of the00:05:05
central p and n-regions of the thyristor are00:05:07
not connected directly, but by an ordinary00:05:09
conductor, but in this dissected form it00:05:12
will be easier to understand the principle of operation of the00:05:13
thyristor if we connect an additional power source to the00:05:16
control electrode, which00:05:17
is also the base of this00:05:19
NPN transistor,00:05:21
then in this case this00:05:23
transistor will open and initiate the00:05:26
flow of current through the PNP base very00:05:29
quickly, which will open the PNP00:05:31
transistor. And as we can see, it is connected by00:05:33
its collector to the base of the NPN transistor00:05:35
and will already lower the main current through00:05:37
its base, which will maintain the npn00:05:40
transistors in the open state even00:05:42
if we turn off the additional00:05:44
power source, in fact, with an additional00:05:46
power source, we started this00:05:48
barrel organ and then the main current will00:05:50
act as a controller; to00:05:53
close the thyristor, you need to completely00:05:54
stop the flow of current through it, that00:05:57
is, turn off the main power source,00:05:59
by the way, an anode-controlled thyristor00:06:01
This is the same thing, only the control00:06:03
electrode in this model is connected to the00:06:05
base of the pnp transistor and it is the pnp00:06:08
transistor that will run the same00:06:10
processes, but only to open the pnp00:06:12
transistor you need to connect an additional one to its base00:06:13
power supply with00:06:15
negative polarity, this is00:06:18
actually a simple, quite00:06:19
beautiful principle of operation. Perhaps against the background of a00:06:22
transistor, the thyristor doesn’t look00:06:24
very cool because it cannot00:06:26
be covered with a control electrode, which means it00:06:28
cannot perform any00:06:30
high-frequency operations, for example,00:06:33
you can’t play around with a PWM stylist, plus one more thing a00:06:34
bipolar transistor, in comparison with a00:06:36
thyristor, can also, depending on the00:06:38
control current, smoothly open and00:06:41
close, which allows it to amplify00:06:43
analog signals, and a thyristor is like a00:06:45
sledgehammer; it always has everything to the maximum,00:06:47
either it is maximally open or closed;00:06:49
from all this it may seem that the00:06:51
thyristor is useless, but it there are00:06:54
some advantages why thyristors00:06:56
still exist and are used,00:06:58
firstly, all other things being equal, a thyristor00:07:00
can handle large currents; its00:07:02
internal resistance is less than that of00:07:05
bipolar transistors; this is achieved00:07:07
due to the fact that the area of the00:07:09
thyristor crystal is larger than that of00:07:11
transistors for precisely this reason that the00:07:13
syristor does not need to operate at high00:07:15
frequencies, yet the thyristor is the control current. The current00:07:17
is essentially the main current through the00:07:19
thyristor and it is usually large. This is how the00:07:22
lowest00:07:23
resistance through the PN junction is achieved. The00:07:25
transistor, as a rule, very much00:07:27
limits its control current. The second00:07:30
advantage of the thyristor is that even in the00:07:33
open state, it clearly does not00:07:35
pass current in the opposite direction00:07:37
thanks to these two extreme PN00:07:39
junctions and It actually works as a diode;00:07:42
this advantage allows it to be very00:07:44
conveniently used in AC circuits.00:07:49
For example, I will take such an00:07:51
AC source, this is a transformer in the00:07:54
format of a power supply that makes00:07:56
12 volts out of 220 I00:07:59
could just take the00:08:00
voltage from the socket for the experiment, but the socket is00:08:03
not a toy for children. So, after all, for00:08:05
safety, let's lower the voltage with this00:08:07
power supply and assemble a circuit like this from a00:08:10
thyristor and an incandescent light bulb. By the way,00:08:12
we had a previous video about evolution00:08:14
electrical lighting devices from00:08:15
incandescent lamps to LEDs,00:08:17
look if you haven’t seen the link in the upper00:08:19
right corner and in the description the voltage00:08:21
after the thyristor will be monitored with an00:08:23
oscilloscope as a control00:08:25
power source, we will add a00:08:27
battery circuit, in principle it was possible to00:08:28
run the restor with the same variable00:08:30
power supply, but it seems to me that it00:08:32
will work with a battery more clearly, if we don’t00:08:34
touch the control electrode, we see00:08:36
that our light bulb does not light up and00:08:38
nothing happens on the oscilloscope,00:08:39
but if we connect the control contact00:08:42
to the battery, we will see how the light bulb lights00:08:45
up. And what’s most interesting is that if00:08:47
we turn off the control electrode, this00:08:49
light bulb goes out, why does the light bulb00:08:51
go out? The thyristor came to its senses and began00:08:54
to work like a normal transistor. But in00:08:56
fact, we don’t quite remember that00:08:58
we have an alternating current source and in the00:09:01
open state of the syristor on the00:09:03
oscilloscope you can see how the thyristor00:09:04
passes through only one00:09:06
half-cycle of the alternating current and00:09:08
it cuts off the negative full period00:09:10
because it is in the opposite direction it00:09:12
works like a diode That is why in an00:09:14
alternating current circuit the thyristor00:09:16
turns off when the control source is turned off00:09:18
because at the end of the half-cycle the current through the00:09:21
thyristor is completely interrupted, which00:09:24
is the condition for closing the thyristor in the00:09:26
direct current circuit the thyristor works00:09:28
more or less normally and does not close00:09:30
when the control power source is turned off00:09:32
As you can see, the thyristor00:09:35
works perfectly in an alternating current circuit but00:09:37
only passes one half-wave, but00:09:39
the idea came to my mind that if00:09:41
you turn on two thyristors00:09:43
in parallel and combine their control00:09:45
electrodes, in this way you can00:09:47
fully switch modern current,00:09:50
one thyristor will pass one00:09:51
half-wave and the other another, and00:09:54
this design will close when the00:09:55
control current is turned off because on the decline of the00:09:58
sine wave during the transition to the second00:10:00
half-wave, the current stops for a moment00:10:01
and the thyristors will close. I00:10:04
don’t understand why no one thought of this before.00:10:06
Well, let it be00:10:08
my invention, I’ll call it a triac. Well,00:10:12
actually in fact, I’m naturally joking. I hope00:10:14
someone has managed to burn out during this00:10:16
time. Triacs were invented a long time ago00:10:18
and at the moment they are00:10:20
used more actively than simple00:10:22
thyristors. In one of the following00:10:24
videos we will talk in detail about the triac00:10:26
and assemble a compact power regulator00:10:28
on a triac. I even have boards have been prepared00:10:30
for this, so be sure to00:10:32
guys Subscribe We have a00:10:34
lot of interesting things ahead And if you00:10:37
liked this video, you can like it00:10:38
and write a comment and00:10:41
here we end this video, but00:10:43
we have a lot more on our channel,00:10:45
now it appears on the screen end00:10:47
screensaver with videos that will be00:10:49
of interest to you, so I’m not saying goodbye to you, but00:10:51
inviting you to our other videos and don’t00:10:54
forget to go to the00:10:55
producstar educational platform via the link in the00:10:57
description all the best, friendsDescription:
Сегодня мы наконец поговорим про тиристор. Разберемся как он работает, чем тиристор хуже и лучше транзисторов, и почему его называют управляемым диодом. Посмотрим как его можно использовать в цепи переменного тока и изобретем симистор. 🔥 Станьте Java-разработчиком вместе с ProductStar: https://productstar.ru/dev-java-prof-youtube?source_type=Influencer 💪 Поддержите производство видео, став спонсором: https://boosty.to/hidev 📟 Моё оборудование: https://www.hi-dev.ru/ali/moe-oborudovanie ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂ ▽ ТАКЖЕ ПОСМОТРИТЕ ▽ ► Полупроводники: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMGdSCaMVD0 ► Как транзисторы научились считать: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx7jS9RvgqM ► Эволюция источников света: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDb6YOokmcw ► Плейлист для начинающих: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1s3wneoR_-on-07THWG5GFEZ-_mm-Pd2 ► Плейлист про электронные компоненты: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1s3wneoR_-oFrVECwCTUjGf_HB5dpnZX ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂ ▽ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ▽ 00:00 — Начало 00:35 — Что такое тиристор 03:27 — Как работает тиристор 06:17 — Тиристор в сравнении с транзистором 07:48 — Тиристор и переменный ток ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂ ▽ КОНТАКТЫ ▽ ▶ Дзен: https://dzen.ru/hidev ➦ Наш сайт: https://www.hi-dev.ru/ ☺ Группа в ВК: https://vk.com/hidevru 🤝 По вопросам рекламы и сотрудничества: [email protected]
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