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00:00:00

franck ferrand on europe 1 at the heart of

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history and franck ferrand takes us

00:00:06

to the heart of ancient Egypt this

00:00:08

afternoon hello france hello

00:00:09

ombeline hello everyone we are

00:00:11

indeed going to discuss the incredible reign of a

00:00:14

pharaoh who alone believed I could

00:00:16

overthrow centuries of millennia of

00:00:19

tradition to talk to us about Akhenaten

00:00:22

I invited the most modern and

00:00:24

kindest of our pharaohs Gilbert Sinoué

00:00:27

in person was then at the end of

00:00:28

the show to answer the question

00:00:30

in two brands who would like to

00:00:31

know the origins of the

00:00:32

typewriter but I am willing to respond to

00:00:34

Marthe but I am not even sure

00:00:35

that our youngest listeners

00:00:37

still buying what an

00:00:38

ace typewriter was does not rejuvenate us, what do you want

00:00:40

trifles that all this on the scale

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of a history like that of Egypt

00:00:55

at the heart of history

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[Music]

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[Music]

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what is most famous about

00:01:14

Akhenaten is his wife Nefertiti

00:01:17

whose very admirable were

00:01:19

immortalized by a famous bust from the

00:01:22

Berlin Museum problem if we are to

00:01:24

believe Henri Stierlin who is an

00:01:26

art historian from Alexandria if we are to

00:01:29

believe this bust would be a fake it would have

00:01:32

been made not in the 14th century before

00:01:34

our era but well into the 20th century

00:01:37

after in 1912 imagine yourself under the

00:01:40

leadership of a German archaeologist

00:01:42

Borchardt

00:01:43

the archaeologist apparently wanted to make

00:01:45

a portrait of the queen of whom we have around

00:01:47

ten portraits also one

00:01:49

on various bas relief or in relief

00:01:52

moreover he wanted to represent her

00:01:54

wearing the famous 112 had the

00:01:56

crown of the two kingdoms which we

00:01:58

knew was adorned he also wanted

00:02:00

with old pigments

00:02:01

discovered during excavations to carry out

00:02:03

polychromy tests

00:02:06

it turns out that during a

00:02:08

princely visit there are Saxon sovereigns

00:02:10

who come to visit the

00:02:12

excavation site who falls in admiration

00:02:14

before this bust on December 6, 1912

00:02:17

he believes that the bust is authentic

00:02:20

everyone applauds admires etc and

00:02:22

the archaeologist n 'would not have had the courage

00:02:24

to ridicule his hosts according to

00:02:26

the historian sir this shot one

00:02:29

tells us that the bust does not have a left-handed eye

00:02:32

was never prepared to receive it

00:02:33

it is an insult for an Egyptian ancient

00:02:36

according to whom the statue the person

00:02:38

itself shoulders moreover are

00:02:40

cut vertically as we have done

00:02:41

since the middle of the 19th century while

00:02:44

the Egyptians cut the shoulders horizontally

00:02:46

we accentuated the features

00:02:48

in a way which recalls the style of

00:02:50

art nouveau new deal

00:02:52

art historian according to whom we cannot

00:02:54

scientifically date the piece because it

00:02:56

is made of stone covered with stucco the

00:02:58

pigments which can be dated are

00:03:00

truly old that no one

00:03:02

ever has doubted,

00:03:03

we do not put questionable works in our windows

00:03:05

for the approximately

00:03:06

seven hundred thousand visitors that we

00:03:08

receive each year reacted the

00:03:11

director of the Egyptian Museum of Berlin

00:03:13

Dietrich Wild Doug who obviously

00:03:15

completely refutes the conclusions of this shot

00:03:19

so while waiting for those to come back

00:03:21

with Gilbert Sinoé on this affair of the

00:03:24

bust of Nefertiti

00:03:26

let me introduce you to her husband one

00:03:28

of the most fascinating characters in

00:03:30

the history of Egypt who nevertheless is

00:03:32

not miserly in great

00:03:34

figure the king brings to the t4 that the Greeks

00:03:38

called amenhotep iv and who will soon

00:03:41

give himself the name

00:03:43

of akhenaton

00:03:44

akhenaton the worshiper of aton or if we

00:03:47

want a very literal translation

00:03:48

the effective spirit of aton this pharaoh n

00:03:52

continues to fuel the debate,

00:03:54

we know that the Catholic writer Daniel

00:03:56

Rops saw in him the first

00:03:57

instigator of monotheism

00:03:59

even if today this is no longer the

00:04:01

general opinion of archaeologists but it is the

00:04:03

big question. What is

00:04:04

most fascinating of course is that

00:04:06

this man invented the word nautical and

00:04:08

even is he in some way

00:04:09

a sort of prophet who would have been

00:04:11

linked to the divinity you will admit that

00:04:14

the question is quite extraordinary

00:04:17

akhenaton is in any case the best known

00:04:20

of the pharaohs of a flagship dynasty the 18th

00:04:24

so you should know that before

00:04:25

the installation of this dynasty of

00:04:29

foreigners the hyksos had

00:04:31

gradually infiltrated the workings of

00:04:33

the Egyptian administration for

00:04:34

several generations and finally they

00:04:36

installed their own royalty around

00:04:38

1710 BC this is how

00:04:41

the strange 15th dynasty was created so who

00:04:44

are these foreigners who came to gradually take

00:04:46

possession of the delta we

00:04:48

generally consider them to come from

00:04:50

Bedouin tribes originally from a region

00:04:51

that the Egyptians call redd here,

00:04:53

that is to say roughly Syria Palestine,

00:04:55

he also worships a certain number of

00:04:58

gods from the Egyptian pantheon, starting

00:05:00

with god 7,

00:05:01

he seizes their own sons in 16 150

00:05:04

only from this date so

00:05:06

middle of the 17th century BC

00:05:08

further south a new dynasty of

00:05:10

pharaoh emerges from the mists of

00:05:12

history the 17th you will say between

00:05:15

the 15th and

00:05:16

17th or and the 16th we will talk about it the

00:05:18

16th is a small dynasty which reigns

00:05:19

only over a very small part of

00:05:21

Egyptian territory

00:05:22

the 17th therefore composed of local Egyptians

00:05:26

will enter into struggle against the Hyksos

00:05:29

the new center of this royalty is

00:05:31

still only a small city but then

00:05:33

called an extraordinary destiny

00:05:35

the city of thebes iii sovereign are

00:05:38

associated with this fight against the north

00:05:41

it is ken rées who engage the fight in the

00:05:44

military sense of the term against the

00:05:45

sovereign hyksos his successor kamoze

00:05:48

etc and the last sovereign of the 17th

00:05:49

dynasty continues the fight started by

00:05:52

his canes between he succeeds in

00:05:54

approaching the capital of the hyksos but

00:05:56

without seizing it and it is his brother

00:05:57

amosis who will inaugurate the 18th

00:06:00

dynasty from the 11th year of his reign

00:06:03

he resumes the fight against the hyksos

00:06:05

one of his first gestures is to

00:06:07

restore the temple of the same son he will

00:06:10

restore order in

00:06:11

the administration we will simply say

00:06:12

that he is in the process of

00:06:14

restoring royalty

00:06:15

over all of the borders of the double

00:06:18

country he creates the bases of a new

00:06:21

empire

00:06:22

and then there is the whole succession

00:06:23

of the great sovereigns of the 18th

00:06:25

dynasty the best known perhaps with

00:06:27

the oars and sid

00:06:28

of course all mosys first

00:06:30

conquering king all moses buzz who is a

00:06:32

somewhat dim king but whose wife

00:06:33

Hatshepsut will become the only

00:06:36

full-fledged female pharaoh in

00:06:39

the entire history of Egypt an

00:06:40

extraordinary character she will for a very

00:06:42

long time prevent her nephew from becoming

00:06:45

the lighthouse in May when all but siiii

00:06:46

hole all mosys 3 should I say takes

00:06:49

power it's for good we

00:06:51

nickname him the pharaohs of Egypt the bar

00:06:53

including the napoleon of Egypt it is he

00:06:55

who wins the victory of cadets ch in

00:06:58

year 42 of his reign he died eleven years

00:07:01

later, he was succeeded by 3 pharaohs, the

00:07:04

third of whom brought to t3 is considered

00:07:06

as the one who will have the most

00:07:08

flourishing reign perhaps of the dynasty

00:07:10

that's for sure but perhaps even of

00:07:12

the entire history of Egypt

00:07:13

according to reign of 38 years will mark

00:07:17

the apogee in some way of this

00:07:19

extraordinary pharaonic civilization

00:07:21

it is with his wife one of his wives

00:07:24

queen tiyi calm is rated 3 has therefore a

00:07:27

son brings to t4 it is him who

00:07:30

interests us saw I did all this long

00:07:31

development to explain to you who

00:07:33

is the one who will soon be called

00:07:35

Tutankhamun and who will blow up everything

00:07:38

by making a new sun rise an

00:07:41

extract from the opera Romeo Juliet by

00:07:43

Gounod Roberto Alagna on Europe 1 with

00:07:45

rise sun we will be back

00:07:47

in a moment in the heart of

00:07:48

ancient egypt with you franck ferrand to

00:07:50

continue talking brings to t4 future

00:07:52

king akhenaton the story on europe 1

00:07:57

it's with franck ferrand

00:08:01

franck ferrand 2 p.m. 3 p.m. on europe 1 the

00:08:04

famous pharaoh of the 18th dynasty

00:08:06

akhenaton is at the heart of the story and

00:08:08

we come back with you providing you with the

00:08:09

beginning of the reign of the one who is

00:08:11

still called brings the goal it is still a

00:08:13

story which is old of 34 centuries

00:08:15

you imagined it still fascinating

00:08:18

we understand that we cannot

00:08:20

always have very great precision

00:08:21

on the dates for example think

00:08:23

in particular that it is during the fourth

00:08:26

or the fifth year of the lady's reign

00:08:28

is noted 4 that

00:08:31

a certain number of in-

00:08:32

depth changes begin to appear in society at court

00:08:35

in the very administration of the empire the

00:08:38

pharaoh seems to have given entirely to the

00:08:41

cult of Amon at first the

00:08:43

protector beyond the dynasty and the

00:08:47

king will substitute for this cult that

00:08:50

of aton this divinity of the solar disk

00:08:53

clearly manifest twenty

00:08:58

commanders very visible of course

00:09:00

since it is from him that everything

00:09:01

proceeds hamon is the hidden god and on

00:09:05

well it is the solar god the break will

00:09:08

be great

00:09:09

with religious tradition will be

00:09:11

great with the upstream clergy who at

00:09:13

the time was very powerful

00:09:15

we will come back to this later

00:09:16

obviously with Gilbert Sinoué because

00:09:19

this rise is at the very heart of all

00:09:21

this affair it is the moment when we are going to

00:09:23

install a new capital which will

00:09:27

become the capital of aten akhenaton we

00:09:31

draw a line under thebes on carnac on

00:09:34

the gigantic temple dedicated to the

00:09:36

hidden god the pharaoh therefore prefers to found

00:09:39

this new cited on the current site

00:09:41

of Amarna el Amarna this is why we

00:09:44

talk about the

00:09:46

Amarna revolution this is why to visit

00:09:49

today the remains the vestiges of

00:09:52

this extraordinary city that came out of nothing

00:09:55

it we must go to tell el amarna then

00:09:58

philippe bailet explains to us that at ton was

00:10:00

still not a new god

00:10:02

in Egyptian religion and from the

00:10:05

reign of thoutmosis the first for example

00:10:07

we observe a whole cult of atton which is

00:10:11

understood as a subtle cosmic energy

00:10:13

a creative power which is

00:10:17

not reduced to the external form of the

00:10:18

sun although this solar disk as it

00:10:21

shows itself at the time of sunset I

00:10:23

am going this magnificent sure in these

00:10:24

eastern countries a this this great care and

00:10:26

red or almost pink which descends like

00:10:29

that on the horizon even if we have

00:10:30

the impression of being able to touch it

00:10:32

nevertheless of course in all its

00:10:35

glory in all of this its purity

00:10:37

it is the manifestation of a god who

00:10:40

replaces a certain way all the

00:10:42

others and this is where the

00:10:44

question arises of the personal role played by

00:10:47

Akhenaten in this affair we are

00:10:51

in the presence of a mystical pharaoh who presents himself

00:10:54

as the son of eternity

00:10:55

emerging from the sun and who says in

00:10:58

personal relationship in direct relationship

00:11:01

with with the new god as

00:11:04

François Damages writes on the site

00:11:05

the god was legally and

00:11:07

metaphysically the heir the

00:11:09

lieutenant of the unique creator

00:11:11

he is even the only one who can

00:11:13

truly worship his god because this one

00:11:15

informed himself alone of his designs and his

00:11:18

power undoubtedly during

00:11:20

the initial experience which fixed the fate

00:11:22

of the reign there is therefore indeed in this

00:11:24

affair if we are to believe in any case a

00:11:25

certain number of exegetes of the texts

00:11:28

ancients there is indeed what must be

00:11:29

called a revelation

00:11:31

with the awareness by this

00:11:33

pharaoh of the primacy of a god who

00:11:36

comes literally ball

00:11:37

have the traditional pantheon Egyptian pantheon

00:11:41

there is a prayer of Akhenaten odious

00:11:45

at on that we have preserved 1 thanks to

00:11:49

all its assets its bas-reliefs to all

00:11:51

and hieroglyphs of one on the on the site

00:11:53

of tell el amarna which tells us you are

00:11:55

in my heart is no other

00:11:57

knows you except your son Akhenaten in

00:12:00

your drawings you gave him wisdom

00:12:03

and by your power the beings are in

00:12:05

your hand you realize nevertheless it

00:12:07

makes you think a lot of other texts

00:12:09

infinitely more recent to texts of

00:12:13

monotheistic religions which of course

00:12:14

it is by you too continues the prayer

00:12:17

of akhenaten that beauty what we feel is

00:12:19

contemplated until you

00:12:22

disappear in the west and everything that

00:12:24

is on earth it is you who made it

00:12:27

rise for your child the one who was born

00:12:30

from tea members the king living in the

00:12:33

truth you understand why a

00:12:35

certain number of thinkers and in particular

00:12:37

it is true of the Christian exegetes of the

00:12:39

end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century

00:12:41

wanted to see in texts like this one

00:12:43

a form of the advent of a

00:12:46

monotheism which surprises us of

00:12:48

course 34 centuries ago you

00:12:51

imagine that then we imagine how much the

00:12:54

decisions of Akhenaten upset the

00:12:57

Egyptian society without religion and we

00:13:00

are a god for whom we do not draw

00:13:03

up status the symbol it represents

00:13:04

is formed of a long ray of light which

00:13:07

ends in hands and above all

00:13:09

you will have understood it the only one who serves

00:13:12

as intermediaries with the benefits of

00:13:14

such a god the only one who can be the

00:13:16

receptacle of prayers in a way

00:13:19

7 Akhenaten himself who therefore introduces

00:13:22

a very great revolution in the

00:13:24

minds but also in the

00:13:26

usual forms of religious practice

00:13:27

since in doing so he puts aside the

00:13:31

traditional clergy attached in

00:13:34

ancient Egypt to all the gods of the

00:13:36

pantheon and in particular the most powerful

00:13:38

of these clergy,

00:13:40

the one who was considered the

00:13:41

concentration of the wealth of the

00:13:43

power of the power of Egypt itself, the

00:13:46

clergy from upstream who, you can

00:13:48

imagine, certainly did not say their last

00:13:49

word,

00:13:52

the pharaoh Akhenaten is at the heart of

00:13:54

the story and at any time you can

00:13:55

react to this show ask your

00:13:57

questions via twitter that of franck

00:13:59

ferrand at the hashtag gave in to ge on the

00:14:01

facebook page of the show or by email

00:14:03

at point.fr we will find you in a

00:14:05

moment franck ferrand for the rest of

00:14:06

your story on the reign of akhenaton

00:14:09

ratin

00:14:11

at the heart of history

00:14:13

franck ferrand 2 p.m. 3 p.m. on europe 1 the

00:14:17

heretic pharaoh according to the clergy of a

00:14:19

month that is nathan is at the heart of

00:14:20

the history and we come back with you

00:14:22

Franck Ferrand on this revolution in

00:14:23

religious practice established by

00:14:25

Canal and yes and another

00:14:27

very very important revolution and which he asks

00:14:29

affects us perhaps even more

00:14:30

it is the artistic revolution

00:14:32

which accompanies this all these big

00:14:34

changes because in the artistic field

00:14:37

we suddenly break in a few months

00:14:40

with this tradition of immutable ira tic art

00:14:43

you know it's good well you

00:14:45

know what the Egyptians look like

00:14:46

on the walls of

00:14:49

full time of course and of course 'one shot

00:14:50

with akhenaton we see the human being

00:14:54

represented with much more than 2

00:14:56

natural realism is what is

00:14:59

quite surprising is that pharaoh his

00:15:01

wife his daughters are represented in

00:15:04

daily scenes it is the very

00:15:06

first time then obviously on the

00:15:08

walls of temples etc. we had already

00:15:10

for five or six dynasty we had

00:15:11

the habit of representing scenes of

00:15:13

daily life but they were

00:15:15

practical scenes if I may say all at

00:15:16

once we put intensity we put

00:15:18

emotion in the scenes it seems

00:15:20

incredible

00:15:21

and then the bodies and faces

00:15:23

are literally distorted see what

00:15:27

akhenaton looks like with his big lips with

00:15:29

his chin 2 2 ap

00:15:30

afflicted with a tism product obvious

00:15:32

with this completely dolly skull caused

00:15:35

fall which made a certain number

00:15:37

of specialists and in particular a

00:15:40

certain number of

00:15:41

American scientists say that he was affected by such and

00:15:43

such and such syndrome

00:15:44

we wanted to adorn the poor akhenaton

00:15:47

with all the diseases of the earth to

00:15:49

try to explain in particular the 5 he has

00:15:51

because he purposely truly like a

00:15:53

woman or his hips which are

00:15:55

feminine angels it seems to me that we are

00:15:57

completely on the wrong track between us

00:15:59

and that is surely not not in the

00:16:01

physiology and in the state of health

00:16:03

of akhenaton that we must look for

00:16:05

the origins of these

00:16:07

morphological transformations we must look for them

00:16:10

in an artistic desire to

00:16:12

paint pharaoh in the guise of a

00:16:15

man woman

00:16:16

there are many an androgynous dimension in

00:16:19

the way he exercises power

00:16:21

and this will manifest itself more and more as we

00:16:23

advance in the reign there

00:16:25

remains a separation a

00:16:27

clear break with nefertiti so here again the

00:16:31

historians have asked a lot of

00:16:32

questions where

00:16:35

this rupture comes from is what we don't know

00:16:40

but some say that Nefertiti

00:16:42

would have become aware of all the

00:16:44

dangers that the Amarna revolution

00:16:46

posed to Egyptian society

00:16:48

that she would therefore have in a way

00:16:50

she herself withdrew from the project she

00:16:53

would have left or on the contrary

00:16:55

that Akhenaten would have finally decided to make a

00:16:57

pact with a certain number

00:17:00

of the powers upstream the

00:17:01

classical powers of Egypt and that Queen

00:17:04

Nefertiti would have tensing on the contrary on

00:17:06

the revolution

00:17:07

it would itself be isolated from the one who

00:17:10

called himself the creator god these

00:17:12

are possibilities

00:17:13

akhenaton in any case gives the order to

00:17:15

destroy the statutes ladies have they

00:17:17

destroyed the stelae which bears the name from

00:17:19

the rival lesigne

00:17:21

yesterday to the glee glee fiq which is used to write

00:17:24

the word finally the term the gods or

00:17:27

plural only hieroglyphs and

00:17:29

literally remove from the

00:17:31

Egyptian alphabet you understand why

00:17:32

some have spoken from there of a

00:17:34

monotheism to totti antonio

00:17:38

by elsewhere after the separation with

00:17:41

nefertiti akhenaton will practice the rite

00:17:45

of korea jans with a young man

00:17:49

called cmn squares and who will become

00:17:51

a sort of two doubles of the pharaoh

00:17:54

to the point even that we could think that there

00:17:56

was a homosexual relationship a

00:17:58

relationship of very strong passion between the

00:18:01

pharaoh akhenaton and even knows himself square

00:18:05

who will also be buried in the same

00:18:07

tomb as the pharaoh is then

00:18:10

there are very surprising formulations

00:18:12

since in some way on certain

00:18:14

texts

00:18:15

akhenaton is presented as the wife

00:18:17

of Semen Carré while he himself is, as

00:18:19

you will have understood, not only a

00:18:20

man but he is the father of

00:18:22

descendants. All this is quite astonishing of

00:18:25

course there is nothing more

00:18:27

fascinating in the history of Egypt

00:18:28

you imagine this female king who

00:18:31

would in some way be the counterpart of

00:18:33

the male king who was Hatshepsut a few

00:18:35

generations earlier it's quite it's

00:18:37

quite astonishing so what did

00:18:40

Akhenaten die of why did he disappeared so quickly

00:18:43

and so young at the age of 30 we know

00:18:45

that moreover the city which had

00:18:47

put her in cayla which had brought her out of the

00:18:49

ground will be literally devastated and wiped

00:18:53

off the map I must tell you that this

00:18:56

city had been built extremely quickly

00:18:58

in a single throw and using

00:19:00

materials infinitely less solid than

00:19:02

those to which we had been accustomed in

00:19:04

Egypt since it is not a question of these

00:19:06

usual large blocks of stone it is

00:19:08

essentially a question of facing of brick

00:19:11

to their circles the temple was

00:19:13

quite extraordinary with a nave 800

00:19:15

meters long you imagine it was

00:19:17

something grandiose

00:19:18

we had dazzling frescoes

00:19:21

accounts which were lost of course

00:19:22

not only at the time of the

00:19:24

destruction of the city itself but

00:19:25

then in the abandonment and in the

00:19:27

dereliction where we left where we

00:19:29

left the centuries

00:19:31

what ultimately remains of this

00:19:33

revolution of the pharaoh god Akhenaten there

00:19:36

remain texts there remains a sort of

00:19:39

primacy monotheists sorry to come back to it

00:19:41

but I intend to ask the

00:19:43

question in a moment to Gilbert

00:19:44

Sinoué there remain some quite

00:19:47

extraordinary poems which still move us

00:19:48

the beautiful prince the chosen one of the sun

00:19:51

king of upper and lower Egypt living

00:19:54

in universal harmony lord of the

00:19:56

double country beautiful child of the living to your

00:19:59

whose name will remain forever

00:20:04

hello gilbert sinoué I hope you do

00:20:07

not blame me for having you just

00:20:09

now after the pharaohs have not summer it's

00:20:12

accepting the brand it's a lot

00:20:13

of honor of great respect as you

00:20:15

can imagine I have a lot of

00:20:16

questions to ask you well

00:20:19

history on europe 1 it's with franck

00:20:23

ferrand [Music]

00:20:25

franck ferrand 2 p.m. 3 p.m. on europe 1

00:20:31

[Music]

00:20:52

[Music]

00:20:55

an extract from the soundtrack of the

00:20:56

animated film the prince of egypt

00:20:58

music by hans zimmer surrenders by

00:21:01

the pharaoh akhenaton is at the heart of

00:21:03

the story you receive franck ferrand

00:21:05

the writer gilbert sinoué height of

00:21:07

akhenaton the god curses collection

00:21:09

folio gallimard

00:21:10

and yes it is indeed it is of

00:21:12

course that he was god by his function as

00:21:14

pharaohs but he was also perhaps

00:21:16

god by the prophetic dimension

00:21:19

which attached to his destiny as quite

00:21:21

extraordinary that gilbert sinoé

00:21:25

could in a certain way akhenaton be considered as

00:21:27

one of the first prophets it is a

00:21:29

question which arises in my humble opinion

00:21:32

it is obvious who invented them or

00:21:35

create monotheism the fate this

00:21:36

contemporary of the term

00:21:38

today the Egyptologists refuse

00:21:39

this idea very far we go very far

00:21:41

but who gave primacy to 1 d one

00:21:45

of the gods I hold it is obvious

00:21:47

and there this primacy with flowers monotheism

00:21:51

indeed we must also know that

00:21:53

they are a man who was of such

00:21:56

humanity of intellectual humanism that

00:21:59

contrary to what one can imagine he

00:22:02

never wanted to impose his god by force

00:22:06

on us the proof being that he

00:22:08

left well if he wanted to impose

00:22:11

absolute nonsense monotheism he would have

00:22:13

fought a pharaoh who left his

00:22:16

capital and created another to

00:22:18

go to all alone worshiped a single god

00:22:20

it's the most difficult story ordinary like

00:22:23

so forgive me the expression they

00:22:25

leave them alone he leaves you want to

00:22:28

continue adored your little gods et

00:22:30

cetera totain unless and the others you

00:22:33

can do it and in fact while

00:22:36

he was in telerman at the Egypt continues

00:22:38

to live its life

00:22:39

it's stupid it's also an example but

00:22:42

it's actually the idea of the

00:22:44

primacy of one god over others is

00:22:47

very close to monotheism you

00:22:48

cited earlier the prayer to atton we

00:22:51

can't help but find

00:22:53

meaning rhymes with some with

00:22:55

our father and of course quite simply

00:22:57

there is indeed I you quite

00:22:58

extraordinary in there so we say

00:23:00

that Moses could have been in some

00:23:01

way the and the

00:23:03

the point of junction with the

00:23:05

religions of the book is a theory we

00:23:09

imagined that well it is obvious that the

00:23:11

end of Akhenaten and surely bloody

00:23:14

you should know that at a given moment it

00:23:18

was not only the priests of Amon

00:23:19

who were mad with rage and if he was mad

00:23:21

with rage it was because we had touched them in

00:23:24

the most sacred plane, that is to say

00:23:26

money, but of course since all the

00:23:28

doubts the offerers collected the taxes

00:23:30

invoking enormous bending of

00:23:32

the fortune priests of Amon were huge

00:23:34

from the moment

00:23:35

he told them no no now it's

00:23:37

yours there is a big anger and the

00:23:40

generals began to be born food rage

00:23:42

among others would like to talk about the

00:23:45

succession if you want moreover we

00:23:46

are going to talk in a moment about of course

00:23:48

golden but hey we are going to talk about these same

00:23:50

because and we are going to talk of course about

00:23:52

nefertiti all these characters the art

00:23:54

enti all these characters from the reign

00:23:56

of akhenaton

00:23:57

but rule have perhaps be if you want

00:23:58

this religious dimension 1 that's

00:24:00

it then for you spoke moses

00:24:02

earlier indeed we think

00:24:03

that after the fall of telagh mannala

00:24:06

marnac entire this city found itself

00:24:08

threatened we felt that it was a party and at the

00:24:10

end it seems that some priests

00:24:12

of the faithful of Aton fled

00:24:16

and among whom there would have been a

00:24:18

certain mosys mozy which

00:24:21

simply means son 2 by mozy it is used for

00:24:24

all mozilla and he would have fled to

00:24:27

East Sinai and there he would have taken with

00:24:29

them the Egyptian traditions, that is to

00:24:31

say among other things circumcision which

00:24:33

date from 3500 years before Jesus Christ and

00:24:36

obviously saw the story of the god who is

00:24:38

not revealed who it has no name and we

00:24:41

don't appear and it's very close

00:24:42

to Judaism indeed but it remains

00:24:44

a theory I wouldn't want to suddenly

00:24:46

the publishers start attacking us

00:24:48

for days yes of course it always has to be

00:24:50

done but you know we have

00:24:51

listeners 1:10 p.m. princes and saints

00:24:53

characterize this program we

00:24:55

talk about events that

00:24:57

took place 34 or almost 35 centuries ago

00:24:59

so obviously all of this is always

00:25:01

subject to doubt we have very little information

00:25:03

on the beginnings and the end of the reign

00:25:05

of akhenaton it must be said about the

00:25:07

beginnings we think that he co-reigned with

00:25:10

his father brings to t3 during

00:25:13

sandy your enough that then we do not know

00:25:14

in fact there could have been a chore

00:25:16

jans already with his own father it's a

00:25:18

possibility but we haven't then

00:25:20

really it's a sarong which only asks

00:25:22

questions has no answers we have it

00:25:24

we are in the dark we know that he hasn't

00:25:26

denied it for a long time seen 12 years old then he

00:25:28

reigns in all 18 years and the revolution

00:25:30

lasts 12 13 so it was not

00:25:32

enormous

00:25:34

that being not allows months this

00:25:36

parenthesis to evoke according to Nefertiti the

00:25:38

bust saying that finally the

00:25:41

Egyptologist in question which was a

00:25:42

duplicate a little eh you have to invest the street

00:25:44

because he was one-eyed and poor

00:25:47

Nefertiti but in fact there are only two

00:25:49

explanations the first is that the

00:25:53

Djibouti sculptor Metz did not have time to

00:25:56

finish it because it was the fall of the

00:25:57

city it's a theory is the second more

00:26:01

romantic is that he was madly in

00:26:02

love with Nefertiti and that did not respond

00:26:05

to his advances so he left good

00:26:07

old man to take revenge

00:26:08

so there are explanations see

00:26:10

the authenticity of the bust I believe

00:26:11

deeply attentive and musk

00:26:13

but I want to say for them to be

00:26:15

honest that certain art historians

00:26:17

and not the least deeply believe in

00:26:19

100 false characters

00:26:22

we are not going to enter into this debate so I

00:26:25

said that about the beginning of the reign

00:26:26

we do not know much and then

00:26:28

where is the greatest mystery perhaps

00:26:30

it is regarding the end of the

00:26:32

reign how did he die at 30 years old when even this

00:26:35

young pharaoh of what dies -it is an

00:26:37

illness is it murdered is

00:26:39

what we can know about it

00:26:40

you have your seekers the impossibility

00:26:43

of an illness I am not immersed padi

00:26:45

the impossibility is that I am not there I did

00:26:46

n't believe personally I think he was

00:26:48

suffering I believe that his androgynous physique

00:26:51

is an authentic origin in this

00:26:54

thread there is there is a syndrome

00:26:56

called Barack syndrome and that

00:26:58

Simon is heavyset which is very close to

00:27:01

such told me that he had the other

00:27:03

illnesses are completely eliminated will be

00:27:04

made of him a support without water he had

00:27:06

six children

00:27:07

it is very probable that he was struck

00:27:10

by a hormonal syndrome and his

00:27:14

representation is where we see completely joined

00:27:17

he wanted to be presented to them

00:27:19

effectively as he was and women

00:27:22

men and women and did not want to be

00:27:25

presented to them as ramses ii /

00:27:26

chariot in the process of defeating the legacies the

00:27:28

enemies they were for

00:27:30

total opening transparency as we say

00:27:33

nowadays is the proof being known that

00:27:35

it is the first pharand who leaves his

00:27:37

temples without you there is no where there is

00:27:40

no link an opening towards the sky

00:27:42

there also an element important is the

00:27:44

fact of letting oneself be represented with one's

00:27:47

wife and children in

00:27:49

scenes of daily life, it is also

00:27:51

a need for transparency and we

00:27:53

mentioned the work earlier about the

00:27:55

egg-shaped skulls

00:27:56

it is unfortunately possible that he was

00:27:57

hydrocephalus he would have died

00:27:59

immediately there is another quite

00:28:01

interesting theory and which is somewhat similar to

00:28:03

biblical genesis is that at the beginning of the

00:28:06

world at the beginning of creation as in

00:28:08

the Bible it it was water a bubbling nothing

00:28:12

else we called it the number and from

00:28:15

there a sort of chaos olca original

00:28:17

chaos and from the hall the gods

00:28:19

appeared placed on a hill n 9 and

00:28:24

expands to eeklo and there the sun came out

00:28:27

so we really have the symbol of the

00:28:30

beginning of the world

00:28:32

the egg the egg which so perhaps there he

00:28:36

asked the artisans to present to them

00:28:38

debré his wife fertilizes them children

00:28:40

with this skull in the shape of an egg which

00:28:43

symbolizes the beginning of the world and it is a

00:28:46

symbolism which is inscribed in a

00:28:48

very living form

00:28:49

I will never forget the impression

00:28:53

that the great bust of everything made on me in the

00:28:56

case of Tutankhamun say a motor as much

00:28:58

of all time as before but from

00:29:00

akhenaton sorry when we go up

00:29:02

don't know if it's still the case

00:29:03

today to tell you the truth but at the

00:29:05

Louvre museum in the large flight

00:29:07

of stairs which leads to the department

00:29:09

of Egypt you have 7 this gigantic

00:29:12

bust with Akhenaten looking at you

00:29:15

going up the steps his books he has

00:29:17

a presence he has a strength to

00:29:20

which we can hardly compare

00:29:22

anything in form is there so

00:29:23

we see a little of what this pharaoh looks like

00:29:26

his time the revolution which implemented it,

00:29:29

let us perhaps, if you wish, come

00:29:31

to those who surrounded him, starting with

00:29:33

the sublime Nefertiti the story on

00:29:37

Europe 1 it is with Franck Ferrand

00:29:41

Franck Ferrand 2 p.m. 3 p.m. on Europe 1 on

00:29:45

pharaoh akhenaton is at the heart of

00:29:46

the story you receive franck ferrand

00:29:48

the writer gilbert sinoué height of

00:29:49

akhenaton the god curses at

00:29:51

gallimard also author of the book the

00:29:53

five quarters of the moon published

00:29:55

last February by flammarion and you

00:29:57

were telling me just now gilbert sinoué

00:29:58

that it is necessary to insist on the

00:30:01

very location of this city what the

00:30:03

current site of tell el amarna therefore of this

00:30:05

city of akhenaton the city date were

00:30:08

built on the indications on the

00:30:10

d at the request on the orders let's say it

00:30:13

of the pharaoh Akhenaten absolutely the place

00:30:15

is not not chosen by chance

00:30:17

he was looking for a place to build his

00:30:20

new capital in any case this is

00:30:22

his city and so he had undertaken to

00:30:25

go up the desert until until in

00:30:28

upper Egypt and there he had stopped

00:30:31

precisely in this famous place of tell el

00:30:33

amarna and what did he see he

00:30:36

saw it was dawn at the beginning he did not know

00:30:39

the sun rising between two

00:30:41

hills and when we look at the shape

00:30:44

that it takes the two hills and the

00:30:48

sun in the middle it is the symbol of the

00:30:50

letter to keith hackett which is in fact

00:30:53

the sun in a way and he

00:30:57

said to himself this is where I I'm going to build my

00:30:59

hacker taton city and that's how he

00:31:01

chose the place. What's

00:31:03

extraordinary is that the city in

00:31:04

question had more or less the shape of an

00:31:06

amphitheater turning towards the east towards

00:31:08

the 'east which is not common for

00:31:10

a city most cities are

00:31:11

finally to the extent that the land

00:31:14

lends itself to it are rather turned towards the

00:31:16

sunset

00:31:17

there it is turned towards the east to

00:31:19

be able to adore it would seem that 'we

00:31:20

get up very early at

00:31:22

and at your to worship the sunrise

00:31:24

it must have been in September and something

00:31:26

even more extraordinary it sets

00:31:28

limits to its city these cases must not

00:31:31

exceed such distance such area

00:31:34

it is the acid tried incredible because we

00:31:37

want a city to develop

00:31:39

a game in infinite expansion yes

00:31:40

well there is this ultimate wisdom no the

00:31:43

man is still known if I dare to

00:31:45

express myself in this way the sovereign is

00:31:47

still quite fascinating yes so

00:31:49

let's talk about the people around him first of all about

00:31:51

this determining mother perhaps a

00:31:55

little abusive which could explain

00:31:56

certain things the queen ti who

00:31:59

gave birth to her we said she was a girl perm a

00:32:02

absolutely authoritarian woman and who in

00:32:05

a way, I shouldn't say it,

00:32:06

but who was a little castrating and

00:32:08

the separation from her son did not prevent her

00:32:10

from having six children

00:32:11

but she is a very tough and very

00:32:13

powerful and who certainly must have

00:32:14

played a lot

00:32:16

of influence in the life of the cades

00:32:18

akhenaton akhenaton had like all the

00:32:21

pharaohs the concubines of the favorites we

00:32:24

will say but who still had a

00:32:25

more official official status than our

00:32:27

modern favorites the most famous of

00:32:30

all its clients annually whose

00:32:33

grave was found precisely in the

00:32:34

famous kv55 tomb which has caused

00:32:38

a lot of ink to flow, it is

00:32:39

buried there you say the famous tomb

00:32:41

because that is where we also find the body supposed to be in any

00:32:44

case the body of filer did not have then it

00:32:46

had been buried initially on

00:32:47

date and the fed up of course absolutely

00:32:49

and yes but there is especially nefertiti

00:32:52

obviously then just a word door of

00:32:54

kia she is the mother seems- is he of

00:32:56

Tutankhamun we are not sure either

00:32:58

eh not sure we think that Tutankhamun's mother is none

00:33:00

other than one of

00:33:02

Tutankhamun's daughters yes because he

00:33:04

married several of his daughters 2 hir

00:33:06

wife and two of his daughters and it

00:33:08

would be one of the two who would be the mother

00:33:10

of Tutankhamun is not one and fair titi

00:33:14

and in this case not who has a man woman

00:33:16

who marries two of his daughters it is

00:33:18

true that obviously that can only

00:33:20

making us frown in our

00:33:22

time it's all a bit strange so

00:33:24

who is Nefertiti in relation to him

00:33:26

first of all we know nothing about her origins

00:33:27

it's still not nothing

00:33:29

we call her the beautiful one came yes

00:33:32

it makes sense it's far away

00:33:33

here comes the beautiful quaresma a label

00:33:35

came we think that the effect of

00:33:38

Italian origin we don't really know who

00:33:40

this woman is

00:33:41

at a given moment we even thought that she

00:33:45

had always been part of her

00:33:46

entourage

00:33:47

we know nothing about her we only have

00:33:50

theories about her obviously if we

00:33:52

judge by the winged fresco she

00:33:54

seemed to be very beautiful but with a

00:33:56

beauty at her heels what role did she

00:33:59

play then indeed it is said that

00:34:01

it is she who would have brought akhenaton to

00:34:04

monotheism which personally I do

00:34:06

not believe the idea ever had in him and

00:34:08

then he created trt the marne and he knew it

00:34:11

only after having created the manabox

00:34:14

the idea does not come from her that she

00:34:16

opposed him by telling him listen

00:34:19

it is that it will be interesting to see

00:34:21

that this 18th dynasty will have been, so to

00:34:23

speak, the dynasty of women with the

00:34:25

retina where we spoke with of

00:34:27

course Queen Hatshepsut who in

00:34:29

your of whom we would have to say if we wanted to be completely

00:34:30

precise, King

00:34:33

Hatshepsut 1 bis that she had been

00:34:35

crowned king

00:34:36

it is still astonishing the primacy of

00:34:39

all these women under the 18th

00:34:41

dynasty cetaceans his students but

00:34:43

do not forget that in ancient Egypt

00:34:44

the woman was treated equal to

00:34:46

the man there were no feelings

00:34:48

or attitude submission of the man

00:34:50

towards with regard to women, women were

00:34:52

treated exactly like men, so

00:34:54

let's also talk about the one who will be the

00:34:56

companion of the entire end of

00:34:58

Akhenaten's reign,

00:34:59

this young square week who was he,

00:35:02

it's not no, but there you go it's the

00:35:04

transit of bad tongues said

00:35:08

that it was him the beautiful one came we do

00:35:11

n't really know where he came from

00:35:13

it was probably a message is said to

00:35:15

be the bearer of

00:35:18

two letters for for akhenaton

00:35:20

akhenaton would have fallen head over heels

00:35:23

in love with this boy and would even have

00:35:26

reigned at his side

00:35:29

for until the end of his reign.

00:35:38

he had nicknamed it alone to understand at the

00:35:40

same time he had nicknamed week because

00:35:43

and screaming I could not put them in our

00:35:45

heads the same names as nefertiti he

00:35:48

had nicknamed it with the same only

00:35:49

bankruptcies come out of them

00:35:51

here it is he had somehow dubbed

00:35:54

queen of Egypt yeah and besides at the

00:35:57

time of burial

00:35:58

they buried feminine imposture yes

00:36:01

with the left arm folded under the

00:36:03

chest all that is still quite astonishing to

00:36:05

some people so don't we can't we

00:36:07

also ask ourselves this question, would

00:36:09

n't there have been a

00:36:11

little bit of a grain, ché ché akhenaton, would

00:36:13

n't it have been a little bit

00:36:16

bothered to change religion to

00:36:19

change? of capital to change

00:36:21

social organization to take a

00:36:24

lover next to his wife and make her

00:36:28

a sort of queen of Egypt and to

00:36:30

consider himself as a man woman

00:36:32

really that's a lot for

00:36:33

one man no yes I'm not going to take

00:36:35

the whole list but I think that in any

00:36:38

case it will disturb I don't think I think because at

00:36:40

that moment but forgive me for making

00:36:42

connections but Jesus Mohammed -

00:36:47

there are empty people and disturbed people too

00:36:49

so for these are very great

00:36:51

visionaries its shareholders and I

00:36:54

always tell myself the big question that we

00:36:56

could ask ourselves and if he had succeeded in imposing monotheism

00:36:59

I mean if we project ourselves and

00:37:03

imagine that monotheism could have existed

00:37:05

in the 15th century century before Jesus Christ the whole

00:37:08

sequence has to be reconstituted

00:37:09

yes it would be it is true that it gives there

00:37:11

it would be a revolution but really

00:37:13

it was but it is a revolution which

00:37:15

aborted

00:37:16

yes we can imagine that this

00:37:17

revolution had been a success and

00:37:21

flourished it would have been very different of

00:37:23

course but

00:37:24

well we were

00:37:25

the gora the general the great

00:37:27

military man of the reign he played a role

00:37:30

in the end of the reign precisely it's

00:37:31

mental because the enemies of Egypt

00:37:34

sell weakness calling its

00:37:38

weakness in any case I would call it

00:37:39

the non-violence of Akhenaten who

00:37:43

wanted us to shed blood at no cost and

00:37:45

that is one of the reasons why he

00:37:47

left Thebes he didn't want any clashes he did

00:37:49

n't want a bloodbath and the

00:37:51

enemies of Egypt took advantage of this to

00:37:53

start to nibble at the country's borders

00:37:56

and obviously the military saw his

00:37:58

very bad look and

00:37:59

they asked him to react. asked him to

00:38:02

raise an army it was perhaps

00:38:03

the fertile cone which played a role

00:38:05

she must have told him listen or not

00:38:06

let Egypt go to waste and he

00:38:08

did not react it is probable that they

00:38:10

had a military coup d'état

00:38:11

second departure the priests of Amon that he

00:38:14

was only waiting for that

00:38:15

I believe that this is how the end

00:38:17

must have happened it is interesting to see

00:38:19

the oratorical precautions to which you

00:38:20

are well obliged to resort as there remains

00:38:22

unresolved a certain number of course

00:38:25

of the major questions of this reign

00:38:27

what is certain is that after a

00:38:29

short interregnum it is Tutankhamun who

00:38:33

will succeed is very young he has what

00:38:35

he at 9.10 before the event then it is

00:38:39

all the time before this reverse swell

00:38:40

but begins by being called all the time

00:38:41

only in your low country obviously since

00:38:43

it is the son in particular and the soul

00:38:46

influence once again of those who

00:38:47

took the relieves

00:38:48

that is to say now becomes upstream again

00:38:50

at we become upstream again and we are going to do the

00:38:53

opposite roux has fractured everything that

00:38:55

relates to at we are in the tomb roux

00:38:58

find it akhenaton indeed we

00:39:01

see the cartridges completely

00:39:04

disfigured shattered we must not more than

00:39:06

figure the god we have nowhere and that

00:39:09

was the end the end of those of this

00:39:12

attempt at monotheism and so all in

00:39:15

all we are going to be called Tutankhamun then

00:39:17

this Tutankhamun there would be almost

00:39:18

nothing to get from it let's be honest,

00:39:20

nothing except that obviously he will become

00:39:24

the most famous pharaoh in

00:39:25

Egyptian history after Ramses II, perhaps

00:39:27

only because we discovered in

00:39:31

1922

00:39:32

that it was rape and when I say we

00:39:34

mean Ward Carter of course

00:39:36

a Narbonne car which will therefore bring to

00:39:39

light this extraordinary tomb with

00:39:42

furniture, funerary furniture

00:39:44

completely suitable for all, almost

00:39:47

intact, it is a major discovery which

00:39:49

will also give new impetus to

00:39:51

an Egyptology which is already powerful in

00:39:53

150 years and I have been very very strong

00:39:57

there it becomes a real windfall

00:40:00

throughout the world thanks to

00:40:01

Tutankhamun

00:40:02

but the poor guy would have been, if I may

00:40:04

say so, very surprised by this

00:40:05

posthumous glory because there is not

00:40:07

much left to to say about his reign is of no use

00:40:08

except that it is lagging

00:40:11

because of or thanks to him and the famous

00:40:12

curse of the pharaohs since all

00:40:15

those who discovered the famous tombs

00:40:16

died in a mysterious and mysterious way

00:40:20

which is quite fascinating it is

00:40:21

ultimately the course of time in this

00:40:24

immutable Egypt has been reconnected and

00:40:28

everything is back in order if I may say so

00:40:29

after this parenthesis which is so

00:40:31

fascinating and which even today

00:40:33

never ceases to amaze us

00:40:34

you take us back with your latest

00:40:36

work would just like to say a word about it if

00:40:38

you wish gilbert sinoué in

00:40:40

the es5 quarter of the moon which appears

00:40:43

at flammarion

00:40:44

you take us back to an

00:40:45

infinitely more recent era we are

00:40:47

almost in the news bury

00:40:49

it was other you do something else with a

00:40:50

leap in time very big leaps its

00:40:53

100 years of history of the Middle East over

00:40:54

three volumes

00:40:55

it is a colossal work cut from almost

00:40:57

1000 pages which tells where cement

00:41:00

would be this family which fit together

00:41:02

if I may say so over a century

00:41:04

of history to try to understand this

00:41:06

Middle East so complicated yeah towards the

00:41:08

Middle East towards the complicated East I

00:41:10

would complicate the part with

00:41:11

simple ideas said General de

00:41:12

Gaulle yours don't are not necessarily

00:41:14

simple but they are bewitching

00:41:17

you have the gift of speaking to us about the

00:41:20

orient with the very substance of those

00:41:23

of this orient but with words and with

00:41:25

concepts which are those of the west

00:41:27

this is what I think makes your your

00:41:29

immense talent gilbert sinoué thank you

00:41:31

very much for coming to talk to us about this2

00:41:33

teasing akhenaton sorry the god

00:41:36

curse is how you nicknamed him

00:41:38

in the

00:41:40

no your biography which is therefore

00:41:42

available in folio number 4295

00:41:46

that is ready if you do

00:41:50

you want to stay in the heart of the city

00:41:53

return to the origins and it's a

00:41:55

question of Marthe who wants to ask

00:41:57

Franck sur ans via the Facebook page of

00:41:58

the show to return to the origins

00:41:59

of the typewriter then the first

00:42:01

known to have and for having filed a

00:42:04

patent for typewriters it was in

00:42:07

1714 when even it was even a certain

00:42:09

Henrie Mille even today it is

00:42:12

impossible to know if his invention was

00:42:14

truly carried out

00:42:15

we don't even know what it

00:42:17

looked like exactly in short we are going to go

00:42:18

to 1780 he is a Frenchman so only a few

00:42:22

years before the revolution

00:42:24

a Frenchman called round page who

00:42:26

developed a machine for the

00:42:29

blind that was initially his

00:42:30

principle he developed a system of

00:42:34

keys connected to a typing bar and

00:42:36

the invention it will be patented much

00:42:38

later in 1833 but the first

00:42:40

typewriter which was really

00:42:43

commercialized is there hansen writing

00:42:46

ball on stage named after its inventor the

00:42:49

Danish reverend rasmus mali grandson

00:42:51

it developed it in 1865 it is

00:42:54

much closer to us and

00:42:55

obviously they marketed it

00:42:58

in 1870 so it turns out that this

00:43:01

gentleman is the director of the

00:43:03

royal institute for the deaf and dumb in

00:43:05

Copenhagen

00:43:06

and there again his initial intention

00:43:08

was to facilitate communication

00:43:10

between these patients and their entourage

00:43:14

all those who did not know

00:43:16

sign language in particular were very

00:43:17

happy that the patient could

00:43:19

write to them like that for me the machine is quite

00:43:21

astonishing it did not at

00:43:22

all resemble the model that we were able to know

00:43:24

it is a sort of dome surmounted

00:43:26

by keys each corresponding to a

00:43:27

letter or a number the sheet of

00:43:29

paper was located under the dome which

00:43:32

made typing, as you can imagine,

00:43:33

quite complicated and the organ had

00:43:35

two mistakes of strikes I imagine you

00:43:37

I let you imagine the difficulties

00:43:40

well ultimately the one we will remember

00:43:42

as being the true father of the

00:43:43

modern typewriter when that was

00:43:45

the question

00:43:46

ultimately that we ask mart he is an

00:43:48

American his name is Christopher the

00:43:50

lady shoals he filed his patent in 1870

00:43:53

so like the danish there his patent will be

00:43:57

bought in 73 by a weapons manufacturer

00:43:59

called remington yes it is the

00:44:02

beginning of the famous remington

00:44:04

lancel machine there we know it of course

00:44:06

c 'is the end of the Civil War

00:44:07

in 1865 we have to find a way to

00:44:11

renew ourselves the brand already makes

00:44:13

sewing machines we say that

00:44:15

typewriters why not so the

00:44:17

Remington model 1 arrives in France in

00:44:20

1883

00:44:21

we can say that' they open a

00:44:23

new era, perhaps simply

00:44:26

the multiplication of paperwork,

00:44:28

sorry to end on this somewhat sad note

00:44:32

[Music]

Description:

Akhenaton est une source de fascination et de spéculation sans fin, et cela masque souvent le fait que nous en savons très peu sur lui. Ce monarque égyptien était l’un des pharaons les plus déconcertants d’Égypte. Il est notamment appelé « le pharaon hérétique » ou « le pharaon rebelle. » Ce pharaon est vraiment très spécial, parce qu’il fut l’un des rares dirigeants de l’Égypte qui croyaient en un dieu unique. Akhenaton a ainsi changé la face de la religion égyptienne durant son règne.

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