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[music]00:00:06
[music]00:00:15
Lecture 3 is finally the end of the lecture00:00:20
the final one in which I00:00:23
I'll try to tell you or I'll tell you about it00:00:26
how we found out almost everything and are trying00:00:30
find out some details now, but00:00:32
actually00:00:33
Naturally there remains a lot of unknown00:00:36
a lot and apparently there will be time left for me00:00:39
something about and became very quickly because00:00:40
that some things you already know little00:00:43
then you power spectra angular spectra00:00:46
power was calculated00:00:48
built maps reproduced different00:00:50
universes and and are familiar with modern00:00:53
methodology00:00:54
modern verification methods00:00:57
cosmological models that you had00:00:59
a year ago who remembers who reproduced00:01:04
cards raise your hands00:01:07
Well done, someone is even trying to raise00:01:11
from below in Davos he remembers a little well00:01:12
so this part will naturally be00:01:15
more or less simple and I'll skip it00:01:18
I’ll just remind you what it meant than00:01:22
remarkable cosmic microwave background radiation when00:01:25
you come to the museum and they tell you00:01:27
about the painting and you don’t know what it’s valuable00:01:30
piece of art00:01:31
Well, for example, you are not Western00:01:35
civilization is simply nothing to you00:01:37
you come to the museum00:01:39
you have nothing to do with the west00:01:41
look, there are some images hanging00:01:44
but when they tell you that there is a picture00:01:47
costs a billion dollars to replenish00:01:49
yeah that's what's remarkable from this point00:01:53
view of relict radiation so that if00:01:56
we will summarize all experiments00:01:59
financially which were spent this00:02:01
more than four billion dollars then00:02:03
this is one of the main directions00:02:07
space exploration what's happening in00:02:09
where is humanity in space?00:02:11
I would say I'm happy to invest money00:02:14
because what comes out of there is this00:02:17
invaluable information that is impossible00:02:18
there is no way to get exactly this00:02:22
As for the cosmic microwave background radiation, it means00:02:24
so I started talking different00:02:27
experiments and in general00:02:28
is to list outstanding people or00:02:32
outstanding experiments that were00:02:33
done is read everything and or00:02:36
telling it all is a different story00:02:38
books on this subject exist00:02:41
it all developed as if by chance00:02:43
opened like didn't open like00:02:45
predicted but noted here00:02:47
the main points that I tell you too00:02:48
I'll come back and tell you what was possible00:02:51
found out back in forty-one00:02:54
only 65 and in 1941 you can00:02:58
was it possible to find out the temperature of the universe when00:03:02
electronic sat on excited00:03:04
levels that correspond to temperature00:03:07
approximately 3 degrees Kelvin and00:03:08
Canadian astrophysicist McKellar on this00:03:11
paid attention he didn't know his trying00:03:13
to study but it went to publication00:03:15
gamov group gamov here I am for you00:03:18
said that they came out only in the eighth year00:03:20
work on the chemical composition of the universe00:03:23
and then you all work because00:03:25
there must be cosmic microwave background radiation00:03:27
that is, it followed from the decision00:03:29
Friedmann equations if we reverse00:03:30
we should have bedtime00:03:32
appropriate temperature when00:03:33
radiation should have been separated from00:03:36
substances at the time of hydrogen recombination00:03:38
it happened and the assessment was made00:03:41
The only thing more correct than me is that00:03:43
gams and00:03:45
Offer and German thought it was impossible00:03:48
it is possible to see this radiation00:03:49
impossible to see ever because in general00:03:52
then you know why it’s impossible to see00:03:54
now sometimes you talk to00:03:57
explore with researchers00:03:58
by astronomers who are not inside00:04:01
and this business this this this00:04:06
work related to relict00:04:08
radiation when he says that00:04:10
inhomogeneities that we see on00:04:11
level 1 hundred thousandth and herself00:04:16
the temperature is still a hundred times weaker than the background00:04:21
which is superimposed on top it means00:04:23
10 is 10 million times weaker than that00:04:28
there is still noise from above, as if random00:04:30
I don't believe that I can pull it out00:04:33
these heterogeneities in the very at the lowest00:04:36
level but in fact it turns out that their00:04:41
you can pull them out you can pull them out00:04:42
explore and you can do amazing things00:04:44
conclusions mean I constantly talk about00:04:49
the fact that Russia is not the Soviet Union00:04:51
lucky with the study of relict00:04:53
radiation although all factors00:04:55
worked in favor of opening00:04:57
recognized and published precisely in00:05:00
Soviet Union in '5700:05:01
shmonov saw noise that could not be removed, but in00:05:05
sixty-four your work00:05:07
Andrey Doroshkevich A and Gorya Novikov V00:05:10
reports of the Academy of Sciences in English00:05:12
language there is something that Gamov predicted00:05:15
and the universe was hot at the very beginning00:05:18
and at that time it was believed that she was00:05:19
cold and the universe was hot then00:05:22
it would be possible to see this radiation00:05:25
on a specific antenna00:05:27
This is a Bell Labs horn antenna and00:05:30
they defined the ranges and explained00:05:32
why could you see from one00:05:34
we have restrictions on00:05:37
synchrotron we study with another00:05:39
sides and included restrictions on dust and00:05:41
there was an area where one could observe and00:05:43
lo and behold, the laboratory staff was00:05:48
on the same antenna about which for a year00:05:51
they said before the opening even Andrey before 100:05:53
Casey Igor Novikov00:05:54
We discovered an unremovable noise that00:05:59
seven years earlier the tiger had discovered00:06:02
Akhmanov but it so happened that they00:06:05
spoke at that seminar where in a month00:06:07
before them there was a theoretical group00:06:09
people say wild where were they described00:06:12
results similar to what I did00:06:14
Dorashkevich and Novikov met00:06:17
meeting of two groups of higher astrophysicists00:06:19
laser with two publications where it was00:06:21
discovery and description occurred00:06:24
Well, of course, later for the discovery00:06:27
cosmic microwave background radiation00:06:28
Nobel Prize was awarded once00:06:30
there is cosmic microwave background radiation once the universe00:06:32
was hot and since we exist and00:06:34
this means that in the radiation itself there must be00:06:37
their heterogeneity had to be found and00:06:39
then let's go to the conferences00:06:42
equipment development work00:06:44
are aimed solely at00:06:47
figure out where00:06:48
and heterogeneity, including00:06:49
rising group00:06:51
July did not explore the Parisian clutch and00:06:54
periodically closed the level which00:06:56
gave theoretical work and thereby changed00:07:00
theory and level everything00:07:02
the relic satellite was launched00:07:05
in the eighties they even thought that00:07:08
they saw inhomogeneities that00:07:10
interpreted as00:07:12
inhomogeneity is associated with the quad field00:07:14
although apparently they noticed something wrong00:07:16
then the whole ninth year was discovered00:07:20
theoretically there should be another one00:07:23
type of heterogeneity is what is called00:07:25
secondary anisotropy primary00:07:26
our anisotropy goes up to the moment00:07:29
recombination is what happens to00:07:31
relict radiation after the epoch00:07:34
recombination we call secondary00:07:36
anisotropy effect was predicted by the medium00:07:39
part of him was all in his ninth year, and then00:07:42
when fluctuations were already discovered for what00:07:44
was given again00:07:46
Gyurza's Nobel Prize for troubles and for that00:07:49
what was shown in Victor's tour00:07:51
radiation strictly corresponds to the study00:07:54
black body00:07:55
given but without to premium divided with00:07:59
George Smoot to John Modern in '9000:08:03
year this satellite was launched reversing00:08:06
attention to a very important point I have already00:08:08
told you this when we spoke in00:08:10
Kaurov ki or electromagnetic spectrum00:08:12
all over the world at the moment what00:08:15
we observe the earth what we observe in00:08:18
space there is only one object or only00:08:21
one type of radiation is completely black00:08:23
telial spectrum this energy dependence00:08:27
from purity this is relict radiation00:08:30
all others have distortions or00:08:33
absorption lines in the radiation bobbin or00:08:36
something else is added but without00:08:37
distortion with very high accuracy00:08:40
CMB correspond to00:08:41
black body radiation and00:08:44
approximately00:08:45
I didn't set the year in 2003 it started00:08:48
a new era in relic research00:08:50
radiation when we realized that cosmology00:08:53
we know this is the era of precise cosmology00:08:55
when the accuracy of parameter measurement00:08:59
cosmological reached00:09:01
Allah 10 percent then 5 percent00:09:04
then one percent and now we00:09:06
talking for a number talking about00:09:08
for a number of parameters about tenths00:09:11
percent is an essential thing, well00:09:13
it’s clear that in blue this is what it’s for00:09:16
gave awarded00:09:19
The Gruber Prize is prestigious00:09:22
cosmological prize 3 awards to the group00:09:25
in fact we even got two00:09:27
Gruber Awards three Gruber Awards were00:09:32
data for research on the relict00:09:35
radiation So what does cosmological tests have to do with it?00:09:40
cosmological tests are associated with00:09:41
cosmic microwave background radiation00:09:42
existence itself cosmic microwave background radiation00:09:44
this is a cosmological test you can answer00:09:47
to this question: does a relic exist?00:09:50
radiation cosmic macro white background00:09:52
this is relict radiation in Russian00:09:54
exists in say yes means black00:09:59
us00:10:00
CMB cosmetic test00:10:03
yes all and heterogeneity of distribution00:10:06
CMB up to00:10:08
what is their power spectrum up to00:10:13
Is the temperature of the relict growing?00:10:15
radiation with redshift increases00:10:18
grows like lines ban means here00:10:20
hundreds of experiments and 5 4 years that00:10:23
hundreds of experiments on various00:10:25
telescopes that are all different00:10:27
ways00:10:28
measured measured points measuring built00:10:31
card ternary lens radiation00:10:33
before Kobe of course it was measured and00:10:36
confirmed but Koby put it very00:10:38
in detail many points throughout00:10:40
the spectrum is exactly the same heterogeneity00:10:43
missions that were later launched00:10:46
confirmed the card you received00:10:49
satellite both means power spectrum o00:10:52
which we will talk again which you00:10:54
already used00:10:55
fits only one model00:10:57
you can't do it any other way00:11:02
explain in terms of some other00:11:04
cosmology just lambda sitting here00:11:08
no sitting around the yard you already know that00:11:10
this is the dominance of dark energy and00:11:14
cold cold mining methods00:11:16
matter of the universe, but with such00:11:17
parameters and there is one more thing and00:11:20
Is the temperature rising relic00:11:22
emission with redshift to increases00:11:24
grows as one plus z as you move away00:11:27
from us it is natural for her to00:11:30
grew up, you can now measure her height with00:11:33
with the help of a cyanogen molecule it was done00:11:35
well, besides, according to observational data00:11:38
lighting effect it when we can00:11:42
restore amplitude00:11:43
measure the amplitude and see00:11:45
how much does it change for a given00:11:46
cluster masses moving away from us00:11:49
It has been independently shown that00:11:51
temperature rising means existence00:11:54
the power spectrum is covered a lot00:11:56
various types of explanations for the relict00:11:59
radiation is00:12:00
and an explanation of what may be connected00:12:02
radiation from stars and explanation of what00:12:05
it's there I don't know what else could be there00:12:07
except the stars and his height00:12:09
temperature also confirms00:12:12
what does this have to do with early hot00:12:15
universe, this means these are the simplest tests00:12:18
associated with cosmic microwave background radiation00:12:19
obvious tests, and here’s the question00:12:23
I found out from everyone00:12:25
and even Dima and I talked about it00:12:27
this question is not accidental because you00:12:29
it can be asked because it was asked00:12:32
it is clear that when we say when00:12:35
CMB appeared00:12:37
we attribute this to the moment of recombination when00:12:40
the universe was 380,000 years old but we know00:12:43
what is the average number of photons in the universe00:12:45
doesn't change so the question is this00:12:47
when did you give birth when do you think00:12:50
CMB photons were born00:12:52
well, just come up with it during the big one00:12:55
explosion00:12:56
maybe we are now living in a big00:12:58
explosion yes but where did they come from00:13:06
Well, how they are, the universe was born together00:13:08
with photons the model does not pass there right away00:13:11
they weren't there at first00:13:12
I get theoretically there was no but they00:13:14
where did they come from somewhere there is a hint00:13:16
there is a hint, I told you about it and maybe00:13:19
maybe you remember, but not dark matter00:13:23
we are not involved in electromagnetic00:13:25
interaction00:13:27
during inflation but during the phase there was00:13:31
many processes some process was in00:13:34
inflation time is really after00:13:36
inflation it happened you don’t know how much00:13:42
us substances in the universe and what we have in00:13:44
the universe is missing hope that where00:13:48
antimatter disappeared and where did it go?00:13:52
onigiri what photons turned into00:13:56
cosmic microwave background radiation, that is, it is not yet00:13:58
was what we call relict00:13:59
radiation and we can consider00:14:01
how many more particles were there than anti-HIV00:14:03
substances than antimatter do not remember on00:14:07
billion upon billion particles of matter and00:14:11
there was a billion antimatter from the bottom00:14:12
approximately antimatter particles00:14:14
these billions have annihilated us00:14:18
accordingly we can calculate00:14:19
how many photons per baryon do we have?00:14:22
how many people should fly here now?00:14:26
How many00:14:28
billion that's actually a debate I have00:14:31
there was no argument, that is, I had it with one00:14:33
from the theorists of the St. Petersburg school who00:14:35
He explained to me that we are just filming00:14:37
discussed it, he explained to me that it was only00:14:40
half photons00:14:41
but approximately half of the photons00:14:42
photons a little bit more well00:14:45
1 and 2 are the same number from the point00:14:47
from the point of view of astrophysics00:14:48
cosmology is generally the same thing but00:14:50
that's all there are 2 times more00:14:52
because even before annihilation we had00:14:55
quarks before protons are formed00:14:58
and neutrons and protons00:15:00
since there were quarks and I’m not participating in00:15:02
electromagnetic interaction part00:15:03
photons were born when electro00:15:06
weak interaction has separated, that is00:15:08
I want to say that when we talk about00:15:10
cosmic microwave background radiation we know that the era00:15:13
his education00:15:15
this is the moment of recombination of 80,000 tourists00:15:18
Simply by definition we open the textbook00:15:20
by definition this is cosmic microwave background radiation00:15:22
and when we say when photons were born00:15:25
which then walked around for 380,000 years00:15:28
plasma as a photon travels in the sun00:15:31
from one place to another and in that00:15:33
early hot universe and then00:15:35
traveled from one place to another00:15:37
absorbed emitted absorbed somewhere00:15:40
interacted and ours then I became00:15:41
absolutely black and white that is all00:15:43
what was mixed there led to00:15:46
that the spectrum but the blackness itself, that is,00:15:48
we are there almost indefinitely00:15:50
integrated00:15:51
roughly speaking, this is the question00:15:54
specially emphasized it00:15:57
attention to whether it will arise00:15:59
one of you or someone to give it to you00:16:01
will ask you divided these two concepts00:16:04
CMB radiation itself and photons00:16:07
who have reached this era00:16:10
so what else is remarkable about the relic00:16:14
radiation, you know that there is no air for you00:16:15
no need to prove no, here you are00:16:18
you know that there is an absolute system00:16:19
reference point in the universe you know how00:16:22
it can be defined, it is absolute00:16:25
the reference system is related to the relic00:16:27
radiation determines it simply where00:16:29
the earth flies with our galaxy there00:16:34
it's hotter where it flies from where it's colder00:16:37
it's called an effect00:16:39
Doppler enhancement and ext.00:16:42
Doppler attenuation this spot00:16:44
here on the cosmic microwave background map00:16:46
where we are flying and here is a spot from where00:16:49
we fly differences in temperature in this00:16:52
In our case, it is only delta t t00:16:56
t t t t we have inhomogeneities00:16:59
fluctuations and then this temperature which00:17:03
what is the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation00:17:05
here I didn’t bring no I didn’t bring how much00:17:08
2 to 2 275 everything is correct means in00:17:12
the third sign we change delta t00:17:14
this is about 10 minus 3 and this one00:17:17
temperature variation00:17:18
which is associated with the dipole, that is, the field00:17:21
two spots in the field this spot is dressed 200:17:25
accordingly, here they are two spots and we00:17:27
we're flying in this direction, which is very00:17:30
it's important there will be time at the station, I'll be there again00:17:33
we need to say a few words about anomalies00:17:35
pay attention to this00:17:37
galactic coordinate system00:17:39
this is our ecliptic plane00:17:41
remember with such an ecliptic plane00:17:43
remember, if we impose it00:17:46
looks like this means this00:17:48
here near the ecliptic plane00:17:49
there is an absolutely gigantic00:17:52
the cluster to which we belong is00:17:54
Virgo cluster near the plane00:17:57
The ecliptic's center is actually 1400:18:00
degrees but here it is spreading and00:18:02
catches this plane right here00:18:03
direction where we're flying 2 live a little00:18:06
below the ecliptic plane but also close00:18:08
the plane of the ecliptic is this area00:18:11
in general this is very important and it is possible00:18:14
plays one of the main roles in00:18:16
relic anomaly formation00:18:18
radiation but not a fact, check it very much00:18:21
it’s difficult but there are suspicions too00:18:23
will be useful at the end of the coordinates where we are00:18:26
Vitim from where they are known with very good00:18:28
precision within one pixel00:18:31
measurements means this is 205 4 longitude and00:18:38
latitude 48 4 degrees exactly to these00:18:41
coordinates and all are linked00:18:43
other coordinate systems that00:18:45
want to commit to an absolute system00:18:48
reference that exists in the environment00:18:51
us in the world00:18:52
there is but it's not broadcast that is it00:18:54
electromagnetic distribution00:18:56
radiation in our visible universe00:18:58
it is clear that if you transfer yourself to00:19:02
some other place for one giga00:19:05
parsec everything will be completely different there00:19:06
Well, in our coordinate system in00:19:10
which we observe, this is highlighted00:19:12
system what so what are we talking about here00:19:17
already happened when we talk about relict00:19:18
radiation, not all processes are reflected in00:19:21
cosmic microwave background radiation00:19:22
but the most important processes that help us00:19:25
interests are displayed in it, that is, in00:19:27
universe, something happened to photons00:19:30
who are nearby are not those someone something00:19:32
happened and it happened very much00:19:34
many times until almost00:19:37
visiting our galaxy when photons00:19:39
flew into our galaxy with them again00:19:41
something happened and what happened to them00:19:44
this confusion is already happening near us00:19:46
because it gets very difficult00:19:48
separate which photons even belong00:19:52
there land for example when registering in00:19:55
opposite direction to the sun00:19:56
which photons belong to or Victor00:19:59
study manages to figure this out, but00:20:02
There are always questions there too, as it were00:20:04
here are some strange things we are talking about00:20:06
we'll talk but mostly torelli00:20:09
those relic study maps that00:20:11
built astrophysicists believe what to prove00:20:15
it's impossible but they don't believe it's them00:20:18
most maps of cosmic microwave background radiation00:20:19
thanks to their properties why is it00:20:21
impossible to prove00:20:22
because when you were studying00:20:25
modeling of the relic crankcase00:20:26
radiation for different universes changed00:20:28
you set the cosmological parameters there00:20:30
implementation numbers could repeat this00:20:33
then the map that actually exists and and00:20:35
can't be repeated in any way00:20:38
you know this is by chance from the only one00:20:40
random implementation observable00:20:42
which you will never be able to00:20:44
reproducing all the conditions and sweeping everything away00:20:47
the point won't work on you anyway00:20:48
because the universe is bigger than us00:20:51
we see what went there you don’t know anymore00:20:53
what happened next00:20:55
and the photon from there is still coming to us, which means00:20:58
short history of the universe I won't be on it00:21:00
stop because I already have it00:21:01
I told you, but I’ll note that where00:21:03
eat events from the moment of birth00:21:05
events when what happened there in00:21:09
first 10 to the minus thirty-fifth power00:21:11
seconds reflected reflected such on00:21:16
CMB photon distribution00:21:18
radiation what happened after 300:21:20
minutes, that is, at the very beginning it00:21:22
there was that same rapid inflation00:21:26
exponential expansion is faster00:21:28
the speed of light its properties are this00:21:33
extensions00:21:34
made it possible to transfer the features of a vacuum00:21:37
features of what happened there00:21:40
inhomogeneity of matter distribution well00:21:42
and therefore on heterogeneity00:21:44
photon distributions after 3 minutes00:21:47
we had a peak in helium formation and then00:21:52
what happened there00:21:53
relict radiation reflected in the map00:21:55
then we had it all in the plasma and walked around00:21:58
the substance is 380,000 years old and it was not easy00:22:02
so because it’s just out of the dark there00:22:04
matter, pour heterogeneity into00:22:07
including naturally00:22:08
you system mothers since this is simple00:22:10
I put an ordinary substance there00:22:12
which was carried by photons again she00:22:15
was going and this is called with or00:22:17
shares, that is, activated some00:22:20
heterogeneity survived some no it00:22:22
all these processes were reflected in the end00:22:25
ended up printed in the card00:22:27
relict radiation which00:22:29
reached us later separated from00:22:32
substances and came to us in that form in00:22:34
what it was like 380,000 years later00:22:37
not because when00:22:40
the first plasma stars formed00:22:43
hydrogen was formed again00:22:45
plasma and then actually became plasma and00:22:49
this process when we have again00:22:51
this plasma was formed at 100:22:53
interact with photons relic00:22:55
radiation and it was again imprinted in00:22:58
properties cosmic microwave background radiation00:23:00
Well, what happened next means when we00:23:02
reached accelerated expansion00:23:04
universe after six half00:23:06
billions of years we have become very quickly00:23:08
move away from this moment once and twice00:23:11
we had two more effects there, one00:23:14
effect in one effect affects00:23:16
Karen and varicose veins and very good well00:23:18
and in the second we just get physics00:23:21
formation of galaxy clusters from00:23:23
substances means the first effect is called00:23:25
I'll talk about this more about the effect00:23:27
Saxon alpha is that when00:23:30
we have gravitational potential then00:23:32
there we threw dark matter we threw00:23:34
visible matter and here to form00:23:36
and the galaxy cluster is gigantic00:23:39
size photon travels through them00:23:41
millions of years but during these millions of years00:23:43
the universe is expanding, a photon entering00:23:46
such gravitational potential gains00:23:47
energy and when it flies out it loses it00:23:51
but if everything would be fine if not00:23:53
whether he signed it himself has not changed, but with us00:23:56
that the cluster is growing, the void is growing, that is00:24:00
in wars we have the same situation, that is00:24:03
the graph potential decreases towards the center and in00:24:06
clusters increases due to time00:24:08
the photon does not receive changes either00:24:11
sort through energy00:24:12
this effect of undersupply or oversupply00:24:15
energy is called the Sachs-Wolf effect00:24:17
and the second effect on labor is associated with00:24:20
clusters of galaxies it is more effective00:24:21
just now when as a result of the opposite00:24:24
Compton effect is such an electron00:24:27
gives away its frequency to hot electronics00:24:30
there's a cluster of galaxies there00:24:31
own speed is large because00:24:33
the mass of the cluster is large gives its00:24:35
photon energy photon crawls out of00:24:38
one region of the spectrum to another and these00:24:41
the effects are also imprinted in00:24:43
cosmic microwave background radiation00:24:44
that is, we are looking at the relic map00:24:47
we can get all the radiation out of there00:24:49
information practically00:24:52
and the cluster of galaxies removed the effect00:24:54
Zeldovich I say Sinyaev’s problems00:24:56
cluster of galaxies observed up to00:24:59
small zetas up to z 01 for example this one00:25:02
the effect is visible, that is, practically00:25:05
annoyance with this kitchen itself and all these00:25:08
events will be recorded in this00:25:11
the map that I will show you so if00:25:15
we want to restore the history of the universe00:25:18
then we have the opportunity to see everything00:25:20
the universe at once and the whole story in different00:25:24
at the ends it looks very similar to that imprinted here00:25:27
here00:25:28
there is even much more printed here than00:25:30
we can imagine that is, if00:25:32
the laws of nature changed in different ways00:25:34
directions or in different eras00:25:36
would be to build because spots00:25:38
for different laws of nature would look like00:25:40
differently there is his form of the universe was00:25:43
something special topologically there00:25:45
there would be some holes and knots, so what?00:25:48
you can come up with a distribution you want00:25:50
photons would be completely different in the sky00:25:52
you can solve inverse problems and more00:25:55
pull out the physics of the universe cosmology00:25:58
only the universe as a whole evolved well00:26:00
topology geometry in general laws00:26:04
nature in general properties of vacuum and all00:26:07
this work is being done and will continue00:26:09
done because there are billions of points00:26:12
represent you billions of points for00:26:14
home tests for hundreds of years live long00:26:17
and publish articles on these topics00:26:20
this is good this one and I already said that00:26:23
imprinted in semba means means00:26:26
primary heterogeneity of matter00:26:28
it means you have a vacuum somehow00:26:30
what does it generate there will be a picture00:26:32
which I already showed you a year ago but00:26:35
I’ll show you again how modern00:26:38
the views generated remain here00:26:40
these heterogeneities mean different things00:26:43
the size of the spots can grow differently and00:26:46
can equally this can be checked and00:26:48
then it will change, that is, it will be reflected in00:26:52
this distribution of energy from the angular00:26:56
size that means, well, their distribution in00:26:59
space naturally gender fashion00:27:01
indignation wants terrible words but on00:27:03
really really scary because00:27:06
what is this so zarn I fashion indignation00:27:09
another primary gravitational waves00:27:11
when you have00:27:13
heterogeneity you change increase00:27:16
very quickly you get this size00:27:18
changes in potential graph00:27:20
receive and gravitational wave which00:27:23
starts traveling around the universe00:27:24
me in the future the properties of light here00:27:28
this relict radiation and if these00:27:29
the disturbances were associated with collectibles00:27:32
waves, then now the movement of these waves can00:27:35
reach giga parsec someone00:27:37
it's incredible to see them00:27:40
they are looking for them right now at the moment in00:27:42
Antarctica means primary chemical00:27:45
compound not accurate to the first digit after00:27:49
comma00:27:50
where in optical nor in any other00:27:52
range cannot be restored00:27:53
but just using wpp data00:27:56
and the bar was set that it’s strictly00:27:58
correspond to theory00:28:00
well, then this is what is below the line00:28:03
what happened after the moment of recombination00:28:06
era of implementation that is, when again00:28:08
hydrogen appeared00:28:10
and gel a plasma from ultraviolet00:28:13
the first stars, well, you need to add what you ate00:28:15
it was even more difficult I don't get started yet00:28:18
required the radiation of the first Jäger00:28:21
galaxies, that is, this is 700 years later00:28:23
million years after the big bang00:28:24
stars after two hundred and 400 million years00:28:27
after the big bang and the age of sex00:28:29
Wolf when the frequency changes I said00:28:32
but the effect will take me when we have00:28:34
the reverse circuit is triggered, the effect is all00:28:37
this is postponed and imagine that00:28:38
that's all I actually wrote here00:28:40
in fact this formula00:28:41
that is, formulas depending on t or z00:28:44
well, depending on what is more convenient for you00:28:47
count them, type them all together00:28:50
watch how your temperature changes00:28:52
fold depending on the era00:28:54
together and you can solve the equation and their00:28:57
it turns out it's not so much using00:29:00
these billions of points that are here00:29:03
Do you have a number of equations plus00:29:06
billions of points and you can have it00:29:09
excess00:29:10
generally data with high accuracy00:29:12
determine data redundancy and00:29:16
a certain shape of the angular spectrum00:29:18
power allows for high precision00:29:20
talk about how it all happened00:29:22
let's move on and well, I wanted to say00:29:25
what really happens when you start00:29:28
understand how things are now00:29:31
theoretical ideas are just that00:29:32
to become a particle physicist you need both00:29:34
inhomogeneities are born; they are compared with00:29:37
the birth of inhomogeneities00:29:39
not heterogeneity and particle splitting00:29:42
virtual near a black hole we know00:29:45
that two virtual particles are born00:29:46
they immediately annihilate the vacuum, the vacuum does not00:29:49
empty there is something going on and if we00:29:51
we distribute these two particles from both sides00:29:53
the event horizon of a black hole is one00:29:55
a particle will fall and another will fly away what00:29:57
fishing it carries energy when it's black00:30:01
the hole will be depleted by this particle, that is00:30:04
reduce our mass if we00:30:06
exponentially inflate the spaces00:30:08
we are born two particles they are not00:30:10
we just manage to annihilate them00:30:12
spread faster due to expansion00:30:15
speed of light at the time of inflation and now00:30:17
we have the beginnings of heterogeneity00:30:20
there is and then we need somehow00:30:21
strengthen them to throw the substance there and00:30:25
do not let this substance fall apart under00:30:28
by the action of photons so we must00:30:29
plant more dark matter here00:30:32
particles also turn out conveniently and they00:30:34
survive and, in general, seem to be very two00:30:37
similar process, well of course about it00:30:40
talk together that's why it's like this00:30:42
are shown means you can00:30:44
simulate this process if we have00:30:46
the universe has already been born and if00:30:48
we seem to be making some inhomogeneities00:30:50
small so you cut into small ones00:30:53
step of time and increasing the universe00:30:56
our opportunity increases00:30:59
now watch us every moment00:31:01
time00:31:02
our home vacuum is already in it all the time00:31:06
these inhomogeneities are going on in the universe00:31:07
we increase it appears again00:31:09
heterogeneities of a different scale00:31:11
those who were at first completely00:31:12
they grow up little with us00:31:14
new ones appear offering to grow with00:31:16
with every step the expansion of the universe is possible00:31:18
say that this is some kind of quantum00:31:20
computer what one of the authors is talking about00:31:22
quantum computers satelite where is it00:31:25
describes the process of fluctuation birth00:31:27
just physics but in terms of00:31:29
algorithms represent algorithmic00:31:31
idea where we have on each00:31:35
every beat of the universe just00:31:37
expand in a certain way00:31:39
heterogeneities increase and appear00:31:42
again according to the same law which00:31:44
was before, but then we look at what00:31:47
which of them can be strengthened or how which of them00:31:51
they are intensified by Vasilina what00:31:52
photons are destroyed, they are simply carried away00:31:54
Various dimensions are also associated with this00:31:57
and this is a significant indicator that00:32:01
happened in the earliest eras00:32:03
I showed you the big explosion of this too00:32:07
the world is diverse there are many00:32:10
various cosmological groups including00:32:13
those who say that the big bang is not00:32:15
finished here it continues now here00:32:17
we see the accelerated expansion of the universe00:32:19
this actually proves that00:32:21
the big bang happened but the big bang00:32:23
this is heating up rapid expansion00:32:25
the universe with a warm-up, that is, what we00:32:27
Now we mean by big bang00:32:29
what did Fred Hoyle, who invented it, understand?00:32:32
this is completely different what I understand is about00:32:35
than the average person says that this is some kind of00:32:37
a shock wave was born somewhere there00:32:39
it’s clear none of this happened, but the universe00:32:42
began to swell like a bubble00:32:44
three-dimensional with a three-dimensional surface made of00:32:47
something else from some other00:32:49
vacuum we don’t know what they are but we have everything00:32:51
equally, in principle, theoretical physicists can00:32:54
say that we are from any vacuum00:32:56
with almost one exception00:32:58
we can make any universe we want00:33:00
we will have enough resources00:33:02
but there is and we will look at it here00:33:04
big bang is being considered00:33:05
up to 380 thousand years before the era of recombination and00:33:11
there is just a different set of eras00:33:14
that is, when we have all our strength00:33:16
merged into one00:33:17
they separated after about oh right00:33:20
here in00:33:21
inflationary era after 10 to minus 3500:33:24
seconds, that is, we have formed00:33:26
electro weak interaction you already00:33:29
they said it was electromagnetic00:33:31
interaction and weak interaction00:33:32
these are different sides of the same thing00:33:35
cube both electric and magnetic00:33:37
but in fact physicists want more00:33:39
add a strong interaction there that00:33:42
I can do it and it would be great00:33:44
they managed to add gravity00:33:47
what can't be done but nevertheless00:33:50
this era lasted long enough and00:33:53
when the era ended00:33:55
here it says 10 to minus 12 and 10 -1100:33:59
The era of the weak is over00:34:01
we have formed interactions00:34:05
the epoch of quarks was formed, that is,00:34:07
the era of quarks began00:34:09
quarks that ended up being formed00:34:11
protons that annihilated it was00:34:14
when the universe was only ten00:34:16
minus 5 seconds00:34:18
age such an action is 5 seconds, well00:34:22
after that there was still some gap00:34:24
still additional annihilation00:34:27
annihilation had deep tones00:34:29
stage positrons electrons after 1000:34:33
seconds it's all over00:34:35
photons were formed just when00:34:37
annihilated the proton and antiproton well00:34:40
and then it went on later00:34:41
written 1 hour here after about00:34:44
three minutes and it lasted half an hour for us00:34:47
helium formation began and00:34:50
helium according to estimates should have been00:34:52
form seven twenty five00:34:54
percent according to estimates of those conditions00:34:56
which were00:34:57
and so many times it turns out that there is00:34:59
in fact, even after 380,000 years00:35:02
us everything that happened there all this00:35:06
became was transferred later00:35:11
aliens have that too00:35:13
here's to all the creatures all the creatures in00:35:15
on average they see the same card and this00:35:17
way to deal with information00:35:19
the world around those who can understand00:35:20
the essence is written down those are worthy of evolution00:35:23
further and those who cannot be those are not00:35:26
lucky but actually I'm saying if you00:35:29
you'll even take it00:35:30
civilization liaison then the slugs may not00:35:33
see the beauty of the sky, not to mention00:35:35
paintings of the Louvre or Hermitage and listen00:35:38
music but when will they come out on00:35:40
appropriate level let them not00:35:42
they see the beauty of the sky in the end00:35:43
they will figure out that there is such a map00:35:46
cosmic microwave background radiation in which they are recorded00:35:48
all these parameters and it’s kind of between00:35:50
civilizational language if you want with00:35:52
someone to talk to00:35:53
you must change to the recording language00:35:56
heterogeneity here in this map it is00:35:58
statistically the same for all00:36:00
the universe and that's the only way you can do this00:36:02
transmit information and I’m still here00:36:04
decided to highlight some parametrizations00:36:06
means if we need to select a model00:36:09
for maps it's just normal physics00:36:11
ordinary physics is an ordinary formula00:36:13
which you collect as procedures00:36:16
software and you need to install what00:36:19
the contribution of each process then grows00:36:22
heterogeneity and00:36:24
how it is reflected on the map relic00:36:27
radiation that is, you should know how00:36:28
the substance interacts with00:36:30
photons with radiation and you should know00:36:33
which can lead to growth00:36:35
heterogeneity and what can destroy them00:36:38
and here, in general, completely different00:36:40
things that is00:36:41
heterogeneities that grow within00:36:43
general theory of relativity when you00:36:45
you are expanding the universe at an accelerated rate, that is,00:36:48
you are experiencing an increase in these fluctuations00:36:52
then you have to ask some00:36:54
default properties of dark matter00:36:57
dark matter is given without pressure00:37:00
which does not interact and is stable00:37:04
actually when you're doing well00:37:06
it turns out you can already start playing00:37:08
so you say dark matter is not00:37:10
interacts about it talk I let00:37:12
let her interact a little00:37:14
it does not interact with an electromagnet00:37:16
on and weak interaction, for example about00:37:19
annihilate or disintegrate or whatever00:37:20
somewhere and there are a lot of points you check00:37:24
some additional models but about00:37:25
I'll tell you this later00:37:27
that means, besides, you have nejtrino active00:37:31
in the earliest era actively00:37:32
interacts with the substance while00:37:34
the universe has not cooled and the density is not00:37:36
fell, you have to take that into account too, well00:37:39
and then you take into account how you grow00:37:41
these scalar perturbations are simply00:37:44
the substance flows there and how are you00:37:46
this gender outrage arises00:37:48
gender fashion00:37:49
if you miss gravitational waves00:37:51
through these scalar perturbations, well00:37:54
It's clear that you can experiment00:37:55
with dark energy we can say that00:37:58
dark energy is just one parameter00:38:00
1 to the member and we can say that she00:38:02
changes over time and describe it00:38:04
what formulas to use, but of course not00:38:07
very large and complex and more or less00:38:09
simple ones that physics loves simplicity00:38:12
which naturally succeeds00:38:14
fit into those observational data00:38:15
and you have a certain set of free00:38:18
parameters that you can find by solving00:38:22
equation that is, you will have 7 8 1000:38:25
equations but points then you have millions there00:38:28
billions of points therefore possibilities00:38:30
always improve the quality of your decisions00:38:33
There is00:38:34
the world is of course easier because physics00:38:37
what's there what's here should be the same00:38:40
that is, you don’t invent special magic00:38:41
all physics is magic that exists on00:38:44
earth and calm and use here00:38:46
when you know it all00:38:49
parameterize further you got00:38:50
some of your data appears again00:38:53
Gauss questions and enters data remember I00:38:56
Gaussian sti told you all the time here00:38:58
even today Yura drew max ska files00:39:01
and the distribution which is actually00:39:05
garcía na goch she who describes everything00:39:09
including your behavior if we00:39:11
Let's start, look at this deviation from the template00:39:13
these are the differences in declination00:39:15
patterns will also be Gaussian, that is00:39:17
your behavior is statistically possible00:39:19
predict00:39:20
guess how you are likely to behave00:39:22
Here's the CMB data00:39:26
you must be Gaussian just because00:39:28
we know that the energy distribution00:39:31
these particles born in vacuum00:39:32
Gaussian about this I will also say a few words later00:39:35
I’ll say that it’s not Gaussian then it’s00:39:39
great that means a physicist and00:39:41
An astrophysicist is given a new job to00:39:44
figure out how this could be00:39:45
but unfortunately most likely not voice ones00:39:48
precisely from the point of view of compliance00:39:51
vacuum and although the observer is on we are of course00:39:53
they were spoiled when they were observed00:39:56
a little00:39:58
soiled by all processing methods00:40:01
there is no vote you can find about it I00:40:03
I’ll also tell you when we talk about00:40:04
anomalies00:40:05
that means there is relict polarization00:40:07
radiation is very important polarization00:40:10
there is cosmic microwave background radiation and what is it00:40:13
electric fashion is the one that00:40:15
associated with plasma interaction00:40:19
which was formed by the first stars00:40:22
they found her, everything is good, that means how good it is00:40:26
well on the map the land is usually cleared00:40:28
the radiation of the galaxy has been cleaned out great on00:40:31
exploration of the galaxy remains therefore there is00:40:34
Here's a way to simply remove this radiation:00:40:37
these are the areas of the map in which she can00:40:39
be even if we can’t see it with our eyes and00:40:41
work calmly but nevertheless it00:40:43
such a question is right for the conference, but here it is00:40:47
what do you have there00:40:48
I started the spots are on the same line00:40:50
what is the power spectrum do you know00:40:52
great the way it should be00:40:55
we're just looking at the power spectrum00:40:57
with all peaks each peak must hit00:41:00
where he needs to get to00:41:02
get those cosmological parameters00:41:03
which we know he gets there00:41:05
how many parameters do we need to remember and00:41:07
to describe the world00:41:10
how many 6 koto ga you and I said 6 or me00:41:14
heard 6 o'clock and Andrey said to eat00:41:18
there are parameters you modeled00:41:20
the parameter is enough for you00:41:22
do that is, you think you are like that00:41:25
you are all different and very much the same00:41:27
obey the law of 6 parameters for00:41:29
descriptions of this world and no more for you00:41:31
need to understand this is very cool00:41:33
very easy and since there are more points then you00:41:35
you can throw something else in there00:41:37
Well, for example, determine the mass of thread Irina00:41:39
just in case means 6 parameters and you do everything00:41:43
structures the evolution of these structures is launched in00:41:45
computer like in the real universe00:41:47
is it possible to define additional00:41:49
I already said the parameters are masses of netrino00:41:51
we can determine the number of nejtrino types00:41:53
all this is easily determined from00:41:55
cards moving on here is the spectrum00:41:58
power as a matter of fact and there I have00:42:00
will be separate that is when we speak00:42:02
about a standard candle when we talk about00:42:05
standard line and standard watches00:42:09
about standard counting when we are still00:42:11
come up with some cosmological00:42:13
test and we take all these tests in00:42:16
we collect a big pile and all this big00:42:18
the heap will eventually turn into00:42:20
this is the power spectrum because here00:42:22
there are all these tests at once and00:42:25
they are much stronger00:42:27
this is the angular power spectrum with which you00:42:29
worked and how do you remember he told us00:42:31
shows how much energy is from the sky00:42:34
comes in the specified size and we take00:42:37
select this angle integrate this angle00:42:40
we collect energy throughout the sky and divide00:42:43
for all energy relative to00:42:45
determine how many we got into the given00:42:47
in this window where we are all00:42:49
passed reduce the window by half and again00:42:53
we pass throughout the sky and thus00:42:54
reducing the window is separated by 90 degrees and00:42:57
etc00:42:58
we look at how much energy we got here00:43:01
and that means there is such a scale here00:43:03
and as you remember we can this rock00:43:06
convert to sizes of spots on the sky00:43:09
which correspond to certain00:43:11
functions00:43:12
strongly reminiscent of sines on spheres or00:43:15
cosine and on the sphere and these spot sizes00:43:19
decrease with increasing number of such00:43:22
Harmonics are called harmonics00:43:24
multi fields I will call them multi00:43:27
fields and again I will remind you how some00:43:29
multi field look later means the larger the number00:43:33
multi fields the smaller it is00:43:36
corresponds means if we are talking about00:43:38
dipoles I showed you a dipole two spots00:43:41
this is the size of a hemisphere if we are talking about00:43:44
amano field is one spot is the whole sphere00:43:47
not a monopole not a dipole we are not interested in00:43:50
no information about the universe we are from there00:43:53
we don't get them, we throw them away 100:43:56
cosmological moment multi full it00:43:58
quad field 4 spots on the sphere 4 spots on00:44:01
sphere is a quarter of the sphere corresponding00:44:03
spot size 90 degrees and so on00:44:06
let's go 904500:44:07
We increase 22 and a half further and00:44:10
each has a corresponding harmonic00:44:12
increasing and at each harmonic00:44:14
there is an energy contribution which00:44:17
don't put this point here00:44:22
I’m calm, I tell everyone that in 6000 years00:44:26
except for the mobile Pythagorean theorem00:44:29
telephone and something else the greatest thing00:44:31
was done it was measured this one00:44:34
power spectrum which includes everything00:44:35
cosmological and I think00:44:37
astrophysical discoveries that were00:44:39
done this part is simple00:44:42
fantastic work of all humanity00:44:44
to find out how the whole universe00:44:46
it's just an incredible thing00:44:50
It’s incredible that we managed to get up to 800:44:53
peak here but in fact up to 9 peak00:44:56
and measure many things that generally00:44:59
seemed impossible and the same spectrum00:45:02
tells us that it is relict00:45:04
cosmic microwave background radiation because the first00:45:07
three peaks were confirmed by satellite00:45:09
w map v00:45:11
what year were you in eleventh year?00:45:14
published data on how it works00:45:17
the whole universe and since we know how00:45:18
the whole universe is arranged according to three peaks we00:45:20
we can predict where they are00:45:22
the rest of the dive00:45:23
it’s just these very heterogeneities00:45:26
who called, that is, from us00:45:28
a certain size of heterogeneity00:45:29
survived there the most00:45:32
there were interacting photons with them00:45:34
the most energy and we're right on it00:45:37
we determine these dimensions with a peak00:45:39
that means physics of the 1st floor we take the first ones00:45:42
three we can easily define cosmology00:45:44
calculate what happened to others00:45:46
planck flew satellite planck european00:45:49
space agency and determined where00:45:51
must be located and will determine where00:45:53
the remaining peaks are located00:45:55
exactly where the data w predicted00:45:58
matt without observations laid down model00:46:02
showed that it's all like this00:46:04
looks like no other experiment00:46:06
I just can’t explain this00:46:09
experiment to study00:46:11
cosmic microwave background radiation00:46:12
here I am, this is a very important thing to understand00:46:15
what it is that means and that’s what it’s telling us00:46:20
this spectrum is also just like this00:46:22
these heterogeneities in Odessa I specifically00:46:24
and it is listed that the standard candle00:46:26
standard line standard watches and00:46:29
standard calculations of objects and beyond00:46:31
come up with whatever you want, but here it is00:46:33
this thing called00:46:35
standard fluctuation power spectrum00:46:38
this is the most powerful cosmological00:46:41
a test that could be a test throughout00:46:45
visible universe at once, that is, that's all00:46:48
what we see immediately we can pick up00:46:52
just can’t pick a model00:46:54
measure and and because how it turns out00:46:56
and this spectrum says a lot about00:46:59
the fact that it is clean then clean data without00:47:02
any systematic effects itself00:47:04
form that is, I told you we can00:47:07
break it into pieces and see how00:47:09
pieces what model of the evolution of the universe00:47:12
they produce a consistent model00:47:14
means how many objects are selected00:47:17
data billions of objects where else are you00:47:20
you will find this there, this is every pixel on00:47:23
sky at different frequencies00:47:24
how they are in the cluster I’m angry and at different00:47:26
sizes this shows us how they are00:47:28
grow that is cool it's like them in00:47:30
we collect a bunch of what is the distribution of the halo00:47:33
dark matter depending on mass00:47:35
era, but in general, but these peaks and00:47:37
tell us about how these heads00:47:39
grow and when00:47:41
and how they interact with them00:47:42
happens and also means what are the parameters00:47:47
components of energy and physics when00:47:53
gravitational they can check everything00:47:55
theories of gravity as under what00:47:57
scale, what we get means00:48:00
parameters of the theory of gravity of different00:48:02
those components are studied that00:48:05
promote clustering this dark00:48:07
visible matter and measured components00:48:10
which interfere with clustering is00:48:11
nejtrino which carry energy and00:48:14
galaxy clusters and dark energy00:48:16
which is rapidly expanding the universe00:48:19
accordingly quickly reducing the scale and00:48:21
at which angular scales at which00:48:23
the angles at which we see these00:48:25
heterogeneity is such a thing and00:48:30
It’s clear where the $4 billion went00:48:33
to get this curve00:48:35
the cost of this curve is about 400:48:37
billions of dollars and this work is not yet00:48:40
finished still need money very much if only00:48:44
not these boundaries he her waves that were00:48:46
open of course the money would go now00:48:48
We're taking the launch of the crust satellite unfortunately00:48:52
who had a lot to say00:48:54
that's why Europe started asking for something else00:48:56
money in India and maybe it's still him00:48:58
one experiment will be launched already in progress00:49:01
very good it's in Antarctica based 3 but00:49:04
I'll talk about this later, but that's what it means00:49:07
received this data is 201800:49:09
the final plan data were00:49:11
published a month ago that is when00:49:13
everything seems to have become clear everything00:49:17
the comments were taken into account they were processed they00:49:20
built collaboration built00:49:22
corresponding curve please note00:49:25
modern astronomers, namely those who00:49:28
they work with large data sets00:49:30
very flexible they are so flexible that you00:49:33
you can change the scale at will00:49:35
look here00:49:37
here we have a logarithmic scale00:49:39
then we have a logarithmic scale in00:49:42
in another form then we have it again00:49:44
logarithmic scale flow goes00:49:46
linear here goes almost similar but00:49:50
differently, sometimes you may be asked what00:49:52
this is on your scale here00:49:53
be a multi field here we have two00:49:57
the graphic scale is different here00:49:59
logarithmic here you have it all00:50:00
ok the thing is that if we00:50:03
work only in linear scale00:50:05
then here you all will wait and we will00:50:07
we won't see anything if we do00:50:09
logarithmic this is everything let's clamp a00:50:12
we are interested to see at every stage00:50:14
our brain of those who draw like that is not mine00:50:17
Of course it's me, no, I spied it00:50:20
hour so we draw an easy to learn system and00:50:25
It’s easier for us to see all sorts of features00:50:28
here than to come up with individual pictures00:50:31
build many separate pictures for00:50:32
each plot00:50:33
here are two spectra00:50:35
spectra means I told you on the previous one00:50:37
lectures told correlation00:50:39
functions ah how to build a correlation00:50:41
galaxy functions from pairs when00:50:42
all possible pairs are counted and we00:50:45
look there are no allocated distances00:50:46
power spectrum angular00:50:49
this is also a correlation function only00:50:51
we are not counting pairs of galaxies in00:50:54
space and the corresponding pairs are there00:50:58
let's say with positive peaks on00:51:00
sphere and it’s convenient, that is, imagine00:51:03
I think it’s convenient, but it’s really slower00:51:06
because standards when we consider00:51:09
spectrum we perform room multi field00:51:11
This00:51:13
let the number cartoon cartoon more and00:51:15
when we just count the power spectrum00:51:16
we need to execute for the map00:51:19
expansion through the harmonica elf cube00:51:22
operations and if we consider00:51:23
correlation functions r in the fourth00:51:25
this is somewhat inconvenient, but we are this00:51:28
the method can be used when the market00:51:30
areas from the cards and throw away we have00:51:32
not a complete card we say we threw it away00:51:33
we tear all these maps into pieces and00:51:35
between these points we can build00:51:37
the power spectrum of my truth we will00:51:39
quietly call the pseudo spectrum but00:51:42
he is a spectrum and thus build00:51:45
that is, this correlation function00:51:47
correlation function00:51:48
temperature distribution00:51:50
and the satrapies of these heterogeneities00:51:52
temperature of course but we can00:51:54
scalp00:51:55
temperature with polarization this one00:51:59
range we have one relic temperature map00:52:02
radiation and the other card is a card00:52:05
relict radiation in polarization00:52:08
fashion in electric and these are completely different00:52:10
their points are considered independent00:52:15
point with us00:52:16
the sample is increasing, that is, we are still00:52:18
more we can do and when we speak00:52:19
that we define cosmology one by one00:52:21
it must correspond to the spectrum00:52:23
cosmology therefore the spectrum of gender is under00:52:26
everything corresponds to gravity well00:52:29
that is, the achievement of humanity is not00:52:31
only such a spectrum but this is it00:52:33
the main thing is that it was received because we00:52:34
we just tried on everything, but also all sorts00:52:36
confirming moments that are like00:52:38
like this and there is another spectrum00:52:40
which unfortunately has a bad00:52:43
sensitivity because planck is not00:52:44
was able to reach the so-called00:52:46
magnetic polarization mode which00:52:48
connected with the graph by familiar waves00:52:50
but there are such spectra, which means that00:52:54
you can take it from these spectra, you see00:52:57
here dive one two three 4 5 6 7 800:53:01
I already asked you this riddle and you did it00:53:05
I didn’t guess right away, I told you the answer00:53:08
so I'll ask you again how much00:53:10
independent parameters we can00:53:11
determine from the eight peaks I told you00:53:16
about three and now I’m asking about 800:53:19
independent parameters00:53:21
not related to each other in any way00:53:25
of the three independent parameters you00:53:28
today is not 6 okay from one peak00:53:31
how many independent ones can we identify?00:53:33
parameters00:53:34
one of one peak three peaks what spots00:53:40
look at the parameters what parameters 100:53:44
coordinate length and also at there00:53:51
this coordinate amplitude 3 means 300:53:55
if 8 peaks are 24 and I told you that all00:53:59
cosmology which describes the universe in00:54:01
6 but I was also lying, I told you to be00:54:04
Well, of course they are determined, look00:54:06
there are three here00:54:07
hole three more here three more here three more00:54:11
yes, that is, we actually need00:54:12
identify peak pit yanka peak pit peak00:54:15
amplitude and size but this is deceit00:54:18
because well, it's not wealth00:54:21
simple math00:54:22
and everything is much better than the definition00:54:25
daddy every point that stands on00:54:28
this spectrum is an independent measurement00:54:30
that is, here we have two and a half00:54:34
thousands of points00:54:35
and pay attention, I’m not even saying00:54:38
that we have a billion pixels I already00:54:40
I say just take the spectrum we have two with00:54:43
half a thousand measurements given for00:54:46
given size and now we know everything00:54:49
mechanisms we think we know most likely00:54:52
we know all the mechanisms that generate00:54:55
a given epoch of a spot of a given size in00:54:57
another era they generate other spots00:55:01
or there are fewer other spots and it’s all us00:55:04
together must be summed up00:55:05
and see if you get a spectrum like this or00:55:07
no, when you sum it up we have there00:55:09
there will be free parameters that we00:55:11
we can determine but we need to determine00:55:13
only 6 parameters00:55:14
and in this spectrum we have two and a half00:55:17
thousands of points00:55:18
naturally this is done very, very00:55:21
ok, but these help with that too00:55:25
points because there are people who00:55:28
manually and like to define parameters00:55:31
they just take and measure the dimensions00:55:34
these spots, that is, these peaks00:55:37
this is the graph of baryons healing and00:55:41
although brion oscillations are real00:55:43
distribution of matter00:55:44
but how do both of them speak about their oscillations00:55:47
more about this spectrum00:55:49
sugars when I developed00:55:51
theory for oscillating inhomogeneities00:55:55
in cold plasma he used just00:55:58
baryons get lost and initially connect00:56:01
this is from my aviation in cold plasma and00:56:04
then when it's hot everything works and connects00:56:07
this one has these peaks like00:56:10
signs of oscillations where you went00:56:12
appropriate sizes and there are people00:56:15
which manually directly can but we do not00:56:18
maybe there are formulas for finding ladies00:56:20
describe the position and size of these peaks00:56:23
physics but computers anyway00:56:26
how many peaks and we can lay everything00:56:28
two and a half thousand points like this00:56:30
way to pull out all physics00:56:32
earlier and later universe from there00:56:34
remember I prescribed cosmological ones for you00:56:38
I wrote them out for you, I think they are there00:56:40
how many eight or nine different pieces00:56:44
observational data, that is, different00:56:46
there are both X-ray and optical data00:56:49
data and a lot of other things just data00:56:54
CMB radiation is given to us immediately 900:56:57
tests independent of each other, that is00:56:59
we can split the spectrum into separate00:57:00
areas and determine how they checked00:57:04
the very consistency of its spectrum could00:57:06
at first it wasn’t, but in the data of 18 all00:57:09
plots now give agreed upon00:57:11
results on cosmological measurements00:57:13
parameters we can define properties00:57:16
these inhomogeneities are statistical00:57:19
about the amplitude they are Gaussian distributed00:57:22
or not if they are not distributed00:57:24
Gaussian we'll talk so that it can00:57:26
to mean Well, in fact, this is the distribution00:57:30
corresponds to the geometry of the universe in00:57:32
in particular, if there is something wrong there maybe00:57:35
there must be something wrong with the geometry of the universe00:57:37
well, besides, maybe there00:57:39
a lot of things happened there00:57:42
Believe me, who forced the universe00:57:44
expand and we have00:57:47
anisotropic distributions of anisotropic00:57:49
signal labor relict radiation00:57:52
anisotropic but signal00:57:53
its statistical for tropin feel00:57:56
pun on anisotropy by Ali Victor00:57:59
studying statistical data on a corpse00:58:02
everyone knows what this means00:58:07
that we are isotropy is the same00:58:10
same properties for different00:58:12
directions, yes, here we are looking at the sphere00:58:14
look00:58:16
yeah we calculate the variance into these variances00:58:18
count read variance on some00:58:20
section, change direction, count00:58:22
the variance is approximately this00:58:24
there is different variance00:58:26
yeah we have anisotropy00:58:28
statistical anisotropy in space00:58:30
anisotropy here we have relic vision00:58:32
this is not homogeneity of variances and is not equal00:58:35
zero we change direction00:58:37
if it is different then here is the distribution00:58:39
is not00:58:40
anisotropy anisotropic and if not00:58:42
it's difficult to change, but if she00:58:45
changing means something is not the same00:58:47
early physics is interesting too00:58:48
look means we can at low00:58:51
harmonics determine when by the most00:58:55
big when the first stars lit up00:58:57
which was done and according to the magnetic mode in00:59:02
vortex polarization we can say00:59:05
or not to say00:59:07
whether there was inflation or not, this is the field00:59:09
which inflated the universe arose00:59:12
gravitational waves or not and now00:59:14
level of experimentation suggests that00:59:17
it will be said whether it happened or not00:59:19
we hope we can take the cluster00:59:21
galaxies and galaxy clusters00:59:23
regardless of all this00:59:25
determine the hubble parameter and density00:59:29
of the universe, including measuring the mass00:59:32
clusters and besides how I already00:59:34
told me to measure the temperature of the relic00:59:36
radiation to red on different paints00:59:38
displacements deviation from what is expected so far00:59:40
no, well, that’s something that didn’t exist before Judas00:59:44
we managed to do it using the plank00:59:45
we can generally construct a distribution00:59:48
build a map with dark matter and he00:59:51
and showed it in projection onto the sphere00:59:52
I showed it to you when I talked about how00:59:55
dark matter is distributed as it is00:59:56
is found in the distribution in00:59:59
projections onto the sphere this sight is dark01:00:03
matter accumulation of dark matter01:00:05
photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation are smeared01:00:07
we get some smoothed spots01:00:10
which manage to be separated from the map, this and01:00:12
there is a map of dark matter distribution01:00:14
precisely analyzes photons of the relict01:00:16
radiation are all separate tests then01:00:21
we use some separately01:00:24
areas of family research in order to01:00:28
to determine physical parameters01:00:30
the universe as a whole, but this is described01:00:33
everything as you already remember is just crooked01:00:35
I mean, it’s just that we have dependencies01:00:37
this is the dependence of energy on number01:00:40
harmonics is the harmonic number01:00:42
what does the angular scale correspond to and here is01:00:44
is a set of cosmological parameters01:00:46
your right to increase them you need01:00:48
just write down the dependency correctly01:00:52
amplitude and size of inhomogeneity from01:00:55
the effect you want to put in01:00:57
this is open source code01:00:59
open source now for families01:01:02
This is the computer you've been using for a year01:01:05
back benefit protections and directly on the NASA website01:01:08
you thought but you can pump this one01:01:11
package up to write your pieces if you01:01:13
do you think they'll discover a new effect?01:01:15
you publish an article and add your own01:01:17
a piece shows that you are great, well01:01:20
Naturally, what’s good about this spectrum?01:01:23
power here is the correlation function01:01:25
clusters of galaxies and here is the angular spectrum01:01:30
CMB power01:01:31
yes w copper data is good01:01:35
shape this form is very sensitive to small01:01:38
small changes01:01:40
some cosmological parameter01:01:42
greatly changes the shape of this spectrum while01:01:45
time as a correlation function01:01:46
galaxy galaxy not so much01:01:48
used in analysis01:01:49
and there are a lot of points used here01:01:51
except that this is a stable second01:01:55
that it is very sensitive to variations01:01:57
and these variations allow us to determine01:01:59
shape spectra changing the shape of the spectrum with01:02:02
very high accuracy here we are01:02:03
we change me amiga lambda, that is, we delete01:02:06
from us the sphere of the last scattering and here01:02:10
here we increase transparency01:02:13
reduce transparency or optical01:02:15
push in at the time of implementation if Wednesday01:02:20
not transparent at all01:02:22
we don’t see any inhomogeneities01:02:25
transparent then we see or we need01:02:26
choose correctly01:02:27
naturally we can race at the same time01:02:29
all these parameters01:02:31
this is all done in the program that you01:02:34
also said in space Monte Carlo this01:02:37
international now international package01:02:39
created by Anthony View and the company themselves and01:02:42
all cosmologists when they count just01:02:44
you can use this program01:02:46
many different experiments on your own01:02:49
you drive other data into this program01:02:51
and find a specific type of function01:02:56
credibility, that is, you look where01:02:58
you are better under what parameters01:02:59
the best match is these. Where01:03:02
you have intersection on different01:03:03
For experiments, display these dots01:03:06
area the size of this function01:03:08
likelihood at 1 sigma level01:03:11
displayed as errors means the main 601:03:15
parameters that you should know about01:03:16
the clove is not even their size, although it is01:03:19
quantities you should also know what01:03:21
it is known now but i try density01:03:25
visible dark matter and dark energy01:03:29
means two parameters that describe I01:03:32
he wouldn't bring here very small 1001:03:34
at minus 10 there are two more parameters01:03:38
which describe the primary01:03:40
heterogeneity their initial value01:03:42
very small01:03:43
and the slope of the power spectrum of these01:03:46
fruit ation tilt show which01:03:48
the speed at which these sizes grew is very important01:03:51
option they will also talk although I01:03:53
I’ll say it right now, it means we can’t01:03:57
Now let's say it was inflationary01:04:00
era exactly but we can say very01:04:03
high precision very high01:04:06
it was probable because there was a lot01:04:08
various measurement components or01:04:11
individual parameters show what's there01:04:13
there was and here is one of these parameters01:04:15
turns out to be in such a not very optimal01:04:20
case of different sizes of inhomogeneity01:04:24
should grow equally, that is, they01:04:26
must have the same amplitudes01:04:28
on a low scale this is the so-called01:04:30
range01:04:31
Harris Nazirovich but if we launch01:04:35
inflation, then we have only heterogeneities01:04:38
times a little bit faster than a friend01:04:40
and this was predicted in Mukhanov’s work01:04:42
Chibisova01:04:43
and there a number was obtained that should01:04:47
characterize the growth of these heterogeneities01:04:50
this is 09601:04:51
the number according to plank measurements is01:04:54
2018 this number is equal to this01:04:57
size and01:04:59
this is one of the hints that01:05:02
inflation still worked or if it01:05:05
It’s not inflation that we need to explain, well here we go01:05:07
here's another value01:05:09
Well, besides, the 6th parameter is already connected in01:05:13
late era this is by the strength of the combination this01:05:15
time of formation of the first stars01:05:17
it is described with optical thickness but at01:05:21
ordinary language in translation we say that01:05:24
the era of the formation of the first stars was01:05:26
approximately 400 to 800 million years01:05:29
age of the universe when they were01:05:33
These components are implemented01:05:35
neutral gas01:05:37
hydrogen and helium from here from these01:05:40
we get enough parameters 601:05:43
a large table of all other parameters in01:05:45
including the Hubble constant determined01:05:47
note the hubble constant01:05:49
this value is determined only01:05:52
field worker then you radiation and this one01:05:54
The Hubble constant is determined by01:05:56
in the relict radiation I will come with brienna01:05:58
oscillations that I talked about on01:05:59
last lecture and this is the accuracy01:06:03
kilometers per second per megaparsec means01:06:05
sixty seven sixty six01:06:07
plus or minus 04201:06:10
physics expansion of the universe obtained01:06:14
of the cosmic microwave background radiation is evident in01:06:16
the last work that just came out01:06:18
a month ago it is described in detail01:06:22
what was done, that is, it does not cause01:06:23
no doubt the hubble constant01:06:26
this is the Hubble parameter in the present era01:06:28
there's just no way to settle down there01:06:31
otherwise from this data how would you01:06:33
no matter how you share them, you can't get them01:06:34
another number01:06:35
many different attempts have been made here01:06:38
this number is like that, of course01:06:40
this number is actually a derivative here01:06:43
of the first two couples she is of the first three01:06:45
parameters is the number and turns out to be this01:06:48
you know the formula with Dmitry in it01:06:50
recorded it and then I showed it to you01:06:53
How it uses the hubble parameter01:06:55
including determined by parameters01:06:58
the density corresponds to01:06:59
corresponding to the era and like this01:07:02
magnitude is such a thing that01:07:04
called additional parameters01:07:05
we have two and a half thousand in our pocket01:07:07
points why we have 6 parameters to jump01:07:09
let's do something else there01:07:11
write it down and that’s how it’s done, so we01:07:14
We know that nejtrino, for example, is in the way01:07:16
formation of clusters let's see01:07:18
how they can interfere how they endure01:07:21
energy for the parameter, draw them and evaluate01:07:25
upper limit for determining mass01:07:27
neutrinos of all types 3 nejtrino in general01:07:30
free up the number of nejtrino types01:07:32
which involve weak interaction01:07:34
we don't know how many types of netrino let01:07:36
this will be a free parameter01:07:38
and at the same time determine the mass and let's01:07:41
which means it is determined accordingly that01:07:43
we have three nejtrino types01:07:46
which involves weak interaction01:07:48
with very high accuracy01:07:50
and the mass for these three neutrons is upper01:07:54
border defined for brion them01:07:58
oscillations near the review and Planck data01:08:02
together we get less01:08:04
set 20 means actually in01:08:08
previous request data and01:08:10
release they said was half as much01:08:12
magnitude 006 which was about 30 times01:08:16
better than physical experiments gave01:08:20
on earth now they have worsened a little01:08:23
this value01:08:24
In addition, here is a new figure01:08:28
according to the plane of the universe the universe is flat01:08:30
and how flat is it in the fourth digits01:08:33
differences from 0 0 0 0 7 well, that means there are01:08:38
such a thing I told you there we can01:08:41
to say that there are some inhomogeneities01:08:42
associated exclusively with growth01:08:45
disturbances simple where to collect the substance01:08:47
this is a scalar mode01:08:48
and there are those who are connected and when we01:08:51
let the curvature of space pass through01:08:53
these things are the so-called tender for01:08:55
fashion is a parameter that characterizes01:08:58
the relationship between tender and scalar and here it is01:09:02
it's an attitude01:09:03
less than 0 106 is currently underway01:09:06
experiment at American universities01:09:10
in Antarctica buy step 3 where is this parameter01:09:13
if at all if at all01:09:16
there are gravitational waves01:09:18
reduce several times as they hope01:09:20
if so then it will be possible to conclude that01:09:23
that there were gravitational waves on01:09:27
acceptable level or they were not there01:09:29
will solve the problem, prove it or not if01:09:32
everything will go fine, will it hit the problem?01:09:34
was there an era of inflation or not if it01:09:36
will close the era of inflation for physicists01:09:39
a new holiday will begin01:09:41
there are a lot of different theories01:09:43
develop development of new theories01:09:46
will be justified, we don’t know the answer yet01:09:49
because I gave away basic 2 for the first time01:09:51
wrong results and it was01:09:54
great disappointment for both astrophysicists and01:09:57
physicists, that is, they said that they are all01:09:58
found what they saw01:10:00
our galaxy and this is all about01:10:03
inflation is exactly from the model that I01:10:07
brought to you and the second lecture at the end we01:10:09
Now let's stop at this word and01:10:11
What does relict radiation have to do with it?01:10:13
means inflation is very important and very01:10:16
important for understanding the world around us01:10:19
besides what inflation explains to us01:10:22
why are all the laws of nature everywhere01:10:24
universe are the same simply because01:10:27
they all started from one point these01:10:28
different ends01:10:29
they exchanged information together01:10:31
agreed established01:10:33
thermodynamic equilibrium scattered01:10:35
otherwise, without inflation they would be in01:10:38
different places and we need to understand how01:10:40
they conveyed the information very simply01:10:42
it was all together we we know that01:10:44
universe flat inflation almost in01:10:46
infinity expands everything all curvature01:10:50
which was there on a large scale01:10:52
the universe becomes flat01:10:54
well, one of the wonderful predictions and01:10:57
description of what inflation gives is how01:11:00
once the work of a lapwing fly for 89 years and01:11:03
then she was generally hard at work01:11:05
Abinsk tester everything01:11:07
heterogeneity on large scales01:11:09
galaxy clusters have their ancestors01:11:12
these are the inhomogeneities of the vacuum01:11:15
what is there is divided, it grows a little01:11:17
everything for us01:11:19
grand age 13 and 8 billion01:11:22
it's actually even earlier there at 701:11:24
billions of years turn into clusters01:11:26
galaxies in the galaxy that is all that we are01:11:29
actually visible on a large scale01:11:30
we have practically the same names01:11:33
little ones it’s just intense01:11:34
increased to such insolation levels01:11:36
explains how this can be done01:11:39
these waters of emptiness up to 100 megaparsecs01:11:43
or clusters of galaxies up to 10 megaparsecs01:11:45
from those small inhomogeneities on01:11:47
level 10 at minus 30 there or thirty01:11:50
third power of centimeters and now01:11:53
parameters that are very important to us01:11:55
they say that there was inflation, that too01:11:57
straight from plank's latest work01:11:59
a month ago means curvature 001:12:03
range01:12:04
power spectrum slope predicted01:12:06
what should it be with exponential01:12:08
expansion very low level01:12:11
gender fashion heterogeneity of voice then01:12:14
there is practically zero they have lowered by01:12:15
in relation to w local data increased01:12:19
approximately 30 times this value01:12:22
well, besides, they showed that they01:12:25
adiabatic no topological01:12:27
there are no defects, that is, there are no defects01:12:29
bad moments in distribution01:12:33
relic study of which I will have01:12:34
one slide and I'll just show you what01:12:36
meaning pathological defects01:12:38
Well, here's the zone area right here01:12:41
stands out here a lot a lot a lot01:12:42
different types of inflation field01:12:45
everything stands out everything also stands out then01:12:47
what I told you a year ago inflation01:12:49
Alexey Starominsky his certain01:12:51
the form of the potential means quadratic and01:12:55
there is such a thing they I told you too01:12:57
a year ago how many holdings did we have01:12:59
done when we think you remember you01:13:01
derivative involuntarily a e to the power01:13:04
ast and yes we are, we are starting to see how much01:13:06
since we were like this, we consider production01:13:08
our with us goes down you how many times we01:13:10
promote01:13:11
this inflation turns out to be 60 times this is not01:13:15
everything has changed since last year too01:13:17
most and all you are marked here on this01:13:19
graphics different spots01:13:21
render various areas and here we go01:13:23
here we we get but suddenly everything01:13:26
will close and all inflation will be canceled01:13:28
additional tests can be defined01:13:31
can the shape of the universe be determined?01:13:35
extension01:13:37
the same in all directions or not01:13:39
this is called anisotropic expansion01:13:40
you can look if01:13:44
topological defects some features01:13:46
in the earliest existence of the universe01:13:49
How are there some gaps in space?01:13:53
which inflation could stretch01:13:55
if who you really are01:13:58
cosmological strings and laws in general01:14:01
nature is the same or not of course01:14:03
CMB radiation for verification01:14:04
the laws of nature are not very good therefore01:14:06
I didn't prepare this slide because01:14:09
For example laws of nature according to quasars namely01:14:12
permanent fine structure which01:14:14
is a combination of charge01:14:16
electron constant bar and speed01:14:18
light is better determined precisely by01:14:21
position to blame for quasars than for01:14:24
properties of cosmic microwave background radiation01:14:26
about a million times more accurate01:14:28
can be determined with an accuracy of 10 V01:14:30
minus the ninth, that is, the laws of nature are not01:14:32
change but according to the data the bar does not change01:14:34
accurate to 10 minus 3 not from01:14:36
directions not from time to time in general everything01:14:40
Khoroshevsky agrees, come on01:14:42
let's see this I showed you in my opinion01:14:45
someday so I'll take a quick walk01:14:47
how can we determine the shape of the universe01:14:49
topologically01:14:50
that is, we say our universe01:14:52
three-dimensional now we already imagine01:14:54
all this is a three-dimensional sphere but suppose01:14:57
all this is not a three-dimensional sphere but three-dimensional01:14:59
dd caider how can you say we live01:15:02
here we somehow talk about everything01:15:04
universe and we are near to say what if01:15:06
there are special defects in the form then01:15:12
photons that fly will have these defects01:15:13
notice and will form spots with01:15:16
these spots are in certain positions01:15:19
can be generated completely01:15:20
in different ways and see01:15:22
the value they should give in01:15:24
depending on the size of the corresponding01:15:27
give defects on the map relic01:15:29
radiation we can roll it all up01:15:31
models and try to find them first in the models01:15:34
shows up well in the models and then01:15:36
in real data except for the dodecahedron01:15:38
we also checked the octahedra tour, that is, if01:15:40
we have a three-dimensional 2nd surface then01:15:44
there is a standard bagel cake there01:15:45
two-dimensional then01:15:46
but we can imagine that is, we don’t01:15:48
we can imagine a three-dimensional cake01:15:50
but we think that we presented it and01:15:52
three-dimensional tori is when photons fly and01:15:56
circle our universe several times01:15:57
but we don't know that, I think she01:16:00
big and he actually flew there and01:16:02
came back from there and walked around like this01:16:04
all this time, what are the tasks in optics01:16:06
were installed but nothing was found but01:16:08
this can be put into models in the same way01:16:11
look here of course it’s all here01:16:13
was closed no special special01:16:16
deviations from the fact that our universe01:16:18
has the shape of a three-dimensional sphere according to the data01:16:22
no relics of study have been found, we have not01:16:24
we know what's abroad, of course, but here we go01:16:26
what we see we say what it is01:16:28
most likely a three-dimensional sphere is exactly like that01:16:30
but if we say the whole universe01:16:32
does not expand exactly the same across all01:16:35
directions you can check everything by01:16:38
distribution of photons and see no01:16:41
after all, such analogues of cosmic microwave background radiation01:16:43
there are similar analogues01:16:45
but these analogues correspond to this model01:16:48
just the so-called Bianca model 701:16:51
which corresponds to the model with01:16:52
this model closes by twisting01:16:54
inflation and at the same time produces defects in01:16:57
distribution of galaxy clusters in the sky01:17:00
We don’t see these defects and inflation is01:17:03
my point of view was most likely01:17:05
author of this article without Planck collaboration01:17:09
who checked also think that this01:17:11
the model is wrong but write an article01:17:13
they should have written an article and said 10001:17:14
toy model using this model01:17:16
manages to explain the heterogeneity01:17:19
distribution of cosmic microwave background radiation in01:17:21
northern hemisphere in the southern hemisphere, that is, we01:17:23
the universe was twisting itself unwinding01:17:25
we have a lot of other stuff there01:17:27
dying it's better to say that it's something01:17:29
different but the article usually means01:17:31
topological defects standard01:17:34
one topological one is considered01:17:36
defect because everything else is not01:17:38
survives and should not exist01:17:39
this one typological defect is01:17:41
the strings you were looking for01:17:43
the strings have01:17:44
there should be a special response on the map01:17:47
have a special holiday on the relic map01:17:49
radiation when the string flies it changes shape01:17:53
she has a decreasing signal in front of her01:17:55
the signal from behind is strengthened, not only that01:17:57
visible in optics in optics in exactly the same way01:18:00
behind01:18:01
due to the curvature of space the string01:18:03
it is a one-dimensional object if it is not01:18:06
closed it evaporates at the ends or01:18:08
must burn gamma sources these gamma sources01:18:11
were searched and there was suspicion of several01:18:14
pairs of quasars then this01:18:15
strings but in reality all this is not01:18:17
it passed, but the most important thing is that it didn’t pass01:18:19
and according to the map of cosmic microwave background radiation01:18:21
there were a lot of strings we would have seen the map01:18:24
this type, that is, each string01:18:26
would leave a defect like this on the card and01:18:29
we just answered visually, well01:18:31
we were just looking for a certain type01:18:33
designs that were derived from theory01:18:35
nothing like this was found on the level01:18:38
ten to minus seven wasn't here on01:18:40
those very distant scales where the spectrum01:18:43
subsides nothing means I have a question01:18:47
he said that I would whistle only for him01:18:48
There are actually a lot of questions, but there are01:18:50
one question this question is serious because01:18:52
that I’ve been asked this question for a year now01:18:55
several people and you just have to01:18:56
know the best standard spark plugs01:19:01
if we forget about the relic spectrum01:19:03
radiation which is the best candle of course01:19:06
forget about the spectrum of electro studies of us01:19:08
everyone is a new type 1 and you know everything01:19:11
Type 1a supernovae make it possible to measure01:19:14
Hubble constant Hubble constant01:19:17
currently01:19:18
data from the latest Nobel laureate and01:19:21
rice leaf company nobel laureate01:19:24
for the discovery of dark energy01:19:26
that the Hubble constant is 7401:19:30
this is where it is located this line01:19:32
the corresponding constant hamdi a01:19:35
data plank and independent data01:19:39
optical review words with brion and world01:19:42
calves show that she is 5770 7 plus01:19:48
minus 400 meters means right here01:19:51
differences greater than 3 sigma01:19:54
here the differences are almost 4 sigma and this one01:19:58
the effect requires explanation if you01:20:01
see all modern articles01:20:03
In general, there are no explanations, well, besides01:20:05
that we really live in a bubble01:20:07
which is independent of the entire universe01:20:09
bloated it can be assumed that01:20:12
the whole universe is made up of smaller ones01:20:13
bubbles actually we live on the edge01:20:16
a cluster of galaxies is actually with us and01:20:19
we experience shaping effects01:20:22
accumulations of void breaking and we can01:20:24
be really something to do with01:20:26
speeds somewhere I showed it here01:20:28
that is, we look still very limited01:20:32
what is happening in our cluster01:20:34
virgins, although we see differently01:20:36
directions, well, we still try these01:20:38
movements we keep in mind that constant01:20:41
Hubble in how many years in 90 years01:20:44
changed almost from 600 to now to01:20:48
6701:20:49
and many many many different01:20:51
measurements please note that here01:20:54
Here measurement with an accuracy better than 1001:20:57
there were kilometers in different directions01:20:59
one hundred sense 87 plus minus 10 in another01:21:03
direction 50 plus minus 1001:21:05
these are the works of the greatest cosmologists of time01:21:09
there sandy jet she and others who01:21:12
everyone proved the table, that's all they have01:21:14
great this is also our experience in this experience01:21:18
important but here at work01:21:20
bar where cosmological01:21:23
parameters in 2018 are being discussed01:21:27
measurement approach01:21:29
global expansion of the universe we01:21:31
we can determine this parameter in Fig.01:21:34
defines it up to redshifts 1 and 901:21:39
and here we define it to01:21:42
redshift 110001:21:45
at the same time we cover the entire universe and we01:21:48
we know how the whole universe is expanding01:21:49
naturally01:21:50
there are billions of data points on the spectrum01:21:54
capacity is being built at two and a half01:21:57
to thousands of points the hubble parameter01:21:59
determined at each site now01:22:02
this is an agreed value01:22:03
and she hits this one very well01:22:05
naturally they ask me questions01:22:08
I say where there is more taxonomy where01:22:12
we see billions of points01:22:13
hundreds of experiments or somewhere around01:22:17
thousands of supernovae and the farther the01:22:21
The fewer of them, the more difficult it is to assess the environment01:22:23
where does this happen how much is it all01:22:26
determine my opinion that this is what it is01:22:28
the same precision that we do not01:22:31
we can’t change it because01:22:32
power spectrum definition transparent01:22:35
anyone can repeat this anyone can01:22:38
see what's happening here01:22:40
it collected data from several01:22:42
groups that he brought together he01:22:44
discusses some differences between these01:22:46
data so I won't say what it is01:22:49
this is incorrect but in my opinion01:22:51
there is a strong systematics buried here01:22:53
with a limited volume in which it01:22:55
measured here we see the whole universe01:22:57
this is just a small note if01:22:59
it will arise for you, that is, in01:23:02
what I believe is what I doubt01:23:05
so let's move on and don't vote01:23:07
understandable you just need to know what you01:23:09
eyes your brain works correctly even when01:23:12
incorrect data but sometimes it can01:23:15
be deceived because you have the right01:23:17
average people only things of the 1st nature01:23:19
and if there is something wrong with the data if01:23:22
they are bad then you have no right to them01:23:24
average and then you need to avoid these01:23:27
properties and here it arises not to vote01:23:29
not voting prevents you from working with01:23:31
this must be understood using ordinary data and01:23:34
in general, next I’ll say that don’t vote01:23:37
there is and it is connected precisely with all sorts of01:23:40
bad things I already told you that01:23:42
somehow I didn’t have time to tell you about my bass01:23:43
Well, now I still have time to talk about01:23:46
cold spot and I won't talk about it01:23:48
there is a cold spot here that01:23:50
attributed01:23:51
special property of a topological defect01:23:53
what didn't work01:23:54
Naturally, this is a topological defect01:23:56
a giant hole in space where01:23:58
there is nothing it turned out to be not true there01:24:00
everything is there and the statistics are normal everyone01:24:02
objects but nevertheless, even01:24:04
last time last year again01:24:06
the discussion began, there's emptiness there01:24:08
Rida there is some kind of effect there01:24:10
nonsense Eridanus void has no effect01:24:13
this is all in different groups01:24:15
check including us twice here everything01:24:17
rereading and most likely this area01:24:19
connected with our galaxy because01:24:21
map and synchrotron radiation is01:24:23
there is a spot and this spot is sensitive to01:24:25
magnetic fields of our galaxy as01:24:27
maybe there is some kind of emptiness of Eridanus01:24:28
sensitive to our galaxy means01:24:31
axis of evil01:24:32
I repeat this alignment of these01:24:35
low harmonics quad field and act field01:24:38
415 8 and 10 6 two more along the same axis and01:24:43
along one plane, that is, all this01:24:46
together called the axis of evil but still of course01:24:48
there is a low harmonic problem01:24:50
and whoever could have the field at hand and as if01:24:52
quad field and no, don’t talk about it01:24:55
we'll probably just dump it out01:24:58
amplitudes and this is what I told you01:25:01
that the anthropic principle does not work here01:25:02
his evidence is this low. If01:25:05
she's so small it means she's cadaverous01:25:07
principle the wrong one stops01:25:09
I will, but this is a physical effect in01:25:12
map further oh evil this alignment01:25:16
Of course I could explain it01:25:18
by separating the components what we see is01:25:21
this plane is the athletic poles and here01:25:24
this ecliptic plane01:25:26
sensitivity but sensitivity01:25:28
very well taken into account in all01:25:31
solutions to equations01:25:32
remember I showed you where it is01:25:35
cluster in Virgo and our dipole it01:25:39
is located right here right close to01:25:41
ecliptic plane and one of the solutions01:25:43
this problem could be modulation01:25:46
that is, when other harmonics somehow01:25:49
in some way, well, not in any way, but in reality01:25:52
kinematically change their due to the fact01:25:55
that we fly change the properties of others01:25:57
spots will be there there is one effect01:25:59
weak but weak in grades and husband not01:26:02
we know how it worked there, maybe this01:26:03
it may be the Kuiper belt01:26:05
wow, that's the definition of blue01:26:08
saved01:26:09
there is this alignment which01:26:11
an explanation is required for this cosmological01:26:13
unlikely but if cosmological it01:26:15
happens naturally we start thinking01:26:17
about anisotropic models with01:26:19
twisting what else is there?01:26:23
heterogeneity01:26:24
from above with in the north and in the south we have these01:26:28
we can generate cards, I won’t01:26:30
talk about it, you made them, that is01:26:32
basically on some maps it is01:26:33
it happens and I probably told you too01:26:36
that our universe is even so01:26:38
it turned out that most of the energy in01:26:41
harmonics with odd numbers, well this01:26:43
great it's great because01:26:46
in particular, this helps us a little more01:26:48
do not emit relict radiation, that is01:26:49
nature helped us a little, but it helped01:26:52
it's because that's when we draw01:26:53
power spectrum here it is near me01:26:55
it didn’t turn out that’s if we connect01:26:57
points that are in that is, subtract01:27:01
power spectrum of the pharynx from these points and01:27:03
let's start connecting the dough on the odd ones01:27:07
numbers naturally even numbers and to01:27:08
hour on odd numbers there is more energy01:27:10
than on even ones, that is, we have, as it were,01:27:12
two universes at once 1 odd other01:27:14
even and our universe is most likely01:27:17
odd well from here there are a lot of different ones01:27:19
funds and you can give or maybe this01:27:21
it's just an accident if then01:27:23
separately, we can discuss this01:27:25
well, in general, that probably means we01:27:28
we expect 3 results from balsa01:27:33
we know why brion asymmetry occurred01:27:35
but thanks to her we can study01:27:36
the universe and thanks to it we exist01:27:39
that is, we have photons and we are each other01:27:42
created for a friend means there is01:27:44
classic ignorance01:27:46
when we always have the meaning of life then01:27:49
there is when you because we all know to be me01:27:51
I can tell him, you say, but what about01:27:53
this is the meaning of life, we don’t know what it is01:27:56
it'll all end she's very curious01:27:59
depends a lot on the properties of dark energy01:28:01
all sorts of other animal questions why01:28:04
all astrophysics and large01:28:06
part of cosmology too, and it’s obvious that01:28:08
in the end we will reproduce everything and01:28:10
everything will work out thanks01:28:16
[applause]Description:
20 августа 2018 года / Университет Турку, Финляндия Олег Васильевич Верходанов, доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Специальной астрофизической обсерватории РАН (САО РАН). Преподаватель Астрофизической школы «Траектория». Лекция "Космологические тесты III: реликтовое излучение" Серия лекций "Космологические тесты" содержит 3 части: - классические тесты - современные тесты - реликтовое излучение Данная лекция проводилась в рамках 5-й Астрофизической школы "Траектория" https://astroschool.space/ Подписывайтесь на нас ВК: https://vk.com/traektoriafdn ФБ: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Telegram: https://t.me/traektoriafdn
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