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ИЛЬЯ ГЛАЗУНОВ. ЛИЧНОСТЬ В ИСТОРИИ. ФИЛЬМ АЛЕКСЕЯ ДЕНИСОВА | HISTORY LAB

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древняя русь

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александр невский

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лекции по истории

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ларионов

владимир ларионов

историк ларионов

историяроссии

александрневский

00:00:17

what was the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols

00:00:20

led by Batu Khan for ancient Russia

00:00:22

and probably a very modern question

00:00:25

because now there are

00:00:26

numerous attempts to create such a

00:00:31

soft history, if you will, and moreover, but

00:00:35

these attempts, in fact, were

00:00:37

started by the Eurasians to try to

00:00:39

imagine this stage of our history not

00:00:42

so tragic and terrible, and here we

00:00:45

must still disappoint

00:00:47

many historians who are struggling in this field

00:00:51

trying to smooth out the

00:00:53

contradictions between the Tatars and Russia, it

00:00:57

was cruel and an invasion when the Russian

00:00:59

world was on the edge of the abyss; it is

00:01:01

enough to remember that the last

00:01:04

archaeological excavations in Vladimir,

00:01:06

for example, before construction of new

00:01:09

houses

00:01:10

they showed us simply more perfect she from

00:01:13

what was happening on this earth, that is,

00:01:15

the bodies of men, women, children remained unburied,

00:01:20

many of them were immobilized in advance,

00:01:22

visible, tied, their heads were cut off, and

00:01:25

judging by the nature of the scars on the bones, with a

00:01:29

blunt weapon, in order to bring as

00:01:31

much suffering as possible, this is not

00:01:33

we remember very well the isolated finds, how

00:01:35

the city of Kiev was excavated

00:01:37

back in the 19th century when horrific pictures appeared, it turns

00:01:40

out the city was a fallen city, the

00:01:43

city of 150 thousand actually remained

00:01:47

lying on the surface of the earth, no one was allowed to

00:01:49

bury their dead and after that

00:01:52

we of course cannot talk about any

00:01:54

symbiosis with the horde sintesi

00:01:56

no the question was about physical

00:01:58

destruction and the modern trail lags

00:02:00

will say that even physically the type of Russian

00:02:02

people of the pastoral

00:02:03

invasion of course changed not for the better the

00:02:05

aristocracy died the

00:02:08

squadron died

00:02:09

craftsmen died the intelligentsia

00:02:11

died from the forests those who

00:02:14

actually lived in the forests came out and began to populate the

00:02:16

cities as a result of the invasion The Tatar-Mongols

00:02:18

really became the disappearance of

00:02:21

virtually the entire culture, that is, we only

00:02:23

lost about 80-90 percent of

00:02:27

our handwritten monuments,

00:02:29

according to experts, that means those

00:02:34

icons that have come down to us are also no

00:02:36

more than 10 percent of what was, and

00:02:38

all the icons of the pre-Mongol era

00:02:40

are considered brilliant crafts, we

00:02:43

know very well how Lomonosov tried

00:02:46

to restore the mosaic and he sincerely

00:02:48

admitted that we will remove some mosaic things

00:02:51

and some will remain

00:02:53

never recreated

00:02:56

cloisonne enamel enamel all this

00:02:59

was either partially created in the 18th - 19th century

00:03:02

or will never be recreated

00:03:05

construction brick construction, I

00:03:08

will say in the words of architects, it is impossible to

00:03:11

imagine that we can now

00:03:13

build from brick plinth, even for

00:03:16

example, the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod,

00:03:18

we will collapse, it will collapse,

00:03:20

the technologies for building with the hands of

00:03:23

such monuments that have survived for

00:03:25

millennia are lost, that’s what the Tatar

00:03:27

invasion is,

00:03:33

in fact, Alexander Nevsky

00:03:34

appears in a critical moment in our

00:03:37

history at a turning point when the

00:03:39

old Russia of the Rurik dynasty is leaving

00:03:44

and as a result of the crisis of the monstrous

00:03:48

defeat that

00:03:49

Russian statehood suffered from

00:03:52

the invasion of nomads whom we call the

00:03:54

Tatar-Mongols, the

00:03:58

sprouts of a new statehood begin to appear at the origins of

00:04:01

which, in fact,

00:04:02

Alexander Nevsky stood, I even use the language

00:04:05

maybe in modern times we can

00:04:08

call him a brilliant crisis

00:04:11

manager who, at the moment of the collapse of

00:04:13

all traditional institutions, it was

00:04:15

really so that he was able to create from these

00:04:18

institutions a

00:04:19

dense foundation of what

00:04:22

later in the 19th century we know as the

00:04:24

flourishing Russian empire, well, firstly,

00:04:32

for me this is also a mystery, definitely

00:04:34

a trend

00:04:36

reconsider the obvious obvious exploits of

00:04:38

Alexander Nevsky,

00:04:39

this is a modern trend, we don’t

00:04:41

find it in earlier authors, even those

00:04:44

who are, let’s say, not very

00:04:47

positive in general towards Russian history

00:04:49

towards Russian statehood,

00:04:50

this is not moreover, all sources are

00:04:53

open sources, they are in the public

00:04:55

domain, any student who is

00:04:56

more or less prepared can and will let you

00:04:59

get it and the name to operate they say

00:05:01

that the victory on the Neva was a victory was a

00:05:04

serious campaign of the Swedish army was

00:05:06

conceived a long time ago it absolutely clearly went within the

00:05:10

framework of bull and Pope Gregory about the

00:05:13

crusade against Russia in the thirty-seventh year

00:05:14

released 1237 this was a most serious

00:05:18

event the

00:05:19

number of troops participating in the battle

00:05:21

allows us to conclude that even

00:05:22

if this was not the largest battle

00:05:25

of the Middle Ages, ink to call it small,

00:05:26

it was also far from a skirmish.

00:05:29

Answering your question, what is the reason for

00:05:31

the attempt to revise the significance of the Battle of the Neva

00:05:34

in our time, I think that of course

00:05:36

it is going on within the framework of

00:05:38

[music], which

00:05:39

began in a very serious struggle for the

00:05:41

minds and hearts of the modern young

00:05:45

Russian generation, and first of all,

00:05:48

of course, blows will be dealt; they are

00:05:51

already being struck at key moments in our

00:05:53

history,

00:05:54

if you will, at the very nerve centers,

00:05:56

these are, first of all, our national

00:05:59

heroes, not just national ones heroes and in

00:06:02

those figures on which the

00:06:05

entire fabric of our,

00:06:06

if you will, Russian historical

00:06:08

mythology is built and woven, the highest meaning of this word, and

00:06:11

here, of course, the figure of Alexander Nevsky

00:06:12

is key in second place, we all

00:06:15

understand this perfectly well, the Kulikovo field, Dmitry

00:06:16

Donskoy,

00:06:17

these are the two main milestones from which the

00:06:19

fabric is sewn future Russian history, they

00:06:22

need to be broken up. The Battle of the Neva is

00:06:29

significant in that, perhaps for the first time, the

00:06:31

Swedish army was ready to make not

00:06:33

just a raid, but actually

00:06:38

format a certain

00:06:39

base for a future attack on

00:06:41

Novgorod; moreover, the Battle of the Neva and

00:06:44

several of the Swedish campaign against it was

00:06:47

one of the stages of the

00:06:49

attack on In Russia, these stages

00:06:51

unfolded faithfully along the entire front,

00:06:53

starting from the Niva and ending with the southern front,

00:06:56

this is Pskov. First of all, it must be said that

00:06:59

the several Neva campaign of the Swedes was a

00:07:01

crusade, not only the

00:07:02

Swedes participated, representatives of almost

00:07:06

all northern peoples participated, and the Norwegians and the

00:07:11

Finnish tribe themselves, conquered by the Swedes by that time

00:07:13

in other words, we see a certain

00:07:16

movement of the movement of the west

00:07:17

of the west towards Novgorod and

00:07:20

this movement was of course extremely dangerous at the

00:07:21

moment when indigenous Russia lay in

00:07:24

ruins

00:07:25

at the moment when the fate of Kiev and

00:07:27

Chernigov of southern Russia was already hanging in the

00:07:29

balance, of course this campaign was

00:07:32

decisive for West,

00:07:34

in fact, we can’t even

00:07:36

guess any blow to Novgorod; the capture of

00:07:39

Novgorod

00:07:40

was the ban’s own end of Russian

00:07:42

statehood; it’s obvious; it

00:07:44

was obvious even then;

00:07:46

Alexander’s contemporary was to his father and to him, of course,

00:07:49

first of all; well, first of all, we

00:07:52

must, of course, keep in mind that even Those

00:07:56

features of the battle that came to us

00:07:58

through historical sources apparently

00:08:02

surprised contemporaries,

00:08:04

otherwise they would not have been included in the historical

00:08:06

source. We don’t have a description, for example,

00:08:07

even the Battle of the Ice, we have to

00:08:09

build no, some speculation low battle,

00:08:12

we can, according to the sources, live with

00:08:14

Alexander for several years psy to very accurately

00:08:16

reconstruct the dispute is about the details and

00:08:18

of course contemporaries were surprised and

00:08:21

Alexander’s decisiveness is impossible if we

00:08:24

talk about his

00:08:25

foresight, that is, his

00:08:28

posting of guards at the mouth of the Neva

00:08:30

from the Zhora tribe led by 100 times

00:08:33

now the geese we will still talk

00:08:35

about a certain tradition that existed in the

00:08:37

Novgorod state and before the Nevsky,

00:08:40

but if we are talking about the campaign of Alexander

00:08:42

Nevsky, then this is of course possible, even

00:08:45

new words in military affairs, because this campaign

00:08:47

was carried out in the shortest possible time, the campaign,

00:08:50

apparently, was carried out on

00:08:51

foot and now it would probably be interesting for us

00:08:55

to determine the direction

00:08:56

of this hike to

00:08:57

find out the road which Alexander moved

00:09:00

directly to the place where the Izhora river flows

00:09:02

into it, but nevertheless the hike

00:09:05

was a rapid hike, it was organized

00:09:08

in such a way that the Swedes didn’t

00:09:10

know anything about it, even the route from

00:09:12

Novgorod, the walking route to the river’s confluence,

00:09:14

you and the Izhoras would have been there It’s interesting

00:09:17

to know now and nevertheless, of course, it

00:09:20

surprises, firstly, the speed

00:09:21

of movement of both the horse and foot troops,

00:09:24

including those on foot, and we must remember

00:09:26

that the foot army also constituted the striking force

00:09:28

of Alexander and the Swede, of course, also had the ability to approach the

00:09:31

Swedish camp covertly

00:09:34

not children, it is clear that there

00:09:36

were guards and nevertheless the Russians

00:09:38

managed to position themselves in such a way in a

00:09:40

forested area that already in the forest they were

00:09:42

actually ready to deliver the first

00:09:44

blow, which in general became

00:09:46

decisive. All this speaks in

00:09:48

totality, of course, about the military genius of

00:09:50

Alexander, certainly a military genius

00:09:52

who singled him out through the features of

00:09:54

his contemporaries,

00:10:00

well, let’s put it this way, if we approach it from the point

00:10:04

of view of modern, let’s say modern

00:10:09

historical material that we

00:10:10

have, mother,

00:10:11

and in due time, before you make such

00:10:13

assumptions, this is, first of all, the frisk

00:10:16

St. Petersburg fresco

00:10:17

they saved the Roman church, who

00:10:20

unfortunately died during the war which for a long

00:10:22

time have been attributed as a portrait of Prince

00:10:24

Yaroslav to all the successes of Alexander's father and,

00:10:26

accordingly, in general, from here

00:10:28

attempts have been made to reconstruct the appearance of

00:10:31

his son, but nevertheless, recently it has

00:10:33

been proven that this is Prince Yaroslav

00:10:35

Vladimirovich, unfortunately this is not the father of

00:10:37

Alexander Nevsky, which we are left with,

00:10:39

strictly speaking the possibility of some kind of

00:10:43

retrospective

00:10:44

rollback is given that we have the appearance of Ivan

00:10:48

the Terrible, that he will give us

00:10:49

probably a little too much, three hundred

00:10:51

years is a lot, as it were, the length

00:10:54

of generations, and yet there is one

00:10:57

clue, this is the

00:10:59

hagiography of Alexander Nevsky, where it is

00:11:02

said that Batu Khan marveled at his age he

00:11:05

Of course, he was not amazed at the youth of

00:11:07

the prince because at that time the prince

00:11:10

was not young, he was in full bloom, and he

00:11:13

of course admired his height, speaking in

00:11:16

modern language, that is,

00:11:17

Alexander was tall. His life

00:11:20

depicts for us perhaps the

00:11:23

positive features

00:11:24

of the prince are exaggerated,

00:11:25

but nevertheless we can say for sure

00:11:27

that the prince, of course, stood out for the beauty of

00:11:29

his face, and here there is such an important

00:11:32

point that may always be

00:11:34

overlooked by Soviet historians,

00:11:36

but for an Orthodox person of that

00:11:41

period, the holiness of the prince

00:11:43

was expressed, among other things, in his appearance, and the

00:11:46

holiness of the prince was felt

00:11:48

directly by his contemporaries that is, in

00:11:50

other words, at the time of his death, but

00:11:54

his close circle, well, actually,

00:11:56

we are burning and Metropolitan Kirill, of course they

00:11:59

already revered the prince as an ascetic of

00:12:01

piety, as a holy man, and I

00:12:04

think that all this was reflected in her

00:12:06

appearance, for me personally, the completed

00:12:08

portrait of the prince is a cartouche, a Kovno

00:12:11

cartouche in the Komsomolskaya metro, the

00:12:19

ultimate goal of the order probably,

00:12:21

in fact,

00:12:24

Alexander’s contemporaries guessed about this, of course, were the

00:12:26

lands of Novgorod and Pskov, in the

00:12:28

end, and these goals, in general, were not hidden

00:12:30

and Pskov fell in the forty-first year, the

00:12:32

next goal was Novgorod,

00:12:34

what does this mean for us, it’s clear the

00:12:36

end of Russian statehood, we know

00:12:38

that it was Novgorod and Pskov

00:12:40

that were those lands that miraculously remained intact

00:12:43

after the Tatar invasion and defended

00:12:45

themselves in the fight directly against the

00:12:48

aggression of the Germans, the Lithuanians in the Swedes, the Germans did

00:12:52

not hide their

00:12:54

task, in fact, it was not without reason that after the fall of Pskov

00:12:57

in 43,200 hands In the first year, the Germans

00:13:00

captured the surrounding areas closest to Novgorod,

00:13:01

including the state

00:13:04

saber, a very interesting churchyard from

00:13:07

where the descendants subsequently sat,

00:13:10

said Alexich and the worker of Alexander

00:13:12

Nevsky, how closely the history of these families is connected up

00:13:14

to Alexander Sergeich Pushkin and the

00:13:18

saber graveyard was already very close

00:13:20

to Novgorod then there is, in fact,

00:13:22

German detachments went directly to the

00:13:25

outskirts of our ancient capital,

00:13:28

well, after that, talk about a

00:13:30

minor skirmish on the ice of Lake Peipus, not a

00:13:33

new battle, but probably not necessary,

00:13:34

especially since the battle itself was the

00:13:38

final stage of the so-called

00:13:40

Russian Livonian War, which began in

00:13:42

1240 and 40 ended with this battle,

00:13:45

the results of this battle are very clearly visible

00:13:48

from the consequences and the consequences are such that

00:13:51

the order stopped the offensive, a

00:13:53

full-scale offensive towards both

00:13:56

Pskov and but towards Novgorod, it

00:13:57

actually completely stopped, so to speak,

00:14:00

until the end of its existence in the

00:14:02

sixteenth century, that is, the battle was

00:14:04

truly fateful for us

00:14:06

to say about the number of participants, probably

00:14:10

this battle was also not the largest

00:14:13

medieval battle, probably, but judging by

00:14:16

even the topic of the source, German sources,

00:14:20

who stood under the banners of the order at that

00:14:23

moment, this is actually all the available forces

00:14:25

that were available at that moment in Lebanon,

00:14:28

including we traditionally underestimate the

00:14:31

combat the qualities of the sensitive and Neva tribes,

00:14:36

judging by the film, the Steins themselves are, well,

00:14:41

in general, almost small children

00:14:43

who run around in a crowd, I don’t know what to do,

00:14:45

and in general, at the first failure,

00:14:47

roughly speaking, they are dumped from the ice

00:14:50

battle, but nevertheless we know

00:14:53

for sure that their fighting qualities

00:14:55

were at a high level, they could

00:14:57

withstand German aggression for some time

00:14:58

and, in fact, their campaign

00:15:01

was far from forced, as in the same

00:15:02

film it is said, that is, they really went

00:15:04

after prey the elders of the

00:15:06

elders of the tribes and the sticky and sticky they

00:15:09

participated in the land ogs they took

00:15:12

this decision, that is, serious forces were

00:15:14

approaching at that moment and on the ice of

00:15:16

Lake Peipus there was truly a

00:15:18

large-scale battle of the Middle Ages,

00:15:21

even in comparison with the battles that we

00:15:24

know of that time in the west of Europe, this

00:15:27

battle is very serious and to talk about a

00:15:29

minor skirmish, well, there is absolutely no

00:15:31

need for the

00:15:37

famous expedition of the Academy of Sciences to

00:15:39

Lake Peipus in the late forties and

00:15:41

early 50s, this is of course an

00:15:44

amazing event, now I’m re-reading

00:15:46

the materials of the expedition, I’m

00:15:47

only amazed at the scale of

00:15:50

the project in general, that is, its scale is

00:15:52

commensurate even with

00:15:53

modern projects that require

00:15:56

huge funding, then of course there

00:15:58

was no such financing,

00:16:00

nevertheless the project was large-scale

00:16:01

participants in

00:16:03

Even those student detachments

00:16:06

that participated in the expedition were superbly prepared; they

00:16:09

were not just enthusiasts, they were

00:16:10

well-prepared people. The main

00:16:12

result, of course, was the determination of the

00:16:14

exact location of

00:16:15

the battle. The main result was the link

00:16:19

to a modern map,

00:16:21

toponymy reflected in ancient chronicles. The

00:16:24

main result, of course, was the

00:16:26

discovery of the remains of a crow stone. around

00:16:29

which the action took place and of course

00:16:32

a huge

00:16:33

amount of material associated with ancient

00:16:36

routes that allows us to correctly

00:16:39

imagine our own strategy of

00:16:41

warfare in the Middle Ages on this

00:16:45

very specific landmass and difficult to pass

00:16:47

even now, that

00:16:48

is, in other words, the expedition

00:16:50

showed a large-scale picture of

00:16:53

really serious military actions of

00:16:56

two years that ended in a

00:16:58

grandiose battle,

00:17:04

for me this is also a question that is

00:17:07

actually not as obvious and simple as

00:17:09

it seems, how one could answer the fact

00:17:12

that literally 26 years later,

00:17:17

until 1.260 28 thousand fifty-eighth, a

00:17:21

grandiose battle took place at Vara

00:17:24

where

00:17:25

truly all the forces of northwestern

00:17:27

Europe and the Novgorod Suzdal army converged

00:17:30

and where the

00:17:32

descendants of Prince Alexander inflicted the

00:17:34

final defeat of Western

00:17:37

German aggression on the Novgorod lands,

00:17:39

the battle was grandiose and in terms of the number of

00:17:41

fallen it is of course one of the greatest in

00:17:44

Europe, the

00:17:45

battle on the ice is inferior in scale

00:17:48

to the number of participants and nevertheless,

00:17:50

it entered into our historical myth as the

00:17:54

most important component of our

00:17:57

national existence. I think that of course

00:18:00

this assessment comes from direct

00:18:03

participants and witnesses of those events, that is,

00:18:06

we must be very

00:18:07

sensitive to our chronicle, which,

00:18:10

unlike Western sources, is always

00:18:12

it tells truthfully not only about

00:18:14

victories, but also about tragic failures,

00:18:16

always truthfully, our chronicle is

00:18:18

not afraid of tragedy, it is not afraid of

00:18:20

defeats, this is a very important point, I want to

00:18:23

emphasize even in comparison with Western sources,

00:18:25

and the Battle of the Ice is assessed by

00:18:28

contemporaries as the most important victory

00:18:30

that put a limit to Western

00:18:33

aggression precisely Latin aggression and

00:18:36

of course

00:18:37

this victory itself is part of our

00:18:41

national identity, the most important

00:18:43

part, that is, this is not a certain archetype of

00:18:46

victory, well, even if it’s not a battle, I wo

00:18:49

n’t give you the archetype of victory over the Germans,

00:18:51

which was then reproduced throughout our

00:18:54

history, this seems to me very

00:18:55

important that archetype that gives us the

00:18:58

opportunity, even now, to

00:18:59

feel like one of the winners in any

00:19:01

situation when we talk with the

00:19:03

West, it is important to say that Alexander

00:19:09

categorically refuses an alliance with the

00:19:12

pope

00:19:13

for two reasons, the first reason, of course, is of a

00:19:15

spiritual nature, it is no secret that any

00:19:19

attempt to enter into a political alliance with the

00:19:23

papal throne

00:19:24

should, as a consequence, lead to the

00:19:27

adoption of

00:19:28

Catholicism, which we see in the example of

00:19:30

Prince Daniel of Galicia in the example of Prince

00:19:34

Mindovg of Lithuania and this was not any

00:19:37

secret, it was an open

00:19:39

political game, as it were, the second point

00:19:42

here already seems to me to have underestimated the

00:19:44

genius of the political intuition of the prince,

00:19:46

what was happening at that time moment and at that

00:19:48

moment there was, in fact, a

00:19:52

certain political influence of

00:19:53

Western structures, it was not without reason that the travel of

00:19:56

Western monks into the horde, their agreements

00:19:59

regarding the joint confrontation with

00:20:00

Muslims in the south, that is, and of course

00:20:03

Alexander could not know about this, before his

00:20:05

eyes this synthesis of

00:20:08

our centuries-old enemies of

00:20:09

the east took place and the West had no choice either there

00:20:11

or there; moreover, the situation was aggravated by

00:20:14

the fact that both the Byzantine Empire and the

00:20:18

Byzantine Empire found in the Mongols

00:20:20

their temporary ally in the fight against

00:20:22

Muslims; in other words, for

00:20:24

Alexander as a brilliant politician, the whole

00:20:27

picture appeared completely obvious:

00:20:29

we have no allies and no alliance not with the

00:20:32

horde against the West, not with the West against the

00:20:34

horde, did not promise us anything other than

00:20:37

historical non-existence, it’s like two and two,

00:20:38

it’s obvious to us at that moment, perhaps

00:20:42

it was obvious only to Alexander,

00:20:43

considering that in 1237 Pope Gregory 9

00:20:47

issued a bull on the crusade against Russia,

00:20:48

which is absolutely exactly

00:20:52

synchronized by the offensive of the first

00:20:55

attack of the Tatar-Mongol troops on the

00:20:57

Ryazan principality to talk about some

00:21:00

compassionate things for Christians in

00:21:03

the east from the side of the Roman throne, well, of

00:21:05

course it’s not necessary, it’s funny, that is,

00:21:07

the words were a purposeful offensive, the purpose of

00:21:10

which was simply to divide what

00:21:12

seemed to be lying at one’s feet

00:21:13

conquerors a huge piece of Eastern

00:21:16

Europe and, as a matter of fact, this division

00:21:19

began very actively and has not ended

00:21:22

to this day,

00:21:23

in fact, and for Alexander, in

00:21:26

general, it was probably no mystery;

00:21:28

another moment that he found himself

00:21:30

in a very serious personally difficult

00:21:33

situation when the papal envoys

00:21:36

assured him and perhaps perhaps for

00:21:39

this they had very significant

00:21:40

facts on hand that his father in the horde

00:21:43

agreed to convert to Catholicism, this was

00:21:46

already blackmail, absolutely definite

00:21:48

blackmail, and it’s hard for me to say the truth,

00:21:52

it was laziness and the truth, but the blackmail was

00:21:53

obvious; Alexander was faced with a

00:21:55

difficult choice at that moment and at

00:21:59

this very moment 1240 48 thousand 50th

00:22:03

year when he finally gives a

00:22:06

definitively negative answer by the papal

00:22:08

ambassador, we can talk about the second

00:22:10

baptism of Russia about the second choice of faith

00:22:12

and made at that moment when,

00:22:16

well, in fact, if we imagine the

00:22:20

choice of faith of Prince Vladimir blossoming

00:22:22

Byzantine Empire Russia

00:22:26

actually has no strong enemies and the choice of faith is made well,

00:22:29

in ideal conditions, then the choice of faith

00:22:32

by Alexander was made in a state of crisis of the

00:22:35

state at a time when Russia was

00:22:38

really surrounded by enemies, there

00:22:41

were no human resources, the human resource was

00:22:42

actually reduced to zero by which the Tatars were

00:22:45

conquered by the Mongol conquest

00:22:46

and at this The moment of Prince Alexander’s choice of faith

00:22:49

tells us that at the

00:22:53

origins of the new Russian

00:22:54

statehood stood the holy prince, the

00:23:01

move of Metropolitan Kirill, the floor, an

00:23:04

amazing mystery of our history,

00:23:07

the closest comrade-in-arms of Prince Daniel, who,

00:23:09

in fact, received from him the

00:23:12

first impulse to put forward his figure

00:23:15

as a contender for the metropolitan

00:23:17

Kiev table, he is leaving Tsargrad

00:23:21

receives the title of metropolitan receives the

00:23:25

coveted Kiev see, although

00:23:27

of course it is already in ruins and suddenly an

00:23:30

interesting situation is not immediately after not

00:23:34

how some time there

00:23:35

they evaluate differently 2 there for two and a half years he

00:23:37

provided Vladimir with the moon Kats Vladimir

00:23:40

and becomes the associates of Prince

00:23:42

Alexander and the most faithful

00:23:44

comrade-in-arms,

00:23:45

I think that complete like-minded people on a

00:23:48

huge range of issues,

00:23:50

a huge one, of course, the question arises, how did

00:23:55

Prince Daniel feel about this?

00:23:57

In fact, he lost another, he lost the

00:23:59

levers of political control in the

00:24:01

Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, this is a

00:24:04

serious figure in the struggle for

00:24:06

political primacy, and suddenly it’s his

00:24:08

personal friend go north to Prince

00:24:10

Alexander and nevertheless after that we

00:24:12

see that the daughter of Prince Daniel becomes

00:24:16

the wife of Andrei's brother Alexander's brother and

00:24:18

we see a very serious

00:24:22

political union, a political union

00:24:26

that is not fully reflected in

00:24:28

historical sources

00:24:29

but whose fruits, in fact, are

00:24:32

clearly visible to us Well, the figure of Metropolitan

00:24:36

Kirill and of course requires very

00:24:37

serious attention from our modern

00:24:39

historians, she is essentially underestimated, this is a

00:24:42

grandiose figure, truly on a par with

00:24:45

Prince Alexander, in my opinion,

00:24:47

Metropolitan Kirill is the ideological

00:24:50

inspirer of the view of the new Russian

00:24:54

state as the last stronghold of the

00:24:57

Orthodox faith as a new one

00:24:58

Israel and how, in the end, on the third

00:25:01

Rome, this form appeared later, but the

00:25:04

ideological component itself, the knot and the knot of the

00:25:06

ideological formula is tied during the

00:25:08

period of the relationship between the metro

00:25:10

and there is no Kirill and Prince Alexander, of which I am

00:25:12

absolutely sure, the choice of Prince Alexander,

00:25:19

in my opinion, was predetermined and

00:25:22

predetermined by him his first trip to the

00:25:25

horde when he reached Karakorum within two

00:25:27

years and returned back, I

00:25:30

think that what he saw of course

00:25:33

struck the imagination, he saw that by virtue of

00:25:35

Asia, inexhaustible human resources are

00:25:37

inexhaustible and contrary to our

00:25:40

modern opinion about the base as such,

00:25:43

Asia at that time was advanced countries in

00:25:46

the field of military art in the field of

00:25:48

weapons in the field of military tactics

00:25:50

they are ahead of Europe in these positions

00:25:52

and plus enormous human resources,

00:25:55

grandiose Alexander

00:25:58

understood that at that time

00:26:00

open confrontation with the horde would

00:26:03

end with the physical destruction of the

00:26:05

Russian population, something that happened to

00:26:09

many tribes along the way

00:26:10

the Tatar-Mongols somehow

00:26:12

finally happened to the Hungarians who still

00:26:14

remained to live in their ancestral homeland and

00:26:16

whom then literally three years later the

00:26:18

Hungarian monk did not find a single

00:26:21

person there; the same thing would have happened to the

00:26:23

Russian people; there was no choice; there

00:26:25

was no choice; there was no choice.

00:26:28

either to save the remnants of the Russian people of

00:26:30

the church people of the people of the bearer of Christ

00:26:33

in their hearts or to leave the arena of

00:26:36

history altogether, down to a single person, therefore the

00:26:39

choice that this prince

00:26:42

hero chose, he was the only one, the end, well, of

00:26:44

course, he had to go through extreme and

00:26:46

humility in the horde and yet and yet,

00:26:50

for I think even for his contemporaries, the prince

00:26:54

remained not only a fighter against Western

00:26:57

aggression, the image of the prince, one way or another, already among

00:27:00

his contemporaries this is the image of a fighter in the

00:27:03

east, how is it not paradoxical and the

00:27:06

famous uprising of 1262 when you

00:27:09

suddenly became all the cities

00:27:10

coincided with the moment the so-called more

00:27:13

noticeable in the horde when the

00:27:16

Western horde decided to break away from the

00:27:19

Karakorum to declare themselves independent and

00:27:21

in the cities of apparently ancient Russia the

00:27:25

Baskaks were sent by the central

00:27:26

government,

00:27:27

using this political moment, the

00:27:30

cities rebelled in the remaining dyna

00:27:31

moments all of eastern north-eastern

00:27:34

Russia, well, of course, without the central

00:27:36

management, there are no uprisings and we

00:27:38

all know very well that a meeting of five

00:27:41

colleagues cannot be brought out of it, as if there is no

00:27:43

central power, which this

00:27:46

meeting, in fact, organizes the

00:27:47

uprising very seriously, and for

00:27:50

contemporaries, of course, it was obvious that

00:27:52

Prince Alexander was somehow holding his

00:27:54

hand on pulse, but what is curious is the

00:27:58

very first miracles of sweat, the posthumous miracles of the prince

00:28:00

associated with the confrontation of the Russian

00:28:03

people with the Mongols, and first of all,

00:28:06

this phenomenon at the tomb of the prince, the sexton of the

00:28:08

Nativity, the cathedral in Vladimir at the

00:28:10

time of the Battle of Kulikovo and by all

00:28:13

contemporaries at that moment of the

00:28:16

Battle of Kulikovo this was perceived as completely

00:28:18

legal and the miracle the prince helps his

00:28:21

elephant and continues the same fight with the

00:28:23

east that he began,

00:28:30

it’s difficult for us to say what prospect

00:28:32

Prince Alexander saw, of course it’s a secret,

00:28:35

but the fact that

00:28:37

he saw the prospect of a way out of this

00:28:39

severe crisis and the visible one saw

00:28:42

may be the only one, well, Metropolitan

00:28:44

Kirill together maybe no one saw this prospect anymore,

00:28:48

considering the activities that were carried out

00:28:50

even by the princes’ closest relatives,

00:28:53

what kind of prospect could this be?

00:28:55

Of course, the prospects for the formation of the

00:28:56

state at the moment when

00:28:59

all the institutions collapsed, when in principle

00:29:02

even the authority of the princely

00:29:04

power began to shake, the authority of the house of Rurik, this

00:29:07

authority succeeded save save I

00:29:10

think that only through the efforts of Prince

00:29:11

Alexander this is quite obviously the

00:29:13

second point connected with how he saw the

00:29:16

restoration of statehood in Russia

00:29:20

I don’t think that he was a modernist I don’t

00:29:24

think that he set himself

00:29:25

completely modernist projects, he

00:29:27

certainly tried to restore and or at

00:29:29

least preserve what was, but

00:29:32

in front of him he saw the restoration of

00:29:34

state integrity after all, the

00:29:35

prince accepted the title of Grand Duke of

00:29:39

Kiev from the hands of the Tatars, in fact,

00:29:42

this title never refused

00:29:44

because this title, after all,

00:29:47

even before the time of Prince Dmitry Donskoy,

00:29:49

was very serious in political game

00:29:52

with the Lithuanian princes, this was a serious

00:29:54

claim that the collectors of the entire

00:29:57

Russian land would be the

00:29:59

heirs of Monomakh in the houses of Mindaugas,

00:30:03

this is a very important prospect, the prince

00:30:06

also saw this prospect in front of himself, and we set this task

00:30:08

for ourselves very clearly, this can be seen

00:30:09

from all his actions within the Russian

00:30:12

speaking in modern political language, and it is

00:30:15

very important that the activities of the prince

00:30:17

made it possible to preserve a very important, in my

00:30:19

opinion, union, which later gave rise to

00:30:21

the phenomenon of Great Russia, this is the union of

00:30:23

Vladimir-Suzdal Russia of Novgorod,

00:30:25

this union, this fusion, it

00:30:27

predetermined the future formation of a

00:30:32

united Russian state, a

00:30:33

Great Russian state, which

00:30:36

nevertheless, according to the behests of the prince, she sought to

00:30:38

recreate that ancient

00:30:40

eternal Russia, of course, with the capital in

00:30:43

ancient Kiev,

00:30:44

this task is still before us and we are

00:30:46

talking, of course, first of all, the

00:30:53

census in Novgorod

00:30:54

and the census in Novgorod which Alexander

00:30:57

carried out was really very tough,

00:30:58

considering that his son the eldest son Vasily

00:31:01

found himself at the center of an anti-

00:31:03

Mongol conspiracy, Alexander behaved

00:31:05

very harshly, of course, including his nose,

00:31:07

but he didn’t touch it, although

00:31:10

he would have acted very harshly towards his son, even

00:31:13

later when he distributed the distribution

00:31:16

between his sons, Vasily remained

00:31:19

completely outside

00:31:20

that is, he was simply completely

00:31:22

squeezed out of political life, this is

00:31:24

serious for the prince, in general, in fact, he

00:31:29

cut off this son, which means there were executions in

00:31:33

Novgorod, there were indeed executions, but we

00:31:35

must understand perfectly well what would have happened,

00:31:38

what kind of execution would have happened if there had not been

00:31:40

these executions, but there was if the defeat of Novgorod and

00:31:44

not only Alexander understood this,

00:31:45

Vladimir-Suzdal Russia understood this, there would have been a dispersal

00:31:48

and the end of this free city of the future

00:31:51

in the north-west of the Russian people,

00:31:53

and it is a very curious moment that when

00:31:56

the prince arrived from Novgorod to Rostov,

00:31:59

the ruler was still alive then

00:32:01

Rostov Kirill is the namesake of Metropolitan

00:32:03

Kirill, and judging by the stairs,

00:32:06

such a difficult conversation took place between them, that is, the

00:32:08

prince indirectly admitted that he did not expect to leave

00:32:11

Novgorod alive, that is,

00:32:13

this toughness and

00:32:14

confrontation with the Novgorodians was not easy for him, and

00:32:18

surprisingly, his policy

00:32:20

even found tough politics

00:32:24

our first Rakhs and the ruler of

00:32:27

Rostov Kirill have a complete understanding from Metropolitan

00:32:28

Kirill of Kiev, even the Novgorodians,

00:32:30

who we know perfectly well, how they

00:32:32

relate to Ivan the Terrible and how the

00:32:34

opposition of the Novgorod

00:32:36

mentality in the 19th century did not allow the

00:32:39

sculpture crumb but

00:32:40

the companions of the Millennium of Russia to depict the

00:32:42

sovereign Ivan the Terrible

00:32:43

and about Alexander Nevsky there

00:32:46

was nothing like that with the Novgorodians,

00:32:47

he quarreled with them, he left them with the

00:32:50

Novgorodian boyars, then he

00:32:52

waged an irreconcilable struggle and nevertheless

00:32:54

he remained in the memory of the city, as did

00:32:57

its defender, why is the defender one of the

00:32:59

most significant in the entire history of

00:33:01

Novgorod statehood, I think

00:33:04

that this is history’s answer to all the

00:33:06

misunderstandings, I think that of course,

00:33:13

of course, the relics of Alexander were perceived, I’m

00:33:18

not even afraid of such beautiful comparisons of

00:33:20

palladium, the Russian state

00:33:21

considers the main shrines, but that’s how

00:33:24

they were always perceived,

00:33:25

and the transfer from the ancient capital

00:33:27

Vladimir was already perceived as the ancient

00:33:29

capital for the 15th century, Vladimir became for the

00:33:34

Russians like a kind of Rome, a new Rome it was

00:33:37

around Vladimir that Vladimir was formed,

00:33:39

connected from ancient Russia with the pancake house with

00:33:41

Prince Vladimir, finally of Kiev, but

00:33:44

Vladimir was of this new Russia of Moscow, that

00:33:46

is, of course it was a holy

00:33:48

city and the palladium of this holy city

00:33:51

were the relics of Prince Alexander

00:33:52

transferred them to the new capital in the city of

00:33:54

St. Peter, this is, of course, the transfer of the

00:33:57

main shrine and the transfer, so to speak, of the

00:33:59

spiritual center which, yes, even

00:34:02

in the capital of

00:34:03

Moscow, the spiritual center was

00:34:05

still thought of in Vladimir, the transfer of

00:34:07

this spiritual center to the banks of the Neva,

00:34:10

I think that this mystical act of

00:34:14

course with his left a

00:34:16

certain imprint on our northern

00:34:18

capital and still leaves

00:34:24

what Prince Alexander is for us for his

00:34:27

contemporaries, I think that of course he

00:34:30

personifies our entire history like no one

00:34:33

else, he connects us with the pancake heroes of

00:34:37

Prince Vladimir on the banks of the Dnieper,

00:34:40

he connects us with tragic pages

00:34:42

13 of the 19th century, when it would seem that everything is the end of

00:34:45

Russian history, in it are the first sprouts of

00:34:48

inspired sprouts of the revival of the Russian,

00:34:51

in it the first loud victories in the West

00:34:54

that will bring glory to Russian weapons and

00:34:56

subsequently in it, and of course a

00:35:00

certain spiritual choice of Russia, the choice of

00:35:02

Orthodoxy and another figure similar to

00:35:06

Alexander Nevsky is not here find this

00:35:08

prince commander

00:35:09

this is our confessor if you like this is our

00:35:13

banner this is the father of the Great Russian tribe

00:35:15

which one can say is the guardian angel of the

00:35:18

Great Russian part of the single triune

00:35:20

Russian people

Description:

Полная версия интервью из документального фильма "Александр Невский. Между Востоком и Западом" (History Lab, 2016). ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – лаборатория для постижения всемирной истории. Историю лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Официальный научно-познавательный YouTube канал студии-производителя документального кино «Студия ГРАД». © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://t.me/historylab_online

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