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Channel: Московский Планетарий

Проксима

PROXIMA B

Проксима Б

Экзопланета

Планета

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Альфа центавра

система

что находится за пределами солнечной системы

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жизнь на других планетах

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полет к альфа центавра

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новая земля

проксима

экзопланета

00:00:00

Everything in this world sooner or later comes to an end.

00:00:05

The planet we live on is no exception.

00:00:09

At a certain point all its natural resources are going to be depleted.

00:00:14

The only issue that the humanity will be concerned with will be the search for potentially habitable planets elsewhere in space.

00:00:23

And even today we have a shortlist of suitable candidates.

00:00:26

As a rule, objects within the habitable zone are located tens or hundreds of light years away from us.

00:00:33

But quite recently scientists have come across one more exoplanet

00:00:37

which is unprecedentedly close - 4.22 light years away.

00:00:45

The object is near the closest star to our Solar System and its name is Proxima Centauri b.

00:01:00

The location of this exoplanet would be known to many or at this point in the video would be guessed by many.

00:01:05

It is the triple stellar system Alpha Centauri.

00:01:10

The system is made up of three components.

00:01:13

Interestingly, two of them are seen as a single object which is also one of the brightest dots in our sky.

00:01:20

These two are Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B.

00:01:26

As for the third component, Alpha Centauri C,

00:01:30

it is a very dim red dwarf and it was this third humble one that caught astronomers’ eye.

00:01:36

The first two components are located quite close together while the third one is barely visible.

00:01:43

That is the reason why the system is often referred to as a single star.

00:01:48

Alpha Centauri never quite leaves the horizon

00:01:54

and can be easily seen with the naked eye in such places around the world as Buenos Aires in Argentina

00:01:59

or Sydney and Melbourne in Australia.

00:02:01

The first two components of the system are very similar to our Sun in their properties.

00:02:07

Alpha Centauri A, for example, was the first star whose atmosphere was directly observed.

00:02:13

As a result, a thin cold layer was discovered, and this is one of the similarities with the host star of our Earth.

00:02:21

The age of the Alpha Centauri system is estimated at 6 billion years,

00:02:26

which is essentially 1.5 billion years more than the age of our Sun.

00:02:30

The A and B components follow an elliptical orbit around the common mass centre,

00:02:36

and their orbital period is 79.91 years.

00:02:42

Now, the third component of the system, generally referred to as Proxima Centauri,

00:02:46

is located about 0.21 light years away from either of the two stars

00:02:52

and it takes it about 500,000 years to complete a full orbit around them.

00:02:59

Proxima Centauri is 4.24 light years away from the Earth, or 270,000 times further from us than the Sun is.

00:03:11

Following some calculations it was concluded that its actual diametre is about 7 times smaller than that of our Sun

00:03:17

and is just 1.5 times bigger than that of Jupiter.

00:03:21

Like many other red dwarves, this is a flare star –

00:03:26

and its luminosity increases several times in the course of its flaring up.

00:03:30

This may well be indicative of the object’s impressive age.

00:03:35

Proxima Centauri was spotted back in 1915 by the astromoner Robert Innes

00:03:42

who noticed a star moving in a way similar to the other two objects in the system.

00:03:49

That is how he came up with the suggestion of its name, Proxima Centauri, which literally translates as ‘the closest’.

00:03:54

In 1998 the spectrometer on the Hubble space telescope

00:03:58

registered a planet 0.5 astronomical units away from Proxima Centauri,

00:04:05

but investigations that followed failed to confirm the discovery.

00:04:09

Only on 24 August 2016 was the European Southern Observatory able to confirm

00:04:15

that there was an earth-like planet in the habitable zone of the star.

00:04:20

It was then given the name Proxima Centauri b.

00:04:25

The first real evidence of this planet’s existence was provided by a group of scientists headed by Mikko Tuomi,

00:04:31

an astronomer from Finland, in 2013,

00:04:34

when they were going through archive data from two spectrometres – namely,

00:04:36

HARPS and the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle `Spectrograph mounted on the VLT, the Very Large Telescope.

00:04:40

In order to confirm the possibility of discovering the exoplanet,

00:04:44

in January 2016, a campaign was launched by the European Southern Observatory

00:04:50

and was given the name ‘the Pale Red Dot’.

00:04:54

Several months later, on 24 August 2016 the existence of Proxima Centauri b was officially confirmed

00:05:03

by a team of scientists headed by the Spanish astronomer Guillem Anglada-Escudé

00:05:09

and announced by the European Southern Observatory.

00:05:13

The planet was detected by the radial velocity method, also known as Doppler Spectroscopy.

00:05:16

It is an indirect method of planet detection where periodic Doppler shifts in the spectral lines

00:05:22

allow one to say whether there is a planet orbiting a star or not.

00:05:26

Proxima Centauri b proved to be the closest exoplanet nearest to us.

00:05:33

It is located 7.3 million kilometres away from Proxima Centauri

00:05:39

and its orbital period around its host star is completed within 11.2 Earth days.

00:05:46

But even though it is comparatively close to its star,

00:05:48

the latter is quite dim and the planet receives just enough heat for the water on its surface

00:05:57

to remain in its liquid state rather than turn into perennial ice.

00:06:00

The minimal mass of Proxima b is 1.27 that of our Earth.

00:06:06

Following the assumption that the planet’s rock composition and density are identical to those of the Earth,

00:06:12

its radius must measure 1.1 that of our planet.

00:06:18

The light received by Proxima b from its parent star is 65% of that received by our Earth from the Sun.

00:06:26

The steady-state surface temperature is 234 degrees Kelvin or -39 Celsius.

00:06:35

A couple of years ago this twin of our Earth’s would make for a sensational scientific discovery

00:06:40

and would be assumed to almost certainly be populated by living organisms.

00:06:45

But had it been the case and had life forms been discovered on that planet,

00:06:50

the video on our channel would definitely bear a different title.

00:06:56

As it is, at this point scientists cannot say for sure whether the planet is actually habitable.

00:07:03

According to today’s estimates, since Proxima Centauri b has supposedly no magnetic field,

00:07:08

it receives 60 times more high-energy radiation and 400 times more X-ray radiation than our Earth.

00:07:16

In theory these figures admit of a biosphere

00:07:21

where biological fluorescence is a protection mechanism used to shield against ultraviolet radiation flares.

00:07:29

This phenomenon is known to be widespread among some species of coral polyps, or anthozoa,

00:07:32

and is also to be observed on exoplanets orbiting active stars.

00:07:38

However, a disconcerting event in the history of the planet

00:07:41

destroyed all hopes so cherished by scientists just a year after the planet's discovery.

00:07:45

In March 2017 a powerful flare on Proxima Centauri was registered by astronomers

00:07:51

using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array radio telescope.

00:07:55

The host star’s brightness intensified 1,000 times and stayed that way for 10 seconds.

00:08:01

Proxima Centauri b would have experienced an overwhelming amount of radiation from this flare

00:08:07

and if there had been any biosphere on that planet, this event would have wiped it out completely.

00:08:13

Scientists believe that if flares like that occur regularly,

00:08:16

they would have completely stripped the exoplanet of its atmosphere

00:08:21

thus rendering the surface absolutely uninhabitable.

00:08:25

It’s worth mentioning here that radiation endurance of microorganisms like Deinococcus radiodurans

00:08:34

allows us to foster hopes that hypothetically life may develop on that planet following a course of evolution of its own.

00:08:40

This isn’t the end of the Proxima Centauri system’s story yet.

00:08:44

In 2019 astronomers from the Observatory of Turin

00:08:48

announced the discovery of another exoplanet candidate in the star’s vicinity.

00:08:54

The object was dubbed Proxima Centauri C and may hypothetically boast a mass at least 6 times that of our Earth.

00:09:04

Alpha Centauri is currently seen as one of the first destinations for interstellar flights in the future.

00:09:11

Even in 2016 preparations for the flight of a nanosatellite

00:09:16

driven by laser sails to Alpha Centauri were announced to be in progress.

00:09:20

The flight time to the closest star was estimated at 15 years.

00:09:25

The name of the project is Breakthrough Starshot and apart from reaching its planned destination it has one more mission:

00:09:30

scientists plan first and foremost to prove the feasibility of the concept flights like that are based on.

00:09:38

Of course, now it is too early to say anything.

00:09:42

Many would argue that there cannot be life on other planets

00:09:46

as too many space factors need to neatly combine to provide favourable conditions.

00:09:50

Most scientists, on the other hand, refuse to passively resign to this, and so the search for exoplanets doesn’t cease.

00:09:59

Sooner or later telescopes will get advanced to such a point that it will take us just a casual peek through one

00:10:05

to be able to tell if there are any developing life forms on a given planet.

00:10:09

And all mysteries of exoplanets will be effectively dispersed.

00:10:14

And if we really discover nothing with these extrapowerful telescopes,

00:10:18

the only thing for us to say with any certainty will be how lucky we are to be inhabitants of our Earth!

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