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В Казахстане иностранцам платят больше местных

В Казахстане иностранцам платят больше местных

Channel: Красная Юрта

Перспективы биотехнологии | Биология 11 класс #13 | Инфоурок

Перспективы биотехнологии | Биология 11 класс #13 | Инфоурок

Channel: ИНФОУРОК

Хромосомная теория наследственности | Биология 10 класс #28 | Инфоурок

Хромосомная теория наследственности | Биология 10 класс #28 | Инфоурок

Channel: ИНФОУРОК

Изменчивость | Биология 10 класс #32 | Инфоурок

Изменчивость | Биология 10 класс #32 | Инфоурок

Channel: ИНФОУРОК

инфоурок

школа

видеоуроки

биология

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[music]

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chemical composition of cells

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cells of living organisms differ from each

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other not only in structure and

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functions performed, but also in chemical

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composition; different cells

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contain almost the same

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chemical elements

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in a cell there are about 80 chemical

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elements in the periodic table of Dmitry

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Ivanovich Mendeleev this Almost all

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the elements that are present on our

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planet and are known today; the

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function of these elements has been

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little studied, since out of 80 elements

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only 24 have a defined function that

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they perform in the cell;

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chemical elements that are found

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in the cell are divided into three large groups:

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macroelements,

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microelements

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and ultra microelements

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non-chemical elements in the cell

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unevenly

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most of approximately ninety-eight

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percent of the mass of any cell

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are macroelements,

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primarily oxygen 75

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percent carbon 15 percent hydrogen

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eight percent and nitrogen two percent of

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these elements consist of molecules of

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organic substances and oxygen and

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hydrogen are part of water which

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is the main

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inorganic substance of the cell,

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also a macro element includes phosphorus

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potassium sulfur iron magnesium

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sodium and calcium the mass fraction of any

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macroelements of the cell is at

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least 0.001 percent

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chemical elements whose share in the

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cell is from one 1000 to one

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millionth of a percent are called

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microelements

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zinc and iodine copper manganese

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fluorine cobalt bromine and others, the

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percentage content in the body of a

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particular element in no way

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characterizes the degree of its importance and

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necessity in the body,

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for example, cobalt is part of

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vitamin b12 j the composition of the hormones thyroxine

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and tyrant on and copper the composition of enzymes that

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catalyze

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oxidation- reduction processes,

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in addition, copper is involved in the transfer of

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oxygen in the tissues of mollusks, a

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significant number of enzymes with a

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diverse mechanism of action

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contains zinc ions, manganese, cobalt and

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molybdenum, silicon is found in

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diatoms, horsetails, sponges and

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mollusks in the cartilage and ligaments of

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vertebrates, its content can reach

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several hundredths of a percent of pores

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affects the growth of plants fluorine is

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part of the enamel of teeth and bones

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or ultra microelements account for

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less than one millionth

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of the mass of the cell

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this group includes radium cesium

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mercury uranium gold and others

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[music]

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all substances of the cell are divided into two groups

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inorganic and organic the

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main

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conical substance of the cell is

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water

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due to its physicochemical

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properties water is a good solvent

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therefore

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it is a medium for the occurrence of

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chemical reactions in a cell

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due to the polarity of molecules water easily

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dissolves an ionic compound salts

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acids bases

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beings that are highly soluble in water

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are called hydrophilic

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fats nucleic acids and some

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proteins are poorly soluble in water or do not

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dissolve at all, such substances

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are called hydrophobic

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water plays an important role in

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the life of organisms

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due to its properties

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due to its high heat capacity water

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is able to absorb thermal energy with a

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minimal increase in its own

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temperature release of water transpiration

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in plants sweating in animals

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protects the body from overheating

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high thermal conductivity water

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promotes uniform distribution of

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heat throughout

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almost without compressing the body, water creates

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turgor pressure

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that determines the volume and elasticity of cells

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due to the formation of hydrogen bonds

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between water molecules and molecules of

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other substances, water has an optimal

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surface tension force for biological systems, thanks to which

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capillary

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blood flow occurs and the movement of solutions in

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plants

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and salts into cells can be in

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dissolved or undissolved

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states;

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soluble salts dissociate into ions;

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the most important cations are

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potassium and sodium, which are responsible for the

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transport of substances across the cell membrane

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and are involved in the occurrence and conduction of

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nerve impulses;

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calcium takes part in the processes of

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contraction of muscle fibers and

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blood clotting; insoluble

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calcium salts participate in the formation of bones

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and teeth

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calcium carbonate in the formation of mollusk shells

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strengthening the cell membranes of some

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plant species magnesium is part of

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chlorophyll iron is part of a number of

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proteins including hemoglobin zinc

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is part of the molecule of the

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pancreatic hormone insulin copper

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is involved in the processes of photosynthesis and

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respiration

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the most important Anions are phosphate,

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which is part of

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ATP and nucleic acids, and a

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carbonic acid residue that

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regulates fluctuations in the pH of the environment.

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Organic substances of the cell

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are represented by carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

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nucleic acids, ATP, vitamins and

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hormones.

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