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Дерек Маллер

Дерек Мюллер

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veritasium

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[music]

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in this warehouse owned by the

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US government there is every imaginable

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product blueberries steel cigarettes limestone

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standard bullet and some you do

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n’t really want to imagine you have here that waste

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and vital activity

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is what produced so many residential buildings

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When you flush the toilet it

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goes into sewerage and goes to the

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treatment plant. There this water is

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purified from solid impurities, so we

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collected them, then dried them and the result was such a

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powder. I don’t recommend sniffing it, but why would

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anyone need it? who sells

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this powder and why is it so expensive?

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there is no feeling that you live in some kind of

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science fiction novel I’ve been here for

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quite a long time, I’m used to it and don’t think

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about it, but I guess you can say that

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such associations appear in me

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because it’s incredible, ca

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n’t anyone believe that such a place even

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exists, there are apple and peach leaves here

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trees tissue oysters

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zinc ingots carbon dioxide in nitrogen

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these divars of liquid nitrogen contain

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samples of tissues of marine animals, there are

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shellfish and dolphins and whales, there are tissues of the

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body of birds and

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tissues of the human body, too, but

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perhaps the strangest product in this

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warehouse is one of the most familiar

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peanut butter

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looks like peanut butter It is

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soft Probably this is the most expensive jar of

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peanut butter in the world, in fact, we

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order the most

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ordinary peanut butter from the manufacturer and they sent us,

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say, 2000 jars, we check each one, we

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measure the fat content, we calculate

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how many of which components are in it and in

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the end we write the composition and issue

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a certificate Have

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you tried this paste specifically?

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Everything that is here is not intended

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for consumption. I’m not sure how old

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this particular jar is. But it’s

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probably better not to eat it. How much does it

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cost? The price is not at all like in the

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store 3.99 you won’t be able to buy it,

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it will probably cost about 1000

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dollars,

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it’s unlikely Of course you will then spread this paste

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on bread a

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jar of peanut butter costs less than 5

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dollars on the package you can read the

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composition and nutrient content of

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proteins fats Sugars and sodium

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manufacturers track all this using

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special devices and analytical

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techniques, but how do you know that the

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measurement results are correct for this and you need

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standard jars of peanut butter?

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They are made so carefully that

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each jar contains exactly the

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same product. A lot of work is put into ensuring

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that the result is always the

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same. Scientists from the national institute.

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standards and technologies for several years,

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measures in detail the amount of all

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components of peanut butter and

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determines errors, after which

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the sample becomes a state

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standard sample,

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these are checked from all sides,

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then they are sold to technologists and

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manufacturers so that they can correctly

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calibrate the equipment, if everything

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works as it should, then when checking the

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standard peanut butter, the contents

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all components coincide with what is

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indicated in the certificate,

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measurements take a lot of time, several

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years can be spent to

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find out the amount of fats to accurately

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know their content in this case, we are

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not paying for peanut butter, but

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to know what and how much it

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contains it is from this that

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the cost of standard samples follows from our

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ability to show the truth. I sometimes

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say that we produce the truth in a

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bottle, you

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might think, but what difference does it make

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how accurate the composition is on the packaging, but

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the task of the institute is not limited to this;

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peanut butter contains

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aflatoxins, naturally

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occurring carcinogens that can

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cause liver cancer

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they are produced by a fungus that grows on

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nuts and if the production turned out to be

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not the most successful batch of peanuts, it would be

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nice if the plant noticed an

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increased level of aflatoxins, but

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this can only be done if the

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equipment was carefully

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calibrated using a paste with a

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known level of flatoxins, the

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sanitary department itself takes a sample

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to check the contents is more often

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done in commercial laboratories in

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accordance with the requirements of the

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FDA. The agency may recommend

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using a Product Standard to

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avoid mistakes, but they themselves usually do not do this.

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Accurately measure the content of various

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components of different products is not always

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easy; fine powders are easier to examine

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than knitting peanut butter and in In this

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case, it is useful to have a standard sample that is

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close in composition and consistency to the

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desired product, but at the same time

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it is difficult for the Institute of Standards and Technologies to cover

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all products. We will not take

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trout, perch and salmon separately and run them through the

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components. We will be presented with a

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sample of some average standard fish

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if the manufacturer you need to work with a

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specific species, then it

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can be used as a surrogate, that is, you have a

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standard for trout Yes Tell us about

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homogenate meat -

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this is a mixed meat product that is

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thoroughly chopped and placed in a nice

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metal jar Why was it necessary

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to mix chicken and pork Why can’t you

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make chicken separately separate pork

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We never do this ourselves, we

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cooperate with industrial companies,

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we ask what combinations are needed, after

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that we ask you to grind the appropriate

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product so that the sample is of some use;

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it is not necessary to take exactly the

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product, the indicators of which

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the manufacturer will measure, you can take something

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close enough Institute of Standards and

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Technologies sells about 30 samples of

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products that are scattered throughout the

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food pyramid; its tops are pure carbohydrates and

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fats; proteins, based on the ratio of these

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three components; all products

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are distributed along the pyramid to describe

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the quality of each of them; the

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nearest neighbor will do if some

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manufacturer presents to the department

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some characteristics for the

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food product but they compared it with peanut

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butter, then the manufacturers will indicate that

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they have different fat content and so

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on. We provide a certain matrix

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that would be closest to what

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they work with. There is a standard even for a

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standard diet, this is called a

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standard diet,

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we found out through surveys. eats the average American

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purchased The products were all mixed,

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dried by sublimation, the result was a

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gray powder that contains all the

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nutrients that

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the average American consumes,

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the amount of sugar and proteins that are

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consumed is presented here, all the vitamins and fats are

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all in one small jar of

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crushed products,

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everything the Institute of Standards and Technologies

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developed 1300 standard samples

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is our warehouse in area, it occupies

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a little less than 2000 square meters,

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all our stocks, all our products are stored here,

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that is, standards, we have a business, what I

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like here is that I manage a

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20 million dollar company within a

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state structure, we sell

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about 30 thousand samples in year in one

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order usually about three pieces half

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Sold in the States half to other

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countries all Prices are indicated on the website So

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yes We specially made a website for

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selling our samples of course You

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can find everything here, including peanut butter and meat

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mixture, let’s say I’ll offer you a thousand

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dollars, sell it me a sample we

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control who the samples are sold to So

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dishonest I’m a scientist I have 1000

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dollars

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but standards are needed not only for food

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products at the beginning of the 20th century around

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1905 there were huge problems with the

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steel from which cars, locomotives were made,

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and even the rails themselves

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were known what kind needed an alloy but the

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foundries had no way to

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compare their final product with a standard

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that was miscalculated by the Chemists they needed to

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get

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Congress essentially asked the

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national bureau of standards to

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prepare samples of steel so that everyone

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could make the same alloy

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and then we made standard

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samples and studied them in detail composition

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amount of Chromium iron bicarbonates

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and then presented them to

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industry participants by the foundry so that

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they could compare their alloys with a

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carefully researched sample. This was the

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first product that we prepared

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steel and is now among the most important samples

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in the Institute of Standards and Technology

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and what sells best

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impact samples Sharpin Yes Let's go,

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I'll show you why they are needed to check

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whether the steel is strong, conducts

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the test that Professor Sharpin came up with,

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take a pendulum impactor at the end of

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which a load is attached, we move the pendulum

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to a certain distance and

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we can calculate its potential

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energy where the load will fall if

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the pendulum is lowered, there is a

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clamp there too

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we place a standard metal sample

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Sharpin sample here there is a small notch the

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pendulum falls breaks the sample and takes off

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on the other side at the height to

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which it rose you can calculate the

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energy that went into breaking the

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metal bar these days every

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manufacturer both in the USA and in other countries

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countries annually checks steel

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using our samples because alloys

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are used for pipes in the defense

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industry in the production of

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containers for radioactive waste, I

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sometimes joke that I like what

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burns and breaks and the essence of these bars is that there

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was a mass, so they are purchased a lot

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if you count everything There are about 8 thousand types of such products,

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and the Institute of Standards and Technologies

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has been making standard samples for

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more than a century, this is what our very

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first standard sample looks like,

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this gray limestone powder, we are

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still making the number one limestone

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for 110 years, it is so popular that

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we sell 40 per year -50 pieces, surprisingly,

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not many companies continue

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to produce what they once started with,

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most of the standards that

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were mentioned in the video are needed for calibration, but

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there are others, they are used for

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validation, in other words, they are used in the

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tests themselves to guarantee

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the purity of the experiment, an example can

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serve cigarettes are obvious that smoking in

00:11:33

bed is dangerous because of this there are fires,

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because of this they introduced a lot of requirements

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regarding the flammability of the materials from

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which mattresses are made, we just didn’t

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cover them, we made

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standard cigarettes that can be

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used during tests so that

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manufacturers can reliably check the

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flammability of furniture, linen and mattresses

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so that the tests gave a reliable

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result they should be carried out using

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standard cigarettes

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in the USA fires due to smoking lead

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to the majority of deaths from fires in

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residential buildings

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similar products Along with control and

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educational programs have saved

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many lives And then there are

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standard samples for rather

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unexpected items for example, here is

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the standard for a bullet during a shot,

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when the bullet passes along the barrel, characteristic traces remain on it. In

00:12:35

forensic laboratories, these

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traces are measured in order to then compare

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bullets found at the crime scene with

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others that were shot

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presumably from the same weapon, but

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how to find out whether the ones

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found in the field are interpreted correctly? This field has a

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standard mark on it, markings are applied to it

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so as to imitate real

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traces, this is a very subtle and precise

00:12:53

work done, that is,

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no one shot this bullet, the marks were applied in

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production to make sure that

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the equipment correctly reads

00:13:02

the reference sample of the bullet and studies the bullet from the

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crime scene together the

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meaning of any standard or reference is

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to record something in the world, something important

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that is usually difficult to measure, for example, dust

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in a house. In the early 90s, we asked

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cleaning services for full bags from

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vacuum cleaners from different hotels of houses, then

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we collected all this dust from the hotel, and so

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on. poured together and mixed very

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carefully so that all samples

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contained the same amount of substances

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and materials and then measured everything that

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was there. Dust is interesting from the point of view of the

00:13:43

environment in which we live; it can be used to

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determine what surrounds us, what we

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come into contact with, in many ways, standards are needed

00:13:51

for in order to identify dangerous contaminants,

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therefore, several

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types of lead paint and water from the

00:13:58

Greenland glacier are stored in the warehouse, these are rare samples,

00:14:00

so sales are limited to one

00:14:02

client, you can sell only one piece

00:14:04

every three years,

00:14:06

here in New Jersey and Montana, we have many

00:14:10

soil samples, managed to obtain

00:14:12

permission visit contaminated sites

00:14:14

in the town of Bosun in Montana, collect almost

00:14:17

20 kg of stones to then crush

00:14:21

these samples, for example, there are

00:14:23

toxic substances in them,

00:14:27

the best way to find out what harmful

00:14:29

substances we interact with is to

00:14:31

study our own waste, that’s why

00:14:34

waste products are sold here,

00:14:36

this product comes out

00:14:40

of the human body and gets into

00:14:42

the pipes, researchers can find traces of

00:14:44

toxic substances and heavy metals, that

00:14:47

is, harmful effects that we

00:14:49

ourselves sometimes do not know about; this helps

00:14:51

monitor the state of the environment.

00:14:54

Next year they plan to

00:14:55

put up a human experiment for sale.

00:14:58

Recently, in the news they often

00:14:59

say that health is in depends a lot

00:15:01

on the microbiome, we increasingly

00:15:04

understand that bacteria in the intestines and

00:15:08

stomach affects both physical health

00:15:10

and mental state; measuring the composition

00:15:14

of excrement is quite a complex matter; it is

00:15:16

very difficult to decompose them into components;

00:15:18

this work is needed to complement the analyzes of the

00:15:21

study of metabolites;

00:15:24

the sample will look like

00:15:27

and how much material has been collected a

00:15:29

pretty big bunch.

00:15:33

The more we learn about the world, the more the

00:15:36

range of materials on the

00:15:38

shelves of this warehouse expands. Next year

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the institute plans to put up for sale

00:15:42

the first standard sample of living

00:15:44

material; these will be the ovary cells of a female

00:15:47

hamster capable of producing

00:15:48

monoclonal antibodies; such antibodies are

00:15:51

included in 5 of the 10 best-selling

00:15:53

drugs per year, more than 75 billion dollars are spent on them in the world

00:15:56

When the

00:16:00

outbreak of monkeypox began in 2022, among

00:16:02

other things, one problem arose: there were no

00:16:04

reliable laboratory tests for

00:16:06

diagnosis at the Institute of Standards and

00:16:09

Technologies in just 30 days they were able to

00:16:11

create a sample of viral DNA, it’s very

00:16:14

strange to wander around this warehouse here on

00:16:17

the shelves there are crushed and

00:16:19

packaged

00:16:21

fragments of our world described in detail, here

00:16:24

you remember that far from our eyes, a

00:16:26

whole team tirelessly makes sure that

00:16:29

everything remains exactly what it is. We

00:16:32

eat peanut butter and we know that it

00:16:34

contains exactly what is indicated in the

00:16:36

composition when it arrives results of a

00:16:38

blood test for cholesterol, we know that

00:16:40

the equipment is calibrated according to the standard

00:16:42

when we enter a building built on a

00:16:45

steel frame, we know that the

00:16:46

properties of the alloy precisely

00:16:48

allow it to hold the structure in the world

00:16:51

as it should because a small platoon of

00:16:53

researchers carefully ensures that

00:16:55

everything around us,

00:16:59

even excrement, is

00:17:01

translated and voiced by vert dayder studio

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Поддержать проект можно по ссылкам: Если вы в России: https://boosty.to/vertdider Если вы не в России: https://www.patreon.com/VertDider На этом складе, принадлежащем правительству США, работают исследователи, которые тщательно следят за тем, чтобы всё вокруг нас соответствовало стандартам. Перевод: Елена Смотрова Редактура: Алексей Малов Научная редактура: Евгений Момотюк Озвучка: Дмитрий Чепусов, Алексей Никитин Монтаж звука: Андрей Фокин Монтаж видео: Джон Исмаилов Обложка: Андрей Гавриков Спасибо за поддержку на https://www.patreon.com/VertDider и https://boosty.to/vertdider Озвучки Vert Dider выходят с вашей помощью: Pavel Dunaev, Mikhail Stolpovskiy, Sergey Zhukov, Ira Kozlovskaya, Amir, JIukaviy, Куляш, Dmitrii Komarevtsev, Мikhail Samin, Roman Inflianskas, Oleg Zingilevskiy, Alena, Vitaliy Vachynyuk, Ника Калмыкова, opperatius, Aleksandr P., Pavel Parpura, Katoto Chan, Anton Bolotov, Anatoly Ressin, Eugene Tsaplin, angel, Artem Amirbekov, Victor Cazacov, Kirill Zaslavskii, Vladyslav Sokolenko, Alexander Balynskiy, Dzmitryi Halyava, Ihar Marozau, Kseniya Stukova, POD666, Aleksei Shabalin, Irina Shakhverdova, Vadim Velicodnii, David Malko, Nastya, Evgeny Vrublevsky, Stanislav Obrazcoff, Kirill Vedensky, Валентин Матвейчик, Leonid Steinberg, Alexander Goida, Katya Ma, Morock_D, Sergey P, Ilya, Oleksandr Hrebeniuk, Сергей Платоненко, Валентин Ильин, Владимир Ямщиков, Мария Зверева, Адам Шифф, Rashn, Nikrodol, Lexx, Rincewind, Alexander Lebedev, Roman Gelingen, Sonra44, Сергей Клопов, Ranis Zaripov, Timophey Popov, MaximML , Rekvet, Илья Зверев, Никита Омельницкий, Timur Rahmatulin, Иван Новиков, Арс Ник, Anton G, Dmitry Perekalin, Vadim, Владимир Авдиев, Точка Зрения, SpireX, Maxim Khaustov, Р Ч. Сайт студии: https://vertdider.tv/ Мы в социальных сетях: — http://vk.com/studio_vd — https://t.me/vertdider — https://twitter.com/Vert_Dider — http://coub.com/vertdider Разрешение на публикацию: https://vertdider.tv/permissions-for-publication/ © https://www.youtube.com/c/veritasium/ Источник: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esQyYGezS7c

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