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Учбный фильм
Датчики следящих систем
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  • ruRussian
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00:00:02
[music]
00:00:07
in modern production complexes
00:00:10
and devices,
00:00:13
various tracking systems are widely used without such
00:00:17
systems it is unthinkable to control
00:00:20
thermonuclear reactors
00:00:22
[music]
00:00:25
in robot designs, tracking systems
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provide fast and accurate processing
00:00:30
by software
00:00:34
[music]
00:00:41
during complex medical operations,
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sensors of tracking systems provide
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artificial functioning of various
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organs human modeling of various
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biological processes, they are
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beginning to be used more and more widely, and for the automation of
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agricultural work, an
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integral part of modern tracking
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systems are their sensitive
00:01:26
elements or sensors; they convert the
00:01:31
controlled parameters of control objects; the
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signals necessary to develop the
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appropriate control
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action
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[music]
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for studying the regime of ebbs and flows into in the
00:02:01
bay of the Arkhangelsk port,
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one of the first
00:02:05
automatic level gauges was used, which served as the
00:02:08
prototype of modern position sensors
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[music]
00:02:15
the principle of operation of position sensors
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is based on converting the movement of the
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sensing element into an electrical
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signal;
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if voltage is applied to the potential of the metric sensor, the
00:02:34
power supply
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from the output of the sensor can be obtained from the signal
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[music]
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the amplitude of which is proportional to
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the movement of its brush
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[music]
00:02:54
and the phase corresponds to the direction of
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movement
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[music] the
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operation of the inductive sensor
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is based on the principle of
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changing inductance from movement
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[music] the
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inductive sensor can be used in a
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tension tracking system
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[music]
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when the tension of the threads changes, the
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sensitive element of the
00:03:46
sensor moves with which a signal is taken based on the
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magnitude of the tension
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[music]
00:04:00
capacitive sensors change the capacitance
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in proportion to the movement
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position sensors can be used in
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servo systems used for
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the manufacture of parts using a copier
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or engraving for synchronous rotation of
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mechanically unrelated
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hair using synchronous synchronizers
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their action is based on a change in the
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inductive coupling between the stator and the
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rotor windings when the rotor rotates, a
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selsyn sensor is installed on the driven
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shaft by a selsyn receiver on the driving shaft,
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three-phase windings are located on the rotor windings and we connect them to each
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other
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on the rotors, we place single-phase windings
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and we supply alternating voltage to the
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winding of the selsyn sensor
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in the windings of the selsyn sensor, this is carried out
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with them will cause the flow of
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corresponding currents in the stator
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windings of the selsyn-receiver
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[music]
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as a result, a signal proportional to the mismatch angle will appear on the rotor winding of
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the selsyn-receiver
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and the
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phase will correspond to the direction of
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this mismatch
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[music]
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this signal is used by the tracking
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system to eliminate the mismatch
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selsyns can be used, for example, by the
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tracking system used for
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preliminary synchronous rotation of the
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rocket launch pad following the
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rotation of the antennas of the radar station
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[music]
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for the same purposes, in more precise systems,
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rotating transformers are used,
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they also allow you to obtain various
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functions of the angle of rotation
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[music]
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transformers consist of a stator and a
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rotor; the action of a rotating
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transformer is based on By changing the
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inductive coupling between the rotor
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windings when the
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angular position of the rotor changes, on the stator of a
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rotating transformer, as a rule,
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two mutually perpendicular
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windings are located; the windings are similarly located
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on the rotor,
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if alternating voltages are applied to one of the stator windings and the
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rotor windings can be removed with voltage
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proportional to sine and cosine angle of
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rotation of the rotor,
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signals from a rotating transformer are
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conveniently used for input to a digital
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computer, and so rotating
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transformers
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convert the angle of rotation of the rotor into a
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voltage proportional to this angle and
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its functions, they are used, for example, in the
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tracking system of a
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pilot simulator due to the decisive
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devices
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[music]
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tachogenerators are used to obtain
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information about the angular velocity of
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rotating objects
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[music]
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they are electrical
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machines of alternating or direct current,
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if a supply voltage is applied to one of the stator windings of an
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asynchronous tachogenerator with a hollow
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rotor, then an
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alternating voltage proportional to the rotor rotation speed will appear on the 2 stator windings
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[music]
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phase of the output signal depends on the
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direction of rotation of the rotor,
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such tachogenerators use a servo
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system
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that regulates the speed of rotation of the bobbins in
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production
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[music]
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modern technical devices
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usually use a whole complex of
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servo systems with various types of
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sensors
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[music] a
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pilot simulator, the instructor can
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set various flight simulation modes from the simulator control panel
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including extreme
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[music]
00:10:22
tracking systems with such sensors
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can be used to eliminate the
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pitching of a ship or unwanted
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rotation of an aircraft around any of the
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axes. The
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task comes down to determining the angular
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velocity of an object. The
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sensor consists of a rotor rotating in
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bearings installed in a frame
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which in its own the queue can rotate in
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bearings rigidly connected to the body of
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the object
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when turning the objects and, therefore, the
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gyroscope around the y-axis with an angular
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velocity of omega, a
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gyroscopic moment arises
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relative to the z-axis proportional to this
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speed
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[music]
00:11:16
with the help of springs and a
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counteracting moment is created as a result, the
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angle of rotation of the frame turns out to be
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proportional angular velocity
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in accordance with the angle of rotation of the frame, a
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signal will be taken from the potentiometric position sensor, the amplitude and phase
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of which depends on the magnitude and
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direction of the measured angular velocity
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[music]
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on moving objects, to measure
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linear accelerations,
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linear acceleration sensors are installed; the
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sensitive element of the sensor is an
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inertial mass; it is connected to the
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body with the help of springs from the action of an
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external force, the sensor body that occurs during takeoff of the
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aircraft will
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move with acceleration,
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and at the same time
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the mass will move
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relative to the body at a distance
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whose value is proportional to the
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measured acceleration; in
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accordance with the magnitude and direction of the
00:12:38
deviation of the sensitive mass from the
00:12:41
neutral position, the amplitude signal
00:12:43
will be taken from the potentiometric sensor
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and the phase of which depends on the
00:12:49
magnitude and direction of the measured
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acceleration; a
00:12:56
linear acceleration sensor can be
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used in a tracking system installed
00:13:01
on an aircraft and is designed to track a
00:13:05
given flight path
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under the influence of, for example, wind,
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the aircraft can deviate from this
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trajectory
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with acceleration and
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[music]
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[music] the
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accelerometer measures its acceleration
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[music] the
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tracking system processes
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the corresponding control action
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on the steering wheel
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[music]
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and the plane returns to the given
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trajectory
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[music] the
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action of the sensors is based on the deformation
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from the pressure of the elastic sensitive
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elements of
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1 turns of them or centuries-old tubular
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springs
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[music]
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membranes or bellows
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[music ]
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safe it converts changes in
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gas or liquid pressure movement
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[music]
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connecting a bellows with a slider of a
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potentiometric position sensor from the
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latter you can remove a signal
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whose amplitude is proportional to the amount of
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movement of the rod and therefore the
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amount of measured pressure such
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sensors can monitor the operating mode of
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actors
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they can be used as a follower
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system for
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warning of the approach of a tsunami,
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such sensors are used in remote
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pressure control systems in
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the production of chemical fibers. Such
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production also requires precise
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temperature control.
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Temperature sensors are widely
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used in technology; they have various
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sensitive elements,
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for example, a thermocouple;
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when heated, the thermocouple produces a
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thermo-emf value that is
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proportional to the measured temperature;
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sensors based on thermocouples they can
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measure temperatures from 100 to 2000
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degrees; the operation of a resistance thermometer is
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based on the properties of metals and
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semiconductors
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to change their resistance with
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changes in temperature
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[music]
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resistance thermometers are used for
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high-precision temperature regulation
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[music]
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the bridge ensures the balance temperature of the
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circuit
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if the measured temperature is higher
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temperature balance signal in antiphase
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is there less signal fancy
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such sensors are widely used
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they are also used in
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fire prevention systems
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[music]
00:17:12
systems for automatic control and
00:17:15
regulation of air humidity the basis
00:17:19
of the sensing element
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is platinum resistance thermometers
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in production, for example nylon
00:17:33
in spinning operations, twist quality
00:17:36
can be found everywhere humidity sensors
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[music]
00:17:45
tracking system receives and processes
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information from more than 800 sensors with a
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range of more than one
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kilometer.
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Such sensors are also used by
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breeders
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[music]
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software control of the microclimate
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makes it possible to reduce the time required to
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create a new variety by 35 times;
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producers often say climate is
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not a luxury and the technological law
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is ahead of the creation of an artificial climate station
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to provide the population all year round with not
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only flowers but also vegetables and fruits,
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bread
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[music]

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