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Buracos Negros Explicados

Buracos Negros Explicados

Channel: Ciência Todo Dia

The Eerie Sounds Of Saturn

The Eerie Sounds Of Saturn

Channel: SpaceRip

Curiosidades del SISTEMA SOLAR

Curiosidades del SISTEMA SOLAR

Channel: El Tope 5

sol

universo

terra

planetas

espaço

espaço sideral

astronomia

estrelas

nebulosas

galaxia

via lactea

jupiter

saturno

nasa

universo paralelo

lua

buraco negro

estrela de neutron

sistema solar

quais os planetas do sistema solar

como foi formado o sistema solar

ao infinito e além

infinito

alem

marte

urano

netuno

venus

mercurio

tritao

encelado

planeta 9

plutao

planeta x

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[Music]

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about 4.6 billion years ago a

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mass cloud of gas and dust began to

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collapse under the influence of

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gravity as this cloud

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contracted the increase in temperature and

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pressure in the center resulted in the formation

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of our Astro King the

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sun at the same time the remaining matter

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around the forming sun began to

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group together creating the protoplanets and

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other celestial bodies that would eventually

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become the Planets Moons

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asteroids and comets that we know

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Today the first stages of formation

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of the solar system were characterized

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by a intense activity of collisions and

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mergers as materials

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came together and consolidated,

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dust particles merged to

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form larger objects, which in turn

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merged to form

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protoplanets, these protoplanets

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continued to grow through

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collisions and gravitational attraction,

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eventually becoming the

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inner rocky planets Mercury Venus Earth and

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Mars and the more distant gas giants

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Jupiter

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Saturn Uranus and

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Neptune over millions of years the

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solar system underwent a process of

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differentiation in which

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heavier materials sank towards the

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planets' cores while the

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lighter materials were taken to the

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surface, this differentiation resulted

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in the formation of metallic nuclei on the

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terrestrial planets and a

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more complex composition on the

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gas giants, all this dynamics resulted

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in this spectacle, the solar system and today we are

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going to travel together on the second part of

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this incredible journey through our

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system our trip will begin in the farthest

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reaches of the Solar System Where we will

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try to uncover the secrets of

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pluto in this region we will try to

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find the famous planet nine and

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discuss the evidence that supports

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the theory of a ninth planet in the

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solar system a little more internally we will go

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to enceladus a Saturn's moon and one of the

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most promising places in the

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Solar System Where there is the possibility of

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finding simple life forms

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and leaving the outer Solar System

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directly to Our

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neighborhood we will pass by Venus and

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discuss the greatest discovery ever

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made there that could change everything what

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we know about the

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cloudy planet our journey begins

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[Music]

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now in July 2015

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NASA's New Horizon probe made history by

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successfully visiting the distant and icy Dwarf Planet

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Pluto the incredible images captured

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during the passage left scientists and

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space fans in awe open revealing a

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complex and diverse world covered

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by mountains, valleys, craters and even

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a vast heart-shaped feature

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that may be hiding an

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underground ocean beneath this vastness

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for the first time we can contemplate

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Pluto in all its

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glory but it is not just the presence From the

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magnificent heart of Pluto that

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amazed scientists when they

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studied images across this

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icy landscape, many other

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unexpected but

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fascinating features have also been discovered and

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now new studies suggest that Pluto

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is active and not as calm as it seems,

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but as astronomers have come to know, this

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conclusion what will be the

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strange features they observed in the

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images sent by the New horizons probe

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and most importantly Do these

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discoveries suggest the possible

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existence of life on

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Pluto it was in the year 2006 that NASA

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launched the New horizons probe to

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explore the which was then considered the

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ninth planet of the solar system Pluto,

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after a 9-year journey, the probe

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reached the planet no and became the

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first spacecraft to visit this

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distant world, today the probe has already surpassed the

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mark of 50 astronomical units from the

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earth, which corresponds more than 7.5

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billion kilometers, however,

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data from the passage of

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Pluto is still being analyzed by

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astronomers to this day, if we go back to the

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not-so-distant past, before the

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New Horizons mission, we had

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limited knowledge of the characteristics of

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Pluto's surface beyond, Besides being the

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first object ever discovered in the

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Kiper belt, it is also the largest

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body known in this region, however,

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from the 90s onwards, when several

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objects of similar sizes were

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discovered in the Kyer belt,

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Pluto's planetary status began to be

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questioned and Finally, in 2006, the

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International Astronomical Union reclassified

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Pluto as a Dwarf Planet. But this did not

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remove the little planet from humanity

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's exploration radar.

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This was one of the best

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images captured by Rubble in 2002,

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showing the world stained orange,

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white and black, with a bright spot and

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mysterious So as New

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Horizons passed by the non-ice planet

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it managed to capture some of the

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most spectacular images ever seen from

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space New Horizons images

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revealed something completely

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surprising and unexpected that has never been

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seen on any other planet in the

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solar system New Horizons images Pluto's surface

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shows many irregular volcanoes

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raised to different heights. Furthermore, there

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is no evidence of tectonic activity,

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which plays a crucial role in the

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formation of mountains here on Earth.

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All these factors together indicate that

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this surface was formed after a

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geological disturbance, probably a

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volcanic eruption. which occurred

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recently in the last 2 billion

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years I know that 2 billion years may

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seem like a long time but considering

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the cosmic scale it is not that long

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and it can be classified as a

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recent event by enlarging this image we can

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discover many of the

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hidden characteristics of pluto some of which

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may surprise you like the discovery

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of a lake that once flowed with a

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mysterious liquid this unexpected lake

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can be found in a

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mountain range west of the gigantic heart

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of pluto it is about 20 miles

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wide and now appears to be frozen,

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however evidence elsewhere

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on the planet does suggest that it may have

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been a lake that once flowed with

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liquid. This is a

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surprising discovery considering that

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Pluto's surface temperature is

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about minus 230 degrees, although

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it is not entirely clear that type of

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liquid that filled this lake before it

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froze over scientists believe it

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was probably liquid nitrogen and it

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is not just here where

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liquid nitrogen could have once flowed

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hundreds of thousands of years ago it

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may also have carved out riverbeds

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and crossed ravines as shown This

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incredible image of how liquid nitrogen can

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accumulate and flow in a

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freezing state billions of kilometers

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away from the Sun is likely due

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to temperature and pressure fluctuations

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on the surface of Pluto as it

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approaches the Sun, not warming the planet

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enough to transform the

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nitrogen ice into gas but occasionally

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the conditions must be perfectly

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adjusted for the nitrogen to become

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liquid this causes these

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surprising characteristics that certainly no one

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expected

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to see one of the most

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interesting characteristics of pluto is its

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atmosphere as we can see In this

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incredible image the gas in

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Pluto's atmosphere is very different from Earth's to

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begin with it is much thinner about

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80,000 times less dense and is believed to be

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created when

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surface ice is vapor orized by

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sunlight scientists believe that the

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fog is a byproduct resulting from the

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action of sunlight on methane and

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other molecules this reaction produces a

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complex mixture of hydrocarbons that

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accumulate into small

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fog particles as they descend through the

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atmosphere fog particles

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form numerous intricate horizontal layers

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that form extend altitude

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to almost 200 km as Pluto moves

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away from the sun in its 200

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Earth year orbit its atmosphere is believed to

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freeze Possibly falling

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as a type of snow on the surface

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creating a layer of frozen material

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if this Snow falls on grains or flakes like

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here on earth is a mystery Maybe it is

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even accompanied by strong winds like

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a snowstorm or it can

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resemble a light blizzard like we see

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in some countries here on

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earth in some regions it seems like

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we can see a layer of snow

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nitrogen that may have condensed in the

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atmosphere and then settled on the

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surface among the most

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impressive features found on Pluto are

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these large, snow-capped mountains

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in the southern hemisphere that

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almost resemble the Alps here on

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earth as seen from the international space station

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but when you look

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closer you realize that they are actually

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quite different the mountains on Pluto

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are made of frozen water ice as

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hard as granite and are covered

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in a type of snow made up of

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frozen methane some of these tall

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mountains can reach heights of up to

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3.5 km above the ground how these

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structures formed is still a

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mystery on earth mountains are

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usually caused by

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tectonic activity or volcanic eruptions

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however Pluto is not geologically

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active in the same way as earth so

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scientists believe they

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were probably formed by a

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process called sublimation erosion

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this occurs when frozen materials

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such as nitrogen or methane on the surface

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of pluto are exposed to sunlight and

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sublime or transition directly from

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solid to gas this process lifts the

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surrounding land leaving behind

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incredible structures like these

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High, jagged peaks Pluto appears to be

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replenishing its surface. In certain

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regions, however, there are

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several indications that a type of

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cold, thick lava has been poured over its

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landscape in different

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places. These strange features

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are caused by cri volcanoes, which are a

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type of volcano that enters lupion with

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icy volatiles such as water methane or

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ammonia instead of molten rock cri

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volcanoes can also be found on

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some icy Moons of our

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solar system such as Enceladus and

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Europa on Pluto There are several

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mountainous regions that have depressions or pits in

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their surface

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What could be the result of

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volcanic activity one of the most

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convincing evidence of the activity of these volcanoes

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on Pluto is this feature called

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w moons the mountain located in the

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Southern Hemisphere rises to a height of

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4 km above the surrounding terrain and has

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a wide depression at the top as you

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can see in this incredible image if

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indeed it is an ice volcano as

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suspected it would be the largest of its kind ever

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discovered in the outer solar system

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along the western edge of the heart of

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pluto extensive desert-like dune fields

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could be

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found these features are

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made up of material that appears to have

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been blown across the surface by the

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wind in a similar way to the Dunes

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found here on earth the movement of the

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wind lifts particles and deposits them

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in a specific location however the

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dunes on Pluto are unique in several

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ways It is possible that they were

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formed not only by wind but

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also by the melting of

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nitrogen ice causing grains of

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methane ice the size of grains of sand to

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be lifted above the ground by

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rising gases and then carried by the air

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beyond the dunes in Pluto are much

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larger than the Dunes found here

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on Earth some are as high as mountains

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and stretch for kilometers this is

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probably due to the lower Gravity

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on Pluto which allows

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particles to be transported more easily creating

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these magnificent

00:13:34

[Music] features

00:13:39

another curious feature

00:13:42

of pluto is called pickard moons

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it reaches almost 7 km in height and has a

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width of about 225 km you would be

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surprised to know that although the diameter

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of pluto is only 1/6 that of the earth the

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total volume of this volcano is similar

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to that of the Mau naala in Hawaii one of the largest

00:14:02

volcanoes on our

00:14:04

planet these gigantic

00:14:07

surface features are on the southwestern edge of the

00:14:10

ice sheet known as sputnick

00:14:12

plantia which is the brightest region to the

00:14:15

left of the famous

00:14:20

heart shaped feature these places were sighted

00:14:22

for the first time When the New

00:14:24

Horizons probe flew over this region in July

00:14:27

2015, this layer is characterized by

00:14:30

an ancient impact basin almost

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1000 km wide and is called by

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folds and elevations that resemble

00:14:38

wrinkles in a smooth gill cover, there

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are also several domes volcanics

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in this region, most tend to merge

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into a single dome, after

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carefully analyzing the images captured

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by the New Horizons probe, researchers

00:14:52

speculate that the formation of this terrain

00:14:54

must have been fueled by multiple

00:14:57

eruption sites located close to each

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other and possibly the

00:15:02

ejected material during the cri

00:15:04

volcanic eruptions it coated the entire region with

00:15:07

layers of ice a detailed study

00:15:09

also reveals that the surface material

00:15:11

in this region is mainly

00:15:14

water ice not nitrogen or methane ice

00:15:17

as is generally found in

00:15:19

younger parts of the planetary surface

00:15:21

this further strengthens the

00:15:23

possibility of

00:15:26

volcanic activity also found throughout the

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heart of pluto are

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strange iceberg-like structures that

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appear to be fragments of ice that have

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broken off from the larger surrounding formations,

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each fragment is one to several

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kilometers wide but what is

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interesting about these characteristics is

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that they appear to float on the

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frozen surface below scientists believe

00:15:49

that icebergs are massive chunks of

00:15:52

frozen nitrogen Because

00:15:54

water ice is less dense than

00:15:56

nitrogen ice when Ice bags

00:15:58

break off and are eventually

00:16:00

pushed into the heart of pluto

00:16:02

Probably by glacial flows they

00:16:05

become subject to the movement of the

00:16:07

nitrogen ice below as can be

00:16:09

seen in the strange shapes that

00:16:11

cover this region these formations

00:16:13

reveal the secret of pluto's heart

00:16:16

because they are the signatures of a process

00:16:18

called convection that occurs

00:16:21

everywhere where the fluid is heated

00:16:23

unevenly from the sun there is a

00:16:26

boiling kettle the convection means that

00:16:30

something under the heart of pluto is

00:16:32

hotter than the surface and is

00:16:35

causing this great plain of

00:16:36

frozen nitrogen to slowly rotate

00:16:39

over millions of years and if you

00:16:41

look closely you will notice that icebergs

00:16:44

are usually clustered around

00:16:46

these patches because they

00:16:48

are probably being pushed to the edge

00:16:50

by the forces

00:16:52

below for these internal dynamics of

00:16:55

pluto to work in particular

00:16:57

volcanoes it

00:16:58

would need a constant source of

00:17:00

heat to driving eruptions for

00:17:03

example on earth the energy for

00:17:05

volcanism comes mainly from

00:17:08

residual heat from the formation of our

00:17:10

planet and from the radioactive decay that

00:17:13

occurs in the center of the Earth in other

00:17:15

cases this heat can also result from the

00:17:17

Tug caused by

00:17:19

gravitational interaction with neighboring

00:17:21

massive objects This is the phenomenon that causes

00:17:24

volcanism in oo, for example, however,

00:17:27

in the case of plut,

00:17:29

none of these possibilities fit

00:17:31

well, nor are the planet's neighbors

00:17:33

strong enough to generate

00:17:36

tidal and gravitational forces enough to

00:17:38

heat its interior, nor is the amount of

00:17:40

rocky material present in Pluto's core

00:17:42

is enough to generate heat

00:17:45

through radioactivity, so Pluto

00:17:48

has an average surface temperature

00:17:50

of almost minus 240º, so where does

00:17:54

this

00:17:57

energy come from, considering all these points,

00:18:00

the only plausible scenario is that the

00:18:02

Dwarf Planet It still has residual heat

00:18:04

from its formation trapped inside

00:18:06

But probably in a deep ocean

00:18:09

of water beneath its frozen crust, other

00:18:12

icy bodies in the solar system such as

00:18:14

Saturn's moon Enceladus and Jupiter's moon Europa

00:18:17

are also known to

00:18:19

contain such oceans. Enceladus

00:18:22

has shown evidence of

00:18:24

regular volcanism spewing icy material into

00:18:27

space and including replenishing one

00:18:29

of Saturn's Rings, however large

00:18:32

chains of icy volcanoes spread over

00:18:34

such a large area and recycling the

00:18:37

surface of the celestial body have not been

00:18:39

observed anywhere else on Earth.

00:18:41

Solar System except on

00:18:45

Pluto, but we cannot forget that the

00:18:47

New Horizons probe only made a

00:18:50

quick pass and observed the region for

00:18:52

just one day, so it is still difficult to

00:18:55

confirm whether cri volcanic activity

00:18:57

is still active on Pluto or whether

00:18:59

exotic ice volcanoes have have become

00:19:01

dormant but if the planet is not still

00:19:04

active this would strengthen the

00:19:07

possibility of finding a

00:19:08

liquid ocean below the surface and who knows

00:19:11

maybe even

00:19:12

[Music]

00:19:20

life before the New Horizons probe visited

00:19:23

Pluto we had limited knowledge

00:19:26

about what its surface was like now

00:19:28

that we saw it in all its wonder and

00:19:30

glory we discovered many of its

00:19:32

fascinating characteristics some of

00:19:35

which we explored in

00:19:38

today's video probably Pluto is just one of

00:19:41

hundreds of dwarf planets in the

00:19:43

citur de kyer region can you imagine the

00:19:46

wonders that exist on the other

00:19:48

dwarf planets that We have not yet visited the

00:19:50

likes of Rmea Makim or Eris, for example, what

00:19:54

we have left is to hope that one day

00:19:57

we will see them in all their

00:20:00

splendor. But beyond these stars there is

00:20:03

a mystery, an object hidden in the

00:20:06

darkness of this distant place that

00:20:08

seems to be disturbing the orbits of this

00:20:12

region. What could be

00:20:14

causing such a phenomenon a cluster of

00:20:17

small objects perhaps or perhaps the

00:20:21

famous planet

00:20:23

[Music] we did not

00:20:40

grow up Knowing exactly what the

00:20:42

solar system looked like from our

00:20:45

central Sun to Pluto however everything

00:20:48

changed in 2006 when the union

00:20:52

International astronomy at the time made a

00:20:54

highly controversial decision and placed Pluto

00:20:57

in a new category. From that

00:21:00

moment on, this object that lies in the confines

00:21:02

of the Solar System would be a

00:21:08

Dwarf Planet, since then Pluto lost its

00:21:11

status as a planet, scientists did not

00:21:13

abandon their efforts to detect

00:21:16

other large objects in the outer reaches of the

00:21:18

Solar System After all, there is something beyond

00:21:21

Neptune's orbit that

00:21:23

significantly affects the trajectory and

00:21:25

revolution of celestial objects such as

00:21:28

asteroids and Dwarf Planets, and

00:21:30

we're not talking about the kind of thing

00:21:32

we can visualize with telescopes,

00:21:34

some studies suggest that it could being the

00:21:37

ninth planet in the

00:21:40

solar system, others are more radical and

00:21:44

suggest that the anomalies detected in the

00:21:46

Kiper belt are the result of a

00:21:48

small primordial black hole or

00:21:51

even a cluster of dark matter

00:21:53

[Music]

00:21:57

the idea of a large undiscovered planet

00:22:00

now known as planet

00:22:02

nine but Originally called

00:22:05

planet

00:22:22

was

00:22:25

mysterious object affecting the orbits of

00:22:28

Neptune and Uranus But it was later revealed

00:22:30

that Pluto was too small to cause

00:22:33

such an effect but it was at the turn of the century

00:22:35

that smaller objects besides Neptune in

00:22:38

some cases the size of Pluto

00:22:40

were being discovered as

00:22:43

these discoveries accumulated It became

00:22:45

clear that a massive population of

00:22:47

strange worlds existed in a region we

00:22:50

now call the

00:22:54

Kyer belt with the discovery of the

00:22:57

Kiper belt many other mysteries emerged

00:22:59

including once again the possibility

00:23:02

of a giant undiscovered planet in

00:23:04

January 2016 the Researchers

00:23:07

Constantin BG and Mike Brown from Caltec

00:23:11

presented mathematical evidence that

00:23:13

suggested the existence of the hypothetical

00:23:16

Planet

00:23:28

gravity however if that were the

00:23:31

case the mass of the belt would have to be

00:23:33

100 times greater than it is today

00:23:36

computer simulations using a small planet

00:23:38

have shown that its mass would be

00:23:40

insufficient to align the objects

00:23:42

in this way however if you

00:23:45

run a similar simulation with a

00:23:47

massive planet the size of Uranus or

00:23:49

Neptune the mathematical model converges and

00:23:52

practically duplicates the results of the

00:23:56

real-world calculation

00:23:59

the researchers' work establishes

00:24:01

limits for the possible mass of the ninth

00:24:03

planet the location of its orbit and

00:24:06

even its position in the sky according to the

00:24:09

calculations this hypothetical planet could

00:24:11

be 10 times more massive than the Earth,

00:24:14

have a diameter two to four times that

00:24:16

of our planet, be 20 times

00:24:19

further from the Sun than Neptune and could

00:24:21

have a year that varies from

00:24:23

7400 to 20,000 Earth years,

00:24:29

so Like many astronomers before

00:24:31

them, the search for an undiscovered giant

00:24:33

lurking in the far reaches of the

00:24:35

Solar System was back on. The reason

00:24:38

many astronomers believe

00:24:40

the planet could not exist is due

00:24:43

to some interesting movements between

00:24:46

certain objects in the Kyer belt and the

00:24:48

scattered disk that are regions beyond

00:24:50

Neptune with hundreds of thousands of

00:24:53

icy bodies these mysterious objects

00:24:56

include a planet not called sedna and

00:24:58

five other ker belt objects

00:25:01

that are tilted at the same angle and

00:25:03

in the same direction causing their

00:25:05

orbits to be clumped together Maybe this

00:25:08

could be due to the gravitational pull

00:25:11

of an unknown object And

00:25:13

incredibly since 2016 another 11

00:25:16

objects have been identified as having

00:25:18

strange orbits that are not due to the

00:25:21

influence of Neptune so could this

00:25:23

be the result of an undiscovered ninth planet

00:25:29

based on the apparent pull

00:25:30

gravitational As we have already seen,

00:25:33

scientists estimated that the hypothetical

00:25:34

planet 9 would have a mass of about 10

00:25:37

times that of the Earth using this

00:25:39

information and what we already know about

00:25:41

our solar system was theorized as to what

00:25:44

this planet could be like if it really

00:25:46

existed. The first Possibility is a

00:25:49

planet nine rocky but not like the

00:25:51

terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth

00:25:54

or Mars but rather a bizarre world

00:25:57

Possibly volcanic a common type of

00:26:00

planet that can be detected around

00:26:02

other stars in our galaxy the

00:26:05

super [Music]

00:26:13

earth super earth as the name suggests

00:26:16

these worlds are bigger than the earth but

00:26:18

smaller than Neptune however as

00:26:21

we know no planet of this type has been

00:26:23

discovered in our solar system so

00:26:25

could planet nine be

00:26:27

our super Lost Earth Maybe but the

00:26:30

possibilities are very low Due to the

00:26:32

distance from the sun to second possibility

00:26:35

is that planet 9 would be a

00:26:37

giant version of the thousands of icy objects

00:26:39

that populate the kyer belt if

00:26:42

planet 9 is made of ice it would be the

00:26:44

largest object ever formed in this region

00:26:47

Possibly 5000 times the mass of

00:26:49

pluto it would also look like Pluto in

00:26:51

many ways and due to its

00:26:54

colossal size. It would possibly hide a

00:26:56

vast ocean of liquid water below the

00:26:58

surface with the potential to be the

00:27:01

largest body of water in the

00:27:04

solar system. The third possibility, which

00:27:07

is also the most plausible, is that the

00:27:09

planet is not a gas planet Perhaps

00:27:12

a smaller version of Neptune or Uranus,

00:27:15

scientists have long theorized that

00:27:17

the middle of the early Solar System was

00:27:19

a gas-rich zone that eventually

00:27:22

coalesced into the four gas planets we

00:27:25

can observe today as time

00:27:27

collisions and ejections shaped them and

00:27:30

moved them to their current positions, but it

00:27:32

could also be possible that a

00:27:34

fifth gaseous planet began to

00:27:37

form within this region, the world that

00:27:39

perhaps passed too close to

00:27:41

Jupiter or Saturn, resulting in its

00:27:43

ejection into a distant,

00:27:46

eccentric orbit, if planet 9 is a

00:27:48

gaseous planet it would not have a

00:27:51

solid surface just a small dense core

00:27:54

Possibly rocky covered by

00:27:56

thick layers of stormy clouds

00:27:59

its atmosphere would probably be

00:28:01

similar to that of Neptune however the

00:28:04

planet could not be a gaseous planet

00:28:06

like no other in our system

00:28:09

[Music]

00:28:12

solar considering there is a lot of

00:28:15

evidence that points to a ninth

00:28:17

planet you may be wondering

00:28:19

why we haven't found it yet certainly

00:28:22

a giant planet would have been discovered

00:28:24

by now isn't it although the sun is very

00:28:28

bright here on earth the longer

00:28:30

you stay the darker it is This makes

00:28:33

objects on the edge of our

00:28:35

solar system faint and difficult to detect. If

00:28:38

you were on Pluto at midday, the

00:28:41

amount of light emitted by the sun would be

00:28:43

similar to what we receive near a

00:28:45

sunset here on Earth. Basically finding

00:28:48

Pluto was like finding a piece of

00:28:50

cardboard in the dark and if planet nine

00:28:53

exists it will be even larger than the

00:28:55

planet,

00:28:59

unfortunately for astronomers it is very

00:29:01

likely that at this moment the planet

00:29:04

is even further away from the Sun with the

00:29:06

radius of its elongated orbit varying from

00:29:09

380 to 980 astronomical units on average,

00:29:13

and even all the data collected so

00:29:15

far does not provide a complete picture of the

00:29:18

possible location of the

00:29:21

mysterious planet, the search area today covers

00:29:24

approximately 6 to 800 G in the night sky,

00:29:28

as a reference, the full moon occupies 0.2º

00:29:32

qu in the sky, astronomer Constantin one of the

00:29:35

researchers searching for planet nine

00:29:37

suggests that part of its difficulty in

00:29:40

being found beyond the absurd distance

00:29:42

as we have seen is that it would probably

00:29:44

reflect little or no sunlight,

00:29:47

basically it lives in shadow,

00:29:50

however, although it is difficult to find,

00:29:53

astronomers calculate that if it is there

00:29:55

Current telescopes

00:29:57

should eventually be able to detect it So

00:30:01

why haven't we found it yet? The

00:30:03

8.2 m subaro telescope located in

00:30:07

Avaí is one of the telescopes that are

00:30:09

helping in the search, although this is one of the

00:30:12

best options currently

00:30:13

available The team only has access to the

00:30:16

telescope approximately three nights

00:30:18

a year to search for the mysterious planet.

00:30:21

There is a possibility that NASA's

00:30:24

transiting exoplanet search satellite,

00:30:26

the famous Tens, could also

00:30:29

spot Planet Nine as it searches for

00:30:31

exoplanets around

00:30:33

distant stars, but The best hope for

00:30:35

finding this elusive world lies with a

00:30:37

new telescope currently under construction

00:30:40

in the mountains of

00:30:44

Chile. In 2023, the 8.4 m Vera Rubben Observatory will

00:30:48

begin monitoring the entire

00:30:52

night sky. This will allow astronomers to

00:30:55

track the movements of objects in

00:30:57

our solar system and

00:30:59

beyond, many researchers are

00:31:02

confident that the ninth giant planet

00:31:04

really exists out there based on its

00:31:07

gravitational influence through the

00:31:10

kyer belt and scattered disk, but

00:31:13

it may still take years to

00:31:15

discover. Therefore, planet 9 still

00:31:18

exists only as a hypothesis for this

00:31:20

and other reasons part of the

00:31:23

scientific community adheres to this idea

00:31:25

seeking other explanations

00:31:27

for the anomalies we see in this region of the

00:31:38

solar [Music] system in an attempt to locate and

00:31:41

narrow the Planet's orbit the

00:31:43

researchers compared the results

00:31:45

of the simulation with real objects From the

00:31:48

Kyer belt the 4 billion

00:31:50

year old model of the Solar System was built

00:31:53

and scientists wanted to understand how the

00:31:55

gravitational pull of the largest

00:31:57

planets and the ninth planet could

00:31:59

affect the orbits of thousands of objects

00:32:01

in the Kyer belt although this study

00:32:04

actually proved the existence

00:32:06

of an object that actually influences the

00:32:08

position of other celestial bodies

00:32:11

recent research has cast doubt

00:32:13

on the existence of a massive planet

00:32:15

in a recent 2021 study

00:32:18

around 300 new objects were discovered in the

00:32:21

kyer belt region where the previous study

00:32:26

theorized

00:32:27

[ Music]

00:32:30

astronomers scan most of the sky

00:32:33

with the Atacama space telescope which

00:32:35

is also in Chile in search of the ninth

00:32:38

planet and spent 6 years studying 87%

00:32:41

of the sky visible from the

00:32:44

Southern Hemisphere supposedly a detailed analysis

00:32:46

of the orbits of the objects in question

00:32:49

revealed that each case of

00:32:51

orbital synchronization can be explained by

00:32:53

physics effects known except for two

00:32:56

celestial bodies

00:32:57

But even these two anomalies are an

00:32:59

exception among 300 objects and in a

00:33:02

way confirmed the new hypothesis

00:33:05

Why do the discoveries of these

00:33:07

orbits not coincide with the predictions

00:33:09

from the previous study, the answer may be

00:33:12

that the ninth planet theory

00:33:14

is simply incorrect, however, the

00:33:17

nature of the strange behavior of the

00:33:18

orbits of some objects in the

00:33:21

most distant regions of our solar system,

00:33:23

which according to some astronomers is caused

00:33:25

by a known ninth planet, may in

00:33:28

instead be explained by the

00:33:31

combined gravitational force of small

00:33:33

objects orbiting the Sun. In addition to

00:33:38

Neptune, the alternative planet

00:33:41

nine theory proposed by researchers suggests the

00:33:44

existence of a disk composed of

00:33:46

small icy bodies with a

00:33:49

combined mass of up to 10 times that of Earth

00:33:51

when combined with the

00:33:53

simplified model of the solar system, the

00:33:55

gravitational forces of the hypothetical disk can

00:33:58

explain the architecture of

00:34:00

unusual orbits observed in some objects

00:34:02

in the most remote regions of the

00:34:05

Kyer belt. To try to resolve this, the

00:34:07

researchers created a

00:34:09

computational model of the

00:34:10

trans-Neptunian objects as well as the planets of the

00:34:13

solar system and its gravity along

00:34:16

with a large disk of debris beyond the

00:34:18

orbit of Neptune and to our chagrin

00:34:21

it was discovered that if you remove the

00:34:23

ninth planet from the model and instead

00:34:26

add many small objects

00:34:28

spread over a wide area the

00:34:29

collective attractions between These objects

00:34:32

could also explain the

00:34:34

eccentric orbits we see in some bodies.

00:34:37

Previous attempts to estimate the

00:34:39

total mass of objects beyond Neptune only

00:34:42

amounted to about 1 Deo of Earth's mass,

00:34:45

however for

00:34:46

trans-Neptunian objects to have the orbits we

00:34:48

see today and for so that we can exclude the

00:34:51

ninth planet the model requires that the

00:34:53

combined mass of the kyer belt be

00:34:56

between five and even 10 times the mass of the

00:35:02

earth another group of scientists used the

00:35:05

Iras infrared astronomical satellite

00:35:08

and the Acari infrared telescope to

00:35:10

search for the ninth planet were carried out

00:35:12

two photographic surveys more

00:35:15

than 20 years apart giving

00:35:17

enough time for any

00:35:19

hypothetical planet to move slightly to

00:35:21

a different part of the sky, scientists

00:35:24

assumed that any distant planet

00:35:26

would be close to the equatorial plane of the

00:35:28

sky because of the

00:35:30

solar system's planetary disk and studied the data

00:35:32

marking potential planets they

00:35:35

found more than 500 candidates

00:35:38

however when analyzing the

00:35:40

energy distribution of their spectra most of

00:35:42

them had orbital distances

00:35:44

around 1000 astronomical units. This

00:35:47

means that these objects were

00:35:49

too distant to be planet nine

00:35:51

and at the conclusion of the study it was determined

00:35:54

that most of these objects were in

00:35:56

fact

00:36:01

faint Nebulae [Music] the lack of evidence

00:36:04

proving the existence of planet 9

00:36:06

led some researchers to

00:36:08

present very exotic alternatives

00:36:10

to explain the dynamics of the

00:36:14

kyer belt the question that can summarize

00:36:17

this entire idea is quite simple what type of

00:36:19

object would have enough mass to

00:36:22

alter the orbits of other

00:36:24

celestial bodies and yet not be for us

00:36:27

this led theorists to consider a

00:36:30

radical hypothesis and when I say

00:36:32

radical I really mean it literally and if

00:36:34

the mysterious ninth planet were a

00:36:37

small primordial black hole that can

00:36:39

be detected by the radiation emitted

00:36:42

around its edges, the so-called radiation

00:36:46

[Music]

00:36:53

Hulk there is a contradiction related

00:36:56

to the mass of such an object since it is

00:36:59

believed that only the most

00:37:01

gigantic stars are large. enough

00:37:03

to form a black hole, the

00:37:06

black holes they would leave behind

00:37:08

would have a minimum mass of five times the

00:37:11

mass of the sun, but what if the

00:37:13

extreme conditions of the early universe

00:37:15

made it possible for

00:37:17

smaller black holes to form, these primordial black holes

00:37:20

would be

00:37:24

different, they never were. Observations,

00:37:27

but theories point out that these

00:37:29

miniature monsters are formed from the

00:37:32

hot Neva of energy and matter that

00:37:34

formed in the first second of the Big Bang.

00:37:37

Primordial black holes are dense

00:37:39

enough that no light can

00:37:42

escape, which means this one would not

00:37:44

appear. in any type of telescope

00:37:47

that currently exists looking

00:37:49

directly at it the only clue that

00:37:51

would indicate its presence would be a void in

00:37:54

a small gap in the starry night sky

00:37:58

[Music]

00:38:00

and now a group of astronomers from

00:38:01

Harvard University plans to begin

00:38:04

the search for these objects yet in

00:38:06

2023 as part of the

00:38:09

lsst project to help them find these

00:38:12

black holes in the farthest corners

00:38:14

of the Solar System astrophysicists

00:38:17

have developed a method to look for

00:38:19

explosions that occur when a

00:38:21

black hole collides with small objects in the

00:38:23

kyer belt and cloud or a

00:38:26

region that could potentially contain

00:38:28

several trillion bodies around

00:38:30

our system, researchers say

00:38:33

that sometimes objects within the

00:38:35

orte cloud like comets can interact with

00:38:38

these hypothetical black holes creating

00:38:41

a flash of visible light that the

00:38:43

Robin Observatory could detect

00:38:46

So if scientists could

00:38:48

confirm that a small black hole the

00:38:51

size of an orange with the mass of

00:38:53

CCO and 10 times that of the Earth orbits the sun

00:38:56

it could provide an answer to one of the

00:38:58

greatest mysteries of

00:39:00

modern cosmology the formation of black holes and

00:39:03

mess completely the

00:39:05

scientific community in the process is

00:39:10

clear however the other hypothesis as

00:39:13

exotic as that of the miniature black hole

00:39:15

but equally worthy of

00:39:17

consideration and if there in the far reaches of the

00:39:19

Solar System there were an object made

00:39:22

of

00:39:24

dark matter Would it be possible to detect

00:39:27

evidence of matter dark matter around us,

00:39:29

a new hypothesis now suggests that

00:39:32

most of the dark matter may be

00:39:35

concentrated in objects the size of

00:39:36

Neptune, so-called dark matter planets,

00:39:39

although these planets remain

00:39:41

invisible to us, they may create an

00:39:44

atmosphere of helium and hydrogen, which

00:39:46

can take this body to reach

00:39:48

critical temperatures triggering

00:39:51

nuclear fusion within these planets,

00:39:53

which would help us discover them.

00:39:56

Scientists believe that if

00:39:58

dark matter planets exist, they

00:40:00

clearly formed when the universe

00:40:02

was very young and remained static

00:40:05

for billions of

00:40:08

years. however, dark matter does not

00:40:11

interact with ordinary matter or

00:40:13

light and therefore could gather

00:40:16

freely in space according to this theory,

00:40:19

instead of being uniformly

00:40:20

distributed throughout the galaxy,

00:40:23

most of the dark matter would be within

00:40:25

these relatively compact spheres

00:40:28

with masses ranging from an

00:40:30

asteroid to

00:40:35

Neptune What would we see inside

00:40:38

a planet like this? This is certainly

00:40:40

difficult to say, but to be clear,

00:40:43

all of this is hypothetical and despite being well-

00:40:45

founded, this has never been observed in the

00:40:49

[Music]

00:40:51

universe as searches for the

00:40:53

planet continue to fail, this leaves

00:40:56

room for more exotic hypotheses such as

00:40:58

a black hole or a concentration of

00:41:01

dark matter, however, although

00:41:04

observations so far have not revealed

00:41:06

a single planet in the confines of the

00:41:08

Solar System, this does not mean that the search

00:41:10

has been completely in vain, the theory of the

00:41:13

ninth planet has provoked an unprecedented increase

00:41:15

in research into the

00:41:17

Kyer belt and other trans-Neptunian objects,

00:41:22

the search for the planet may

00:41:25

eventually lead to something even more

00:41:27

significant for

00:41:29

scientific progress But is planet 9

00:41:32

really Out there it is always wise

00:41:34

to be skeptical but something must definitely be

00:41:37

responsible for all those

00:41:39

unusual orbits that can be found in the

00:41:41

outer cellular system. Hopefully

00:41:44

continued efforts and advances in

00:41:46

technology will soon be able to confirm

00:41:49

whether or not there is an undiscovered ninth planet

00:41:51

out there. and if there is a

00:41:55

better understanding of its role in the

00:42:04

solar system, on the vast and mysterious stage of

00:42:08

our system where the

00:42:10

known planets play their well-

00:42:12

defined roles, there is a character who still

00:42:15

hides in the shadows of the unknown,

00:42:17

planet

00:42:19

nine, this cosmic Enigma is a mystery

00:42:22

which challenges our

00:42:24

conventional understandings, it saw us exploring the

00:42:27

depths of space and questioning the

00:42:30

frontiers of our knowledge since

00:42:32

the dawn of astronomy, we have observed the

00:42:35

Celestial ballet of the planets as

00:42:37

they orbit the sun, yet in our

00:42:40

tireless quest to understand the

00:42:42

complex gears of Solar System

00:42:45

we found clues that lead us to the

00:42:47

existence of a ninth planet far beyond

00:42:49

the Limits of what

00:42:53

we know theories about planet

00:42:55

nine range from the possibility of it being

00:42:58

a super earth, a rocky and

00:43:01

volcanic world that defies our

00:43:03

expectations to the vision of a

00:43:05

gas giant a stormy and

00:43:08

mysterious sphere that resembles no

00:43:10

other planet in our

00:43:12

system modern astronomers employ

00:43:15

technologies and advancements such as

00:43:18

powerful telescopes and sophisticated instruments

00:43:21

to track the movement and

00:43:23

gravitational impact of this hypothetical planet

00:43:26

in the most remote regions of the

00:43:28

solar system however the The search for planet

00:43:30

nine is like looking for a cosmic needle

00:43:33

in the haystack of space where darkness

00:43:36

reigns and sunlight becomes a

00:43:39

dim candle, yet the mystery of planet

00:43:41

nine is not just a matter of

00:43:43

scientific discovery but also a

00:43:46

journey that challenges us. looking beyond the

00:43:49

limits of current understanding it can be

00:43:51

tempting to give in to skepticism or believe

00:43:53

that it is just an unsolved enigma but

00:43:56

we must remember that science always

00:43:58

advances when we take the risk of exploring

00:44:01

the

00:44:03

unknown and it is precisely this search

00:44:06

that inspires us to explore more and more

00:44:08

deeper into the solar system and we got

00:44:11

a glimpse of the complexity of our

00:44:13

system when the Cassine probe flew over

00:44:16

the plumes of Enceladus in an

00:44:19

incredible maneuver and found an icy world

00:44:21

where at least microbial life

00:44:24

could develop

00:44:27

[Music]

00:44:43

at first glance its covered surface

00:44:46

Shining Snow looks like a

00:44:48

fairytale setting, an icy landscape that

00:44:51

defies the imagination, but as

00:44:54

we explore deeper

00:44:56

we discover secrets that defy our

00:45:00

understanding. Beneath this sheet of ice

00:45:03

lies an underground ocean, an ocean

00:45:06

that may contain the

00:45:07

essential ingredients for life. is enceladus

00:45:13

we are used to thinking that life

00:45:16

can only originate on planets

00:45:18

similar to our Earth or exoplanets

00:45:21

close to its Central star

00:45:23

however What if I told you that these

00:45:26

exoplanets are probably not the

00:45:28

only candidates for the emergence of

00:45:30

life perhaps small icy Moons

00:45:33

Far from the sun could also be home

00:45:36

to

00:45:38

living organisms Today we're going to talk about Saturn's two moons

00:45:41

Mimas and Enceladus and how

00:45:45

life could potentially thrive on few

00:45:48

apparently lifeless moons

00:45:51

Worlds in our

00:45:53

solar system are as fascinating as the

00:45:56

icy moon of Saturn enceladus small

00:45:59

enough to almost fit in the

00:46:00

United Kingdom, this small but

00:46:03

fascinating world is covered in

00:46:05

intriguing features, the most notable being its

00:46:08

bright white surface and the huge

00:46:10

cracks that crisscross its

00:46:14

icy terrain, however the

00:46:17

incredible discoveries are not just limited to Its

00:46:19

surface beneath its

00:46:21

frozen crust lies a secret underground ocean

00:46:24

that contains the ingredients

00:46:26

needed for life. Much of

00:46:29

Enceladus still remains a mystery, but

00:46:32

using the stunning images

00:46:33

captured by the most recent probes

00:46:35

that have visited the Saturn system,

00:46:37

we can discover more about this

00:46:40

tiny world. taking a closer look and

00:46:42

observing its

00:46:44

fascinating features like never before why it

00:46:47

is so bright what causes these

00:46:49

huge feas and what other Secrets

00:46:52

we discovered during our time

00:46:54

exploring the moon with the incredible

00:46:59

Cassini mission before the Cassini probe arrived at

00:47:02

Saturn this was the best

00:47:04

incel image of what we had captured by the

00:47:06

famous Voyager 2 in

00:47:09

1981 it revealed that the icy moon was one

00:47:12

of the most active Worlds in the solar system

00:47:14

with one side being practically a

00:47:16

cosmic punching bag While the other

00:47:18

side is tranquil and calm indicating

00:47:21

huge differences in age of the land

00:47:23

23 years after this image, NASA's Cassine probe

00:47:26

arrived at Saturn, capturing

00:47:29

exciting images of Enceladus in much

00:47:31

greater detail, allowing us to see much

00:47:34

more with the huge features

00:47:36

similar to tiger stripes that

00:47:38

cross its pole highlighted in blue in this

00:47:41

image, the stripes They are one of the

00:47:44

most distinctive and

00:47:46

intriguing features seen on Enceladus. They are

00:47:48

parallel and evenly spaced,

00:47:51

about 130 km long and 35 km apart.

00:47:55

What makes them

00:47:58

especially interesting is that

00:48:00

as you watch this video, they

00:48:02

are expelling material icy cold right now,

00:48:04

just like the geysers

00:48:06

we find here on

00:48:08

earth, the water in the Ocean below freezes and

00:48:12

gushes into space through these stripes

00:48:14

or cracks, as can be seen in these

00:48:17

incredible images, it was discovered that

00:48:19

enceladus undergoes gravitational flexions

00:48:22

while orbiting Saturn, which deforms

00:48:24

its structure making the

00:48:26

ice sheets at the poles thinner and more susceptible

00:48:29

to cracking due to the effects of

00:48:31

tidal forces caused by

00:48:34

Saturn's gravity, the cracks also remain

00:48:36

open, constantly widening and

00:48:39

narrowing, preventing them from closing and

00:48:41

causing the ocean below to rise and

00:48:44

freeze in the In the vacuum of

00:48:47

space, most of this material falls

00:48:50

back to the surface as a type

00:48:52

of snow, while the rest supplies

00:48:55

one of Saturn's rings, however it is

00:48:58

believed that the ice crystals and

00:49:00

enceladus are only a fraction of a

00:49:02

millimeter in size, approximately one

00:49:05

or 2 microns in diameter even

00:49:07

thinner than talcum powder can, scientists

00:49:10

think it is unlikely that the plumes of

00:49:12

icy material began soon

00:49:14

after the formation of the moon and never

00:49:17

changed, which could mean that the

00:49:19

plumes had much more active times

00:49:21

in the past, producing much more

00:49:23

material that over millions of years

00:49:26

ended up being deposited and creating these

00:49:28

extremely deep regions of

00:49:30

snow accumulation similar to dunes,

00:49:33

this massive snow cover also

00:49:35

makes enceladus one of the most

00:49:38

reflective objects in the solar system, however it

00:49:40

is not just the surface of enceladus the

00:49:43

sole destination of these

00:49:45

frozen particles they also supply a

00:49:48

part of Saturn's magnificent rings

00:49:52

called the ring and it is this

00:49:56

tenuous section of Saturn's ring system that is

00:49:58

actually being created by enceladus

00:50:01

as it moves through space and

00:50:03

pulverizes material around it. along its

00:50:05

path the larger particles fall

00:50:08

back to the surface as Snow As we have already

00:50:10

seen while the smaller particles

00:50:12

travel higher escaping from enceladus and

00:50:15

forming this huge ring in this

00:50:18

incredible image captured by the Cassine probe

00:50:20

enceladus can be seen in action with the

00:50:23

ice stream if spreading across the esp

00:50:26

forming a trail of long extensions

00:50:28

and it is not just these places that the

00:50:30

incel particles reach

00:50:32

Neighboring moons were also coated with their

00:50:34

snow like parts of tetes that are

00:50:37

brighter due to their passage through the

00:50:39

ring and the Trojan moons telesto Calypso

00:50:42

Helene and polydys are particularly

00:50:46

affected as their orbits move

00:50:48

up and down in the plane of the ring.

00:51:03

projecting at around

00:51:06

200 m per second and appears to be

00:51:09

continually erupting with no sign of

00:51:12

slowing down as these magnificent

00:51:14

plumes are fed by the mysterious

00:51:16

ocean below they also offer an

00:51:18

opportunity for study by providing a

00:51:21

window of sorts into what has been

00:51:23

happening beneath the ice between 2000 200 and

00:51:25

2015 the Cassine probe flew through the

00:51:28

Enceladus Plumes several times and

00:51:31

analyzed the material and something incredible and

00:51:34

unimaginable happened the probe detected

00:51:37

in the material most of the ingredients

00:51:39

necessary for life but before

00:51:41

we analyze the probabilities of incel

00:51:44

supporting life let's take a look take a

00:51:46

closer look at another moon of Saturn

00:51:48

with a composition very similar to that of

00:51:50

incado, by the way the moon

00:51:54

mimas

00:51:59

mimas was discovered in

00:52:01

1789 by the English astronomer William

00:52:04

hershel mimas is one of the smallest moons

00:52:06

of Saturn with a diameter of

00:52:08

only 396 km approximately 1 quarter the

00:52:12

size of our moon Mimas, it consists

00:52:14

mainly of water ice so

00:52:17

its surface is very cold with an

00:52:19

average temperature of around minus 200º

00:52:22

C. Furthermore, it is very close to Saturn at

00:52:25

an average distance of 185,000 km from the

00:52:28

giant

00:52:30

[Music ]

00:52:31

gaseous this proximity is probably

00:52:34

due to the bizarre migration of mimes in fact

00:52:37

this event also explains a

00:52:39

peculiarity of Saturn's Rings Have you

00:52:41

ever noticed that in some regions

00:52:43

Saturn's rings are separated by a

00:52:45

line this line is called

00:52:47

cassine division some researchers suggest that

00:52:50

mimas may have migrated closer

00:52:52

to Saturn in the past, thus clearing

00:52:55

this line of ice particles and

00:52:59

dust. It is estimated that Saturn would need

00:53:02

more than 40 million years to

00:53:04

completely close this 4500

00:53:08

km line. Furthermore, mima is in resonance

00:53:11

with other Moons such as Enceladus Fi and Dione.

00:53:15

This means that the closer they

00:53:17

are to each other, the faster they

00:53:19

move in their orbits and consequently

00:53:22

slow down when they move away, this action

00:53:25

stretches Mimas' orbit to an

00:53:27

almost elliptical shape, which supports the idea

00:53:30

that life could exist on the moon but

00:53:32

we will return to that point in a

00:53:34

moment however what is most intriguing is the

00:53:36

surface of mimas most of the moon

00:53:39

is covered by huge craters with

00:53:41

most of them being between 20 and 40 km in

00:53:45

diameter distributed across both

00:53:47

hemispheres however all of them are

00:53:49

overshadowed by the most

00:53:51

striking feature of mimas the huge crater

00:53:54

hershel located in the northern part of the moon

00:53:57

Do you remember something when you

00:53:59

look at this crater it is about

00:54:01

130 km in diameter which is clear it may

00:54:04

not seem very impressive when

00:54:06

compared to the earth but for the small

00:54:08

mimas it is equivalent to almost 13 of its diameter

00:54:11

curiously despite the name it was not

00:54:13

William herson who discovered this

00:54:15

crater but rather the Voyager probe in

00:54:20

1980 however this does not mean that the

00:54:23

crater has appeared recently

00:54:26

Its age is estimated at 4 billion

00:54:28

years, scientists suggest that the

00:54:30

celestial body that collided with Mimas and formed the

00:54:33

crater may have almost destroyed the moon.

00:54:43

smaller than Mount Everest, which

00:54:45

demonstrates the strength of the impact, however

00:54:48

a collision with such a large cosmic body

00:54:50

would not only affect the

00:54:52

surface of the moon, one of the most

00:54:54

notable effects of the collision is probably the

00:54:56

strange temperature of the surface of

00:55:00

Mimas, expected to the temperature

00:55:03

inside the moon flowed smoothly from the

00:55:05

hot core to the cold surface as

00:55:08

normally occurs on planets and some

00:55:10

moons, but analysis of the temperature by the

00:55:12

Cassine probe left scientists

00:55:14

perplexed, it was discovered that a small

00:55:16

part of the moon on the left that resembles

00:55:19

the shape of Pacman is hot while

00:55:22

the rest of the surface is cold,

00:55:24

interestingly the Hershel crater is also

00:55:27

much hotter than the rest of the

00:55:28

occupied surface, it is probably this

00:55:31

unknown body that collided with mimas,

00:55:34

the researchers speculate that the impact

00:55:36

may have melted the ice on the surface

00:55:39

that it quickly froze again

00:55:41

causing this difference in temperature,

00:55:43

however the upper chamber of mimas

00:55:46

remains intact, on the other hand, some

00:55:49

researchers point out that such

00:55:50

strange temperatures may be

00:55:53

caused by the irradiation of

00:55:55

charged particles captured by

00:55:57

Saturn's magnetic field, verified and

00:55:59

confirmed by the

00:56:03

cassine data until the At the moment there is no

00:56:06

definitive answer to this question,

00:56:08

so perhaps future missions can bring us

00:56:11

closer to unraveling this Pacman-like mystery of

00:56:13

temperature.

00:56:15

Enceladus already appears to be heated much more

00:56:18

uniformly than mimas, in terms of

00:56:20

characteristics, enceladus does not appear to be

00:56:23

very different from mimas and It

00:56:25

was also discovered by astronomer William

00:56:27

Hershel Enceladus is only about 100

00:56:29

km larger in diameter than Mimas and its

00:56:32

average temperature and composition are not

00:56:35

very different except for its

00:56:37

density being greater than that of Mimas, the

00:56:39

two moons have an elongated elliptical orbit

00:56:42

In the case of Enceladus it is due to

00:56:44

interaction with Dione however Enceladus

00:56:47

has a much smoother and

00:56:49

younger surface compared to Mimas although it

00:56:52

also has craters larger than 30 km

00:56:55

on its surface they are less common

00:56:57

than the depressions and mountain ranges that

00:56:59

can be seen on almost the entire

00:57:01

surface of the moon, the abundance of these

00:57:03

landforms may indicate a

00:57:05

different tectonic activity. Furthermore,

00:57:08

another interesting similarity between

00:57:09

enceladus and mimas is their influence on

00:57:12

Saturn's rings. As we have already seen, enceladus did

00:57:15

not create a rift as

00:57:18

mimas probably did, but in fact,

00:57:23

filled them, as we have also seen before,

00:57:25

in addition to the bright rings that are

00:57:27

very close to the gas giant, there is

00:57:30

another ring called an annulus that is less

00:57:32

visible and is about 180,000 km from the

00:57:35

center of Saturn, about 300,000

00:57:38

km wide. So how could a

00:57:41

such a small moon create such a large ring

00:57:43

This is where some

00:57:46

significant differences between enceladus and mimas begin

00:58:00

with snow, in fact, this characteristic of

00:58:03

enceladus that allows it to reflect

00:58:06

almost all the light that falls on it, which

00:58:08

makes its surface even

00:58:12

colder. We saw that this snow is caused by the

00:58:15

underground oceans, which, after being

00:58:18

expelled into space, part of them fall

00:58:20

back into the moon But how did

00:58:22

researchers come to the conclusion

00:58:25

that there is an underground ocean On this

00:58:27

apparently lifeless moon

00:58:30

in its unforgettable passage

00:58:33

cassini also observed that the moon

00:58:35

vibrated a lot as it rotated after

00:58:38

several calculations this vibration could only

00:58:41

mean one thing enceladus was hiding

00:58:43

some massive fluid in its interior and

00:58:46

combined with the data collected by the

00:58:48

geysers, the answer was clear. There is an

00:58:51

ocean hidden under the ice layer of

00:58:53

Enceladus.

00:58:57

These ice particles come out

00:58:59

of the depths of the ocean at a

00:59:01

speed greater than 1200 km/h and cover

00:59:04

the entire surface. of enceladus however

00:59:07

enceladus is very small Should

00:59:09

n't it have already exhausted the energy

00:59:11

for these eruptions well astronomers

00:59:14

believe it will take about 9 billion

00:59:16

years for this to happen which is

00:59:19

twice the current age of the

00:59:23

Solar System while the cassine

00:59:26

slowly floated through Saturn's rings, the

00:59:28

probe discovered that the Ring, which is

00:59:30

composed mainly of

00:59:32

ice droplets, also contains certain grains that

00:59:35

can only be generated where liquid water and

00:59:37

rock interact at temperatures above

00:59:40

90º C, indicating that there are

00:59:43

possibly deep hydrothermal currents

00:59:45

under the frozen shell of

00:59:47

Enceladus and which are warming its

00:59:50

ocean, very similar to what we

00:59:52

find in our oceans here on

00:59:53

Earth. What makes the moon an

00:59:56

ideal environment for the development of

01:00:00

microbial life? Another

01:00:02

fundamental characteristic for life is the atmosphere and

01:00:05

guess what? Enceladus has a

01:00:08

geyser and volcanoes on the moon are also

01:00:10

responsible for recycling

01:00:12

Enceladus' atmosphere, which is largely composed

01:00:15

of water vapor, as well as small

01:00:17

amounts of nitrogen,

01:00:19

carbon dioxide and methane, interestingly, the moon

01:00:22

probably has a metal core

01:00:25

and due to its porous shape it can warm

01:00:27

the moon's ocean making it even more

01:00:30

suitable for living organisms therefore

01:00:33

enceladus could be hiding an entire

01:00:35

ecosystem beneath this layer of ice

01:00:38

however if enceladus and mima are so

01:00:40

similar why mimas does not have

01:00:43

geysers although enceladus does have Claros

01:00:45

evidence of an internal ocean that

01:00:47

remains completely frozen. Despite

01:00:50

its more elongated orbit, which should

01:00:52

heat it more than in a cell,

01:00:57

this strange temperature led

01:01:00

NASA scientists to create theories to

01:01:02

explain the frozen water on the moon, which

01:01:04

would also justify the presence of water.

01:01:07

partial and geysers on enceladus

01:01:09

researchers from the University of

01:01:11

Warsaw believe that this phenomenon

01:01:14

could be caused simply by the

01:01:16

different periods of heating of the

01:01:18

moons due to the gravitational pull of

01:01:20

Saturn enceladus is much denser

01:01:23

than mimes, which means it can be

01:01:25

heated for a longer period long

01:01:27

while mimas due to its

01:01:29

small size and low density cools

01:01:32

quickly Furthermore, in order not to lose

01:01:35

too much heat, the moon needs to enter into

01:01:37

resonance with another body as

01:01:39

quickly as possible, however, mimas

01:01:41

interacted gravitationally with tets

01:01:43

too late, when it had already

01:01:48

completely cooled, mimas can be considered

01:01:51

a block of ice that is unlikely to

01:01:53

melt, making life unlikely on

01:01:56

its surface or below it Oops,

01:01:59

calmer, it seems that mimas is not that

01:02:01

inactive for a long time,

01:02:04

scientists considered mimas a

01:02:06

lifeless moon, but a recent observation

01:02:09

has forced the scientific world to reconsider

01:02:12

This thought in 2014, researcher

01:02:14

Juan Tagerim discovered that Mimas oscillates

01:02:18

back and forth as it rotates.

01:02:20

This unusual behavior of the moon is

01:02:22

explained by a strangely shaped nucleus

01:02:24

or some form of

01:02:26

internal activity, but what could be

01:02:28

inside this small

01:02:30

moon in reverse? than everyone thought

01:02:34

under tens of kilometers of

01:02:36

ice crust there could be an ocean just like in

01:02:39

enceladus last year it was discovered

01:02:41

that mimas is capable of generating

01:02:43

enough heat to maintain an ocean in its

01:02:46

interior but it is not enough

01:02:49

to melt its layer thick layer of ice,

01:02:52

according to new observations,

01:02:54

to everyone's surprise, the mimas ice layer

01:02:56

began to thin, so it is

01:02:59

possible that Saturn's moon is the

01:03:01

Oceanic world about to reveal itself,

01:03:04

thus mimas and enceladus reveal to

01:03:06

scientists the possibility of

01:03:09

frozen celestial bodies develop life

01:03:12

even in apparently empty and

01:03:18

inhospitable places the ocean is practically the basis

01:03:21

for the origin of life so could

01:03:23

Mimas on Enceladus be

01:03:25

potentially habitable Let's try to

01:03:27

find out this as we saw apparently

01:03:30

these places have specific hot areas

01:03:32

and carbon dioxide

01:03:35

therefore Theoretically no one must

01:03:37

rule out the possibility that these

01:03:39

ice planets could be habitable,

01:03:42

furthermore, in our own

01:03:44

solar system there are more than one icy moon

01:03:47

where life could be possible, as is the

01:03:49

case with Jupiter's moon Europa, furthermore,

01:03:52

the Cassine probe discovered that these

01:03:54

Geysers contain chemical elements

01:03:56

necessary for life such as oxygen,

01:03:59

hydrogen and various carbon compounds

01:04:02

including methane, which may be the

01:04:04

result of microbial life. After

01:04:06

studying gas emissions, some

01:04:09

scientists believe that microbes may

01:04:11

exist in Enceladus' ocean in the same

01:04:14

way as they do on Earth. without the

01:04:16

need for

01:04:19

sunlight, Saturn can in fact send several

01:04:22

vital compounds to the ocean of Enceladus

01:04:25

and probably also to

01:04:28

mimas. Unfortunately, this moon has not

01:04:30

aroused much interest among scientists

01:04:33

and much about it remains unknown,

01:04:36

however the new discoveries and the fact that it

01:04:38

has A liquid ocean is a

01:04:40

very significant feature in the

01:04:42

origin of life, therefore it is possible that the

01:04:45

Mimas Ocean also contains the

01:04:47

same elements necessary for the

01:04:49

development of organisms as

01:04:51

in Enceladus. In addition, the thickness of the

01:04:54

Mimas Ice is similar to some

01:04:57

parts of the surface of enceladus which

01:04:59

means that internal activity

01:05:01

could melt this ice however

01:05:04

unlike enceladus mimas has a

01:05:07

strange temperature distribution which

01:05:09

may explain the lack of geysers

01:05:11

this does not necessarily mean that

01:05:14

life on mimas is impossible

01:05:16

anyway the absences of rifts and

01:05:18

geysers and mimas can be explained by the

01:05:21

fact that the ocean on the moon may have

01:05:23

formed recently, in addition,

01:05:26

mimas' elongated elliptical orbit would allow it to

01:05:29

be well heated, which indicates that it

01:05:32

probably has a liquid ocean

01:05:34

heated not only by the attraction of

01:05:36

Saturn, but also by internal sources

01:05:39

similar to enceladus, however,

01:05:42

mimas does not have an atmosphere, which can

01:05:45

reduce the chances of life, although it does not completely eliminate them,

01:05:58

mimas and enceladus were a true

01:06:00

gift for planetary science.

01:06:03

Completely changing the obvious and showing that

01:06:06

icy worlds can be candidates

01:06:08

viable for life, in addition, they

01:06:10

presented an additional challenge to

01:06:12

scientists by showing that life may not

01:06:15

be limited to Earth-like planets,

01:06:18

these fascinating discoveries on

01:06:21

Saturn's moons tell us what secrets the

01:06:25

solar system still hides in its

01:06:30

orbits around the gas giants.

01:06:33

several promising Moons,

01:06:36

complex and incredible worlds such as Jupiter's moon

01:06:38

Europa and Neptune's Moon

01:06:42

Triton But studying the external solar system

01:06:45

due to distance and

01:06:47

several other factors is extremely

01:06:50

difficult, but don't go thinking that the

01:06:52

internal solar system is a piece of

01:06:54

cake we have as an example Venus Our

01:06:57

closest neighbor and a planet

01:06:59

extremely difficult to study

01:07:02

due to its thick atmosphere But this did

01:07:05

not stop astronomers from making the

01:07:07

greatest discovery on the surface of the

01:07:10

planet

01:07:11

[Music]

01:07:22

cloudy

01:07:29

Venus a Celestial spectacle that

01:07:32

challenges us to understand it is a unique place

01:07:35

in our solar system and a

01:07:37

rare opportunity for us to study and

01:07:40

understand extreme rocky worlds

01:07:43

[Music]

01:07:45

under its veil of clouds Venus

01:07:49

hides secrets that intrigue scientists

01:07:51

and dreamers its high temperatures and dense

01:07:55

atmosphere make it One of the most

01:07:57

inhospitable places in our solar system but

01:08:00

paradoxically they also remind us of the

01:08:03

fragility and Preciousness of the

01:08:07

earth Venus is a reminder that

01:08:10

exploration knows no limits as

01:08:12

probes and space missions

01:08:15

approach this mysterious world we are

01:08:17

unraveling its enigmas and discovering

01:08:20

its history

01:08:22

unique sense of this scorching heat and from the

01:08:25

suffocating pressure there are valuable lessons

01:08:28

about how the nature of a planet can

01:08:30

be transformed over time it's

01:08:33

been a while since we sent missions

01:08:35

to the cloudy planet but that doesn't

01:08:37

mean we haven't made new

01:08:43

discoveries new discoveries have been

01:08:45

made from images and data

01:08:48

stored for decades data

01:08:50

collected more than 30 years ago when

01:08:53

NASA's Magelan probe took photos of

01:08:56

Venus at the time scientists were

01:08:59

focused on mapping the

01:09:01

planet's surface and studying its dense atmosphere

01:09:04

but what they didn't realize was that they

01:09:06

were capturing something far more

01:09:11

[Music]

01:09:14

extraordinary Venus the second planet

01:09:17

from the sun often called the

01:09:19

earth's twin because of its

01:09:22

similar size and composition however

01:09:24

while the Earth is a refuge for life

01:09:27

Venus is an extreme planet with a

01:09:30

diameter of about of 12,000 km Venus is

01:09:33

almost the same size as Earth but is

01:09:35

much closer to the Sun at an

01:09:37

average distance of about 108 million

01:09:39

kilometers. This proximity means

01:09:42

that Venus has a much

01:09:44

hotter environment than Earth with

01:09:46

surface temperatures that can reaching 470 GC,

01:09:51

making it the

01:09:53

hottest planet in our solar system, even

01:09:55

hotter than Mercury, which is much

01:09:58

closer to the

01:09:59

[Music]

01:10:01

sun, one of the main factors that

01:10:03

contribute to the high temperatures of

01:10:05

Venus is its dense atmosphere Composed

01:10:09

mainly of carbon dioxide and

01:10:11

nitrogen, this atmosphere creates a

01:10:13

powerful greenhouse effect, trapping

01:10:16

heat and causing temperatures to

01:10:18

rise. Furthermore, the dense clouds of

01:10:21

sulfuric acid that surround the planet

01:10:24

contribute to its

01:10:27

overheating, despite its

01:10:29

harsh conditions, Venus has fascinated

01:10:32

scientists have long sought

01:10:34

to study its unique features and

01:10:36

understand its history. Over the years,

01:10:39

researchers have made many

01:10:41

discoveries about Venus, including the fact

01:10:44

that it is the only planet in our

01:10:46

solar system that rotates

01:10:48

clockwise on its axis, and the

01:10:50

atmosphere of Venus is dominated by

01:10:53

the rapid rotation of the cloud layer that

01:10:55

rotates much faster than the

01:10:57

planet itself, these dense and charged clouds

01:11:01

take four days to completely rotate

01:11:03

around Venus while the planet itself

01:11:06

takes a leisurely 243 days to complete

01:11:09

one rotation around itself even both

01:11:12

rotations occur in a

01:11:14

retrograde direction defying the norms of the

01:11:18

solar [Music] system in the context of Venus This

01:11:21

means that the planet and its atmosphere

01:11:24

move in a direction opposite to the rotation of the

01:11:27

sun and most other planets in the

01:11:29

solar system this natural movement of

01:11:32

convection begins at about 10 km

01:11:35

altitude and gradually increases up to 65

01:11:38

km where the equatorial winds reach

01:11:42

an absurd speed of 540 km/h

01:11:45

gradually decreasing as they

01:11:47

rise it looks like the atmosphere of Venus Or

01:11:51

at least the cloud layer rotates about

01:11:53

50 times faster than the planet

01:11:56

itself and this fascinating phenomenon

01:11:58

probably influenced the

01:12:01

planet's rotation but here's the dilemma the mass of

01:12:03

Venus' atmosphere is only 1 ten

01:12:06

thousandth of the planet's mass so how

01:12:09

is this

01:12:12

possible it must have happened an exchange of

01:12:15

velocities between the planet and the

01:12:17

atmosphere, this to conserve

01:12:20

Total kinetic energy, but even today the sterio

01:12:24

remains

01:12:26

unresolved. Furthermore, despite the

01:12:28

scorching heat and the harsh environmental conditions

01:12:31

of the planet, the temperature on the

01:12:34

surface of Venus is almost constant and

01:12:37

uniform due to to the Winds that sweep

01:12:39

its surface and ensure that the heat

01:12:42

is distributed evenly

01:12:44

during the Venusian night, which lasts about

01:12:47

58 Earth days, the

01:12:50

surface temperature drops slightly, however the

01:12:53

temperature varies with altitude, the

01:12:55

atmosphere at 100 km above the surface

01:12:59

it reaches an average of a pleasant 25 GC at this

01:13:03

altitude, in addition to the temperature, the pressure

01:13:06

is also milder, making the

01:13:08

upper atmosphere of the cloudy planet

01:13:10

the area most similar to Earth in the

01:13:13

solar system, even more similar

01:13:16

than the surface of

01:13:17

[Music]

01:13:19

Mars due to the similarity in pressure and

01:13:22

temperature and the fact that on Venus the

01:13:25

breathable air is lighter than the

01:13:26

atmosphere it has been proposed that the

01:13:29

upper atmosphere could be a good place for

01:13:31

future exploration and perhaps even

01:13:36

colonization the atmosphere of Venus is very

01:13:39

massive about 90 times the mass of the

01:13:42

Earth's atmosphere, Venus' atmosphere

01:13:44

has a density of about 1 Deo of the

01:13:47

density of water, which together with the

01:13:49

corrosive composition is responsible for

01:13:52

a level of erosion comparable to that of a

01:13:56

river despite the strong winds in the

01:13:59

atmosphere of the planet there is almost no wind

01:14:01

on the surface but exceeding the

01:14:03

speed of a few kilometers per hour

01:14:06

being strongest at the Equator and weakest

01:14:08

towards the

01:14:10

poles however much of

01:14:14

Venus's past remains a mystery although

01:14:16

we know that the planet was formed around

01:14:18

4 .5 billion years ago it is

01:14:22

unclear how it came to become the

01:14:24

hot and hostile world we know today.

01:14:27

Some scientists speculate that

01:14:29

volcanic activity may have

01:14:31

played a significant role in

01:14:33

shaping the planet's environment, with

01:14:35

eruptions releasing PR gases that

01:14:38

contributed to this atmosphere

01:14:40

we see

01:14:41

[Music]

01:14:48

today over the years scientists

01:14:51

have made many observations from

01:14:53

both Earth and probes some of the

01:14:56

first recorded observations

01:14:59

date back to antiquity when astronomers

01:15:01

such as the Greek philosopher Pythagoras and the

01:15:04

Roman poet Ovid documented their

01:15:06

observations of Venus in the sky

01:15:09

However, it was only in the 20th century that

01:15:12

scientists were able to study Venus in

01:15:14

more detail, especially with the missions

01:15:17

[Music]

01:15:20

venera on March 5, 82, the

01:15:25

Soviet Union's vener 14 landing module

01:15:28

managed to land successfully on the

01:15:29

surface of Venus in a total of

01:15:32

just 57 minutes before succumbing to the

01:15:35

hostile environment it managed to capture a

01:15:37

colorful panoramic photo of its

01:15:39

extremely hot surroundings more than four

01:15:42

decades later this photo is still one of the

01:15:45

best we have of the surface of

01:15:49

venus the venera series of probes was

01:15:52

launched by da Soviet Union in the

01:15:55

1960s, 70s and 80s with the aim of studying the

01:15:59

bizarre environment of the planet Venus.

01:16:02

Furthermore, the program had the ambitious goal

01:16:05

of taking the first photos of the

01:16:06

surface of another

01:16:09

planet. During the program, 13 probes

01:16:12

successfully reached Venus and

01:16:14

transmitted data over our neighbor

01:16:17

of which eight successfully landed on the

01:16:19

surface and four managed to capture

01:16:22

incredible photography along with the

01:16:25

extreme heat this environment would

01:16:27

easily destroy most spacecraft

01:16:30

attempting to explore the hostile landscape of

01:16:32

vus however venera's landing modules

01:16:35

were designed to withstand

01:16:37

these intense conditions just long

01:16:39

enough to collect data and

01:16:42

send us the first glimpse of the

01:16:44

Venusian surface, but how exactly

01:16:47

is it possible to take a photo in such a hellish environment? What is

01:16:54

clear from

01:16:56

previous data is that if the camera were

01:16:58

placed outside the

01:17:00

landing module's protection, the enormous pressure and

01:17:02

temperature would destroy it, so the

01:17:06

engineers placed a rangefinder

01:17:08

inside the landing module, through a

01:17:10

special hole, the light from the surface

01:17:13

reflected through a periscope that

01:17:15

directed it to the camera that was located

01:17:17

protected inside, the venera 9 launched

01:17:20

on June 8, 197,

01:17:23

was the first mission to attempt to take

01:17:25

photos of the Venusian surface using

01:17:28

this technology, although the probe

01:17:30

landed successfully, unfortunately only

01:17:33

one of the lens covers of the two

01:17:36

cameras separated correctly, which

01:17:39

was planned as a

01:17:40

360º panoramic photo around the

01:17:44

lander it became a 0G photograph

01:17:48

however we got our first view

01:17:50

of this extreme scenario

01:17:54

the white object at the bottom of the

01:17:56

photo is part of the lander and the

01:17:58

distortion is caused by the old system

01:18:01

image of the venera here it is possible to

01:18:03

observe angular rock formations

01:18:06

partially buried in the ground that

01:18:08

dominate the landscape and the

01:18:11

mysterious horizon is visible in the upper

01:18:13

left and right corners of the photo Following in the

01:18:16

footsteps of the venera 9 the venera 10 arrived at the

01:18:19

surface of Venus in 25 October

01:18:22

19 75 again unfortunately only one

01:18:26

of the lens caps separated

01:18:28

properly resulting in a

01:18:31

180º panoramic photo before the probe

01:18:34

fell silent about 65 minutes

01:18:38

later the lighting was similar to that of

01:18:41

a cloudy summer day on earth the

01:18:44

objects at the bottom are parts of the

01:18:46

spacecraft and the ground appears to be covered

01:18:49

in flat rocks similar to the

01:18:51

volcanic areas found here on

01:18:54

[Applause]

01:18:55

earth in December

01:18:58

1978 the venerates 11 and venerates 12 landed

01:19:02

on Venus collecting even more data for

01:19:04

over an hour and trying to capture the

01:19:07

first color images unfortunately

01:19:10

In both cases the problem with the

01:19:12

lens covers affected these two

01:19:14

missions both camera covers

01:19:17

failed to separate So although the

01:19:19

landers returned

01:19:21

valuable data neither were able to

01:19:23

take photographs after this

01:19:26

disappointing failure in the Lens covers,

01:19:28

engineers made a series

01:19:30

of changes to the design of Venus 13 and

01:19:33

14, which until now are the only probes

01:19:36

that have transmitted color photos of the

01:19:39

Venusian landscape. Vener 13 landed on Venus on

01:19:43

March 1,

01:19:45

1982, once on the surface, the lens covers The

01:19:49

lenses were successfully ejected and the

01:19:51

cameras began taking a

01:19:53

panoramic photo around the lander. The

01:19:56

probe survived for 127 minutes

01:19:59

before stopping transmitting signals long

01:20:02

enough to capture in color what

01:20:05

appears to be a bizarre yet

01:20:07

familiar landscape. possible to see in some

01:20:10

places here on earth the lens cap

01:20:12

can be seen in front of the

01:20:14

lander and distant hills can be

01:20:17

seen in the corners of the image just four

01:20:19

days later on March 5, 19 72 the

01:20:23

venerable 14 successfully posed in a

01:20:26

different region to Venus and like its

01:20:29

Twin the lens cap was

01:20:31

successfully ejected allowing us to see even more of

01:20:34

this inhospitable landscape this time

01:20:36

however the ground appears to be much more

01:20:38

fractured with little of the material seen

01:20:41

in the vener 1 images once again being

01:20:44

able to be Seeing the lens cap and

01:20:46

the mist-covered horizon in the distance,

01:20:50

each of these incredible photos

01:20:53

gave us a small glimpse of a world

01:20:55

covered in clouds so thick that they

01:20:57

completely hid the surface from

01:21:00

us. They revealed a yellow sky

01:21:03

above a desolate and cracked

01:21:06

that is at the same time Alien yet

01:21:10

familiar Despite this opaque ball

01:21:13

hiding its interior, a probe was

01:21:16

able to cross this fog and see beneath

01:21:18

all these

01:21:21

clouds NASA's passave magelan arrived at

01:21:25

Venus in

01:21:26

1990 and spent 4 years mapping the

01:21:29

surface of the planet spacecraft

01:21:32

collected a huge amount of data

01:21:34

including detailed images of the

01:21:36

planet's surface and data on its

01:21:38

topography, gravity and

01:21:43

magnetic fields. Only 30 years later in

01:21:47

2020, scientists made an

01:21:49

incredible discovery when they reanalyzed the

01:21:51

data collected by Magelan, the presence

01:21:54

of active volcanoes on Venus a The discovery

01:21:57

was made by a team of

01:21:59

researchers from the Zurik Institute of Technology

01:22:01

in Switzerland who analyzed

01:22:04

radar data from Magela and identified

01:22:07

features on the surface of Venus

01:22:09

that suggested the presence of

01:22:11

volcanic activity. The team also examined

01:22:14

images taken by the spacecraft and

01:22:16

found evidence of lava flows and

01:22:19

other volcanic features But

01:22:21

how did the scenes determine the

01:22:23

presence of active volcanoes on Venus

01:22:26

from data collected more than 30

01:22:31

years ago? A key factor was the use of new

01:22:35

imaging techniques and algorithms that

01:22:37

allowed researchers to extract

01:22:39

information more detailed of the data

01:22:42

collected by magelan by analyzing the

01:22:44

radar data the researchers

01:22:46

were able to identify changes on the

01:22:48

surface of Venus that

01:22:50

were likely caused by volcanic activity

01:22:52

they also found evidence of

01:22:55

elevated surface temperatures in the

01:22:57

same locations which

01:22:59

further supports the idea that there are

01:23:01

active volcanoes on the

01:23:04

planet Additionally recently another

01:23:07

similar study was published In this

01:23:10

article that was published in the journal

01:23:12

Science it was discussed how

01:23:15

volcanic activity on Venus was obscured by the

01:23:18

lack of observable eruptions however

01:23:21

the authors images from the same spacecraft

01:23:24

to study volcanic areas on Venus

01:23:26

Thanks to images taken between 1990 and

01:23:31

1992 they carried out a manual search in

01:23:34

areas previously identified as

01:23:36

likely manifestations of

01:23:38

active volcanism. The authors looked for

01:23:41

volcanic formations such as wind cones and

01:23:44

lava flows that had appeared or changed

01:23:47

between the images to create a

01:23:49

detailed topographic map. used

01:23:52

a technique called stereo

01:23:54

radar radiogrammetry, in addition they made

01:23:57

the images appear as if they had been

01:23:59

taken directly over the object

01:24:02

of observation using a process called

01:24:08

orthogonal transformation, as a result they

01:24:11

discovered that a cone of a volcano in

01:24:14

a region called ATL Regio changed

01:24:16

drastically in less than a year the same

01:24:19

opening doubled in size and deformed

01:24:22

with a lava lake filling the edge

01:24:25

8 months later this discovery may

01:24:27

provide clues about the evolution of

01:24:30

Venos and the differences between its

01:24:32

landscapes and those of

01:24:36

Earth, however it is not It is completely

01:24:39

unclear whether volcanism is currently

01:24:41

active or not. The low level of detection

01:24:44

suggests that Venus is less volcanic active

01:24:47

than Jupiter's satellite, but it is worth

01:24:50

remembering that only about 1.5 of

01:24:53

Venus's surface area has been studied

01:24:55

given observational difficulties.

01:24:58

due to the atmosphere and

01:25:02

data limitations The recent discovery of

01:25:05

active volcanoes on Venus is a

01:25:07

very important advance in the field of

01:25:10

planetary science since In the not-so-

01:25:12

distant past Venus was considered a

01:25:15

geologically dead planet, the presence

01:25:17

of active volcanoes means that Venus

01:25:20

is still geologically active, which opens up

01:25:23

new possibilities for studying the

01:25:25

formation and evolution of the surface of

01:25:29

rocky planets. Another possible consequence of the

01:25:32

discovery of active volcanoes on Venus is

01:25:35

the possibility of detecting

01:25:37

microbial life on the planet.

01:25:39

Volcanic activity on Earth is often

01:25:42

associated with the presence of microbial life

01:25:44

and the same may be true on Venus

01:25:47

although conditions there are harsh with

01:25:50

temperatures high enough to

01:25:52

melt lead and a dense atmosphere of

01:25:54

carbon dioxide it is possible that

01:25:57

microbial life has adapted to

01:25:59

survive in these extreme conditions

01:26:01

as is the case here on Earth where life

01:26:04

can be found in the most

01:26:08

inhospitable places, as for future missions to

01:26:11

Venus, the discovery of active volcanoes on the

01:26:13

planet has already generated

01:26:15

considerable interest from the scientific community and

01:26:18

there are already plans for future missions to

01:26:20

Venus, such as the Veritas and 20

01:26:24

Plus the Veritas mission is led by

01:26:27

NASA's jet propulsion laboratory

01:26:30

and will be launched in the next decade with the

01:26:32

aim of studying Venus from its

01:26:35

surface to its core to

01:26:37

understand how a rocky,

01:26:39

Earth-sized planet followed a

01:26:41

completely

01:26:43

different path The Veritas mission will use a

01:26:46

state-of-the-art synthetic aperture radar

01:26:48

to create

01:26:50

three-dimensional global maps and a

01:26:52

near-infrared spectrometer to determine the

01:26:54

composition of the planet's surface. The

01:26:57

spacecraft will also measure the

01:26:59

planet's gravitational field to determine

01:27:01

the structure of

01:27:05

Venus' interior by On the other hand, the 20 Plus mission

01:27:09

is a complement to the Veritas mission

01:27:11

planned by NASA to study the

01:27:13

atmosphere and geology of Venus, while

01:27:16

the Veritas orbiter will fly over the planet

01:27:19

and collect data from space, the

01:27:22

20 Plus Poo module will descend through

01:27:25

the atmosphere of Venus to measure its

01:27:27

composition and study clouds, winds and

01:27:30

features of the planet's surface,

01:27:33

the probe will also capture

01:27:35

high-resolution images of the surface of Venus

01:27:37

as it descends, providing

01:27:40

valuable information about the geology and geophysics

01:27:43

of the

01:27:44

[Music]

01:27:46

planet, unfortunately in recent years. 30 years ago

01:27:50

there were few missions to Venus and

01:27:52

funding for

01:27:53

planetary exploration was reduced with new

01:27:56

missions to the cloudy planet after several

01:27:58

cancellations scheduled only for the

01:28:01

2030s, however with each New

01:28:04

Discovery we are closer to

01:28:06

unraveling the processes that shaped

01:28:08

our own planet to Earth Furthermore,

01:28:11

the study of Venus provides

01:28:13

valuable information about exoplanets outside our

01:28:16

solar system as Many exoplanets

01:28:19

are similar to Venus Studying this

01:28:21

planet

01:28:22

could help scientists determine the

01:28:25

potential habitability of other

01:28:37

distant worlds [Music] The recent discovery of

01:28:39

active volcanoes on Venus is just the tip

01:28:41

of the iceberg but it highlights the importance and

01:28:45

complexity of studying and analyzing

01:28:48

large amounts of ancient data,

01:28:50

although this is just one event, the

01:28:53

data may contain other discoveries

01:28:55

waiting to be

01:28:59

revealed, it is important for us to note

01:29:02

that tools for processing and

01:29:03

comparing large amounts of data

01:29:05

like artificial intelligences for

01:29:07

example were not available Until

01:29:10

recently this offers a vast field

01:29:12

for anyone interested in

01:29:14

astronomy or planetary science

01:29:16

to conduct their own research and make

01:29:18

discoveries even without expensive equipment

01:29:21

anyone can contribute to this

01:29:23

field all this From

01:29:27

home, as we contemplate Venus,

01:29:31

we realize that this

01:29:32

extraordinary planet is a reminder that the search

01:29:35

for the unknown is a worthwhile journey

01:29:37

in which, even in the

01:29:40

most adverse conditions, beauty can be

01:29:45

found. Venus invites us to dream

01:29:47

of the stars and the distant planets

01:29:50

that orbit them Quest the unknown and

01:29:53

never stop exploring whether

01:29:56

such a challenging planet can be so fascinating

01:29:58

Imagine what else the universe can hold for us

01:30:02

[Music]

01:30:04

the beauty of Venus is not only

01:30:07

in its landscapes but in its capacity

01:30:10

to inspire us and continue looking to the

01:30:12

sky seeking answers and unlocking the

01:30:16

secrets of the

01:30:20

cosmos

01:30:23

[Music]

01:30:27

the understanding of the formation and evolution of the

01:30:30

Solar System continues to evolve

01:30:33

as astronomers explore

01:30:35

space and collect increasingly

01:30:37

detailed data from nearby celestial bodies and

01:30:43

distant the continued exploration of our

01:30:46

system and other distant planetary systems

01:30:49

has the potential to

01:30:51

provide us with increasingly

01:30:54

deeper insights into the origins and

01:30:56

functioning of the

01:30:59

Cosmos What will the next decade

01:31:02

of space exploration reveal to us

01:31:06

Mars enceladus

01:31:10

triton For sure These worlds hide

01:31:13

incredible things but until then, every

01:31:16

night we have the opportunity to

01:31:18

contemplate at least part of our

01:31:22

solar system,

01:31:31

thank you

Description:

Confira o último video: ☀️ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_lpvTrFGCs Apoie o canal (PIX): 🚀 [email protected] Inscreva-se no canal :) Há cerca de 4,6 bilhões de anos, uma nuvem massiva de gás e poeira, começou a colapsar sob a influência da gravidade. À medida que essa nuvem se contraía, o aumento da temperatura e da pressão no centro resultou na formação do nosso astro rei, o Sol. Ao mesmo tempo, a matéria restante ao redor do Sol em formação começou a se agrupar, criando os protoplanetas e outros corpos celestes que eventualmente se transformariam nos planetas, luas, asteroides e cometas que conhecemos hoje. Os primeiros estágios de formação do sistema solar foram caracterizados por uma intensa atividade de colisões e fusões, à medida que os materiais se juntavam e se consolidavam. Partículas de poeira se fundiram para formar objetos maiores, que, por sua vez, se fundiram para formar protoplanetas. Esses protoplanetas continuaram a crescer por meio de colisões e atração gravitacional, eventualmente se tornando os planetas rochosos internos, Mercúrio, Vênus, Terra e Marte, e os gigantes gasosos mais distantes, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano e Netuno. Ao longo de milhões de anos, o sistema solar passou por um processo de diferenciação, no qual os materiais mais pesados se afundaram em direção ao núcleo dos planetas enquanto os materiais mais leves se elevavam para a superfície. Essa diferenciação resultou na formação de núcleos metálicos nos planetas terrestres e em uma composição mais complexa nos gigantes gasosos. Toda essa dinâmica resultou nesse espetáculo, o sistema solar. E hoje, vamos viajar juntos na segunda parte dessa jornada incrível pelo nosso sistema. Nossa viagem começara nos confins do sistema solar, onde vamos tentar desvendar os segredos de Plutão, ainda nessa região, tentaremos encontrar o famoso planeta nove, e discutir as evidencias que suportam a teoria de um nono planeta no sistema solar, um pouco mais internamente, vamos para encelado, a lua de Saturno, e um dos lugares mais promissores do sistema solar, onde existe a possibilidade de encontrarmos formas de vida simples, e partindo do sistema solar externo diretamente pra nossa vizinhança, passaremos por Vênus, e discutiremos sobre a maior descoberta já feita por lá, que pode mudar tudo o que sabemos sobre o planeta nublado. Nossa viagem começa agora.

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