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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:06
but00:00:07
[music]00:00:10
good afternoon, dear viewers and00:00:12
listeners, we continue our lectures on the00:00:14
history of Russia, today we are starting a very00:00:18
large series of lectures that will be00:00:19
dedicated to the Soviet period in our00:00:22
Russian history, this00:00:25
period begins with an event that historians00:00:28
call differently,00:00:29
some call it the October Revolution,00:00:32
others They call it the October Revolution, and00:00:34
we00:00:37
will talk about the October Revolution today, but before we00:00:40
talk about it, we need00:00:41
to understand what a revolution is00:00:43
in general, we have the idea00:00:47
that a revolution is some kind of00:00:49
simple violent seizure of power00:00:51
when some group seized00:00:54
state power,00:00:55
overthrew the previous one, became the head of the00:00:58
country itself, this is a childish revolution, in00:01:02
fact, of course it is not a00:01:04
revolution, this is a fundamental change in all00:01:09
spheres of society,00:01:11
occurring in a relatively short00:01:13
period of time, short by historical standards,00:01:16
and this is where it is important understand that not every00:01:19
coup is a revolution; a00:01:21
revolution can only be called a00:01:23
revolution that will actually lead to a00:01:26
complete change in the life of society;00:01:29
revolutions do not arise because00:01:32
someone wanted it; revolutions00:01:34
arise when society has developed00:01:38
to such an extent that the old system of00:01:40
relations in this society00:01:42
can no longer exist00:01:43
the contradictions accumulated in society00:01:46
force a change in the social system,00:01:49
these contradictions, which are objective in00:01:53
nature, are the main reason for any revolution,00:01:56
even in our country or in any00:01:58
other country, but again, a revolution is00:02:02
not a point on the map, it is not a one-time00:02:07
event that began today,00:02:10
tomorrow has already ended, any revolution00:02:13
is a process that can be00:02:15
quite lengthy and it would probably be more correct for00:02:19
us to say that since the00:02:22
October events00:02:23
in Petrograd in 1907, it did00:02:28
not happen as a result of these events, but the00:02:32
October Revolution in Russia began with these events,00:02:35
which will really00:02:38
change the life of not only00:02:41
our country very seriously but it will also affect the fate of00:02:44
all mankind, no matter how you treat the00:02:46
Bolsheviks, no matter how you treat00:02:48
Lenin and Stalin, it is00:03:02
absolutely impossible to deny the fact that the October Revolution, the socialist revolution, really affected the entire history of mankind and largely determined the development of this history up to our present time.00:03:07
it cannot be denied, therefore, quite00:03:09
rightly, the October revolution00:03:11
is called the great October00:03:13
socialist revolution, and so in the autumn of00:03:20
1917, by this moment, by the beginning of the autumn of the00:03:24
seventeenth year, Russia was approaching a00:03:28
state of extremely and extremely difficult00:03:31
provisional government that came to00:03:34
power as a result of the overthrow of the monarchy in00:03:36
February of the seventeenth year, this power was being00:03:40
retained in its hands the00:03:42
provisional government cannot normally, it is shaken by one00:03:45
crisis after another, its composition changes,00:03:48
even its leaders change, and00:03:51
anarchy is growing00:04:02
in the country;00:04:09
debt00:04:12
government issues new00:04:14
money with little security among the common people00:04:16
will be called Cherenki or Keren Komi,00:04:20
depending on how the00:04:22
emphasis is placed in the surname00:04:23
Kerensky or Kerensky, but one way or another,00:04:26
economic life in the country is in an00:04:29
unambiguous severe crisis; this00:04:32
crisis really threatens the year of the country and00:04:36
this famine in First of all, it is explained by the fact00:04:40
that the bread that the country had in00:04:44
the cities and the army stopped reaching the00:04:47
entire provisional government of00:04:49
Kerensky was forced to return to the00:04:53
policy of surplus appropriation, which was announced in 1916 by the00:04:56
tsarist government of00:04:58
Nicholas II, that is, to the00:05:00
forcible confiscation of00:05:02
bread at fixed state prices,00:05:05
but our bread producers first of00:05:09
all, the landowners and peasant kulaks00:05:13
were not ready to sell grain to the state at fixed prices for00:05:16
depreciating money,00:05:19
preferring to keep it,00:05:22
moreover, to the landowners at this time, in general,00:05:24
the revolution is unfolding00:05:28
not only as a revolution in the cities, the00:05:30
great Russian revolution of this revolution, the00:05:32
peasant peasants00:05:34
are starting in person to solve this most00:05:37
cursed agrarian00:05:39
peasant question for Russia, first of all, by00:05:41
seizing the land, independently taking00:05:44
it away from the landowners, dividing it among members of the00:05:47
peasant community,00:05:48
this was often accompanied by very00:05:51
serious cruelties when the landowners00:05:54
could be beaten or even killed; however, this00:05:59
was not always the logic of our peasants and that00:06:02
in principle, if you are ready00:06:06
to cultivate the land yourself, even if you are a00:06:08
landowner, a nobleman, a plot is allocated to you, for00:06:10
example, what happened to the famous Russian00:06:12
writer and the landowner Mikhail Prishvin, they were00:06:15
allocated land for him, they said, he is00:06:18
cultivating it, please, master, no one is00:06:20
against it, this is the same plot as00:06:21
all the other peasants00:06:24
they seize not only the land, the peasants00:06:25
also seize grain reserves and00:06:29
agricultural equipment, and this00:06:33
expectation of redistribution of the land will further00:06:35
revolutionize the army. Our army is00:06:37
also mainly peasant, having learned about the00:06:41
revolution that has broken out in the country, the00:06:43
peasants, the soldiers of Christ, do00:06:45
not want to return home to their00:06:49
village to take part in the division of the land.00:06:51
especially since they have weapons in their hands and, in00:06:55
general, power, the army is demoralized, the00:06:59
army is not ready to fight in the army, mass00:07:02
desertion00:07:03
by the summer, more precisely, by the autumn of the seventeenth year,00:07:06
according to historians, about 2 million,00:07:09
that is, one fifth of the entire Russian army00:07:12
deserted and returned to their villages00:07:16
at the same time taking with them weapons from the front00:07:19
and a readiness to solve problems by00:07:22
force, the provisional government00:07:24
is also in an obvious crisis;00:07:26
just with the help of the left, with the help of the00:07:30
Bolsheviks, it was possible to suppress the00:07:32
Kornilov rebellion of the right and the uprising with00:07:35
the aim of establishing a military dictatorship, but00:07:38
now the provisional government led by00:07:40
Kerensky is becoming face to00:07:44
face with our radical left00:07:48
Bolshevik forces, at this moment00:07:51
again the balance of political forces00:07:54
in the country is shifting a little and on the very00:07:58
right flank it turns out that the provisional government is composed of00:08:00
more than half of socialists;00:08:03
now they are the most00:08:06
right-wing supporters of the most moderate00:08:09
conservative measures more the right-wing forces from00:08:13
among the liberal bourgeoisie, the officers, were00:08:15
defeated as a result of the Kornilov00:08:17
rebellion, but the provisional government essentially00:08:20
loses support in society and, in00:08:23
fact, loses the levers of power; this power is00:08:27
surreptitiously seized from them by more00:08:30
radically minded forces; the provisional00:08:33
government is trying to rely on00:08:35
moderate socialists on the Socialist Revolutionaries and the00:08:37
Mensheviks,00:08:38
those who can be considered Soviet but not00:08:43
Bolshevik parties, but within00:08:46
these00:08:47
moderate socialist parties, the00:08:50
Menshevik party, the00:08:52
Serov party, also have problems with00:08:55
their policy of supporting the provisional00:08:58
government, a compromise with the bourgeoisie,00:09:02
a compromise on the war, the moderate00:09:06
socialists have greatly weakened their00:09:09
positions in the Soviet authorities,00:09:11
which exist parallel to the bodies of the00:09:13
provisional government within these00:09:17
same socialists, a serious contradiction is00:09:19
finally and forever00:09:22
divided between the00:09:25
Bolshevik and Menshevik parties,00:09:26
our Social Democrats are disintegrating and the00:09:30
Serov party is being singled out by the wing of the00:09:33
most determined left00:09:36
Socialist Revolutionaries, led by the famous00:09:38
revolutionary terrorist Maria00:09:40
Spiridonova and these leftists cheese and00:09:43
also demand radical changes00:09:45
on the far left flank of the00:09:48
Bolshevik party, the Bolshevik party until 1700:09:52
made a real00:09:53
breakthrough in terms of popularity; if00:09:56
before the February revolution it00:09:58
numbered only about 25 thousand00:10:01
people throughout the country and was in00:10:04
such an absolutely marginal position,00:10:06
now it has her explosive growth in00:10:09
numbers by the summer of the seventeenth year of the00:10:12
Bolsheviks was about 300 thousand and most00:10:15
importantly on the side of the Bolsheviks00:10:19
the most revolutionary military units were the00:10:22
sailors of Kronstadt the garrison of Petrograd00:10:27
the most important thing was the working Red Guard00:10:31
created to suppress the00:10:33
Kornilov rebellion this Red Guard00:10:36
armed with Kerensky00:10:39
did not return weapons to Kerensky she kept them in their in00:10:41
his calloused hands, up to 100 thousand00:10:44
people in Petrograd00:10:46
are an armed force that is ready to00:10:50
follow the Bolsheviks; however, one00:10:52
should not think that the00:10:54
Bolshevik Party and such a single united00:10:57
fist we have such a somewhat00:11:00
simplified idea within the00:11:02
Bolshevik Party also has its own disagreements,00:11:04
especially since it is still the leader of the00:11:07
Bolshevik Party, Lenin is not at the center of events, he is00:11:11
hiding in Finland from the provisional00:11:13
government, the order for00:11:15
Lenin’s arrest has not yet been canceled and the central00:11:18
committee of the party believes that Ilyich will be00:11:21
safer there outside the00:11:23
revolutionary Petrograd00:11:26
Alexander Fedorov, the head of the00:11:28
provisional government, understanding that00:11:30
this time he paid, understanding that he had00:11:32
trying to00:11:35
somehow save his position, retain00:11:39
power in his hands after before the00:11:44
start of the Kornilov rebellion,00:11:45
the Cadets,00:11:49
representatives of the liberal party,00:11:51
who supported Kornilov’s speech, left the provisional government,00:11:54
Kerensky will reform the provisional00:11:56
government by creating a so-called00:11:58
directory of five people, and this is00:12:02
the directory00:12:03
in the end August at the beginning of September00:12:08
1917, in essence, is the government of the00:12:11
country, Kerensky proclaims himself the00:12:13
commander-in-chief of the army, uniting in00:12:15
his hands the posts of both the commander-in-chief and the00:12:21
supreme ruler, in essence,00:12:23
Kerensky becomes such a dictator,00:12:25
however, he does not have the strength to implement this dictatorship00:12:28
in an attempt to raise his own00:12:31
authority without waiting for any00:12:33
constituent meeting on September 1,00:12:37
1917, Kerensky proclaims Russia a00:12:40
democratic republic,00:12:42
in fact, when they overthrew the Tsar, they00:12:43
agreed that the decision on the00:12:46
state structure of Russia would be00:12:48
made by the constituent assembly, but the00:12:51
elections to the constituent assembly were00:12:52
constantly postponed by the provisional government00:12:54
and they have not yet been held, when00:12:59
this assembly will meet, God knows00:13:02
Kerensky, without waiting, is00:13:05
decisively declaring Russia a republic,00:13:07
so we can say that.00:13:10
in the history of monarchical Russia was00:13:13
set precisely on September 1,00:13:14
1917,00:13:15
and then Kerensky tries to unite00:13:18
all those democratic socialist00:13:21
forces that are ready to follow him on00:13:26
September 14, 1917, a00:13:29
democratic meeting opens in Petrograd,00:13:32
we are this democratic meeting,00:13:35
Kerensky invites a large number of00:13:39
deputies in00:13:40
total, 1582 of them,00:13:44
these deputies are representatives mainly00:13:47
socialist parties, liberal00:13:50
bourgeois parties are not represented here,00:13:52
but there are many representatives of zemstvo00:13:56
bodies, there are many representatives of00:13:58
various trade unions and00:14:01
workers' councils and unions of traders and00:14:04
industrialists,00:14:05
there are representatives of the army and navy, here there are00:14:09
representatives of the main socialist00:14:11
parties, including representatives of the00:14:12
Bolshevik party,00:14:15
however, representatives of the party The Bolsheviks00:14:20
did not stay long at this democratic meeting;00:14:21
they outlined their position, which was00:14:25
that power should be00:14:28
Soviet, the transfer of power to Soviet00:14:31
bodies, and left the meeting of this00:14:35
democratic meeting when their idea of00:14:38
all power to the Soviets was not00:14:40
supported by the majority; representatives of the moderate00:14:43
Soviet parties, the Grays and Mensheviks,00:14:45
were inclined to compromise with00:14:47
the government, therefore, it is not surprising that a00:14:51
new body was created which was00:14:55
called the pre-parliament, this is nonsense; the00:14:58
parliament is made up of representatives of the00:15:00
democratic conference, it should be00:15:02
such a representative body like the00:15:05
State Duma of the Russian Empire00:15:09
until the00:15:12
constituent assembly is created; in addition, at the00:15:14
democratic conference, our cheeses and00:15:17
Mensheviks and the right-wing cheeses first of00:15:20
all agreed on joint00:15:23
actions with Kerensky and on the formation of a00:15:25
new coalition provisional00:15:29
government, the composition of which was00:15:31
invited and members of the Cadet Party00:15:34
to break with the bourgeoisie, our moderate00:15:37
socialists did not dare, considering that this was a00:15:40
fairly serious political force, one way00:15:42
or another, the composition of the provisional00:15:44
government again turned out to be bourgeois00:15:48
socialist naturally the Bolsheviks00:15:52
reacted extremely negatively to such a provisional government and the00:15:54
Bolsheviks understand that it is time to take00:15:57
power peacefully in a democratic00:16:01
way to seize power from the Bolsheviks the00:16:03
provisional government is not00:16:06
ready to listen to their demands but the position of the00:16:09
Bolsheviks00:16:13
in the Soviet authorities is seriously strengthening in September of the00:16:16
seventeenth year they pass by-elections and00:16:19
re-elections to many Soviet bodies throughout the00:16:23
country and, first of all, to the00:16:24
Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers’ and Workers’00:16:27
Deputies, this is generally such a00:16:30
characteristic feature of Soviet democracy,00:16:32
how it differs from the current00:16:34
parliamentary bourgeois democracy,00:16:36
primarily in that00:16:39
the right exists and is implemented in practice recall00:16:43
of deputies, our councils at that time were00:16:48
bodies that were supposed to consist of00:16:51
people's representatives, but people's00:16:53
representatives00:16:54
had to act on behalf of the00:16:56
interests of those who nominated them there, and00:16:58
if you do not reflect the interests of those who00:17:02
nominated you, you are removed from this00:17:04
deputy position of yours without any00:17:06
delay replacing him with those who are ready00:17:10
to fulfill the demands of their electorate,00:17:14
and since society in Petrograd and00:17:17
in Russia as a whole was leaning more and more00:17:18
towards supporting the00:17:20
Bolsheviks, it is not surprising that as a00:17:23
result of these re-elections before the00:17:25
elections in September of the seventeenth year,00:17:27
what historians call00:17:29
great the zation of soviets in the Soviet00:17:32
authorities, the former socialist00:17:36
moderate parties, the00:17:38
right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, are losing their00:17:41
representation, for example, in the00:17:43
Petrograd soviet, now00:17:45
90 percent of the Bolsheviks are00:17:47
Lev Davidovich Trotsky, the chairman of the Petrograd soviet becomes the chairman of the Petrograd soviet,00:17:52
it is worth saying a little more about this man,00:17:56
since we will meet with this historical character more than00:17:59
once in During the subsequent00:18:01
lectures, this man played a very large00:18:04
role in the October Revolution and in the00:18:06
Civil War and in the creation of the00:18:08
Soviet state and the subsequent00:18:10
struggle within the Soviet elite Lev00:18:14
Davidovich Trotsky a man of Jewish00:18:16
origin, his real name is Leiba00:18:19
Davidovich Bronstein00:18:21
Trotsky, this is a revolutionary pseudonym of this00:18:24
man until August until the summer in00:18:28
1917 he was not a Bolshevik, he was a member of the00:18:30
RSD RP party, but very often in his00:18:34
position he disagreed with the Bolshevik leader00:18:37
Lenin, and if Lenin was often ready to00:18:41
decisively disengage with those who did not00:18:43
share his views, then Trotsky was00:18:47
rather a supporter of uniting everyone with00:18:50
everyone in one way or another until from the beginning of the First00:18:55
World War, the Russians either became close to00:18:58
Lenin or desperately argued with him, but did00:19:01
not join the Bolshevik Party;00:19:03
however, the Bolshevik Party was then00:19:05
formally separated00:19:09
from the general RSD rp until the twelfth year and did not exist00:19:14
during the First World War,00:19:15
Trotsky ended up in exile in the00:19:17
United States of America where he00:19:19
had quite influential00:19:23
family connections with the American00:19:27
establishment with American00:19:29
business circles, and these00:19:31
connections allowed Trotsky to00:19:34
return to Russia after the February Revolution,00:19:37
despite the fact that Trotsky was detained00:19:40
in Canada and interned, the00:19:42
British authorities were not going to see00:19:45
another revolutionary whom they were00:19:47
serious about they were afraid00:19:49
to allow him00:19:50
into Russia, nevertheless, Trotsky’s influential friends00:19:54
worked for him and Trotsky00:19:58
still managed to get to pre-revolutionary00:20:01
Russia, then these connections of Trotsky00:20:04
in American circles will be grounds00:20:07
for some to declare that Trotsky is00:20:09
also a spy,00:20:10
but not a German spy like Lenin, but an00:20:12
American spy who, with00:20:15
American money, is of course primarily a00:20:17
Jewish business or were you going to00:20:21
ruin Russia? This is of course in00:20:23
no way true. Trotsky was a convinced00:20:26
revolutionary00:20:27
and used his connections only to00:20:30
most effectively carry out this very00:20:32
revolution since he considered it00:20:34
right to do it when he returned. in Russia,00:20:37
Trotsky created such a group00:20:41
called between the regions, uniting those who did00:20:44
not join the Bolsheviks, not the00:20:46
Mensheviks,00:20:47
but in August of the seventeenth year he joined the00:20:49
Bolshevik Party, was arrested after the00:20:53
unsuccessful attempt of the July seizure of00:20:56
power by the Bolsheviks,00:20:58
now Trotsky is a Bolshevik and thanks to00:21:01
his charisma, his mind, his knowledge00:21:03
thanks With his excellent ability00:21:06
to make speeches, he becomes the00:21:11
chairman of the Petrograd Council of00:21:13
Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies; they remembered00:21:16
that Lev Davidovich00:21:17
back in 1905, during the first Russian00:21:21
revolution, actively worked in the00:21:23
Petrograd, or rather then in the00:21:24
St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies,00:21:27
now Trotsky heads the Petrograd Council and00:21:32
he is one of those Bolshevik leaders00:21:35
who they consider it necessary to take a course00:21:38
towards an armed uprising; the second such00:21:41
leader is Lenin within the Bolshevik Party; there00:21:45
is no unity on this issue; some00:21:48
believe that taking power00:21:50
by armed means is, firstly, illegitimate and00:21:53
secondly, they will not support us early,00:21:55
but nevertheless00:21:57
Lenin and Trotsky are pushing on October 1000:22:01
1917, at a secret meeting of the00:22:04
central committee of the Bolshevik party,00:22:07
the decision to prepare an armed00:22:09
uprising and push this decision through00:22:12
ck, having achieved the decision of the central00:22:15
committee to prepare an armed00:22:17
uprising,00:22:19
fraternally initiates the creation of a military revolutionary committee of the Revolutionary Revolutionary Committee in the00:22:21
Petrograd council. On00:22:27
October 12, 1917, a00:22:29
military revolutionary committee00:22:31
of the Petrograd council is formally created it is00:22:33
not headed by Trotsky in general, it must be00:22:36
said that the Bolsheviks were not going to00:22:39
take power solely on behalf of their party; the00:22:42
Bolsheviks were going to take power on00:22:45
behalf of the soviets; therefore, they were ready, within the00:22:49
framework of the soviets,00:22:50
to cooperate with any socialist00:22:52
parties, forces that shared the00:22:54
positions of the Bolsheviks, the left Socialist Revolutionaries00:22:57
shared, therefore it is not surprising that the Revolutionary Revolutionary Committee is00:23:00
led its chairman is the00:23:04
representative of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Pavel00:23:07
Vladimir,00:23:08
however, Trotsky not only in the Petrograd00:23:10
Soviet but also the Revolutionary Revolutionary Committee00:23:11
plays a significant role in the future,00:23:14
this will give him the basis to say that it is00:23:16
he who is Trotsky, the very demon of00:23:20
the revolution who made the00:23:22
October Revolution, and in the party itself there are00:23:26
very serious contradictions against the00:23:30
course00:23:32
Lenin Trotsky for an armed uprising, the00:23:34
seizure of power is advocated by two very00:23:37
authoritative Bolsheviks,00:23:40
Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev,00:23:43
real name is Radomyshlsky and Lev00:23:47
Borisovich Kamenev, real name is00:23:49
Rosenfeld, these two people,00:23:52
forgive me for such a free metaphor, this is a00:23:54
sweet couple twix in the Bolshevik party00:23:58
if we meet in historical00:24:00
events in most historical00:24:02
events, Kamenev and Zinoviev act as00:24:05
some other front, you can even paraphrase00:24:08
Mayakovsky to say this: we say00:24:11
Kamenev, we mean Zinoviev, we00:24:14
say Zinoviev, we mean Kamenev,00:24:16
indeed the historical fate of00:24:18
these two people is very similar, they often00:24:21
found themselves on the same side of the barricades and00:24:23
they will also die on the same the same day in the00:24:27
thirty-sixth year they will be shot00:24:29
during the so-called Stalinist00:24:32
repressions now Lev Borisych Kamenev and00:24:35
Grigory and still Nureyev despite the fact00:24:38
that they are Lenin’s closest associates if00:24:42
they have very close special Zinoviev00:24:45
relations in the end Zinoviev00:24:47
was hiding with Lenin in the village of Razliv00:24:50
after the July uprising was crushed,00:24:53
despite all this, Zinoviev00:24:57
and Kamenev speak out afterwards against00:24:59
Lenin’s course in general for those who00:25:02
would be interested in learning about the destinies and history of00:25:06
these people and Lev Davidovich00:25:08
Trotsky and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and00:25:12
Lev Borisovich Kamenev Grigory all00:25:14
also Zinoviev,00:25:15
I would like to recommend the wonderful00:25:18
historical lectures given by00:25:20
Associate Professor of the Udmurt State00:25:23
University,00:25:24
Candidate of Historical Sciences Natalya00:25:26
Nikolaevna Barmina, these lectures00:25:30
are located on YouTube on the website, more precisely00:25:34
on the YouTube channel Strela TV and00:25:37
detailed links to these lectures are very00:25:40
interesting for those who are interested, I will00:25:42
post them under this video is in the description, but00:25:45
for now let’s return to the events00:25:47
within the Bolshevik party Kamenev and00:25:50
Zinoviev authority you are behind them and00:25:53
other members of the communist00:25:56
or rather Bolshevik then still park00:25:58
so it is not surprising that they00:26:03
oppose Lenin’s position the idea of Kamenev and00:26:08
Zinoviev is that we will capture the uprising00:26:10
at an untimely time00:26:13
power and thereby lose00:26:15
legitimacy00:26:17
we will seize power and thereby00:26:20
alienate our possible allies,00:26:24
we can act differently00:26:26
Kamenev and Zinoviev argue that the00:26:28
Bolshevik party is obviously on the rise00:26:31
we are gaining popularity if we00:26:33
continue agitation propaganda in the hope00:26:36
of a constituent assembly in the00:26:38
hope that we will be able to win in00:26:42
this very constituent assembly, the00:26:44
elections of which were00:26:45
finally scheduled for November of the00:26:48
seventeenth year, then by00:26:51
legitimate legal means we will come to00:26:55
power, to which Lenin replied that this is a00:26:58
rare stupidity because the00:27:01
Bolshevik party is a proletarian party in00:27:04
peasant Russia, winning the elections is a00:27:06
painful meeting the00:27:09
majority of the peasants categorically cannot, and the peasants00:27:11
will vote for the Sers and, looking ahead,00:27:13
let’s say that Lenin turned out to be right, a00:27:15
constituent assembly when, after all, the00:27:18
Bolsheviks, who have taken power, will hold00:27:21
elections for it and it will be assembled, it seems00:27:24
completely not Bolshevik, but entirely00:27:26
completely Sarov,00:27:27
well, for now, Kamenev and Zinoviev stand for00:27:30
constituent assembly and when, after all,00:27:33
at a meeting of the central committee of00:27:34
the party, the00:27:35
majority spoke in favor of00:27:38
Lenin’s program for the course of an armed uprising,00:27:40
they turn to the party members and00:27:44
publish an article in the open press in00:27:49
which they declare that they Kamenev and00:27:52
Zinoviev are against the armed uprising00:27:55
that is preparing for the Bolshevik Party00:27:58
published this appeal of Kamenev and00:28:01
Zinoviev in his newspaper New Life, the00:28:04
famous writer Alexei Maksimovich00:28:05
Gorky, who supported the00:28:08
Social Democrats but was rather00:28:10
less of such whiskey views, that moment was00:28:12
loudly announced to everyone one way or another and the Bolsheviks00:28:15
would take power,00:28:17
however this was not wild, there was no special secret00:28:20
about that that the Bolsheviks will sooner00:28:22
or later take power as00:28:23
wives in Petrograd, they said it on00:28:26
every corner literally there almost00:28:28
since September, immediately after the00:28:31
defeat of the Kornilov uprising, even00:28:33
bets were placed and agreements were made between00:28:36
when and when the00:28:39
Bolshevik coup would finally happen, so of course00:28:43
Kamenev and Zinoviev did not00:28:46
open any America with this speech, but they gave the provisional00:28:48
government concrete cards in their hands00:28:51
in order to accuse the Bolsheviks of00:28:54
attempting a coup,00:28:57
rumors and assumptions cannot be attached to the case,00:29:01
and now the official speech Lenin00:29:03
was terribly angry, Lenin demanded that00:29:06
Kamenev be removed and Zinoviev from tk. and in general, the00:29:09
plaintiffs removed them from the parties, but in general00:29:12
they refused to expel them from the party, I also00:29:14
did not support it, but one way or another00:29:16
the event was already growing, after that it became00:29:20
clear that power must be taken, of course,00:29:30
Kerensky’s attempt at the beginning had a very serious impact on the revolutionary event in the autumn of 1977 October seventeenth00:29:32
year, to remove the most00:29:37
Bolshevik-minded parts of the00:29:38
garrison from Petrograd, Kerensky tried to send the soldiers of the00:29:42
Petrograd garrison00:29:44
to the front and replace them in00:29:48
Petrograd with front-line units loyal to him;00:29:51
however, the soldiers, who naturally did not want to go00:29:56
into the trenches and fight, it is not clear for00:29:58
what purpose, those who demanded an end to the war,00:30:02
refused to fulfill00:30:04
Kerensky’s demand Moreover,00:30:06
Kerensky’s demand was blocked by the Petrograd00:30:08
council, which understood perfectly well that the00:30:11
garrison of Petrograd had endorsed more that00:30:14
this was a pro-Bolshevik force and00:30:19
naturally there was no reason to change it to other parts; in00:30:21
fact, the provisional00:30:25
government from this moment came into00:30:27
open confrontation with the Petrograd00:30:29
council and the Petrograd council00:30:32
began to take a smooth step step by step take the00:30:36
capital under your control00:30:38
detachments of the Petrograd garrison loyal to the00:30:41
council detachments of the Red Guard occupy the00:30:46
key points of the city00:30:47
every Soviet schoolchild who00:30:50
has studied history well00:30:54
today is an excellent specialist00:30:57
because how to organize an00:30:59
armed uprising correctly00:31:01
from school we were clearly explained00:31:04
which points in the city are necessary to take00:31:06
control in order to seize power,00:31:09
all this was shown precisely in the00:31:11
example of this very October00:31:14
revolution, when the Bolshevik detachments rowan their workers00:31:18
and soldiers of, by order of the00:31:20
military revolutionary committee of the00:31:21
Petrograd Soviet, took control of the00:31:26
post office, telephone, telegraph, station and bridges, the00:31:32
main street intersections, complicating the00:31:35
action of the temporary government and on00:31:38
October 22, 1917, the Petrograd Council00:31:44
loudly declares that the00:31:47
Petrograd Council has taken power in the country,00:31:50
thereby effectively removing the00:31:54
provisional government from power; this is not yet an00:31:56
overthrow,00:31:57
but this is an obvious crisis; the provisional00:32:00
government at this moment is in the00:32:02
winter palace; the00:32:04
winter palace; the imperial residence00:32:07
where we have Numerous Russian monarchs lived,00:32:11
now the residence of Kerensky00:32:15
and his provisional government, by the way,00:32:17
Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky,00:32:18
with his characteristic modesty,00:32:21
did not occupy any place in the winter palace,00:32:22
the apartments of Emperor Alexander00:32:25
III, the headquarters of the00:32:29
socialist revolution became00:32:31
another building, this building of the00:32:34
Smolny Institute where Petrograd moved from the00:32:38
Tauride Palace advice00:32:40
and these two points on the map of00:32:43
Petrograd00:32:45
for me and Smolny become those places00:32:50
where the forces of both sides are concentrated00:32:55
as for the forces of both sides, they are00:32:58
clearly not equal00:32:59
on the side of the Bolsheviks the red guard of00:33:02
Petrograd about a hundred thousand people are on the00:33:05
side of the Bolsheviks00:33:06
most parts of the Petrograd00:33:08
garrison are on the side Bolsheviks and00:33:12
sailors of the revolutionary Baltic Fleet,00:33:15
ships of the Baltic Fleet from Kronstadt00:33:18
bring detachments of revolutionary sailors to the city,00:33:22
and the cruiser Aurora, standing for repairs on the Neva River,00:33:26
aims its guns at the00:33:30
Winter Palace where the00:33:33
provisional government is located on the side of the00:33:35
provisional government, relatively00:33:37
small in number detachments of cadets,00:33:41
small Cossack detachments who00:33:44
doubt who are hesitating,00:33:48
as well as the detachments of the shock women's00:33:51
battalion of death, which in the summer of00:33:53
1977, on the initiative of Maria00:33:56
Botkareva,00:33:57
was created to raise the spirit of the Russian00:33:59
army, and these girls in soldiers'00:34:02
greatcoats are guarding Kerensky's balance of forces is clearly00:34:07
at least one hundred to one in favor of the00:34:11
Petrograd Soviet, nevertheless the00:34:14
first The provisional government is also taking steps. On00:34:17
October 24, a00:34:19
detachment of cadets, on the orders of Kerensky,00:34:23
seizes the printing house of the newspaper00:34:26
Rabochiy Put, which was the Bolshevik00:34:30
authorities are trying to arrest the00:34:33
new circulation of the newspaper with Bolshevik00:34:36
propaganda, but it does not00:34:40
work,00:34:41
the workers of the printing house called for help from the00:34:43
soldiers of a military unit located00:34:45
nearby, the first battle between the revolutionary took place00:34:48
sailors and soldiers and00:34:50
cadets,00:34:52
and then the events increase, the00:34:55
Bolshevik detachments are00:34:57
very hakr in moving to the00:34:59
city center, the winter palace is almost00:35:01
completely blocked, moreover, many00:35:03
of his supporters are gradually leaving00:35:07
this very winter palace, the00:35:11
chairman of the government, Alexander00:35:13
Fedorovich Kerensky, is leaving both the winter00:35:16
palace and Petrograd and by car the00:35:20
American embassy under the00:35:22
American flag00:35:23
leaves for the front to join the troops hoping to find00:35:27
support there, and in Soviet times there was a00:35:30
legend that Kerensky fled from00:35:33
Petrograd dressed in a woman’s dress,00:35:35
but apparently in order to00:35:37
hurt Alexander Fedorovich even more, however, this is a00:35:39
historical myth, Kerensky went out in00:35:41
normal men’s clothes, but the provisional00:35:44
government was left without a head00:35:46
and at this time the00:35:49
second congress of councils was to open in Petrograd,00:35:52
Lenin guessed this armed00:35:55
coup00:35:56
precisely for the opening of the congress of councils because,00:35:59
again, the Bolsheviks were not going to00:36:02
take power in favor of their party, they00:36:05
were going to take power in favor of the soviets00:36:08
and by arresting the provisional government00:36:10
The Bolsheviks00:36:11
at the Second Congress of Soviets were going to00:36:14
legitimize and confirm this00:36:18
very seizure of power regarding the00:36:22
direct assault on the Winter Palace,00:36:25
there are all sorts of legends00:36:28
about the arrest of the ministers of the provisional00:36:30
government, the legends are the same,00:36:32
different, there are very different versions, today00:36:35
they say that the October coup was00:36:37
not organized by the Bolsheviks at all00:36:39
Tsarist Kronid intelligence officers who00:36:43
saw the Bolsheviks as not about German00:36:45
patriotic forces, there is00:36:48
a version that the storming of the winter00:36:50
was carried out by a special company of so to00:36:54
speak00:36:55
Bolshevik special forces under the00:36:58
command of General Sveshnikov since the00:37:01
propaganda of Ravan in Lenin, but one way or00:37:04
another the official point of view today00:37:06
looks like this on the morning of October 25,00:37:09
1917, the Petrograd Council declares the00:37:13
seizure of power and addresses the00:37:18
citizens of Russia; the00:37:20
provisional government has been deposed;00:37:22
state power has passed into the hands of the00:37:24
body of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and00:37:26
Soldiers' Deputies, the00:37:28
Military Revolutionary Committee, which is00:37:30
at the head of the Petrograd proletariat and00:37:32
garrison; the cause for which the people fought00:37:35
immediately and proposal for a00:37:36
democratic peace abolition of00:37:39
landownership of land workers' control00:37:41
over production creation of the Soviet00:37:44
government00:37:45
this matter is assured long live00:37:47
the revolution of working soldiers and peasants on the00:37:51
night of October 26, 1917 the last00:37:55
ministers of the provisional government were00:37:58
arrested in the Winter Palace in Soviet00:38:02
historiography the storming of the Winter Palace00:38:03
was presented as such a grandiose00:38:05
the event, according to the official Soviet version, the00:38:09
SS signal for the assault on the winter was given by a00:38:13
shot from the bow gun of the cruiser00:38:15
Aurora, was this shot a blank or00:38:20
was it real, well, one way or another, the winter00:38:24
was taken by storm, the00:38:25
assault turned out to be, in general, almost00:38:27
bloodless; moreover, some today00:38:30
are saying something and it wasn’t an assault in general, it was that there00:38:35
was no particular resistance, that this huge long building of the00:38:38
winter palace, parts of the00:38:41
soldiers and sailors and workers loyal to the Bolsheviks were00:38:44
taken, they simply penetrated piece by piece and that00:38:47
date got there and in the end a detachment of workers00:38:50
led by a member of the Bolshevik00:38:53
party Antonov- Ovseyenko found the room where the00:38:57
last00:38:58
of the ministers of the provisional government00:39:01
were and here apparently00:39:05
that famous phrase sounded, which will later be00:39:09
quoted by both Soviet poets and Soviet00:39:12
historians, who is temporary here,00:39:15
your time is over,00:39:18
and at this time, at the Second All-Russian00:39:20
Congress of Soviets, Lenin says the famous00:39:24
words, comrades00:39:25
the revolution that the Bolsheviks have been talking about for so long has been00:39:28
completed,00:39:30
cheers comrades, the second All-Russian Congress of00:39:33
Soviets and must establish00:39:37
Soviet power for the country about the first steps of00:39:39
Soviet power and the second Congress of Soviets00:39:42
about the creation of the Soviet government, we00:39:45
will talk to you next time,00:39:48
thank you very much for your attention all the best00:39:50
[music]Description:
Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция. Лекция для подготовки к ЕГЭ по истории. Ссылка на лекцию Н.Н.Барминой о Троцком: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk1ELTIWPdY Что такое революция? Социально-экономическое положение России к осени 1917. Расстановка политических сил. Организация Директории и "Большевизация" Советов Разногласия среди большевиков по поводу вооруженного восстания Октябрьское вооружённое восстание. Силы сторон к 25 октября. Разгром типографии "Рабочий путь". Начало восстания. Взятие власти Петроградским Советом. Штурм Зимнего. II Всероссийский Съезд Советов.
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