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hamradio

Amateur Radio (Hobby)

радиосвязь

радиолюбительство

радиолюбители

радиостанция

рация

КВ

УКВ

QSO

transceiver

трансивер

связь

радиотехника

ликбез

начинающим

00:00:02

of course, well known to all

00:00:04

professional designers of

00:00:05

radio electronics equipment and

00:00:07

experienced amateurs, they are also

00:00:09

well known and understandable, but for many

00:00:11

beginning radio amateurs and just people

00:00:13

interested in circuitry and

00:00:15

radio engineering, these words are not entirely

00:00:18

clear or completely incomprehensible, despite the fact

00:00:20

that they occur very often

00:00:21

in practice always,

00:00:23

as soon as we talk about radius spring

00:00:25

equipment, especially for radio receivers,

00:00:28

in this video we will try to

00:00:29

talk as firmly as possible about what a

00:00:32

superheterodyne is and how it works

00:00:35

[music]

00:00:39

hello everyone, basically the word su accept

00:00:43

for the sake of assigns this type of this type of

00:00:45

radio receiver device of a radio receiver

00:00:47

this architecture receiver circuits to

00:00:51

understand better how it works, why such an

00:00:53

architecture is needed at all,

00:00:54

let's first remember what a

00:00:56

radio receiver is in general, a radio receiver is a

00:00:58

device that performs three main

00:01:01

functions, amplification, filtering or

00:01:04

modulation, the

00:01:06

first radio receivers, the first receiving

00:01:08

devices were detectors, we

00:01:10

practically did not perform any amplification

00:01:12

due to their power supplies

00:01:15

While we won’t consider it, let’s

00:01:17

move on immediately to the next one for the sake of

00:01:19

the receiver that appeared later, these are

00:01:21

direct amplification receivers.

00:01:22

Actually, after them,

00:01:25

super local oscillators appeared, we can say why

00:01:27

they appeared. In an hour, it will become clear to us from

00:01:30

the features of the work, from the shortcomings of

00:01:32

this very feature of the operation of

00:01:35

direct amplification receivers,

00:01:36

as follows from its names

00:01:39

direct amplification receiver directly amplifies the signal,

00:01:42

that is, directly amplify the signal

00:01:45

received by the radio station, they do

00:01:47

not transform anything with it except

00:01:49

naturally demodulation, that is,

00:01:50

detection, that is, the received

00:01:53

signal, the useful signal of the radio station

00:01:56

is amplified directly at the frequency

00:01:58

at which the transmitting station is broadcasting, this is how

00:02:01

direct amplification receivers work

00:02:02

to make it easier understand, let's

00:02:04

look at an example using the example of a

00:02:06

receiver that receives a broadcast

00:02:09

signal in medium waves, broadcasts in the

00:02:11

range among the shaft, the new broadcast

00:02:13

range has a frequency overlap of

00:02:15

approximately equal to three, that is, from 500

00:02:18

kilohertz to 1600, that is, three times

00:02:21

the frequency changes the lowest purity

00:02:23

is less than the highest frequencies of this

00:02:25

range is about 3 times so the receiver,

00:02:28

in order to receive a signal from one station

00:02:30

somewhere in this frequency range, must

00:02:33

isolate the signal of this particular station

00:02:35

using certain filters that all other

00:02:38

signals from other stations it did not receive us,

00:02:40

amplify this signal or modulate in the

00:02:42

case of a medium crowbar broadcasting, that is,

00:02:45

to perform amplitude detection,

00:02:47

so it turns out that in such receivers,

00:02:50

the filter that selects our useful

00:02:52

signal must be tuned in frequency

00:02:54

from 500 kilohertz to 1600, that is, this

00:02:58

filter must be tuned over the entire

00:03:00

range, while the filter must

00:03:01

retain its other parameters

00:03:04

except the main frequency except

00:03:06

resonance frequency, so to speak,

00:03:09

that is, it must preserve the

00:03:11

passband, it must maintain the

00:03:12

transmission coefficient, this filter, if an

00:03:14

example from the filter is installed at the input of the

00:03:16

receiver, naturally

00:03:18

it consists of some kind of oscillatory circuits,

00:03:21

one or more. We are now

00:03:22

talking to you about the simplest

00:03:24

receivers that were around a long time ago at the beginning of the

00:03:27

last century, naturally, they had

00:03:29

filters on the circuits

00:03:30

and no filters were made on any other elements,

00:03:33

this filter,

00:03:34

if it consists of two circuits,

00:03:37

these two circuits must be

00:03:39

simultaneously synchronized, that is, there must

00:03:40

be a dual variable capacitor

00:03:42

if three The circuit filter consists of three

00:03:44

variable capacitors that must be

00:03:46

rebuilt. In principle, it is not difficult

00:03:47

to make a

00:03:48

double or slender

00:03:50

variable capacitor, but it is quite difficult to provide

00:03:52

all the other parameters of this filter over the

00:03:55

entire range, that is,

00:03:57

if we have this filter we will

00:03:59

pass some kind of band at a frequency of

00:04:01

500 kilohertz that when it is rebuilt with

00:04:03

only control capacitors at a

00:04:05

frequency of 1600 kilohertz, the passband of

00:04:08

this filter will change very much, and the

00:04:12

transmission coefficient of this filter will also change significantly;

00:04:14

moreover, the amplifier following the filter,

00:04:17

which will amplify the signal received and

00:04:19

the radio station, it will also be forced to

00:04:21

amplify in one case the signal

00:04:23

of the radio station to those broadcasting at a frequency of 500

00:04:25

kilohertz, and in another case, the signal of the

00:04:26

broadcasting station is not counted and the 1600

00:04:29

congress is different three times and

00:04:31

most likely the gain of this

00:04:33

amplifier will also be different for these

00:04:35

frequencies since the amplification elements

00:04:37

they always have

00:04:38

non-linear amplitude-frequency

00:04:40

characteristics do the amplifier is

00:04:41

quite complex, especially in those days

00:04:43

when

00:04:44

radio engineering was just emerging; receiver circuitry;

00:04:47

receiving

00:04:48

amplification elements; these

00:04:50

were naturally vacuum devices, that is,

00:04:51

radio tubes,

00:04:52

and they were, so to speak, very

00:04:55

frequency-dependent elements;

00:05:00

gain than at a frequency of

00:05:03

1600 kVA Hertz, and if the receiver had to

00:05:05

cover not only medium

00:05:07

waves but also short waves, for example, then even

00:05:08

more so at a frequency of 5 megahertz or three,

00:05:12

this receiver, or rather this amplifier on the

00:05:15

lamp had even less gain, that is, it

00:05:18

turns out that direct

00:05:20

amplification receiver there are several problems that

00:05:22

urs decide to eliminate without changing

00:05:24

the architecture of this receiver, it is almost

00:05:26

impossible or very difficult; moreover,

00:05:28

there is another problem that I did not

00:05:30

tell you, this is actually providing a narrow

00:05:33

bandwidth, that is, if the receiver

00:05:35

must provide bandwidth with a

00:05:38

width of, for example, 10 kilohertz

00:05:40

in the mid-wave range, it is very difficult to achieve

00:05:43

such a narrow bandwidth

00:05:45

using a double-loop filter at the

00:05:47

receiver input, especially at the

00:05:50

upper frequency range, and if this

00:05:52

receiver is also short-wave and

00:05:53

operates at frequencies of 3-5-10 megahertz, then

00:05:56

using a conventional double-loop or 3-

00:05:58

loop filter we rebuild it

00:06:00

naturally, such a narrow band

00:06:01

cannot be achieved at all, so in order to

00:06:04

solve all these problems, a superheterodyne was invented,

00:06:06

how world

00:06:08

radio engineering science came to this

00:06:10

idea, I won’t talk about this topic of a

00:06:12

separate conversation, I’ll talk about how

00:06:14

it works to solve all these

00:06:16

problems, super pour for the sake of

00:06:19

the signal that is not received is transferred along the spectrum to another

00:06:21

frequency, often called

00:06:23

intermediate;

00:06:25

all the main amplification,

00:06:27

filtering or modulation actually takes place on it,

00:06:29

that is, we can say that a

00:06:31

superheterodyne receiver is a receiver

00:06:33

for 1 virgin purity;

00:06:35

direct amplification receiver at one frequency, which is

00:06:38

called intermediate frequency;

00:06:40

everything happens on it the main gain is

00:06:43

filtering, as I already said, and before this

00:06:45

direct amplification receiver, which

00:06:47

operates at one single frequency

00:06:49

without tuning without any, and at this

00:06:51

frequency a filter is made that

00:06:53

provides a narrow passband,

00:06:55

the filter is made with optimal parameters

00:06:57

precisely for this frequency, the

00:06:59

amplifier in this

00:07:01

receiver is never tuned it is also made with optimal

00:07:03

parameters specifically for this frequency and the

00:07:05

frequency never changes, so the

00:07:07

amplifier always works on it. Before

00:07:10

this direct amplification receiver, a

00:07:11

converter is turned on that transfers the

00:07:13

spectrum from any part of the range to this

00:07:16

very frequency to the intermediate frequency,

00:07:19

this is all called a superheterodyne, so what about

00:07:22

reception? there is a transfer of the spectrum from the

00:07:25

frequency that emits the transmissions

00:07:28

that we receive

00:07:29

from the air using a receiving antenna to the

00:07:31

frequency at which the

00:07:33

main filtering amplification takes place, that is,

00:07:35

to intermediate states it happens

00:07:37

precisely with the help of a local generator

00:07:40

built-in generator in the receiver, this

00:07:42

generator is called a local oscillator and that’s it

00:07:45

where tier-1 generates a certain

00:07:47

high-frequency signal which is naturally not

00:07:49

equal to the received frequency of the receiver, and

00:07:51

this high-frequency

00:07:53

generator signal is mixed with the useful

00:07:56

signal that comes from the antenna, the

00:07:57

signal of the radio station that we want to

00:08:00

receive, as a result of mixing these

00:08:03

two signals, a third signal appears

00:08:05

equal to the intermediate frequency, which is

00:08:08

actually already and is amplified further in

00:08:10

this receiver, this is how a

00:08:11

superheterodyne works, it can be super, of course,

00:08:14

where I’m looking for one with two stirrup

00:08:15

transformations,

00:08:16

that is, this whole scheme with transfer of the

00:08:19

amplification and filtering spectrum simply

00:08:21

happens several times, first at one

00:08:23

frequency, brings the spectrum amplified,

00:08:24

filtered, then transferred again to

00:08:27

another with the help of another local oscillator

00:08:28

can be later and on the third the essence does

00:08:31

not change from this, that is, a

00:08:32

superheterodyne receiver and such a

00:08:34

receiver in which the spectrum of the

00:08:37

useful signal from the air is transferred using a

00:08:39

mixer and a local oscillator

00:08:41

to an intermediate frequency, amplification occurs on it,

00:08:45

frequency tuning of such a receiver is already happening

00:08:47

not the restructuring of narrow-band filters

00:08:49

that provide the main filtering

00:08:53

in this receiver, but occurs due to the

00:08:54

frequency tuning of the local oscillator, that

00:08:57

is, the high-frequency generator 1 liter

00:09:00

1 is much easier to tune in frequency

00:09:02

than some complex multi-circuit

00:09:04

filter, especially as we know in

00:09:06

more modern in receivers,

00:09:08

multi-circuit filters are used,

00:09:09

quartz filters mf and a play filter are used, they

00:09:12

cannot be tuned in

00:09:13

frequency at all,

00:09:14

they are tuned to one of their own frequencies,

00:09:17

they have their own bandwidth and you

00:09:19

can’t influence it in any way,

00:09:22

so in order to rebuild the receiver with such a

00:09:24

filter, they rebuild it by frequency a

00:09:26

built-in generator called

00:09:28

a local oscillator, this local oscillator naturally in

00:09:30

modern receivers is already a

00:09:32

frequency synthesizer that has

00:09:35

great stability, but before it was

00:09:37

just a smoothly tuning generator

00:09:39

with a variable capacitor,

00:09:42

which by changing its capacitance changed the

00:09:44

resonant frequency of the circuit in this

00:09:46

generators, the generator

00:09:48

produced a signal of different frequencies, therefore

00:09:51

it turns out that in super heterodyne

00:09:53

receivers, the main filtering

00:09:56

takes place at the intermediate frequency; the

00:09:58

intermediate frequency does not change; it is

00:10:00

fixed; the filter of

00:10:02

this basic filtering itself, the main

00:10:04

selection, works at one frequency, will

00:10:05

provide one bandwidth; the

00:10:08

intermediate frequency amplifier also

00:10:10

always works at the same frequency and

00:10:12

no matter what frequency of

00:10:15

the range working we accept, the

00:10:18

bandwidth of the

00:10:19

receiver does not change; moreover, choosing a

00:10:22

suitable intermediate state that is convenient for us,

00:10:25

but we may not be able to provide the bandwidth we need,

00:10:27

for example, a receiver with a

00:10:29

frequency of 15 megahertz, it is quite difficult to make direct

00:10:32

amplification with a bandwidth of

00:10:34

10 kilohertz, that is, at

00:10:37

15

00:10:38

megahertz frequency, make a filter out of the circuits

00:10:41

that would provide a

00:10:43

passband of 10 kilohertz, the complexity of the

00:10:45

circuits will be a lot of filters, and

00:10:47

setting them up together is

00:10:49

also very difficult, so just to

00:10:51

prevent zeal, this problem is also

00:10:53

solved by transferring the spectrum to the region of the

00:10:56

river, it often happens 455 kilohertz, 465

00:11:00

sometimes 500 kilohertz in general Usually this is

00:11:03

hundreds of kilohertz and at this frequency it is convenient to

00:11:06

provide just amplification and filtering. I

00:11:11

probably couldn’t tell you very briefly about this. Moreover, there are

00:11:14

many other features of the operation of

00:11:15

this superheterodyne receiver, there are

00:11:18

mirror reception channels, there is a reception channel,

00:11:21

parasitic side effects on

00:11:24

local oscillator harmonics, and so on. similar things in

00:11:25

general, a superheterodyne receiver has many different problems,

00:11:27

but

00:11:30

I think this should be talked about separately

00:11:32

for now, my story about the work

00:11:34

soup to love the homeland receiver is finished

00:11:36

thank you for watching this video study

00:11:39

radio engineering circuit design design

00:11:41

listen to the broadcast

00:11:42

watch my video subscribe to the

00:11:44

channel on the VKontakte group facebook

00:11:46

Alexey Igonin was here, bye everyone

Description:

Видео рассказ о том, что такое супергетеродинный приёмник, чем он отличается от приёмника прямого усиления. Видео может быть интересно для людей, начинающих изучать радиотехнику и электронику. Спасибо за просмотры и подписку! Для помощи каналу и благодарностей: ЯндекДеньги: 410017381931812 PayPal: [email protected] Пишите комментарии, подписывайтесь на мой канал, не пропустите новые видеоролики. Группа ВКонтакте: https://vk.com/igoninalexey Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hamradio_from_russia/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/savage19nnn/ Яндекс ZEN: https://dzen.ru/savage19

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