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Russian
00:00:02
all at the mercy of our biological programming00:00:05
our actions perhaps do not determine00:00:08
our future00:00:10
and if the future could change the past00:00:17
is free will just illusory or does it really exist00:00:23
and00:00:27
space time the essence of life00:00:31
the secrets of the cosmos it is found00:00:34
within the holes of glass00:00:38
and00:00:49
according to the ancient Greeks the path00:00:52
of each and traced at his birth in00:00:54
while we do we00:00:56
cannot escape the destiny that the gods have00:00:58
chosen for us free will is00:01:00
an illusion00:01:01
today some scientists00:01:04
prove them right our destinies are00:01:06
really ready determined speaks to us00:01:08
not by the will to be celestial but by00:01:11
the workings of our brain and the laws00:01:13
fundamentals that govern time and00:01:15
space00:01:16
free will do we exist are we00:01:19
not just puppets hanging on00:01:22
invisible strings00:01:27
one day when I was in primary school00:01:30
I got into trouble I went00:01:35
out running out of the classroom00:01:37
and ran straight into a teacher00:01:39
who then introduced me to my first00:01:41
drama teacher in class just00:01:44
like that it was the start of my00:01:47
acting career things could have gone00:01:49
wrong differently or were his00:01:53
grids the answer may be found00:01:58
in the heavens00:02:03
like many athletes00:02:05
dennis schaeffer wants to know what makes00:02:07
his opponents advance00:02:10
psychology researchers at ohio state university00:02:12
they find answers to his00:02:14
questions in fact it studies the00:02:16
hidden forces which control the way00:02:18
we move00:02:19
I started by studying how00:02:21
baseball fielders catch00:02:23
balmont then my interest00:02:25
in visual perception and sport00:02:26
led me to study how people00:02:28
orient themselves in their environment00:02:31
few of us are aware of the00:02:34
underlying mechanisms that guide our00:02:36
behavior we are not aware of00:02:38
most of the means used to00:02:39
catch a pitch a00:02:41
baseball for example the place where I00:02:44
place my flag thrown so I00:02:45
position my glove to catch the00:02:46
ball it is very important00:02:48
to automate as many processes as00:02:50
possible you spend less time00:02:52
he was consciously thinking about trying to00:02:54
remind you what you are supposed to00:02:55
do we like to think that our00:02:58
conscience has the final say on our00:03:00
actions00:03:01
but is it really what decides what00:03:05
you think you are doing corresponds00:03:07
to what you actually do00:03:11
knicks and his students developed00:03:13
an experiment to find out00:03:14
they installed nine cameras to00:03:17
follow the movements of a man, a00:03:19
woman and a dog direct there a little00:03:22
more towards the field where they will run00:03:24
in turn they will try to catch00:03:27
a frisbee00:03:29
to do this all adopt00:03:31
different strategies that of jason00:03:33
rests on speed and that I have the00:03:36
frisbee have seen my game slows down or00:03:38
speeds up by conceding Thursday plans to00:03:41
run parallel to the frisbee I have00:03:43
done to stay under the frisbee during00:03:45
my race to be able to catch it00:03:47
as it begins its descent00:03:52
merlin the dog00:03:54
probably didn't think of a00:03:56
strategy00:03:57
[Music]00:04:00
using the data collected by the00:04:01
cameras dennis reports the movements00:04:03
of the guinea pigs and their targets00:04:04
he chooses a place in00:04:06
the background as a reference point00:04:08
then represents the trajectory of the00:04:10
frisbee as it appears for the00:04:12
three subjects a familiar pattern emerges00:04:14
we have here a view of the frisbee from00:04:17
the perspective of the one who covers00:04:20
seizures we see the frisbee rising in00:04:22
relation to the 'background then they00:04:24
move relatively in a straight line at00:04:26
constant speed until the00:04:29
subject is close enough to00:04:30
catch it00:04:31
we can see it no matter what the00:04:34
three subjects and believe they are doing all00:04:36
follow the same path00:04:39
it' is what dennis observed test to00:04:41
treat is the most surprising in these00:04:44
results is that to catch00:04:45
friezes bed the dogs use the same00:04:47
strategy as the field players to00:04:49
catch the mountain balls this shows00:04:51
that the mechanisms underlying00:04:52
the origin of our behavior is00:04:54
universal it is not specifically00:04:56
linked nor to the species is the target it00:04:58
can be a ball a frisbee or00:04:59
something else when you try to catch an00:05:01
object in mid-flight you believe that it it is00:05:04
you who was in command but below the00:05:06
conscious level your body executes00:05:08
dozens of programs which control or00:05:10
your actions we think we control and00:05:12
consciously our movements00:05:13
but this is not the case00:05:15
we are not master of our actions when00:05:19
we pursue a target we can think we are00:05:21
good at that and in fact if we are bad00:05:23
it is because our consciousness does00:05:25
not coincide with the guy mechanisms00:05:27
in our behavior when we00:05:28
intercept objects in place00:05:33
and00:05:40
imagine having to consciously control00:05:42
all the muscles that are necessary to move close00:05:44
not take a breath00:05:47
eat or digest your brain is00:05:50
capable of accomplishing simultaneously all00:05:52
this age and more without demanding your00:05:55
attention but on all the actions that we00:05:57
think consciously decided to do00:05:59
how many are in reality automatic and00:06:02
predetermined and it is the idea that we00:06:05
control our decisions was only00:06:06
illusory00:06:09
until recently john dill anaïs a00:06:12
neuroscientist based in berlin is00:06:13
said to have refuted this idea00:06:15
then he began to examine00:06:17
people's brains in search of the roots of00:06:20
free will these discoveries have called into question00:06:23
all these considerations about his life00:06:25
simone human beings have the tendencies00:06:27
to be that they are worth and he sees the body00:06:30
and the mind as two independent entities00:06:32
recent brain imaging seems to00:06:34
indicate an objective correlation between00:06:37
what is happening in our island we are00:06:38
in our body00:06:40
today john is going to give00:06:43
dennis a brain mri a series of three00:06:45
random letters will appear on the screen00:06:47
dennis react to these series of letters by00:06:49
pressing a red button with his00:06:51
left hand osama right c It's up to him to decide00:06:53
the reins will show when they00:06:55
decide to press the button and a00:06:57
computer will record the exact moment00:06:59
when he presses you am the only subject00:07:02
realizes attachment to this is what he sees on00:07:03
the screen the sequences to be there for a00:07:06
moment he can decide to press the00:07:08
button on the left or on the right00:07:09
he must tell us that it is treated on00:07:11
the screen when he has done his show there the00:07:16
subject sees the ex scroll by has not not yet00:07:18
made up his mind he has made he must00:07:21
tell us which letter is on the screen when00:07:23
he has made up his mind00:07:26
brain imaging shows one00:07:27
after the other that dennis has decided00:07:29
to press the right or left button00:07:31
approximately a second before he does it00:07:33
but another type of unconscious brain activity00:07:35
appears long before he00:07:38
consciously makes his decision if00:07:41
you see the images there the00:07:43
decision making takes place here in the00:07:45
prefrontal cortex and in this region of the00:07:47
parietal lobe median the formation seems to00:07:49
stay here for a few seconds00:07:51
then it moves into the00:07:53
additional useful motor areas here00:07:56
from there it goes into the motor cortex which00:07:58
directly controls our movements00:08:01
there is therefore a whole sequence of state00:08:03
first the activity to conscious in these00:08:06
zones this is then the00:08:08
conscious activity in denser and other00:08:09
regions00:08:12
dennis is supposed to make a decision at00:08:14
random but it turns out that ten seconds00:08:16
before he decides to press the00:08:18
button his subconscious has already made his00:08:21
choice00:08:23
we thought that when you make a00:08:25
decision you are free to choose between this00:08:27
or that option but if your brain00:08:29
has already activated and started to00:08:30
prepare your choice this suggests that00:08:34
decision making is just an illusion00:08:35
in reality it is your00:08:37
inner cerebral activity at this moment that it has00:08:38
determined we can make decisions00:08:41
but we can only choose what our00:08:44
unconscious has already decided for us that00:08:47
yes so yes we control our00:08:49
decisions but only in one way00:08:51
already ready way determined by the00:08:52
behavior of our server john admits00:08:55
that it is not easy to test00:08:56
important decisions like getting married or00:08:59
buying a house from00:09:01
brain imaging but at least for him the00:09:03
inevitable conclusion drawn from00:09:05
experience and that it is not us who00:09:07
govern by countering a decision we have00:09:11
the impression of being completely free00:09:13
to choose various options having00:09:14
experience shows that this idea is00:09:16
an illusion we are not free to take such or00:09:18
such a decision we are already very00:09:19
programmed by our cerebral activity00:09:21
which is going to happen and already obvious to00:09:23
a certain extent we are running after00:09:25
an illusion is00:09:26
free will only a fantasy00:09:30
according to this neuroscientist it is00:09:32
reductive to not see in us that automatisms00:09:35
if we see further we can00:09:38
find an exit door leading to freedom00:09:45
and00:09:49
and00:09:51
two thousand five hundred years00:09:53
an Indian by the name of Siddharta Gautama00:09:55
pauses the idea of a purchase or not is a00:09:59
notion according to which our brain and00:10:01
our body are only a combination00:10:03
of physical parts that the evening is an00:10:06
illusion which emerges from the functioning of00:10:09
all its parts together00:10:13
another acid art name has been given to that of00:10:15
awakened Buddha his vision of things00:10:18
is remarkably close to that of the00:10:20
neuroscientists and current but gaza00:10:26
ni gar is called the father of00:10:28
cognitive neuroscience00:10:29
after exploring the functioning of the00:10:31
brain for four decades he00:10:34
came to the conclusion that00:10:35
inner care is neither more nor less than the00:10:37
product of electrical impulses00:10:38
passing through the tissue moans nothing00:10:41
more nothing less00:10:43
it is the brain which produces our00:10:45
mental life on that no doubt it00:10:47
comes from this thing not the relationship between00:10:49
mental life and the pit which00:10:51
produced is interactive a metaphor00:10:53
could say understand this and the00:10:55
distinction between00:10:56
computer hardware and software the computer00:10:59
is nothing is useless without software00:11:01
it is the software that makes00:11:02
the computer work and produce00:11:04
this or that function00:11:05
an argument is that the brain is00:11:08
similar the mental and physical layers00:11:10
interact in one way or00:11:11
another to produce these wonders of00:11:14
consciousness and cognition00:11:16
so we are just machines and00:11:19
biological just that's the worst words00:11:22
just machines we are two00:11:25
fabulous but can machines,00:11:29
whether biological or mechanical,00:11:30
control destiny00:11:32
mike because yes we may be00:11:36
full of automatisms but at a00:11:38
higher level of brain functions we00:11:40
are capable of making choices in00:11:42
complete freedom00:11:43
to understand this mike encourages us00:11:46
to observe man as a physicist00:11:47
observes nature as a set of00:11:50
complex systems that emerge from00:11:52
simple systems knowing how00:11:54
one level works does not00:11:56
necessarily help in understanding00:11:58
another the concept of emergence designates the00:12:01
fact that we cannot start from a00:12:03
physical entity like water at one level00:12:05
of organization to explain another00:12:07
level of organization like the formation00:12:09
of waves in the ocean00:12:10
this implies a set of principles00:12:12
of a kind different and it is in00:12:14
no way by understanding water that you00:12:16
will be able to understand the formation and00:12:17
functioning of waves00:12:18
our brain with its multiple levels00:12:21
is not an isolated system in reality it00:12:24
is like a car00:12:25
cars are machines made up00:12:27
of parts each with a very00:12:30
specific function but everything together forms a00:12:33
complete system but cars00:12:35
are not made to be isolated objects00:12:39
[Music]00:12:44
they are supposed to share the road with00:12:46
other vehicles00:12:47
just like our brains are designed to00:12:49
interact with others and for mike00:12:52
it is at this level that free00:12:54
will exists and00:12:56
individual responsibility emerges00:12:57
if you were alone in the world the concept00:13:00
of individual responsibility00:13:01
would not exist what would that00:13:03
mean no one to report to accounts00:13:07
my individual responsibility but00:13:09
interactions that take place conciliar00:13:11
more than one person each time we00:13:14
make a decision our choice has repercussions on00:13:16
the example around us and it then we00:13:19
the words and if we do not respect00:13:20
the rules of society00:13:21
we may not have many00:13:23
options but we are responsible00:13:25
for our actions and no system works00:13:30
these parties must be able to be held00:13:31
responsible for their action we00:13:33
obey a set of rules but00:13:35
we are free to make choice00:13:37
within its limits or arms us to00:13:39
ignore them completely00:13:44
[Music]00:13:45
freedom if the son becomes informed the more he00:13:48
becomes always more intelligent and00:13:50
wiser in order to adapt to the world00:13:52
around us00:13:53
this is how 'we can define00:13:55
freedom but for that we need00:13:58
this beautiful machine mechanism that00:14:00
accomplishes all these pretty00:14:03
cool things but what happens when00:14:06
we go beyond the stage of00:14:08
individual interactions and move to the00:14:10
next level, that of behavior mass00:14:14
science of a new kind reveals00:14:16
that our societies obey rules00:14:18
as predictable as those governing the00:14:21
movement of dishes but extend to00:14:24
use them to guess the future and see00:14:26
if there is any hope of changing it00:14:39
many Christians say god00:14:42
gives us the freedom to choose between00:14:44
good and evil we are all responsible for our00:14:47
actions but in our position we00:14:50
believe that our destiny is determined at00:14:51
birth by god what brand of00:14:54
freedom do we really have society00:14:57
imposes limits on our life by eight00:14:59
times that a new science great00:15:01
power to use equations to00:15:02
accurately predict00:15:04
future behavior the group of people know where00:15:08
all prisoners of destiny00:15:11
alone morlaix and double00:15:14
decathlon champion of new zealand00:15:16
he understands that the mastery of certain00:15:19
fundamentals leads to the desired result00:15:21
job is also a physicist00:15:23
after having worked on00:15:25
nanotechnologies and this lively mind was00:15:27
interested in the problem of the world00:15:29
around it me yes why all these00:15:31
diseases and it is an epidemic which00:15:33
spreads in the shadows it not what did the00:15:34
financial market collapse these00:15:37
conflicts these incomprehensible insurrections these were very big00:15:39
questions that I asked myself a moment when00:15:41
I began to have enough data00:15:42
available it became possible to00:15:45
transpose the techniques used in00:15:46
experimental physics to the world00:15:48
around us to control it physicists00:15:53
describe nature using00:15:55
mathematical language00:15:57
human behavior does not seem to fall within this00:15:59
domain but for sean hill and also can be00:16:01
reduced to predictability mathematics00:16:03
hurdle jumping responds to the whole00:16:06
hence his physique is something00:16:07
very predictable and then but I measure it00:16:09
in the strength with which we00:16:11
can calmly predict when we will finish the race00:16:12
Newtonian physics applying00:16:14
athletics when we study the world00:16:15
of insurrections and financial crashes00:16:17
it's the world of non-00:16:18
linear physics it's chaos it's another00:16:20
kind of physics but it's still physics00:16:22
when we look at birds closely00:16:24
their behavior seems chaotic00:16:27
but when we step back we observe00:16:29
patterns at time the same00:16:31
applies to groups of people00:16:35
watched people move in the00:16:37
crowd without necessarily being00:16:39
aware of it to optimize some00:16:41
basic equations like going from point a to00:16:42
point b the as quickly as possible but00:16:44
avoiding obstacles00:16:45
so they tend to follow the00:16:47
windy person who acts as a bit00:16:48
of a buffer00:16:49
so we begin to see these people formed00:16:51
like little trains which move00:16:53
in their environment00:16:54
these trains only last as long as possible of00:16:56
a few seconds a few minutes00:16:57
before coming undone if you put00:17:01
together these variables reaction speed00:17:04
of the targets and if you add to it a large00:17:06
group of people had started to00:17:08
model it with its three or four00:17:10
variables00:17:11
suddenly the breasts of people00:17:13
stop 'being random' starts to00:17:14
become revised I don't see things00:17:17
here simple social rules make00:17:19
global patterns appear00:17:21
if you can understand the patterns00:17:22
seemingly chaotic events00:17:24
become predictable and you can00:17:26
find ways to change the00:17:28
patterns the more we let's act as a00:17:31
group - we think as00:17:32
an individual we put our brain00:17:35
on autopilot and00:17:36
follow the crowd00:17:37
in fact urban planners have learned to00:17:39
manipulate our collective behavior00:17:40
similar to that of ants00:17:44
for example have you ever wondered00:17:47
why in railway stations or00:17:48
other vast in public law there00:17:50
was in the middle something00:17:51
like a ticket office as strange as it00:17:53
may seem00:17:54
the addition of an obstacle makes it difficult for00:17:56
people to move around00:17:57
the obstacle makes circulation00:17:59
easier it is by the crowd00:18:01
it makes people more aware of00:18:02
what they have to do this couple00:18:04
autopilot to make their way00:18:13
the wars have poisoned humanity00:18:15
throughout its history00:18:16
and if we could see them coming if it00:18:20
was possible to predict the starting point00:18:21
of a conflict could take00:18:22
preventive measures young and his00:18:25
colleagues at the data analysis company00:18:26
quid collect all the00:18:28
available information on00:18:30
conflicts around the world then they00:18:32
look for reasons to start from the apparent chaos00:18:35
they have acquired a certain reputation00:18:37
in the defense sector by00:18:39
monitoring the development of00:18:40
the insurgency in Iraq00:18:41
as to all the actions of00:18:43
tens of thousands of00:18:44
different individuals new in Iraq and the states00:18:46
to the enemy actions created a00:18:48
statistical signature of which none of these individuals00:18:50
is that we discovered a00:18:53
direct mathematical relationship between the number of00:18:56
attacks and their size and a00:19:00
perfectly straight line of all the00:19:01
possibilities that exist and which lists00:19:04
and the same patterns are repeated in00:19:07
other armed conflicts on the planet from00:19:10
Iraq to Colombia via00:19:12
Afghanistan and Indonesia00:19:15
yes what star access to begin to00:19:16
predict with great precision the00:19:18
probable size of an attack at a00:19:19
given period of goof the screen it's00:19:21
almost as if someone had placed00:19:22
each of the dots but of course00:19:24
no one places dots because if it's00:19:26
people trying to kill each other00:19:28
but once the patterns are spotted once00:19:30
that we know what the future holds for us00:19:32
is it possible to change it the future00:19:35
of a different kind00:19:36
the conflict in another direction00:19:39
human beings decision to make00:19:42
choose the groups to target think about00:19:44
whether to attack large00:19:46
organizations to act summit where is the00:19:49
base the discovery of patterns00:19:51
representing the world but we want00:19:53
to find what will show us how00:19:54
it according to our decisions the more00:19:58
data we have and the more we00:20:00
can control our destiny00:20:02
but will one day have enough00:20:05
data throughout of its history getting00:20:07
worse after empire,00:20:08
man discovered how00:20:10
easy it is to alter the course of00:20:12
world affairs. This is perhaps because, as00:20:14
the ancient Greeks suspected,00:20:16
we can change small things00:20:18
in our life but at the end of the day00:20:20
we are all at the mercy of the00:20:22
inevitability of destiny has free will it is00:20:26
not either we sell it from the apa it is00:20:28
yes but yes00:20:30
I exercise my free will m for example00:20:32
on the track I can choose to go up00:20:35
or down the heads I can00:20:37
select which one I will go over00:20:38
but I cannot choose to remove gravity00:20:42
they eat enters into its copy I00:20:44
can choose to some extent00:20:46
how I go act in Iraq but I00:20:49
cannot change the signature of00:20:50
mathematics underlying the way I00:20:52
risk dying it is very hard for us as00:20:54
humans to understand this that we00:20:56
can write next to having the choice and00:20:58
to another not having it attacks00:21:02
the universe from the top like a giant clock of00:21:05
beautiful complexity but completely00:21:07
predictable with enough information we00:21:09
could know everything that was going to00:21:11
happen until the end of time in the00:21:14
20th century our exploration of the00:21:16
subatomic world has reduced to pieces this00:21:19
vision of a predictable universe in the00:21:22
quantum world and nothing is determined00:21:24
when there is no intervention00:21:31
we imagine them or there exists a level00:21:32
below or on a much larger scale00:21:34
smaller than that of the quantum world00:21:36
this level would be as predictable as00:21:38
the universe imagined by Newton would obey00:21:41
laws still elusive for us00:21:44
this is what suspects the Dutch physicist00:21:47
Ehrhart is in football winner of a00:21:49
Nobel Prize for his role in the00:21:51
development of the standard model of00:21:52
particle physics00:21:54
our best description of the00:21:55
quantum world if physics looks a00:21:58
bit like a game of chess we can say that00:22:00
ehrhart is a grand master00:22:02
if you don't know the juice the00:22:04
pieces look to move in a00:22:06
completely unpredictable way the00:22:08
same can be said of a quantum object00:22:11
quantum physics suggests that it is00:22:14
impossible to simultaneously know the00:22:16
position and movement of a particle00:22:18
this is the principle of quantum uncertainty00:22:24
a particle can be on this box00:22:26
here or there but not in between where a00:22:30
particle and the wave is not there very00:22:32
well but there is another aspect of00:22:34
quantum mechanics which is very strange00:22:37
it is the phenomenon of interference the00:22:41
particles can be at this place where00:22:43
here or there but we also say that the00:22:45
particles can be quite different00:22:47
places at the same time we speak of00:22:50
indeterminate position as strange as it00:22:54
may seem the quantum uncertainty00:22:56
has been tested and verified on multiple00:22:58
occasions against and of the00:23:00
quantum mechanics is a superb theory but00:23:02
it is not good enough for my taste00:23:03
because in some lighthouse way00:23:05
it defies ordinary logic to00:23:07
find logic in the quantum world00:23:09
ehrhart probes the00:23:11
mathematical fundamentals of quantum theory by00:23:13
working on a scale beyond00:23:15
comprehension he came to the conclusion that00:23:17
despite the apparent unpredictable nature00:23:19
of quantum particles everything that00:23:21
exists follows a set of00:23:23
strict rules and the universe controls it is00:23:25
indeed our destiny on TV I likes to00:23:28
think that the universe is like a00:23:29
calculating machine or a giant computer00:23:33
you will not be much different from00:23:34
your laptop and the universe00:23:39
calculates extremely quickly and00:23:42
has a truly gigantic memory00:23:45
unlike any object00:23:46
man made head00:23:50
our computers operate00:23:52
using a binary code consisting of 100:23:55
and 2 0 but then where is the 1 and00:23:58
zero in the universe it's all a00:24:00
question of scale00:24:02
with normal eyesight we can for00:24:04
the most part spotting a coin00:24:06
on the ground but according to ehrhart spotting a00:24:09
miniature coin on this00:24:10
miniature sidewalk is almost impossible and he is00:24:13
looking at something00:24:14
exponentially smaller than that00:24:17
several trillion times00:24:19
smaller than an atom it s This is00:24:22
the Planck scale, the smallest scale of measurement00:24:23
in the universe. This00:24:26
fundamental level of existence would contain00:24:28
the elementary beats of information which00:24:30
are at the heart of creation.00:24:32
He calls them the exist at bhl and the00:24:34
transformable these are particles00:24:36
producing only00:24:38
binary answers either yes or no but never00:24:41
perhaps this level exists very far00:24:44
below the quantum world that we00:24:45
observe today on the i's it is on00:24:50
this scale that everything happens that everything00:24:52
becomes to determine the calculations of00:24:56
ehrhart indicates that on the Planck scale00:24:58
the universe is not a chessboard for00:25:01
the pieces move strangely and00:25:03
make great jumps he is outraged a00:25:07
binary world where a square00:25:09
only affects that of on the side imagine in a00:25:13
Helen checkerboard with billions and00:25:15
billions of squares seen from very very far00:25:17
new round can follow in more00:25:19
detail what is happening is would say that00:25:21
it is the coach of experts see00:25:23
things are not determined00:25:25
in my opinion it is for this reason that in00:25:27
quantum mechanics we can no longer00:25:29
say things with00:25:30
infinite precision because we no longer control at all00:25:33
what happens in the smallest00:25:34
details and it is a command would like00:25:37
its highest level deep00:25:39
the universe is perhaps a huge gain00:25:42
and everything that happens in it is the product00:25:44
of its movements but at the level of00:25:46
reality that we perceive we00:25:48
cannot see these basic movements00:25:50
although our actions are at the end of00:25:52
account to determine by the universe we00:25:55
have the impression of making our own00:25:57
choices but according to this physicist the vagueness of00:26:00
quantum mechanics allows the existence00:26:02
of an authentic free will00:26:04
he affirms that the causes and effects00:26:07
are perhaps not what that we think00:26:09
that the future can reach us00:26:11
and affect the present00:26:17
and00:26:22
we00:26:27
the wolf concept of karma maintains that00:26:31
any good or bad act, however00:26:33
insignificant it may be, will ultimately have repercussions00:26:35
on the person that it has accomplished00:26:38
with an impact equals body but karma00:26:40
as the moral law of the cause years00:26:42
of the effect but if it actually worked00:26:45
in reverse here are our00:26:47
future actions and author has not affected our00:26:51
essay00:26:56
this physicist takes a new look at00:26:58
quantum mechanics00:26:59
for him free will is inscribed00:27:02
in the fundamental structure of00:27:04
the universe that anouar tons and professor00:27:10
at the state university of san jose in00:27:12
california since childhood he has been00:27:15
fascinated by the idea that the00:27:17
fundamental laws of nature can00:27:18
explain almost sweet of our00:27:20
daily existence00:27:22
where I was a kid the parents00:27:25
made signs to us and00:27:26
watched them with the film projector it was00:27:29
necessary to tap and found them00:27:31
fooling by leaving the projectors on00:27:32
to laugh because it was funny to00:27:35
see everyone scrolling backwards at full00:27:37
speed and my father was a physicist he00:27:39
told me we remember very well00:27:42
everything you see here it always follows the same00:27:43
laws of physics00:27:44
whatever the direction in00:27:46
which it scrolls and I have always00:27:48
tried to come to terms with this question00:27:49
how things that seem so00:27:51
different can obey the same laws00:27:53
of physics the laws of physics00:27:57
can also predict00:27:59
people's choices are there00:28:01
fundamental rules that mean that when everything00:28:03
sets in motion from a00:28:04
given starting point this can only00:28:06
inevitably lead to one is only one00:28:08
possible outcome00:28:11
this is what einstein thought00:28:13
according to his theory of relativity we00:28:16
live in a block universe in which00:28:18
all places in space and all00:28:20
moments in time are arranged00:28:22
like on a reel of film the past the00:28:26
present and the future00:28:27
coexist simultaneously therefore00:28:30
for ken the future can affect the past00:28:32
just as the past affects the future the00:28:37
future n is not just a series00:28:38
of random events00:28:39
there are correlations between the present00:28:41
and the future that we can predict the00:28:43
role of science00:28:44
when we make its predictions natural to00:28:47
consider the universe as a structure00:28:48
continues to impact image cut out and00:28:51
went everywhere on the ground00:28:56
that she thinks that all events,00:28:58
even quantum ones, have a precise starting point00:29:00
and a precise arrival point but00:29:04
there is uncertainty as to what00:29:06
happens between the 2 on May 8 - to explain00:29:10
this by retro causality the diarra00:29:13
the idea that it is the other future choices00:29:14
which pose this uncertainty retro00:29:18
causality means that the future affects00:29:20
the past the beginning and the end of an00:29:22
event are frozen in time but00:29:25
they affirm that00:29:27
quantum physics creates flexibility in the00:29:29
middle and this flexibility offers us00:29:32
the chance to control our destiny in00:29:35
the Newtonian concession of the universe00:29:36
clock the initial state and the laws of00:29:38
physics determine early there is no00:29:40
freedom because of this initial state m00:29:42
in a universe where time is00:29:43
symmetrical00:29:44
but it is not necessarily doing00:29:46
something depends on the initial state00:29:49
but also on the final state then the00:29:52
events intermediaries are not00:29:53
ready the terms which are not00:29:55
determined by the initial state but in the00:29:57
end these will perhaps be determined00:29:59
ball it has greater room for maneuver00:30:02
for free will and geese in00:30:03
other words the point of arrival of00:30:06
our destiny is perhaps fixed but00:30:09
we do not know exactly how00:30:10
we will reach it00:30:12
the future gives structure and00:30:15
meaning to the past it imposes order on an00:30:17
apparent disorder but it can00:30:20
also be determined by our choices of00:30:24
identical rows of lines - rob linde it00:30:25
contains film the other one is empty it00:30:27
so I don't know yes the film so00:30:28
I choose at random and it turns out that00:30:30
I was born I choose at random and I'm00:30:32
still right if that's a million00:30:34
times and that I find at all then00:30:36
I say to myself that something strange is happening00:30:37
what is the cause and the consequence00:30:40
is the situation of the reel which causes00:30:42
the choice and raises me all the barbers the00:30:45
wii bizet phenomenon of00:30:46
ordinary causality to which we are accustomed00:30:47
there is a microscopic scale we00:30:50
consider the universe with this00:30:51
symmetrical aspect of the pile is much more00:30:53
natural to think that it is my future00:30:54
choice which determines this variable00:30:56
that it passes the position of the film00:30:58
and not the opposite00:31:02
so I don't know what I'm going00:31:03
to decide in a minute n ya yet00:31:05
it's this decision will be made it00:31:07
will be determined00:31:08
it's the perfect example of something that00:31:10
I love which is probably not00:31:12
determined just in the past mutiny and00:31:15
in the world will ultimately determine00:31:20
the debate on are we free roba to00:31:24
choose our destiny has raged00:31:26
for thousands of years but00:31:29
could continue for00:31:30
millennia normal no matter who is right00:31:33
deep down we have the feeling that00:31:35
free will exists doesn't it and if00:31:38
believing we have the choice was essential to00:31:40
the survival of the human species00:31:45
in 1994 a young man named john00:31:48
adams colors the a book of the00:31:50
nobel prize in science00:31:51
francis cake this last cry you are00:31:55
in fact nothing more than the behavior00:31:57
of a vast assemblage of00:31:59
nerve cells and the molecules associated with them00:32:04
the native joe with the colors in question00:32:07
has become neuroscientist00:32:08
today and the professors were coming to00:32:10
the university of california at santa00:32:12
barbara00:32:13
but cake's book continues to00:32:15
disturb him the astonishing beauty of00:32:18
francis crick really captivated me for00:32:19
several reasons firstly he00:32:21
categorically stated that science00:32:23
had completely ruled out the existence of00:32:25
free will i wasn't really convinced that it00:32:27
deserved such a degree of certainty00:32:30
francis crick's ideas have only00:32:32
gained popularity over time00:32:33
so a few years ago00:32:35
johnatan began conducting00:32:37
experiments to see how this message00:32:38
purely deterministic affect00:32:41
people's behavior00:32:43
today's experiment will test the00:32:45
morality of a group of students but00:32:47
first they will be exposed to messages00:32:48
about the nature of fate and free00:32:50
will at the end of the experiment and00:32:53
will fill out a short questionnaire in00:32:55
exchange for a one dollar coin which they00:32:57
will take from this jar00:32:59
some of the students read00:33:01
statements supposed to give rise to00:33:03
the feeling in them that they are the toys of00:33:05
biology and destiny others read00:33:11
statements reinforcing their00:33:13
belief in the existence of free will00:33:19
then all00:33:21
participants are given a cognitive test00:33:23
but before he gives it back johnattan00:33:26
claims to have to leave it's I'm in00:33:29
quarters you're going to have to correct the test00:33:31
yourself here are the answers made the00:33:33
roof in dollars for each00:33:34
correct answer the messages rather by the00:33:40
students will it affect their00:33:41
behavior00:33:45
most of the students only found one00:33:46
or two correct answers some00:33:49
are paid in consequence but others00:33:54
take more than their god00:33:58
the students having read that free00:33:59
will does not exist we00:34:00
systematically take more coins than00:34:02
those who have not read this message00:34:10
you tell people that free will00:34:12
does not exist in to some extent00:34:14
it undermines their ability to act00:34:16
orally according to john attah 3 having00:34:20
only pawns on a cosmic chessboard00:34:22
gives people an excuse to act badly00:34:24
it's not my fault i don't have00:34:27
free free will00:34:28
another possibility is that it00:34:31
somehow destabilizes them00:34:32
normally they exercise free00:34:34
will but when you tell them00:34:36
it doesn't exist00:34:37
they don't have the energy to resist the00:34:39
temptation to cheat like any00:34:43
thinking person john hutton has his00:34:45
own ideas on free will00:34:47
he understands that we are modeled by00:34:49
genetics, society and the00:34:51
deep functioning of the universe00:34:52
but for him this does not exclude00:34:55
the existence of deliberate choice from my00:34:57
point of view free will is00:34:59
a lot like sailing00:35:00
when you're doing the beater you're00:35:01
tossed around by the currents the weather the00:35:03
wind but even though you can't00:35:04
necessarily control your position at00:35:06
all times if you make00:35:07
your tack correctly you end up roughly00:35:10
where he wanted to go c This is Johnatan's theory but neither he00:35:14
nor anyone else can agree with it00:35:16
much more is known about the nature00:35:18
of human consciousness and00:35:19
physical reality etc00:35:21
given everything we don't know00:35:23
that he we must be very careful before00:35:25
completely ruling out the existence of00:35:27
something as fundamental as free00:35:28
will00:35:29
it is good to keep this option00:35:30
open to leave people the00:35:31
possibility of believing in it because00:35:33
free will or at least the belief in00:35:35
its existence seems to bring them00:35:37
a lot00:35:43
whether or not the universe controls our00:35:45
destiny is men will00:35:48
always wonder why such a thing00:35:50
happens it will always seek to00:35:53
change our fate the corollary this even00:35:54
if it is determined we do not know it00:35:57
and we will probably never know it,00:35:58
but every day brings us a00:36:01
new chance to discover it and create00:36:03
new opportunities to take00:36:06
illusory or not control over our destiny.Description:
Et si tout ce qui s'est produit ou se produira était prédéterminé, quels sont les arguments pour ou contre l'existence du libre arbitre ?
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