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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:32
In February of 1917,
a coup took place in Russia.00:00:38
The power was overtaken
by the Temporary Government;00:00:41
however, the upheavals in the state
didn't stop there.00:00:44
In July of the same year, the Bolsheviks
made another attempt to take control.00:00:49
After the failure of their revolt,00:00:50
the military headed
by General Kornilov rebelled.00:00:54
After Kornilov's mutiny
had been suppressed as well,00:00:57
the Temporary Government
lost its support in the army00:01:01
and couldn't resist the Bolsheviks
who were gaining more and more influence.00:01:07
The Russian revolutionary Boris Yakovenko
wrote about those days:00:01:12
"The main evidence of complete helplessness
of the coalitional government00:01:16
was the general state of the country
in all the spheres of the life:00:01:21
economic, administrative and military.00:01:25
That state could be adequately
and exactly expressed in the scary words00:01:30
“destruction' and 'anarchy”."00:02:03
Autumn of 1917 was early.00:02:06
The cold rain was washing away
the last episodes of the past life.00:02:12
Meetings were held in the streets.
Red banners waved.00:02:16
The Communist anthem "International"
sounded everywhere;00:02:18
it scared peaceful civilians
tired of the revolutionary disorders.00:02:23
The future looked grim.00:02:26
The people who were interested in nothing
but the politics just recently00:02:29
were now sick and tired of it.00:02:32
The inflation was clearing
the commoners' pockets.00:02:35
In September, the government
started to issue the new money00:02:39
which people nicknamed "the Kerenki"
after Kerenskiy.00:02:41
First, 40 notes were printed
on a big piece of paper.00:02:45
First people cut the necessary amount
of the Kerenkis with scissors;00:02:48
later, they paid
with the entire big piece of paper;00:02:51
and later still, even a pile of papers
wasn't enough to pay for anything.00:02:54
Because those notes were so easy to print,
people started counterfeiting them.00:02:59
With piles of the Kerenkis in their hands,
people gathered by the shops.00:03:04
Endless queues snaked along the streets.00:03:07
A few months ago, such "tails"
by the groceries became one of the reasons00:03:12
of the revolts in the Russian capital.00:03:14
Those revolts led to the February Revolution00:03:17
and the downfall
of the centuries-old Russian monarchy.00:03:20
Now the queues were a usual part
of the daily Petrograd life.00:03:25
However, more and more often
people waited in queues in vain.00:03:29
There were no goods,
there was lack of bread.00:03:32
Even the ration cards didn't help.00:03:35
The ghost of hunger appeared at the horizon.00:03:38
Well? Open.00:03:39
In those dark days, only criminals
had a free and happy life.00:03:44
The country was engulfed by crimes.00:03:47
There was nobody to fight them,00:03:49
and the recent hopes
for the revolutionary upbringing00:03:51
of the criminals didn’t come true. 00:03:55
Hey, owner! Do you have something
to swear with butter? Like bread?00:04:00
What is going on? They only have soap again!00:04:03
Helplessness of the law-enforcement
officials – the people's police –00:04:07
led to lynching and bloody carnages.00:04:10
The commoners were defending themselves
the best they could,00:04:12
and often killed the caught criminals
on the spot.00:04:20
Wine pogroms became another type
of widespread thefts and burglaries.00:04:23
After the beginning of the World War,00:04:24
the prohibition was introduced in Russia.00:04:27
The Temporary Government
prolonged its action.00:04:29
However, the masses swept off all obstacles
on the way to the spirits00:04:33
with great revolutionary enthusiasm.00:04:36
In summer of 1917, the wine stores
both in the capital and in the provinces00:04:41
were ransacked.
The soldiers were the most active thieves.00:04:44
The people's police
usually did nothing about that.00:04:47
It didn't have the forces at its disposal
to contain the crowds.00:04:50
The head of the government had to interfere.00:04:52
Kerenskiy addressed the thieves
with a passionate appeal:00:04:56
"Representatives of the irresponsible groups
and dark forces of Russia00:05:00
are making people get drunk
to destroy the state,00:05:04
lead it to the anarchy,
restore the old order.00:05:08
I demand to catch the guilty
and hand them over to the court.00:05:12
The freedom is in danger,
and it's our duty to protect it."00:05:17
However, nobody was scared
of the head of the government.00:05:21
Out of a yesterday's hero and idol he was
gradually turning into a hated jocker.00:05:26
Mocking poems spread about the country.00:05:28
-May I be free?
-Yes, thanks.00:05:31
"He is ruling the confused Russia
with his clean-shaved face.00:05:36
He isn't the God's representative
but a former advocate."00:05:46
Those who saw Kerenskiy
during those days noticed00:05:48
that the Minister
and the head of the government00:05:49
looked unwell and depressed.00:05:53
His face coarsened
and his eyes were dull and sunk.00:05:57
Just three months ago,
it was an energetic, active00:06:00
and even a bit feverish person.00:06:03
The burden of power turned out to be
too much for Alexander Fedorovitch.00:06:08
However,
he had no intention of letting it go.00:06:18
After the military headed
by General Kornilov attempted to overthrow00:06:22
the power and failed,
Russia was left without the government.00:06:28
All the ministers resigned and Kerenskiy
was the only person who stayed.00:06:33
He started to form a new ruling coalition,
but it was difficult to do00:06:39
as the Petrograd Council
was constantly against its new members.00:06:43
In a result of that, a new temporary
higher authority was formed in the country –00:06:49
the Directory. The name came
from the times of the French Revolution.00:06:53
The Directory officially proclaimed Russia
to be a republic00:06:57
and legalized the liquidation of the police.00:07:00
Five people became
the members of the Directory –00:07:02
the Minister for Foreign Affairs
Mikhail Tereschenko,00:07:05
Minister of Post and Telegraph
Alexei Nikitin,00:07:09
Military Minister Alexander Verkhovskiy,00:07:11
Naval Minister Dmitry Verderevskiy00:07:14
and Kerenskiy himself.00:07:16
The appointments
of Verkhovskiy and Verderevskiy00:07:19
were a serious concession
to the left forces.00:07:24
General Major Verkhovskiy
was an active participant00:07:26
of the struggle against Kornilov, thanks
to what he became Kerenskiy's favorite.00:07:35
Counter-Admiral Verderevskiy refused
to fight against the Bolsheviks00:07:39
in July and was imprisoned.
It worked for his benefit;00:07:43
after his release,
he became the Naval Minister.00:07:47
Kerenskiy gave people who used to be
revolutionary officers00:07:52
posts of military ministers on purpose.00:07:53
However, his calculations didn't live up
to his expectations.00:07:55
The division of posts and chairs
couldn't solve anything anymore.00:08:00
The failure of Kornilov's advance
not only provided for Kerenskiy’s victory00:08:05
but also brought the Bolsheviks
into the spotlight.00:08:11
The liberal and revolutionary forces
and groups were afraid00:08:14
of the possible dictatorship
of Kornilov's generals00:08:16
realizing that after coming to power
the military would dismiss00:08:19
both the Temporary Government
and its political opponents.00:08:22
To the liberals, Kornilov seemed
to be scarier than the Bolsheviks.00:08:26
In that situation, according
to Lenin's words, Kerenskiy looked like00:08:30
"Kornilov's supporter
who fell out with Kornilov00:08:33
but still keeps a very intimate union
with other Kornilov's supporters."00:08:38
The Councils and the Bolsheviks
looked like the saviors00:08:40
of the ideas of the February Revolution,00:08:42
and the Temporary Government
was accused of the conspiracy00:08:44
with the counter-revolutionary forces.
In that way,00:08:47
the struggle against Kornilov
literally resurrected the Bolsheviks' party.00:08:52
The July mutiny
of the Bolsheviks was forgotten.00:08:55
Meanwhile, the struggle
with the generals allowed the Bolsheviks00:08:58
to form their own armed detachments –
the Red Guards.00:09:04
The Red Guards were the voluntary formations00:09:07
established by the territorial organizations
of the Bolsheviks' party.00:09:12
In spring of 1917, the working detachments
were first formed in Petrograd,00:09:16
Moscow and other cities of Russia.00:09:21
After the July events, they were disbanded.00:09:24
The resurrection of the Red Guards
took place during Kornilov's mutiny.00:09:29
By the end of September,
detachments of the Red Guards00:09:31
had been formed in 104 settlements.00:09:35
They amounted to 250,000 people.00:09:40
In Petrograd alone,
the workers had over 40,000 rifles.00:09:44
The disarmament of those detachments00:09:46
after the suppression of Kornilov's mutiny
was out of the question –00:09:50
the Temporary Government
simply didn't have the forces to do that.00:09:59
Lenin's agenda on gaining the influence
in the Councils bore its fruits.00:10:04
Despite the order to arrest
the leaders of the Bolsheviks' party,00:10:07
the influence of the Bolsheviks
in the Petrograd Council became decisive.00:10:11
It influenced the decisions
of the Council immediately.00:10:14
At night of September 1,
the deputies voted for the resolution00:10:18
put forward by the Bolsheviks
for the very first time.00:10:21
It included a direct appeal
to the establishment of the new power –00:10:25
the authority of the revolutionary
proletariat and peasantry.00:10:29
The common members of the fractions
supported the Bolsheviks' revolution.00:10:36
The management of the Council
included the members00:10:38
of the socialist revolutionaries
and Mensheviks –00:10:40
Nicolay Tchkheidze, Abram Gotz, Fedor Dan,
Irakliy Tsereteli and Viktor Chernov.00:10:47
They tried to resist the majority of
the Bolsheviks in the Council but in vain.00:10:50
In a result of that,
all the chairmen resigned.00:10:55
Just a few months ago, such a step
would frighten the ordinary deputies00:10:59
and make them compromise.00:11:02
However, now they voted for the resignation
of the top members of the Council.00:11:05
In a few days, Bolshevik Lev Trotskiy
who had been released00:11:09
from the "Kresty" prison
became its chairman.00:11:19
Lenin was still hiding in Finland.00:11:22
It remained a part of the Russian State,00:11:25
but the police couldn't arrest Lenin there.00:11:28
The Finnish Social Democrats
as well as officials00:11:31
dreaming about the independence of Finland
were actively assisting him.00:11:35
At some point, Lenin was hiding in the house
of the head of police of Helsingfors.00:11:42
In his letters, Lenin kept urging
his comrades to start an armed revolt.00:11:51
"Move the loyal regiments
to the most important points…00:11:55
take over the Fortress of Peter and Paul,00:11:57
arrest the General Headquarters
and the Government."00:12:07
Alexander Fedorovitch?00:12:24
However, not all leaders
of the Bolsheviks supported Lenin.00:12:29
The memory about the failed July mutiny
was still fresh.00:12:35
The Bolsheviks' advantage in the Council00:12:37
was a serious cause of worry
for the Directory.00:12:42
The newspapers spread the rumour
that the authorities were moving to Moscow,00:12:46
as far from the Petrograd's Bolsheviks
as possible.00:12:50
However, the Moscow Council also
fell under the control of Lenin's people,00:12:54
so Kerenskiy had no place to run.00:13:08
On September 14,
the All-Russian Democratic Consultations00:13:12
started in Petrograd. On opening it,00:13:16
the chairman
of All-Russian Central Executive Committee00:13:19
Nicolay Tchkheidze claimed: "Instead
of a leap into the kingdom of freedom00:13:26
we made a leap into the kingdom of anarchy."00:13:28
These words were confirmed almost at once.00:13:31
The speech of Kerenskiy –
the first person of the state –00:13:34
was disrupted by shouts and insults.00:13:38
The Bolsheviks were the hosts
of the situation in that hall.00:13:41
The majority of the participants
Of the meeting felt 00:13:45
that they just lost time in vain.00:13:54
From the book of Boris Yakovenko
"History of the Great Russian Revolution":00:14:06
"The result of that Democratic Meeting
was evidently tragic00:14:11
for it demonstrated with full clarity
that both the democracy00:14:14
and the revolution
were at the complete deadlock."00:14:23
The so-called democracy and government
was at a deadlock too.00:14:27
Nobody trusted either the Directory
or the remains of the Temporary Government.00:14:32
Their politicians
were neither decisive nor respected.00:14:36
The majority of people
felt irritation at the Councils00:14:38
because of their illegality,
aggressiveness and irresponsibility.00:14:43
The Bolsheviks kept criticizing
any attempt to establish legality and order.00:14:52
One of the decisions
of the Democratic Consultation00:14:54
was the establishment
of some sort of a parliament.00:14:58
It was officially called
the Temporary Council of Russian Republic00:15:02
but it was more often called
the "Pre-Parliament".00:15:06
The Bolsheviks got only 58 places
in the Pre-Parliament out of 555.00:15:12
At Lenin's recommendation,
they were sabotaging its work.00:15:16
Kerenskiy's only achievement
was the formation of the new government.00:15:21
The socialist revolutionaries
and the Mensheviks finally agreed00:15:23
to the coalition with the cadets' party.00:15:27
The Directory ceased its existence;00:15:29
its members joined
the new Temporary Government.00:15:33
The Bolsheviks didn't take part
in the government's work.00:15:46
The forming of the government
became Kerenskiy's last success.00:15:50
The Prime-Minister
had long been looking like a man00:15:54
on the verge of tiredness and depression.00:15:57
People talked behind his back
he was taking stimulants and even drugs.00:16:02
The country was sliding into the abyss,00:16:04
but Kerenskiy could only help the situation00:16:07
by delivering speeches
that nobody wanted to listen to.00:16:11
You're the Minister of Industry.
Make the machines!00:16:14
People were now listening to Trotskiy,00:16:17
an influential Bolshevik
who was almost as popular as Lenin.00:16:21
Do what you must,
and Russia will get its freedom!00:16:24
The new government
demonstrated complete helplessness.00:16:32
The first body to attack it
was the All-Russian Executive Committee00:16:35
of the Railways’ Professional Union.00:16:40
The Union arranged an all-Russian strike
demanding the raise of the wages00:16:45
for the railways’ workers
and the shortening of the working day.00:16:49
The strike threatened to paralyze
the economic life of the state,00:16:53
and the authorities had to surrender.00:16:56
The government suffered its next defeat
at the Don.00:16:59
Ataman Alexei Kaledin
headed the Don Kazak troops there.00:17:04
He was an active supporter of Kornilov00:17:06
and demanded the restoration
of the order in the country.00:17:09
In spring of 1917, the Temporary Government
dismissed the General00:17:14
from the commandment of the 8th army.00:17:16
The disgraced war leader left for the Don00:17:19
where he was elected the ataman
of the Don Kazak Troop.00:17:23
After Kornilov's advance,
an order to arrest Kaledin was issued.00:17:27
However, the government of the Don district
refused to execute that order,00:17:30
and the Petrograd government had no choice00:17:33
but to claim
that it was a sheer misunderstanding.00:17:36
Kaledin remained at his post
and ruled the Don province as he liked.00:17:42
At the same time, the Finnish Seim
adopted a law on the autonomy of Finland.00:17:47
The Temporary Government rejected that law
and dismissed the Seim.00:17:51
The General Governor even ordered
to seal the building of the Seim.00:17:56
However, the Finnish deputies
tore off the seals, held a session00:17:59
and adopted laws which were out of favour
with the Russian authorities.00:18:03
In Ukraine, the Central Rada was in control.00:18:07
It demanded the right
to independently appoint the commanders00:18:10
of all the military units
on the territory of Ukraine00:18:14
as well as
of all the regiments and divisions00:18:16
that declared themselves to be Ukrainian.00:18:18
The Temporary Government
couldn't agree to that.00:18:22
It summoned the heads of the Rada
for personal explanations.00:18:25
However, they refused to go to Petrograd.00:18:27
They adopted a couple of resolutions
and prohibited anybody00:18:31
to execute instructions of any officials00:18:34
appointed without the consent
of the Central Rada.00:18:41
To strengthen its positions,
the Rada organized00:18:44
the so-called Convention
of the Enslaved Nations of Russia in Kiev.00:18:48
It included representatives
of Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Belarusians,00:18:53
Georgians, Baltic peoples,
Moldavians, Kazaks, Buryats and Turks.00:18:59
It was unclear how those people
were chosen to represent their nations00:19:03
but the Convention approved00:19:04
the transformation of Russia
into a federation.00:19:08
It also formed a Council of Nations in Kiev.00:19:12
The new Temporary Government
in Petrograd watched the chaos00:19:16
that engulfed the entire country,
protested, expressed outrage00:19:20
but could do nothing.00:19:25
The situation in the army was even worse.00:19:28
After Kornilov's advance,
a wave of carnages against the officers00:19:32
hit all the fronts again.00:19:43
From the book of Boris Yakovenko
"History of the Great Russian Revolution":00:19:50
"The echo of the anti-governmental action
of General Kornilov00:19:54
was a wilful execution of four naval
officers of the battleship “Petropavlovsk”.00:20:00
That execution was, alas,
the first swallow of the future beatings00:20:06
and repressions carried out
by the soldiers against the officers."00:20:18
Deserting became massive.00:20:20
The soldiers were running from the fronts
en masse, taking their weapons with them.00:20:25
To get home faster,
they were seizing railway trains.00:20:29
Those who stayed at the front lines
kept refusing to fight.00:20:33
The entire divisions
were passing resolutions00:20:35
stating that they would only stay
at the front until November 1,00:20:38
and leave home afterwards.00:20:42
Under such circumstances,
the German troops started an operation00:20:45
under the code name "Albion" aimed
at the capture of the Moonsund archipelago00:20:50
and the strait of the same name.00:20:52
That island had a strategic importance
for the attack at Petrograd.00:20:57
First the army and the fleet
resisted the enemy as well as they could.00:21:01
They destroyed some enemy forces
with the naval mines –00:21:04
the Germans lost nine ships,
plus, some were damaged.00:21:09
The Russian ironclad "Slava"
was fighting until the end00:21:12
when it was drowned by the enemy.00:21:15
A few other ships went into the battle too.00:21:17
Six seamen with a machine gun
were defending the tactically important dam00:21:21
on the island of Moonsund Mukhu).00:21:23
A battery on the Tserel Cape
was shooting at the advancing enemy.00:21:27
However, when the enemy approached,
the team of the battery00:21:30
simply escaped leaving
their wounded commander behind.00:21:33
The course of the battle could be changed00:21:35
by the new battleships from Helsingfors.00:21:38
However,
their crews decided to stay in the port00:21:41
and supported their dying comrades
with nothing more than meetings.00:21:46
The Germans seized the Moonsund archipelago.00:21:49
It cost them nine drowned ships.00:21:52
The Russian fleet lost two ships.00:21:55
The Germans lost 381 people.00:21:58
The Russians didn't lose many people00:22:01
but over 20,000 people surrendered
and were taken prisoners.00:22:05
The Germans even didn't disarm some of them.00:22:08
The soldiers of the revolutionary army
were in such a hurry to surrender00:22:11
that the enemy wasn't afraid
of their possible escape.00:22:14
The country that was one step away
from a victory in the war00:22:19
just six months ago was now
on the verge of a complete collapse.00:22:24
The front was in agony.00:22:25
Just recently, the liberals
were accusing the Tsar's ministers00:22:28
of preparing a peace treaty with Germany.00:22:30
Now, the Military Minister Verkhovskiy
was openly talking00:22:33
about the need to conclude peace.00:22:35
The delegates from the army echoed him.00:22:38
Everybody demanded peace at any expense.00:22:49
This war is the war of the people
and not of the governments.00:22:56
The Russian people know of the feelings
these great sacrifices brought.00:23:05
The Tsar's regime left the country
in a state of disorganization.00:23:13
It would be better if our allies00:23:16
expressed as little respect
to the Tsarist government as possible,00:23:24
and call him to account for his sins.00:23:30
However, the allies of Russia didn't want
peace with Germany and Austro-Hungary.00:23:34
They wanted a victory.00:23:36
They needed to keep
the Eastern front at any cost.00:23:40
London and Paris were pressing
on the Temporary Government.00:23:44
The government had to listen to its allies00:23:48
and refused to raise the issue
of the peaceful negotiations.00:23:51
The Bolsheviks, on the contrary,
promised peace here and now.00:23:56
For that, they needed just a bit –
take the power into their hands.00:24:06
At the beginning of October,
Lenin returned to Petrograd.00:24:10
He came secretly, in a wig and make-up.00:24:13
He settled at a secret address.00:24:16
The leader of the Bolsheviks
could still be arrested for the July revolt.00:24:19
Lenin's personal bodyguard Eino Rahja
accompanied him.00:24:28
Rahja Eino Abramovitch,
a Finnish revolutionary and Communist;00:24:32
worked as a metalworker at the railways;00:24:35
used to smuggling illegal literature
and arms into Russia.00:24:39
In 1917, he became
Lenin's personal bodyguard.00:24:43
Served at the top positions
in the Red Guards.00:24:46
One phrase told to Fedor Shalyapin
made his famous:00:24:51
"We shall cut talented people00:24:54
for no one shall have any advantage
over other people.00:24:59
A talent is a violation of the equality."00:25:01
He died of tuberculosis and alcoholism.00:25:04
Two of his brothers, also Communists,00:25:06
went into smuggling after the revolution00:25:09
and were delivering luxury items and food
from Finland to Russia.00:25:16
On October 10, the Central Committee
of the Bolsheviks' party00:25:19
gathered at a secret address.
After passionate debates,00:25:24
the Central Committee
supported Lenin's plan of a revolt.00:25:27
The decision wasn't an easy one to take.00:25:29
Lenin was pressing on his comrades.00:25:32
"The majority is for us now.00:25:34
Politically, the situation is ripe
for the transfer of the power."00:25:38
The power was indeed lying under the feet,00:25:41
and anybody who had enough of strength
and decisiveness could take it.00:25:46
Vladimir Ilyitch,
there will be too many victims.00:25:48
Too many indeed! This is the army!00:25:50
Hasn't there been many victims before?
I suggest voting.00:25:55
Who is for?00:25:59
Ten members of the Central Committee
voted for the revolt.00:26:03
Kamenev and Zinovyev voted against it.00:26:22
There was one problem.00:26:24
The Bolsheviks could carry out
an armed revolt00:26:27
only with the help
of the workers and soldiers00:26:29
who supported the Petrograd Committee.00:26:32
In other words, it looked like
the Council was organizing the revolt.00:26:37
However, should the revolt fail,
then all the Bolshevik majority00:26:40
at the Council would be arrested.00:26:43
To protect the top management
of the party in case of a failure,00:26:47
a new body was formed at the Council00:26:50
that was called
the Military Revolutionary Committee.00:26:54
Formally, it was formed
for the alleged defence of Petrograd00:26:57
in case if the German attack.
It was headed by a representative00:27:02
of the left socialist revolutionaries
Pavel Lazimir.00:27:05
In reality, its task was to organize
the revolt and it was fully controlled00:27:11
by the chairman
of the Council Bolshevik Lev Trotskiy.00:27:15
Should the revolt fail,00:27:16
only the leaders of the socialist
revolutionaries would be arrested.00:27:20
Soon representatives of the Military
and Revolutionary Committee00:27:24
visited all the units
of the Petrograd garrison.00:27:26
The Bolsheviks became
more and more numerous.00:27:28
In February of 1917,
the party amounted to 24,000 members,00:27:34
in April – to 80,000,00:27:36
in August - 240,000,00:27:38
in October – 400,000.00:27:41
The Council became Bolshevik too.00:27:43
The Petrograd Council
was headed by Bolshevik Trotskiy00:27:47
and the Moscow Council
was headed by Bolshevik Nogin.00:27:52
"Alarming rumours spread about the city00:27:55
that an armed revolt of the Bolsheviks
was under way.00:27:59
Groups of armed Red Guards
appeared in the streets;00:28:02
sometimes they were riding armoured cars00:28:06
with threatening posters saying
something like "Death to Kerenskiy!"00:28:12
However, the Temporary Government
was making one mistake after another,00:28:16
as if it didn't understand
what was going on.00:28:18
Kerenskiy ordered to send 200,000-strong
garrison of the capital to the front.00:28:24
The commanders described the mood
of the garrison in the following way:00:28:28
"A small part of it is closely tied
to the Bolshevik Council and is very active.00:28:33
The mood of the other part
one may call passive, even apathic…"00:28:39
However, when the soldiers found out
that they would be sent to the trenches,00:28:44
they claimed that they had
to be fully equipped and armed.00:28:46
The demand seemed sound,
and the Military Ministry satisfied it.00:28:51
Even the units
which were disarmed in July as unreliable00:28:56
got rifles and machine guns.
The Red Guards received weapons as well.00:29:01
However,
the garrison didn't leave for the front.00:29:03
But the Bolsheviks gained a well-armed
support for their upcoming revolt.00:29:18
"The majority of the garrison
is geared up against the government00:29:22
and is ready to act at the first signal
of the Petrograd Council,00:29:26
and actively resists the dispatching
of the Petrograd troops to the front."00:29:41
Meanwhile, the struggle
for the organization of the armed revolt00:29:45
was still raging within Lenin's party
and was sometimes taking funny turns.00:29:50
After the end of the secret meeting
of the Central Committee,00:29:53
one of the closest comrades of Lenin
Lev Kamenev published an article00:29:59
in the newspaper
in which he spoke against the armed revolt.00:30:03
One member of the Central Committee
Grigoriy Zinovyev supported him.00:30:11
When Lenin found out about
the publication, he flew into a fit of rage00:30:14
and demanded
to expel Kamenev from the party.00:30:17
However, soon the comrades-in-arms made up…00:30:24
A famous writer Maksim Gorkiy
was against Lenin's plan too.00:30:30
He had been supporting the Bolsheviks
for a long time00:30:32
and became a member of their party in 1905.00:30:36
Gorkiy welcomed the February Revolution.00:30:39
But he disapproved of the plans
of the armed revolt –00:30:43
he was afraid of new blood and chaos.00:30:46
Gorkiy spoke against the revolt
openly and directly.00:30:50
In a newspaper "Novaya Zhizn" ("New Life")
the writer published an article00:30:52
"We Can't Keep Silence"
in which he appealed to the Bolsheviks00:30:56
to denounce their plans.00:31:01
Now the entire Petrograd knew
about the Bolsheviks' secret plans.00:31:06
Trotskiy was forced to publicly lie 00:31:08
that they weren't preparing for a revolt.00:31:10
Few believed his words,
but the Temporary Government acted passively00:31:15
even in that decisive moment.00:31:17
We are not planning any armed disturbances…00:31:20
Kerenskiy
plunged into a complete depression.00:31:23
He publicly acknowledged:
"I'm a doomed person.00:31:27
I don't care for anything now
and I dare say,00:31:30
this provocation that is being organized00:31:33
by the Bolsheviks in the city
is unbelievable."00:31:43
Meanwhile the situation exacerbated.00:31:47
The commandment of the Petrograd district
reported to the government00:31:50
that the troops weren't reliable.00:31:52
The Military Minister Verkhovskiy
tried to resign.00:31:56
He didn't believe in his ability
to successfully resist the Bolsheviks.00:32:00
The government didn't fire
the Minister but gave him a vacation –00:32:04
to restore his health. On October 21,00:32:07
four days before the revolt
of the Bolsheviks,00:32:10
the Military Minister left for Valaam.00:32:13
The government went on making mistakes
pushing away those people00:32:18
who could support it at a critical moment.00:32:23
The next day, on October 22,
the Kazaks organized a cross procession00:32:28
in honour of the holiday
of the Kazan Mother of God.00:32:31
The Kazaks were considered to be
the supporters of the counter-revolution,00:32:35
and so, the cross procession could
seriously hinder the Bolsheviks' plans.00:32:38
It coincided with another holiday –
the day of the Petrograd Council,00:32:43
in honour of which
a demonstration was planned.00:32:47
The Council put forward an ultimatum -
to cancel the cross procession.00:32:51
The government satisfied their request.00:32:54
Lenin was excited. He wrote:00:32:57
"The cancellation of the Kazaks'
demonstration is a giant victory of ours."00:33:01
The chief of the Bolsheviks
was still in Petrograd illegally.00:33:05
At night from October 23 to 24 of 1917,00:33:10
the Minister of Justice of
the Temporary Government Pavel Malyantovitch00:33:14
issued an order to arrest Lenin.00:33:16
However, it didn't interfere
with the Bolsheviks' plans.00:33:19
Moreover, the Minister of Justice
Malyantovitch was a Menshevik00:33:23
but had close ties with the Bolsheviks
and even warned Lenin personally00:33:28
about the arrest that was being prepared.00:33:30
Under those circumstances,
the effectiveness of actions00:33:33
of the Temporary Government
was close to nil.00:33:44
Trotskiy who was preparing
for the revolt was rushing about Petrograd.00:33:52
He visited the caserns,
the plants, the Smolniy, the meetings,00:33:55
and spoke clearly and directly.00:33:59
“You have two fur coats, capitalist.00:34:02
Give one to a soldier
who is cold in the trenches.00:34:06
Do you have warm boots?
A worker needs your boots.00:34:14
Stay at home…”00:34:23
Those appeals found an eager audience.00:34:25
Soldiers, seamen and workers
were ready to follow Trotskiy anywhere.00:34:39
On October 24, at 5:30 a.m.00:34:43
a commissar of the Temporary Government
accompanied by a detachment of cadets00:34:47
came to the printing house
were the Bolshevik newspapers00:34:50
"Rabochiy Put" ("the Workers' Way")
and "Soldat" ("Soldier") were printed.00:34:52
At his order,
the door of the typography was sealed00:34:54
and the guards were placed
around the building.00:34:57
However, it was too late
to stop the Bolshevik agitation.00:35:01
Work was in progress in the building of
the former Smolniy Institute for Noble Girls00:35:05
that became the Headquarters00:35:08
of the Military and Revolutionary Committee.00:35:10
The troops received an order to execute
the resolution of the headquarters00:35:13
of the Petrograd military district.00:35:21
That was too much for Kerenskiy,00:35:24
and he ordered to arrest
the members of the Committee.00:35:27
However, it was easier said than done.00:35:31
The government summoned
reliable military troops to Petrograd00:35:34
but received a reply from the Northern Front:00:35:38
"The organization
and dispatch of a detachment00:35:40
for the defence
of the Temporary Government is impossible.00:35:44
Nobody will follow that slogan."00:35:47
Meanwhile, the Fortress of Peter and Paul
took the side of the Bolsheviks.00:35:51
The Winter Palace in which
the Temporary Government was sitting00:35:55
was now under the aim of the Fortress' guns.00:35:57
The scared government called upon
the cadets to protect them.00:36:05
The cadets were the students
of the military institutes00:36:08
and schools of warrant officers
of the Russian army.00:36:10
After the graduation, they received
a junior officer rank of a warrant officer.00:36:16
In Petrograd and its suburbs,
there were the Pavlov00:36:20
and Vladimir Military Colleges,
Nicolay Cavalry Institute,00:36:25
Mikhail Artillery
and Nicolay Engineer Colleges00:36:29
as well as a couple of schools
of warrant officers.00:36:32
The total number of the cadets
who were in Petrograd00:36:35
and its suburbs was about 7,000 people.00:36:41
The well-trained cadets
patrolling the streets00:36:44
were live impersonation of order
and calm in the eyes of the commoners.00:36:48
The cadets became the last hope
of the Temporary Government.00:36:53
The Bolsheviks went on
with their distractive manoeuvres.00:36:57
The Military and Revolutionary Committee
adopted a resolution00:36:59
stating that it wasn't planning
to organize an armed revolt.00:37:03
However, in reality
the revolt had already started.00:37:07
Kerenskiy's mood changed radically;
he claimed that he dreamt of a revolt00:37:13
because it was giving him a chance
to crush the Bolsheviks.00:37:16
The Minister and the chairman of
the government agreed for violent measures.00:37:20
Simultaneously,
he turned to the Pre-Parliament for support.00:37:24
Kerenskiy delivered a passionate speech
in front of the deputies:00:37:31
"The Temporary Government, including me,00:37:34
prefers to be killed and destroyed,
but we won't surrender00:37:38
the life,
honour and independence of our state."00:37:46
People applauded Kerenskiy wildly
but in a few hours,00:37:50
they adopted a resolution against him.00:37:52
The Pre-Parliament only ruled
to form a committee00:37:55
to resolve the conflict
between the government and the Bolsheviks.00:37:59
Kerenskiy threatened to resign
from the post of the head of the government;00:38:03
however, he still hoped to win.00:38:08
On October 24, at his order
the Headquarters of the Petrograd district00:38:12
tried to isolate the working suburbs.00:38:15
However, the attempt to raise
the bridges over the Neva failed.00:38:19
The detachments
of the Red Guards managed to interfere00:38:21
with the cadets' activities
almost everywhere.00:38:24
The Bolsheviks seized the Central Telegraph00:38:26
as well as the railway stations,
the State Bank and the telephone station.00:38:31
The troops loyal to the government
gathered on the Palace Square.00:38:34
They controlled the Winter Palace,00:38:37
the building of the Headquarters
of the military district00:38:39
and the Mariinskiy Palace.
The defenders didn't have more forces.00:38:43
To stop the enemy, a barricade
from firewood was erected on the square.00:38:48
The Bolsheviks
went on gathering their forces.00:38:50
A telegram signed by the member
of the Bolshevik Central Committee00:38:52
Yakov Sverdlov was sent to the Central
Committee of the Baltic Fleet,00:38:57
"Send the Charter".00:38:59
It was an arbitrary sign.00:39:01
After getting the telegram,00:39:02
the Baltic Fleet sent
almost 2,000 seamen to Petrograd.00:39:09
The very same day,
Lenin went to the Smolniy.00:39:13
For the sake of conspiracy,
he was made-up and had false documents.00:39:17
Lenin put a cap on, tied a kerchief
around his cheek as if he had toothache.00:39:22
Eino Rahja accompanied him,
armed to his teeth.00:39:33
On their way, patrols stopped them twice
to check the documents.00:39:38
However, neither of them recognized Lenin.00:39:41
At the Smolniy, he enjoyed a happy reception
and got down to work at once.00:39:54
On October 25, at 4 a.m. at the order
of the Military and Revolutionary Committee00:40:01
cruiser "Aurora"
approached the Nicolay Bridge.00:40:08
"Aurora" was a cruiser
of the first rank of the Baltic Fleet.00:40:13
Its crew consisted of 578 people,
20 officers and 550 seamen.00:40:19
During the Russian-Japanese War
the cruiser took part00:40:22
in the campaign
of the Second Pacific Ocean Squadron00:40:24
that ended with a battle of Tsushima.00:40:27
During the February Revolution,
a mutiny started onboard,00:40:31
and Captain Nicolskiy was forced
to shoot at the rebels.00:40:35
The enraged crowd murdered their Captain
and his Senior Assistant violently.00:40:40
By summer, the crew included 42 members
of the Bolsheviks' party.00:40:45
By the end of October, the cruiser
was in Petrograd at the repair dock.00:40:49
The crew elected a new Captain –
Senior Lieutenant Nikonov,00:40:53
but on October 25
he left for the Headquarters,00:40:57
and Lieutenant Ericson
was in charge on the ship.00:41:01
"Aurora's" task was to restore movement
along the Nicolay Bridge00:41:06
that had been overtaken
and raised by the cadets the day before.00:41:10
For that, the cruiser had to sail
to the middle of the river.00:41:13
Ericson refused to do that saying
that he didn't know the fairwaters well.00:41:19
After threats and long conversations
he agreed to do it00:41:22
fearing that without his help
the seamen would run the ship aground.00:41:25
When the "Aurora" approached,
the cadets left the bridge.00:41:29
The electricians from the ship landed
on the shore and drew the bridge.00:41:35
By the morning of October 25,
Kerenskiy started to realize00:41:38
that he was sitting in the Winter Palace
like in a besieged fortress.00:41:42
Nobody was answering his calls for help.00:41:45
He only had a half of the Female Battalion
he had summoned at his disposal.00:41:53
The Female Battalion was a military unit
consisting solely of women.00:41:58
Such battalions were formed
by the Temporary Government00:42:01
out of the female volunteers primarily
with a propagandistic goal –00:42:04
to raise the patriotic mood.00:42:07
The second company of the battalion
amounting to 137 people00:42:11
took part in the defence
of the Winter Palace.00:42:14
In the morning of October 25,
the weather was vile in Petrograd.00:42:19
It was cloudy and cold,
and bitter cold wind was blowing.00:42:23
Everywhere, there were leaflets with
prohibitions from the Temporary Government.00:42:27
They prohibited "wilful demonstrations"00:42:30
and "execution by the troops
of any orders from different organizations".00:42:35
They ordered to find and arrest Lenin.00:42:39
The leaflets were still on the walls00:42:41
when the Temporary Government
was no more in power.00:42:45
The city was under almost full control
of the Bolsheviks.00:42:49
Realizing that it made no sense
to sit in the Winter Palace,00:42:52
Kerenskiy decided to move forward
towards the loyal troops00:42:55
that had been summoned to Petrograd.00:42:58
However, the ruler of Russia didn't
even have a good car in his disposal.00:43:03
With great efforts, he managed
to borrow a car from the US Embassy.00:43:07
At the last moment,
Kerenskiy's personal car was found.00:43:11
The driver put an American flag
on the front desk and drove into the night.00:43:17
The Head of the Temporary Government
left Petrograd.00:43:23
Telegrams were flying
to all corners of the country00:43:25
from the telegraph
captured by the Bolsheviks:00:43:29
"To the citizens of Russia.
The Temporary Government is overthrown.00:43:33
The state power now rests
with the Petrograd Council of the Deputies00:43:37
from Workers and Soldiers
and the Military and Revolutionary Committee00:43:41
that heads the Petrograd proletariat
and garrison."00:43:45
It wasn't true yet.00:43:47
Officially,
the Temporary Government still existed00:43:50
though it couldn't exercise any real power.00:43:55
In the afternoon of October 25,00:43:57
the Ministers gathered
in the Winter Palace for a session.00:44:00
There, they found out that the commander
of the Petrograd military district00:44:04
Colonel Polkovnikov panicked
and couldn't lead the troops.00:44:10
A decision was taken to hand the power
in the city to one of the Ministers –00:44:14
Nicolay Kishkin, a physiotherapist.00:44:19
Dr. Kishkin became a governor
with extraordinary competence.00:44:25
He tried to organize the resistance
to the Bolsheviks as hard as he could.00:44:28
However, he only had the servants
of the Winter Palace,00:44:32
cadets, a detachment of the Kazaks
and a couple of dozens of women00:44:36
from the Female Storm Battalion
at his disposal.00:44:38
Kishkin dismissed Polkovnikov
and appointed a battle General Bagratuni00:44:42
the commander of the district.00:44:44
However, by that time the majority
of Petrograd garrison units00:44:47
were listening to the orders
of only one authority –00:44:50
the Military and Revolutionary Committee.00:44:57
It didn't take the Bolsheviks long
to dismiss the Pre-Parliament00:45:00
that was sitting in the Mariinskiy Palace.00:45:02
The delegates
who were at the hall adopted a resolution00:45:05
with a protest against violence
and went home.00:45:08
None of them showed any resistance.00:45:14
Meanwhile, reinforcements arrived
to the Winter Palace –00:45:18
a joint battalion of the school
of the warrant officers00:45:20
of the engineering troops.00:45:21
People in the Palace immediately started
to plan the counter-attack.00:45:25
They tried to free the Mariinskiy Palace,
then the Central Telephone Station.00:45:29
All was in vain.
One armoured car under a red banner00:45:34
was enough to send the troops
loyal to the government running.00:45:38
Closer to the evening
the Military and Revolutionary Committee00:45:40
seized the Headquarters
of the Petrograd military district.00:45:44
In the evening, Lenin delivered
a speech at the Petrograd Council00:45:47
and said the words
that became famous all over the world,00:45:53
"The revolution of workers and peasants,
the necessity for which00:45:56
was constantly explained
by the Bolsheviks, has happened!"00:46:00
Simultaneously,
the Second All-Russian Convention00:46:03
of the Councils started its work.00:46:04
Its task was to legalize
the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.00:46:10
Lenin and his comrades
did everything to make the population00:46:13
perceive the coup not as the seizure
of power by the Bolsheviks.00:46:17
They wanted them to see that the Military
and Revolutionary Committee00:46:23
of the Petrograd Council –
allegedly a body elected by the people –00:46:27
took the power into its hands.00:46:28
They kept the fact that the Bolsheviks
had been already heading00:46:31
and completely controlling
the Council hushed.00:46:35
The Ministers remained in the Winter Palace.00:46:39
They only had one telephone line
at their disposal.00:46:42
The defenders of the Palace got depressed.00:46:45
The artillery cadets left
taking four cannons with them;00:46:49
a part of the school of the warrant officers
of the engineering troops left too,00:46:53
as did the Kazaks.00:46:56
In the evening,
the Bolsheviks got ready for the storm.00:47:00
An ultimatum on the immediate capitulation
was delivered to the Winter Palace.00:47:05
It threatened that the "Aurora"
would open fire at the Palace.00:47:07
The Ministers decided
not to reply to the ultimatum.00:47:11
They received the last support
from the City Duma.00:47:14
Its deputies decide to organize
a procession to the Winter Palace00:47:18
to support the besieged Ministers00:47:20
or to "die together with them"
should they fail.00:47:26
The Red Guards’ patrols simply didn't let
their demonstration pass through.00:47:30
The deputies didn't die
and went on to their sessions.00:47:33
When it got completely dark,00:47:35
the Bolsheviks attacked
the barricades by the Winter Palace.00:47:38
However, the attack was repelled
by just two blank shots from the cannons.00:47:44
The Temporary Government
could still go home at that point.00:47:47
The only thing that kept the Ministers
in the Palace was the responsibility00:47:50
before those few fighters
who stayed to defend them.00:47:55
After their first failure,
the Bolsheviks intensified their efforts.00:47:59
According to some witnesses,00:48:01
"Aurora" did shoot at the Palace
a couple of times.00:48:04
The cannons of the Fortress
of Peter and Paul00:48:06
were fired above the Palace's roof.00:48:09
The historians still discuss 00:48:11
whether the "Aurora" fired
at the Winter Palace.00:48:15
According to some data,
the storm of the Winter Palace00:48:18
started after a blank shot
of a cruiser's cannon.00:48:22
According to other evidence,
the "Aurora" was firing at the Palace00:48:25
with battle shells. However,
some researchers doubt the fact00:48:30
that the cruiser
had any battle shells onboard.00:48:33
Meanwhile the infantry started
to get into the Winter Palace00:48:36
through the broken windows
and side entrances00:48:38
that the soldiers simply forgot to lock.00:48:41
The crowd that burst into the Palace
swept its defenders off their feet.00:48:45
The Winter Palace filled
with soldiers and seamen.00:48:48
Some defenders resisted,
but there wasn't any unified command.00:48:52
There were only 5 officers in the Palace.00:48:55
On October 25, at 1:30 a.m.
a cadet ran into the room00:49:00
where the ministers were sitting.00:49:01
He said that he and his comrades
were ready to fight00:49:04
until the last man standing.
All the people present shouted,00:49:09
"No blood, please!" The cadet went out.00:49:13
In a few minutes, a door opened,
and a crowd burst in.00:49:17
A man in a civilian overcoat and a hat asked00:49:20
where the members
of the Temporary Government were;00:49:22
they answered that they were the ones.00:49:25
Then the man said:00:49:26
"I declare you arrested.00:49:29
I'm the Chairman of the Military
and Revolutionary Committee Antonov."00:49:36
That was the end.00:49:39
At 3:00 a.m. Kamenev reported
to the Convention of the Councils00:49:42
on the arrest of the government.00:49:44
The delegates adopted the appeal
"To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants"00:49:50
in which they informed that
the Temporary Government was overthrown,00:49:53
and the power passed
to the Convention of the Councils.00:49:56
The appeal also said:00:49:58
"The Council rules that in the provinces,00:50:02
the power shall be handed over
to the Councils of the Deputies00:50:04
from the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants…"00:50:24
The arrested Ministers were taken
under guard to the Fortress of Peter and Paul.00:50:30
The crowd demanded to cut their heads off.00:50:33
However, the lynching was prevented.00:50:35
The guards delivered the disgraced
government to the Fortress safe and sound.00:50:39
The Russian revolution
that started in February of 1917,00:50:45
ended in October with the Bolsheviks' coup.Description:
Дорогие зрители! Рады сообщить, что теперь ваши любимые проекты доступны в формате аудиокниг 🎶: 📖🔊 «НУЛЕВАЯ МИРОВАЯ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lpyjVHr3rM8QC92K6GtAuMzw1C7dPBPSM 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКИЕ БИТВЫ РОССИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_njKBE_eiZTxmq5YxZ75zn1y_GogvjRry4 📖🔊 «ПОДЛИННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lhDR8wTGLr1f9bHJUFMl4NdQCHKeVB9zk 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКАЯ ВОЙНА»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_k_-TrE3n5gWKeGszSKb2pakFQAVBda0YM Желаем приятного прослушивания 🎧 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhuA9d7RIOdYnfvjYvQSF5--oHIv2U5vn Все серии сериала "Подлинная История Русской Революции" Сто лет назад произошло событие, изменившее Россию до неузнаваемости. Этим событием стала русская революция. В феврале 1917-го года от престола отрекся Николай II. В небытие ушла династия, правившая страной триста лет. Однако спустя несколько месяцев Россию ждало новое потрясение -- еще одна революция. Фильм посвящен двум переломным событиям в русской истории -- Февральской революции и Октябрьской и расскажет, что именно произошло со страной в тот судьбоносный год. Формат: сериал Жанр: докудрама Год производства: 2017 Количество серий: 8 Режиссер: Павел Тупик Сценарий: Александр Данилов Художник-постановщик: Мария Золина Оператор-постановщик: Дмитрий Трифонов Композитор: Борис Кукоба Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин В ролях:Денис Моисеев, Иван Бровин, Семен Мендельсон, Андрей Левин, Артур Литвинов, Александр Ронис, Андрей Зарубин Смотреть онлайн бесплатно: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXIFCZ3VLTM Подлинная История Русской Революции. 7 серия. Сериал 2017. Документальная Драма Онлайн-кинотеатр StarMedia на YouTube https://www.youtube.com/starmedia Смотреть онлайн фильмы и сериалы бесплатно в хорошем качестве. https://www.starmediafilm.com/ Лучшие русские фильмы и сериалы, лучшие мелодрамы, военные фильмы, новинки кино, фильмы с русскими и английскими субтитрами — смотреть онлайн бесплатно в хорошем качестве в онлайн кинотеатре StarMedia на YouTube. Приятного просмотра! Star Media в социальных сетях: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser https://vk.com/starmediafilm https://ok.ru/starmedia https://workspaceupdates.googleblog.com/2023/04/new-community-features-for-google-chat-and-an-update-currents%20.html https://twitter.com/StarMedia_2006 https://www.linkedin.com/company/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-star-media- #StarMedia
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