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мультивибратор

multivibrator

схема

принцип работы

мигалка

схема мультивибратора

светодиодная мигалка

для начинающих

мигалка на светодиодах

генератор

схема мигалки

мультивибратор на транзисторах

частота мультивибратора

мигание светодиодом

электроника

радиоэлектроника

основы электроники

уроки электроники

электроника для начинающих

electronics

электротехника

радиодетали

своими руками

electronicsclub

00:00:02

common components in electronics

00:00:04

is the multivibrator, it is widely

00:00:07

used both among amateurs and

00:00:09

among professionals among amateurs,

00:00:13

the multivibrator is most often used

00:00:15

to create various kinds of mega wok turn

00:00:18

signals and tweeters, and among

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professionals

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it is used as

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control elements for powerful transistors such

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as live mosfet and the like, the

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advantage of the multivibrator is the

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simplicity of its circuit

00:00:34

and, accordingly, the reliability of operation;

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three different but

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nevertheless

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identical circuits are assembled on the breadboard; the first circuit we see is the so-

00:00:43

called flasher; the

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red LED is lit alternately,

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then the blue one, and at the same time the time

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when one LED is lit, the second

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LED is in our luggage,

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let's look at the second circuit,

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we will temporarily turn off this circuit and

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connect the second circuit consisting of two

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yellow LEDs, that is, a

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similar circuit can be used for

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various kinds of turn signals, now

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we see the left LED blinking, conditionally

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the left one headlight then here we have a switch,

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turn it in the other direction and

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now we have the right headlight blinking,

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conditionally of course the headlight and again the

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left in one position and the right in

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another position if you increase the frequency of

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the multivibrator, you can get a

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good audio frequency generator,

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check its operation, connect and

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we hear the sound of the speaker,

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turn off the speaker, now let's

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look first at the functional diagram of the

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multivibrator and then at the

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basic principle; in fact,

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a multivibrator is a

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rectangular pulse generator, or, to

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put it more correctly, a generator of

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almost rectangular pulses,

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and multivibrators can be assembled using

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transistors;

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in this case, we will also consider such a

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multivibrator you can assemble it

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on various kinds of microcircuits,

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for example on digital microcircuits,

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but we will consider a transistor

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multivibrator and so in a simplified way the principle of

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operation of a multivibrator can be described

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as follows by shooting, for example, we have

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one LED, let's

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designate it vd1, then some kind of key

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we will designate it as 1, there are 2 LEDs vd2 and the

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second key to 2 and we also have a

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power source,

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plus and minus, let there be a battery;

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the principle of operation of this circuit, more precisely

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a multivibrator, is quite simple: when

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one key is closed, the second key must

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be open, and vice versa, when the second

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key is closed, the first key must be

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open, that is, switching these

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the keys are carried out in antiphase, so

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if we have one key closed, we

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receive power from one LED, the

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second LED will be extinguished

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after a certain period of time,

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this key will open and the key

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to 2 will close and, accordingly, the first LED will lose power

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and the second LED will receive power,

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so this is the turn-on time

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switching off and the duration of the on and

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off state can be

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adjusted to form the

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duration of pulses and pauses, the transistor

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uses a multivibrator rc circuit,

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here the rc circuit will set the duration of the

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on or off state

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of the transistor, and here we also looked at the rc and rc

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circuits in detail in a

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separate video We even had two

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videos on this topic, so anyone who doesn’t

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know how an rc circuit works, what it is, I

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recommend watching the

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previous video first, the link to it will be in

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the description, and so the rc circuit we have is setting the

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long-term exclusion of one LED and

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then the duration of switching on 2

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LED and at the output we will get

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this approximately rectangular

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voltage, then we will definitely see the shape of the

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rectangular voltage on an

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oscilloscope,

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but to greatly simplify

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it we will depict it as follows: here we will

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receive power from the LED vd1 and on

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the LED I at this 2 at this time the

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voltage will be zero like this they

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go in antiphase

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it will be vd1 vd1

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and here there will be vd2 and vd2

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now let’s depict a circuit diagram of a

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multivibrator

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the circuit consists of the following elements

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first we will show the same LED although

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the LED here does not necessarily

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have to be connected to a completely different

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load but as a more visual one

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example, we will connect the LED vd1,

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then only the limiting resistor,

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we will designate it as r1a, then we will have

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a transistor, we will use bipolar

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transistors, but you can use any

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other transistors to form

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multivibrators and so we will have

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transistor vt1, naturally we should

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have two such circuits now to

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form the duration the turn-on time of the switch-

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off of the transistor

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switch and, accordingly, the duration of the

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turn-on time of the turn-off of the LEDs,

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we will use

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rc chains and given we will have r2 and

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capacitor c1, the second part of the circuit will be similar,

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here we will have resistor r3

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capacitor c2

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current-limiting resistor for the second

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LED r2 second LED vd2 and 2

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transistor switch vt2, the emitters are

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connected to the minus of the power source

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and the LED resistors are connected to the plus, here we

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will put some kind of switch to and we will

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use a conventional battery

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in this case, I will use 5

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volts in real circuits, but here we will simply

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depict a battery 9 plus minus and

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connect On the downside, those who watched

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my video on the operating principle and calculation of

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transistor switches and transistor

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amplifiers can already notice that

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this circuit is a

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two-stage amplifier, here is one stage

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and a second stage, if we

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connected the first transistor to the connection point of

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capacitors and resistors r2, then we would

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we just received two such amplification

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stages, but the multivibrator differs

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in that these stages are connected

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crosswise like this 1 and 2, that

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is, positive feedback is formed between the first and second stages of

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amplifiers,

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what is negative feedback, I

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explained in detail the video on the principle of

00:07:38

operation of transistor amplifiers, how they

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work and transistor amplifiers, how

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to calculate such an amplifier, the link will be

00:07:44

in the description and positive feedback

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is used in almost all

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generators, the multivibrator circuit will

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work reliably in the case when the

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resistance of resistors r1 is higher than the resistance of resistor

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r2

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and the resistance of resistor r2 is higher than the

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resistance of resistor r3, that is, the two

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extreme ones resistances r1 and r2 should

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be higher resistance of resistors r2 and

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r3

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then here r2 here

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4 you need to draw r1 r2 and 3 4 that is, the

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resistance of resistors r1 and r4 extremely

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resistors should have a lower value

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than the resistance of resistors r2 and r3

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we can draw here r1 and r4 should

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being larger is sometimes better and the

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resistance of resistors r2 and r3 is much greater; the

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output signal is rectangular in shape and

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is removed from the collectors of the transistors, that

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is, if we connect an oscilloscope here,

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we will see rectangles here,

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here we will then connect real village

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graphs, let’s look at this, but you can also

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connect a speaker here or

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an LED, as in this case,

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and observe the operation of the multivibrator,

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and so at the initial moment the circuit is

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open, now we close the switch to and the

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voltage of the power source

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is applied to the circuit;

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initially, capacitors c1 and c2 are

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completely discharged and naturally the capacitors will begin to

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charge; capacitor c2 will be

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charged by paths under the plus of the

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power source through the key through the LED vd2

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through resistor r4 of course the

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capacitor itself and the base-emitter of the transistor

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vt1 and then to the minus of the power source,

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that is, the circuit seems to be closed,

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capacitor c1 will be closed along the

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next circuit five plus the

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power source key LED vd1 resistor r1

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directly the capacitor c1 itself and the

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base-emitter of the transistor vt2 and the minus of the

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power supply, and here is an important point:

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in practice, it is natural that it will never be

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possible to create a

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resistor and a capacitor and transistors with

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identical parameters, that is, so that their

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resistance or other parameters do

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not differ by fractions of a thousand

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millionth

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ohms or else there will be another

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important parameter that is a friend

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of the parameter, so these two nodes will

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still be somewhat asymmetrical and for

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this reason one of the transistors will begin

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to open 1

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but another important point if we

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assemble such a circuit in some kind of electronic

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circuit simulator where all

00:10:38

radio elements have identical parameters,

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that is, ideal parameters, there

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will be no discrepancies between the parameters, then naturally

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the multivibrator will not start, so there it is

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necessary to make one resistance

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slightly different from the other

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resistance, otherwise, and also in the

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electronic version, the multivibrator

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will not start, but in practice it is natural even if they

00:11:03

wanted it has not yet been possible to obtain

00:11:04

radio-electronic elements with the same

00:11:05

parameters;

00:11:08

what this will lead to is that as

00:11:11

soon as we apply voltage to this

00:11:13

circuit, one of the transistors will open a

00:11:16

little earlier 2, this could be a

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difference in a fraction of a thousandth of a 100-thousandth of a

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millionth of a volt, for example, let's

00:11:24

argue that the transistor will open 1 in

00:11:27

this one what will begin to happen

00:11:28

since the transistor vt2 is still

00:11:32

quite closed, then the corresponding

00:11:34

potential plus 5 volts or almost 5 volts

00:11:38

will be more accurate at this point, that is,

00:11:40

the capacitor is charging c2, the lead of

00:11:43

this circuit will be carried out in d2r 4 c 2

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and the same potential will be based on

00:11:53

transistor vt1 and the same situation

00:11:56

will be in this case with capacitor c1

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here since this transistor is still

00:12:04

closed, it only

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opens slightly, so almost all 5 volts

00:12:08

will be at this point at the initial moment, that

00:12:13

is, on the plate of capacitor c1 and this

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potential too will be transmitted to the

00:12:17

base of transistor vt2,

00:12:19

but we agreed that transistor vt1 will open first due to the

00:12:22

asymmetry of the parameters of this circuit,

00:12:24

as soon as

00:12:27

trance

00:12:29

top vt1 begins to open, this is equivalent to the fact that

00:12:31

its resistance decreases, so the

00:12:34

current in the circuit will begin to increase through

00:12:38

the LED vd1

00:12:39

r1 and the open transistor

00:12:42

or only the one that opens for now transistor

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vt1 collector emitter junction and we

00:12:48

will create the next target plus the power source

00:12:51

vd1 r1 and in this one since

00:12:54

transistor vt1 will begin to open, then at

00:12:58

this point the potential will begin to decrease,

00:13:00

and since at this point

00:13:02

the potential will begin to decrease, then transistor vt2

00:13:06

will be although it has not yet open but

00:13:09

will, so to speak, close even more

00:13:12

and at this point the potential will increase,

00:13:15

then here the potential will increase even more

00:13:18

and here the potential will

00:13:21

decrease for a more complete understanding of

00:13:23

these potentials by opening and closing

00:13:25

the transistor I will depict here separately because this is

00:13:29

given in this one r1 and in this

00:13:32

moreover vd1 can be excluded from here

00:13:35

for simplicity I will depict r1 and transistor

00:13:38

vt1 and here we have r1 and transistor I

00:13:41

will depict as resistor r2 here we will

00:13:44

connect the power supply plus and minus

00:13:47

that is, as we see r1 and r2 form a

00:13:50

voltage divider of the power supply g

00:13:54

only r2 is our transistor or a

00:13:58

variable resistor, the transistor

00:14:01

is deciphered as a variable resistor,

00:14:03

the more the transistor

00:14:06

vt1 opens, this will be equivalent to the fact that the

00:14:13

resistance of r2 in this circuit will decrease in this circuit, we see a series

00:14:16

current flows the

00:14:18

same from the decrease in resistance the current

00:14:22

will increase, but the resistance r1, here it is, it is

00:14:25

constant, it does not change, and the

00:14:28

resistance of the transistor vt1 in this

00:14:31

case is depicted as r2, it will

00:14:34

change as it opens, it will

00:14:36

decrease, and when the transistor was

00:14:38

completely closed, this is exactly

00:14:40

because the resistance here was

00:14:41

huge, hundreds of kilo-ohms or even mega it is

00:14:45

why what happened was that most of the

00:14:48

voltage dropped across the closed

00:14:51

transistor, then there was a potential of

00:14:53

almost 5 volts and part of it, of course, was

00:14:55

the voltage, but it

00:14:57

dropped insignificantly on the resistor r1. Let’s add here

00:15:01

delta u 1 and here delta u 2

00:15:05

according to the scrap law which we

00:15:07

know well and is equal to y on r will correspondingly

00:15:10

equalize and on r we can clearly see from here

00:15:16

that as the resistance increases, the

00:15:21

voltage drop across the

00:15:23

resistor will increase, which is the same as on a

00:15:28

closed transistor,

00:15:29

and as the resistance decreases, the

00:15:33

voltage will naturally decrease,

00:15:37

so initially we supplied all the voltage

00:15:40

here here there was a plus here a

00:15:42

minus here we had almost five volts,

00:15:45

almost the entire voltage of the power supply was 5

00:15:49

volts, and here the

00:15:51

voltage drop was practically equal to zero because the

00:15:53

resistance of these is very different from each other

00:15:55

r2 the resistance was

00:15:57

significantly higher than r1, that is, the closed

00:16:00

state of the transistor once again

00:16:02

characterizes very huge

00:16:04

resistance when transistor vt1

00:16:06

begins to open,

00:16:07

this is equivalent to the fact that this

00:16:09

resistance begins to decrease and,

00:16:12

accordingly, a

00:16:13

redistribution of voltage drops occurs,

00:16:16

that is, here, for example, at some

00:16:18

meetups the voltage will be two and a half

00:16:20

volts and here it will be 2.5 volts and then

00:16:24

the transistor will begin to open even more

00:16:27

and it will open until the

00:16:29

voltage on it drops to 0 whole

00:16:33

there is practically 1 10 or 1 out of 100 volts

00:16:37

and accordingly this potential will

00:16:38

all the time decrease, decrease, decrease

00:16:40

and decrease, that is, now we return

00:16:44

to our circuit; it was too

00:16:45

long a departure because

00:16:48

No one explains it anywhere why the

00:16:51

potential decreases here.

00:16:53

By the way, I told such an analogy with a resistor with a

00:16:56

transistor in the

00:16:58

feedback, here I told it in an accelerated

00:17:00

form, but then he will be more interested in the

00:17:03

feedback connections of transistors and so

00:17:05

on, I will leave a link in the description there

00:17:07

as many as six videos with a detailed

00:17:09

explanation because the video is a little

00:17:11

long, we'll take a break and see you

00:17:15

right away in the second part

00:17:24

[music]

Description:

Мультивибратор широко применяется как в среде любителей, так и среди профессионалов. Мультивибратор – это генератор прямоугольных импульсом, с помощью которого можно создавать различные мигалки, пищалки и т. п. Также они часто применяются для управления мощными транзисторами в силовых преобразовательных установках. Основное преимущество мультивибратора – это его простота и надежность. Принцип работы мультивибратора заключается в поочередном включении и выключении транзисторов. Когда один транзистор закрыт, второй находится в открытом состоянии, затем, через заданный промежуток времени, все происходит наоборот – закрывается открытый транзистор и открывается закрытый. Время переключения транзисторов, а соответственно и частота работы мультивибратора, определяется параметрами RC-цепей. Как работает RC-цепь: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msJQH9pONKk&t=1112s Как рассчитать транзисторный ключ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dX9KMFFXTX4 Как рассчитать транзисторный усилитель: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSrZmFjSXE8 Как рассчитать резистор для светодиода: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTD41NqRtMQ #electronicsclub #электроника #мультивибратор

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How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Как работает МУЛЬТИВИБРАТОР | Часть 1"?

The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.

How can I save a frame from a video "Как работает МУЛЬТИВИБРАТОР | Часть 1"?

This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.

What's the price of all this stuff?

It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.