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0:17

using a standard laser pointer

0:30

show light and dark patches of the original source

1:47

pass this laser light through some tiny little slits

2:06

place tape on either side

2:49

sticking a wire in front of the laser

3:07

use some glow-in-the-dark material

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knock this electron to a higher energy level

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knock electrons up to the higher energy level

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knock this electron up to a higher energy state

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knock an electron up to a higher energy state

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shining my double slit experiment laser light onto the lit

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measure the electron

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find an electron

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00:00:00

Okay today, I'm going to be doing an experiment that proves that light is a wave

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And then I'm going to do an experiment that shows you that light is a particle and then after you're thoroughly confused

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I'll explain what light really is okay, so first

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I'm going to be proving to you that light acts as a wave and to do that

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I'm just going to be using a standard laser pointer

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So this isn't anything fancy. It cost like five dollars or something so the experiment

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I'm going to be doing is called the double slit experiment and what it does is it uses the

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interference of light waves to show light and dark patches of the original source

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So when any wave strikes a barrier that has two tiny little slits that are close together?

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You can see an interference pattern on the backdrop here

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so basically if waves come in so this represents the peaks of the waves and

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It hits this wall here. What happens

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Is these small little slits here act as point sources for the wave so it starts the wave over again?

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And so the peaks and valleys of these new wave sources interfere with each other so that when the waves hit a

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Backdrop here you see areas that have high peaks and low peaks and it looks like a striped pattern

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But in order for this to work

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You need light that is coming in in parallel lines like this so light from a flashlight

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Won't work because because any light coming from a bulb source like this is

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Coming from all directions, so it's curved

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But there is a source of light you can use that's not curved and that's laser light and so laser light is mostly

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Coherent light and so the peaks and the valleys are all lined up

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So essentially it's coming in in parallel lines like we saw in my drawing there so basically if I can just pass this laser light

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Through some tiny little slits, then we should be able to see an interference pattern

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If these light rays are really waves

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So it's actually quite easy to do the double slit experiment with a handheld laser like this

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All you do is put a very thin wire across the opening of the laser

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And then you place tape on either side of it so that basically when you're finished you have a wire in the middle

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With two tiny gaps on either side of it, and so now if I shine my laser light, and I see interference patterns

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That's proof right there that light is actually wave-like and has wave-like properties

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So let's see if I can see an interference pattern with my laser. Now. Okay, the double slit experiment

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Let's turn on the laser and see if we see any interference

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Whoa it worked

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Look at that you can totally see the pattern there

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That's so cool, you can easily see the bands of interference here

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Wow just by sticking a wire in front of the laser

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Okay, so I just proved to you that light is actually made of waves or has wave-like properties

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But now I'm going to show you that light is actually made of particles and has particle-like properties and in order to do that

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I'm going to use some glow-in-the-dark

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Material this specific one is called lit. It's actually a really cool. Glow in the dark pigment

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So how cool in the dark materials work is they have some electrons?

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This is my electron here, and they're at their base state here

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But when a specific kind of light hits it and knocks it up to a higher energy level, and it stays there for a while

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Normal materials as soon as they get knocked up to a higher energy level

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They just fall back down, and they re-emit the light in a matter of nanoseconds, but for glow-in-the-dark materials

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They get knocked to a higher energy state and they stay there and the reason they stay there is

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Because in order to fall back down. They have to go a different way

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they have to go through a different transition state called a forbidden transition and

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the forbidden transition means that it's very

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Statistically unlikely to happen so it takes a while for it to happen

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But eventually the electrons will fall back down and when they do they emit some light

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But here's the weird thing about glow-in-the-dark materials

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Is that in order to knock this electron to a higher energy level all types of light don't do it

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But it takes a specific

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Color of light to do it so for example if I shine red light on this glow in the dark material

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No matter how strong of light, I shine on it the electron won't get knocked up to the higher energy level

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Nothing no charge whatsoever

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But if I shine just a very dim blue light on it

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The electrons will get knocked up to the higher energy level, and you can tell they did because they eventually glow and re-emit the light

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So what's weird about this experiment?

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Is that it disproves that light is a wave because if light were a wave all you would need is very high

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amplitudes of a specific light and

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Eventually you'd be able to knock electrons up to the higher energy level

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But what I'm telling you that even if you had enormous amplitudes

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Extremely high intensity of red light you still couldn't knock this electron up to a higher energy

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State but even with a very very very dim blue light

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you would be able to knock it up to the higher energy state so an experiment similar to this one called the

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Photoelectric effect is what led scientists to develop the field of quantum

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mechanics and what they said is that light actually isn't a continuous wave like this

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But it's actually made of discrete particles

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And those discrete particles have specific

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Momentum's and in order to knock an electron up to a higher energy state it has to be hit with a particle that has enough

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Momentum to knock it up to that higher energy level and that makes sense right not just any particle can hit it

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but it has to have one that has enough momentum to knock it up there and

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So it turns out that red light doesn't have enough momentum to knock electrons up to the higher energy level

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But blue light does and so just this simple experiment of trying to charge a glow-in-the-dark material with red light

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Versus blue light shows you that light is actually not made of waves, but it's made of particles, but in the previous example

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I just showed you that light is made of waves so now for my final really weird experiment

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What if I shine the double slit experiment red laser light on this glow-in-the-dark pigment will it charge it?

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Okay now for the experiment that puts the cherry on top

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I'm going to be shining my double slit experiment laser light onto

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The lit and showing you that it can't charge the lit

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and if it's not

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Registering how crazy this is I'm going to be showing you that I'm shining waves on it because you can see the wave

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Interference of the light, but then the intensity is 24 times greater than sunlight

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But it still can't charge the lit

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Because the particles of red light don't have enough energy to knock the lit up to the higher energy state

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Okay, so here. We go. You can clearly see the slits on there that show you the wave interference of light

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But it looks like it's not charging the lit

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But if I just shine an ordinary flashlight, that's orders of magnitude lower in intensity onto the lit

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It easily charges it

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Crazy

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Okay, so what I just showed you is extremely weird

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Basically, I showed you that when the light was coming out of the laser

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It was a wave

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But then when it hit the glow-in-the-dark

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Material it turned into a particle that didn't have enough momentum to knock the electrons to a higher energy state

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But it was a wave when it left the laser, and then it turned into a particle right about here

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So what is it is light a wave or a particle it can't be both right? I mean a wave has no specific location

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It's spread out in space you can't really say a wave is here or there

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It's kind of everywhere, but a particle has a specific location you can say a particle is right here or right there

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But you can't say something is both a wave and a particle

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So for example in this double slit experiment if I say that light is a particle

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Then does that mean that that specific particle splits into two goes down both sides of the slit here and then recombines later

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What we say is that light has a wave particle duality

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Meaning it kind of takes on properties of both

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But what's weirder than that it's not only light that takes on a wave particle duality

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But in fact all known particles in the universe

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Have a wave particle duality, so if I were to do this double slit experiment, but instead of using light

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I was shooting electrons through you would actually still get an interference pattern I

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Mean these are electrons right you're talking about single electrons, and you can even shoot them out one at a time

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And you'll still get an interference pattern on the back stop, so a wave particle duality

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Basically means that everything in the universe doesn't have a specific location or momentum until you measure it

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So here's what I mean

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Let's take a hydrogen atom so in the center is the nucleus

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But we want to know where the electron is so let's say we measure the electron and we find it here

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but then next time we measure it we find it here and

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Then next time we measure it we find it here and then next time here here here here

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and if we do a lots of times

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Then we can get this probability distribution of where we're likely to find an electron

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So what I'm telling you is that before you measure something you cannot know with certainty?

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What its property will be you can only know the probability that it will have some specific property

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Or have some specific location, and if you've taken any chemistry courses you actually already know this

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But it was told to you in a different way so for example you may have seen a hydrogen atom with an S. Orbital

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so when you're saying an orbital of an

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Electron you're basically just saying that here's the location that you're likely to find an electron when you measure it

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So that's why in chemistry when you see s orbitals or P orbitals. It's talked about as a cloud

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It's actually not a cloud of electrons because whenever you measure an electron it's at a single point

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But what electron orbitals actually represent is the?

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probability that you'll find the electron in that spot when you measure it and

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What I've shown here is the basics of quantum mechanics

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Quantum mechanics is actually the most proven theory in all of science. Hey everyone

00:10:53

Thanks for watching this episode of the action lab. I hope you enjoyed it

00:10:56

Hope you learned something or if you have any suggestions or comments. Let me know in the comments section

00:11:00

I'll try to look at them. I just hit 800,000 subscribers today. I want to say thanks to everybody that subscribed

00:11:07

Thanks to you this channel keeps growing

00:11:09

and if you haven't subscribed yet hit that subscribe button already and hit the bell to be notified for my latest video comes out and

00:11:16

Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time

Description:

In this video I show you an easy way to show that light is neither a wave nor a particle (or it is both?) by doing the double slit experiment followed by an analog of the photoelectric effect. This is a crazy experiment that shows how weird quantum mechanics really is. And an added bonus is that you can do these experiments at home! Finally I even show you what an electron orbital really means. WARNING: This video is for entertainment purposes only. If you use the information from this video for your own projects then you assume complete responsibility for the results. My Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCA19mAJURyYHbJzhfpqhpCA My Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser For more awesome videos checkout: Stacking Pringles in a Complete Circle—The Amazing Physics of Stacking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apJtZX39i80 Mixing the World's Blackest Paint With the World's Brightest Paint (Black 2.0 vs LIT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5L4_GXePuk Is it Possible to Unboil an Egg? The Amazing Uncooking Experiment! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNV4gHWZ9p4 What if You Try To Lift a Negative Mass? Mind-Blowing Physical Impossibility! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAJlg8MDAlU What Does a Giant Monster Neodymium Magnet do to a Mouse? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8-JfSXPDp0 The Worlds Blackest Black vs The Worlds Brightest Flashlight (32,000 lumen)—Which Will Win? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaFdCvnV8PM How Much Weight Can a Fly Actually Lift? Experiment—I Lassoed a Fly! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xZoOUd172Q If You Fly a Drone in a Car, Does it Move With It? (Dangerous In-Car Flight Challenge) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjTj-tGPSWE Can Flies Actually Fly in a Vacuum Chamber? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4h-AS729JM I Let a Venus Flytrap Digest My Finger For a Day–Little Shop of Horrors Challenge! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPLuWcOGBCE Drawing On Water-It is So Surreal! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NZ-cAf8Bbw Can Magic Sand Get Wet in a Vacuum Chamber? So Satisfying! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yaMexyXucA Stretch Armstrong Crushed In A Hydraulic Press https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmbWhYco4x8

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