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Russian
00:00:09
[music]00:00:10
flight into outer space a00:00:13
journey to unknown worlds a00:00:15
world of enormous scale and stunning00:00:17
beauty a00:00:19
journey in search of answers00:00:24
[music]00:00:29
how the universe was formed00:00:32
what role do people play00:00:34
are we alone or is there life on other00:00:37
planets00:00:39
[music]00:00:43
view of the infinitely deep sky always00:00:46
interrupted the human soul by raising the00:00:48
fundamental questions of existence00:00:50
[music]00:00:51
what holds the stars and planets in00:00:54
orbits00:00:55
what laws govern their movement00:00:58
whether their occurrence was an accident or whether00:01:01
there is a higher intelligence00:01:05
today we know more about the universe than00:01:07
ever but what answers can we give00:01:11
to these questions are00:01:16
our delightful universe00:01:19
[music]00:01:39
Professor Barbara Throssel teaches00:01:41
theoretical physics at the technical00:01:43
university of the city track from an early00:01:46
age she began to ask questions about the00:01:48
structure of the universe our desire to00:01:52
understand the universe stems from the essence of the00:01:55
person ourselves our mind we00:01:59
have the ability to think about such00:02:01
things00:02:05
scientists observe00:02:07
analyze build theories and test them00:02:10
based on new observations telescopes00:02:13
allow us to see further they give the00:02:17
opportunity to see galaxies00:02:19
located at a distance of many00:02:20
light years from the masses scientists say that in00:02:25
our galaxy there are about 100 billion00:02:27
stars00:02:28
and in the entire universe there are more than 100 billion00:02:31
galaxies00:02:37
telescopes for example a telescope Hubble gives00:02:40
a picture that is simply amazing00:02:44
[music]00:02:50
this is the so-called whirlpool galaxy00:02:52
located at a distance of 3100:02:56
million light years from us and the center00:02:59
is a black hole that attracts00:03:02
stars and absorbs them; the00:03:05
cartwheel galaxy is not much larger than our00:03:07
own milky way galaxy and and the00:03:10
largest size is 120 thousand light years00:03:13
and is located at a distance of 60000:03:16
million light years from us00:03:21
sixty two million light years00:03:23
we are observing a collision on a cosmic00:03:25
scale00:03:26
two galaxies are attracted by00:03:28
gravitational forces after this00:03:30
collision they will both turn into one00:03:34
[music]00:03:39
this is a model of our own the galaxy00:03:42
which is called the milky way from one00:03:45
end to the other light travels00:03:47
100 thousand years from the black hole located00:03:51
in the center there are 2 large twisted00:03:53
spirals in which00:03:55
our sun is located at a distance of 2000:03:59
thousand light years from the center of the galaxy00:04:01
containing few stars in the side arms00:04:04
this location is ideal00:04:07
for observing the universe and stars00:04:09
beyond our galaxy00:04:11
[music] the00:04:17
crab nebula is located at a00:04:19
distance of six and a half thousand00:04:21
light years from earth it was created as a00:04:23
result of a supernova explosion the00:04:26
remnants of this supernova are the00:04:29
building blocks for a new00:04:31
generation of stars in 2002 in the constellation00:04:37
unicorn a new star was discovered one and a00:04:40
half thousand times larger than our sun00:04:43
and its anomalous luminosity at its00:04:47
maximum is more than one million times the00:04:50
luminosity of our sun00:04:53
[music]00:04:59
we study the universe with the help of increasingly00:05:01
powerful telescopes,00:05:03
the more we learn the more we00:05:05
want to penetrate even further, what00:05:08
attracts us, we don’t want to know who I am, and00:05:14
of course, to identify00:05:16
a person, we need to know his00:05:18
origin,00:05:28
it’s as if there is something inherent in us00:05:31
that forces us to ask these00:05:33
questions to the very essence of a person, there is a certain00:05:36
fundamental feeling of desire to know00:05:38
the answer to them, we feel that there must00:05:44
be something else, something deeper and that's00:05:46
why we try to get to the bottom of it00:05:49
[music]00:05:54
we want to get answers to questions00:05:57
precisely because we are people and the most00:06:01
important question is whether there is an answer at all00:06:06
[music]00:06:17
Alistair Magrath Professor of King's00:06:20
College London students he00:06:22
specialized in mathematics and00:06:24
physics and chemistry00:06:25
while working on his dissertation00:06:27
in molecular biophysics00:06:29
he simultaneously studied theology the universe was00:06:32
fascinating to him for many00:06:34
years he pondered the question of the meaning of00:06:37
human existence in the universe you will00:06:40
not find the answer to this question00:06:42
just slightly lifting the veil of reality,00:06:45
you need to go deeper, you can’t just00:06:49
look at the nature around you and say, here are00:06:51
all the answers to my questions, you have to00:06:55
remove layer by layer, moving00:06:57
further and further, which is00:06:58
why it is important not just to stand on00:07:01
some simplified positions, but to00:07:04
think deeply about that we see bows00:07:11
[music]00:07:14
already in ancient times, philosophers developed a number of00:07:17
ideas about the structure of the universe, the00:07:19
Phoenicians and Greeks already in 60000:07:23
BC came to the conclusion that the earth00:07:25
cannot be flat, although this view is00:07:28
often attributed to the ancient world, even the00:07:32
ancient Greeks knew that the earth is00:07:34
shaped like a ball,00:07:35
thinking people have always had good00:07:38
reasons to believe that the earth is not flat,00:07:42
for example, during a lunar eclipse, the earth00:07:45
casts a shadow on the moon and this shadow is00:07:48
curved, so it was concluded that the00:07:51
earth is shaped like a ball, or the fact that00:07:54
during the summer solstice the sun00:07:56
is under different angles of the horizon in00:07:59
Egypt and Greece, this was known already00:08:02
then, and thanks to this fact, the ancients00:08:05
came not only to the spherical shape of00:08:07
the earth, but also even estimated its radius, and00:08:15
Claudius Ptolemy lived in Egypt in the second00:08:18
century BC, he was a mathematician00:08:21
and astronomer at that time. was convinced that00:08:23
the earth is at the center of the universe and all the00:08:27
planets and stars revolve around it;00:08:31
this system, also called00:08:35
geocentric, formed the basis of the00:08:37
worldview of mankind during the00:08:40
Middle Ages; in the mid-16th century,00:08:44
this seemingly unshakable idea00:08:46
was shaken by the works of Nicolaus00:08:49
Copernicus,00:08:50
who showed that the movement of the celestial00:08:52
bodies are described much more accurately00:08:55
if we assume that in the center of the universe00:08:57
it is not the earth but the sun that is how the heliocentric model was born the00:09:05
first scientific revolution made by00:09:08
Copernicus changed people's views on the00:09:10
universe it was previously considered00:09:12
according to Aristotle as a detail that the earth00:09:15
is in the center of the world and everything revolves00:09:18
around it00:09:19
Copernicus 2 Korribanus is when Copernicus00:09:26
suggested that the center of the universe00:09:27
is not the earth and that all the planets00:09:30
revolve around the sun; this became a00:09:32
real revolution and this also became the00:09:36
starting point for00:09:37
the development of modern science;00:09:43
the German Johannes Kepler at the beginning of the 17th century00:09:46
presented significant proof of the00:09:48
correctness of the heliocentric model of the world;00:09:51
he was a mathematician and court00:09:53
astronomer and today considered one of the00:09:56
founders of modern science,00:09:59
his detailed analysis of the movement of the00:10:01
planets led him to the discovery of00:10:03
elliptical orbits of the latter's movement00:10:05
around the sun;00:10:09
many of his contemporaries did00:10:11
not want to recognize his discovery00:10:13
because they did not correspond to the scientific00:10:15
philosophical etiological conviction00:10:18
of that time. It is also necessary to mention the00:10:23
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei00:10:26
who led constant correspondence with00:10:28
Kepler and was able to provide00:10:30
convincing evidence of the correctness of00:10:32
the heliocentric model; he used00:10:35
a telescope to tell us people and became00:10:36
the discoverer of Jupiter's satellites;00:10:40
Galileo did not avoid conflicts and skirmishes00:10:43
with his secular and church00:10:45
opponents for whom the earth remained00:10:48
the center of the universe; this led to his trial; the00:10:55
example illustrates00:10:58
how susceptible scientific00:11:00
research is to the influence of generally accepted00:11:03
views;00:11:06
most scientists of that time did not at all00:11:09
consider Galileo’s observations to be fair00:11:12
and objective; the00:11:14
trial of Galileo, which took place in the00:11:17
thirties of the 17th century, shows00:11:20
us that even after a hundred years, the new00:11:23
heliocentric model of the world did not00:11:25
gain recognition for00:11:26
such a long period of time only00:11:29
confirms this idea that old00:11:31
views take deep roots in the minds of00:11:34
people so that they find thousands of reasons00:11:36
why they need to continue in them because it00:11:38
was extremely difficult for Galileo to implant a00:11:41
new worldview to accept the fact that neither the00:11:45
earth, but the sun, is the center00:11:48
required fundamental changes in the00:11:50
consciousness of the human world challenging00:11:53
public opinion and going against the00:11:55
prevailing views00:11:57
is always a complex and risky process,00:12:00
even today, in the days of Kepler and Galileo,00:12:03
the model of the universe continues to change and be00:12:05
refined Professor Arnold Benz00:12:13
teaches astrophysics at ETH Zurich to the study of00:12:15
dynamic00:12:19
processes during the formation of stars and00:12:21
planets he has devoted many years Today, the evolution of00:12:27
views on the structure of the universe has reached a00:12:29
new stage. In the past, people talked about the00:12:32
bell center model of the universe,00:12:35
then they talked about the heliocentric model.00:12:38
Today we know for certain that the sun00:12:41
is not the center, but it itself rotates00:12:44
relative to the center of our galaxy, at the00:12:49
same time, the center of our galaxy is also not00:12:53
absolute.00:12:55
it turns out that there is no center, the universe is00:12:59
expanding and it has no center,00:13:02
observations of astronomers constantly00:13:04
question the currently accepted view00:13:07
of our universe, hero humanity,00:13:09
despite the fact that astronomy is not an00:13:12
ordinary science, in this scientific discipline00:13:15
there are no controlled experimental00:13:17
conditions that can be created, for example,00:13:20
laboratories, scientists are forced rely00:13:23
only on the accuracy of observations of objects in00:13:25
outer space,00:13:27
these observations are like pieces of a mosaic00:13:30
that need to be analyzed,00:13:32
divided into categories and interpreted,00:13:35
based on this, theories are put forward00:13:39
whose plausibility is verified00:13:41
through new observations of00:13:43
astronomy is a science based on00:13:45
observations00:13:46
and therefore differs from ordinary physics00:13:48
objects and research remote in00:13:51
space, in order to study them00:13:53
we need to collect various data00:13:55
based on observations of them, this00:13:58
means that we can only00:13:59
observe them and draw conclusions only on00:14:02
the basis of these observations, which is why the00:14:04
conclusions of astronomers never reach the00:14:06
level of reliability of the conclusions of00:14:08
laboratory physics when00:14:10
new data appear which do not fit into the00:14:12
framework of the theory, we need to revise the00:14:15
entire model00:14:16
[music]00:14:19
scientists observe the universe and on this00:14:22
basis develop mathematical00:14:25
models, then using computer simulation00:14:27
they compare the results obtained with the00:14:30
observed ones00:14:31
and can interpret them; this00:14:34
observation is a fact, it is something that00:14:37
can be measured objectively and should be00:14:41
repeated00:14:42
from here you can already conclude that00:14:44
the explanation of the observational results may00:14:47
be incorrect, which means that the00:14:49
whole theory may be incorrect,00:14:52
this applies to any theory, any00:14:59
[applause]00:15:02
[music]00:15:04
what opportunities do we have00:15:06
today to study the00:15:08
universe how we get data about our00:15:11
solar system and objects beyond it, the00:15:14
landing of people, but00:15:16
this is the furthest human journey;00:15:19
soil samples were taken there and00:15:21
sent to earth for further00:15:24
study [music]00:15:35
1 197700:15:40
Americans00:15:42
launch the Voyager 1 probe00:15:47
soon followed it and Voyager 2,00:15:51
during their journey, scientists received00:15:53
a lot of amazing images and data from00:15:56
such planets as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and00:15:59
Neptune;00:16:00
moreover, several previously unknown satellites were discovered for these planets; in the00:16:05
end, both probes left the boundaries of00:16:08
our solar system00:16:10
today they are located at a distance of00:16:12
more than 14 billion kilometers from the earth, a00:16:16
big step has been taken in the development of00:16:19
telescopes, for example, the00:16:22
Hubble Space Telescope, located at an altitude of 57500:16:25
kilometers, allows scientists to look into the00:16:28
depths of space,00:16:29
while the quality of observations is not00:16:32
affected by disturbances in the earth’s atmosphere, as is the case00:16:34
with normal observation from00:16:36
the surface these photographs taken in the00:16:39
visible spectrum shed light on the00:16:41
formation and destruction of galaxies00:16:44
[music]00:16:49
but even in observatories located on the00:16:52
surface of the earth, scientists using00:16:54
radio telescopes and using the latest00:16:56
techniques can scan the sky and obtain00:16:59
information about the universe00:17:03
[music]00:17:05
every planet in the solar system,00:17:08
each star, each galaxy emit00:17:11
characteristic radio signals00:17:13
by studying which you can obtain new00:17:15
data regarding the movement of celestial bodies00:17:25
[music]00:17:45
bitter00:17:46
went in the past, a professor at the Department of00:17:48
Applied Physics at the University of00:17:50
Ulm,00:17:52
he also worked on issues of education00:17:54
and evolution of the universe, today he is00:17:58
retired but observing the sky is still it00:18:02
amazes us we can look almost00:18:07
indefinitely good weather you can even00:18:10
see with the naked eye the Andromeda nebula00:18:13
which is located at a distance of about00:18:15
2.2 million light years from this means00:18:20
that the light that can circle the globe 70 half times in a second00:18:24
comes from this galaxy to us00:18:27
more than two million years, such a long00:18:31
travel time of light does not allow00:18:33
astronomers to determine what is happening00:18:35
to the object of observation right now, however,00:18:40
mathematical models provide an understanding of the00:18:42
life cycle of stars and galaxies00:18:47
Dr. John Lennox Professor of Mathematics00:18:49
at Oxford00:18:52
For many years he studied00:18:54
the universe with interest often observing the starry sky,00:18:57
being a mathematician, he is well aware00:19:00
that he can only make careful00:19:03
statements in the field of astronomy in the00:19:07
natural sciences, you cannot00:19:09
state anything only on the basis of mathematics;00:19:11
all the evidence that I can00:19:14
give is only in the field of pure00:19:17
mathematics, where only00:19:18
accepted rules of logic and where you ask00:19:21
yourself the question, what can I get from this00:19:24
set of axels? It is necessary in the00:19:25
natural sciences, the measure of everything00:19:27
is experimental00:19:29
proof,00:19:36
the latter can be expressed by a mathematical00:19:38
formula, but the fact that the behavior of00:19:41
celestial bodies is described by mathematical00:19:44
laws00:19:45
at the time greatly surprised Professor00:19:47
John Silen x how mathematics00:19:52
amazes me agents the same thing that00:19:55
amazed Einstein in his time we can00:19:58
describe the universe in terms of00:19:59
mathematics00:20:01
Einstein was smart enough to00:20:03
realize this so that he once even00:20:05
said the most incomprehensible thing in this00:20:08
universe is that it is a region00:20:11
in fact it is understandable with the help of00:20:13
mathematics the possibility of mathematics00:20:18
descriptions of astronomical observations00:20:20
allow scientists to make statements00:20:22
regarding the past and future of the universe,00:20:25
that is, we can imagine a00:20:27
reading model of the history of its development00:20:31
up to the 20th century, scientists considered the00:20:34
universe to be eternal, but a series of discoveries00:20:39
refuted this concept;00:20:42
it is valid in the past, people were inclined to00:20:44
believe that the universe was always00:20:46
here, therefore no need to make00:20:49
any explanations00:20:50
but over the last 100 years we have come to the00:20:52
conclusion that the universe had a beginning and this is00:20:55
one of the most grandiose discoveries of00:20:57
modern science and one of the00:20:59
biggest questions if the universe had a00:21:03
beginning where did it come from is one of the00:21:07
greatest mysteries of the world a mystery00:21:11
that attracts to itself the attention of00:21:14
scientists and philosophers and theologians,00:21:23
as well as outside Copernicus, the prevailing00:21:25
views were shaken;00:21:28
the universe did not always exist, but it00:21:31
had a beginning at this point, it00:21:34
was a tiny volume, then00:21:38
at some point its expansion began00:21:40
with enormous speed, as if there had been an00:21:42
explosion, so it appeared the theory of the big00:21:45
bang, which initially most00:21:48
scientists received with hostility; it was the00:21:53
60s, I remember this time well,00:21:57
irrefutable evidence began to appear00:21:59
that everything began with the big bang,00:22:03
evidence of this was the cosmic microwave background00:22:06
radiation, red00:22:07
shift and other similar facts,00:22:10
but for the children themselves it was what00:22:13
resistance was met by a new theory,00:22:16
the idea that the universe is not static and not00:22:18
of infinite time, but is expanding at the00:22:20
very beginning, met with strong rejection00:22:23
in scientific circles00:22:24
because if it is expanding, it00:22:27
means that it had a beginning and in the beginning00:22:30
it was very small, and this already looks like00:22:32
creation, I think precisely because For this reason,00:22:35
many scientists rejected this idea. A00:22:42
powerful argument in favor of an expanding00:22:44
universe was provided by, among others, the00:22:46
famous astronomer Edwin Hubble in00:22:49
1929, then he worked at one of the00:22:54
largest observatories, the00:22:56
Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, he00:23:00
studied the light of distant galaxies and measured00:23:04
how the position in space changes00:23:07
this is done through spectroscopy00:23:10
using the methods of spectral00:23:12
chromatography,00:23:13
which gives the speed of a distant object,00:23:16
he discovered that all galaxies are moving away from00:23:19
us, this discovery is less than a hundred years old,00:23:27
then in the twenty-ninth year, this00:23:29
observation changed the understanding of many00:23:31
processes in astronomy, how did00:23:33
Hubble obtain information about the distances00:23:36
between galaxies at As the00:23:38
universe expands, the distances between galaxies00:23:40
change, and specifically they move away00:23:43
from each other, this leads to the fact that00:23:45
the light from them shifts into the wavelength00:23:47
region of the spectrum,00:23:49
this is called the Doppler effect, an example from the00:23:52
field of acoustics,00:23:53
if an object moves away from you, the sound from00:23:55
it becomes lower, that is, the sound00:23:57
moving away from you siren will sound00:24:00
lower than when it approaches, the light00:24:03
behaves in a similar way; the00:24:05
galaxy is moving away from us; the wavelength00:24:07
and light shifts to the red region of00:24:09
the spectrum;00:24:10
this effect is called red shift00:24:13
and it is used to determine the00:24:15
distance between galaxies, since it is00:24:18
known that the further away from us00:24:20
the faster the galaxy moves away and the greater the00:24:23
magnitude of the red shift00:24:25
[music]00:24:32
in the end, based on a lot of00:24:34
new evidence, scientists were convinced that00:24:37
the universe once arose,00:24:39
but as often happens in science, the00:24:41
answer received gave rise to a new series of00:24:44
questions, the big bang theory is nothing00:24:47
speaks about the origin of the universe, it00:24:51
speaks only about the initial00:24:52
state, while we actually00:24:55
know nothing about how this state00:24:57
arose, and so there are several00:25:00
theories that try to answer this00:25:02
question: what happened before the big bang,00:25:05
for example, there is a theory that speaks of the00:25:08
presence quantum field00:25:09
which became the cause of the quasi-explosion, but00:25:12
these are just guesses and there are00:25:14
a lot of theories on this subject,00:25:15
but the truth is that we cannot verify00:25:17
their reliability experimentally, it is00:25:20
obvious that the universe, having once arisen,00:25:23
expands at an ever-increasing00:25:25
speed, this conclusion can be reached by00:25:28
observing explosions in binary star00:25:30
systems of the00:25:31
so-called type 1a supernovae,00:25:36
this discovery in 2011 was awarded the00:25:39
Nobel Prize in physics,00:25:41
but nevertheless the question remains what00:25:44
caused the emergence of00:25:48
the universe. I think that the idea of the origin of the universe is of00:25:52
paramount importance because it00:25:54
leads in turn to a series of00:25:56
fundamental questions such as00:25:59
where the universe came from why it00:26:02
has exactly these properties and if these00:26:05
properties are so connected with the00:26:06
origin of life, wasn’t this the00:26:09
origin of life a pre-planned00:26:12
soup and therefore for me personally the big explosion00:26:15
from the idea of an explosion of cosmic proportions00:26:18
that became the beginning of the universe leads00:26:20
to deep metaphysical questions00:26:23
questions to which science cannot give an answer,00:26:26
but which are very important for us00:26:28
and to which we want to know the answers00:26:31
[music]00:26:38
to these deep questions of the origin and00:26:41
meaning of the universe,00:26:42
astrophysics cannot give an answer, but00:26:46
thanks to it we know that neither the earth nor the00:26:49
sun are the center of the universe and00:26:52
that the universe expanding from an00:26:54
infinitesimal initial volume, these00:26:58
revolutionary discoveries about the nature of the00:26:59
universe in the 70s were complemented by00:27:01
new amazing facts that shed00:27:04
light on the special status of the earth in the universe.00:27:12
Over the past few decades,00:27:15
scientists have come to the conclusion that for the00:27:18
existence of life in the universe, it is00:27:24
necessary to satisfy a number of00:27:26
parameters with a very tight tolerance,00:27:34
for example, there must be a strictly defined00:27:36
relationship between the fundamental forces,00:27:40
otherwise the universe after the big bang00:27:43
will expand too quickly and00:27:46
therefore,00:27:47
because of this, stars will never be able to00:27:49
form; otherwise,00:27:52
if the universe contracts rapidly, there00:27:55
will be too little time for the formation of stars and galaxies00:28:00
this statement can be demonstrated00:28:02
by the example of a ball floating in an air00:28:06
flow, if the air flow is weak, the ball00:28:10
will fall down, if it is too strong, it will fly00:28:15
up, and just like the weight of the ball, in00:28:20
order for the latter not to move, it00:28:22
must be exactly balanced by the force of the00:28:25
air flow, in the same way the00:28:27
fundamentals must be balanced forces00:28:29
in the universe, this is a basic prerequisite for the00:28:32
existence of life, there must be, for example, a00:28:36
subtle balance between the force of gravity00:28:39
and the force that expands our universe.00:28:41
Of course, we are well aware that00:28:44
gravity leads to the mutual attraction of00:28:46
two bodies and that this leads to the compaction of00:28:49
matter,00:28:50
but we know little about the force that00:28:53
brought the universe in motion, speaking about the00:28:57
big bang, we can only make00:28:59
assumptions, but one thing can be stated with00:29:03
certainty: these two forces are balanced00:29:06
so well that our universe00:29:08
was able to develop as it should00:29:10
and life could arise in it,00:29:23
how well the balance between these00:29:26
two forces is verified, how resistant is the00:29:28
universe to fluctuations so that after these00:29:31
fluctuations, you and I were still able to00:29:33
exist,00:29:34
this agreement is estimated with an accuracy of00:29:37
1 in 10 to the 60th power, this is 16 x 10 zeros,00:29:43
it’s hard to imagine; for comparison, the00:29:48
situation has exactly the same probability when I’m at the edge of the universe and00:29:51
put a coin and hit it from here from the ground00:29:55
into it from a super-powerful rifle, this is a very low00:29:59
probability and this is exactly 10 to minus 6000:30:03
degrees, you have exactly this precision of00:30:06
tuning that is needed so that on the one00:30:07
hand the universe expands and on the00:30:10
other so that00:30:12
clusters of galaxies, stars and planets can form,00:30:16
today we know for sure that the universe as a00:30:19
whole with all its fundamental00:30:21
interactions, it is00:30:23
arranged in such a way that life could arise in it;00:30:26
if one of the00:30:28
fundamental constants were changed, everything would fly apart00:30:31
or would not be able to exist at all, which00:30:34
means that if there were no stars00:30:36
and galaxies,00:30:37
no interstellar dust, life could not00:30:40
exist we are accustomed to the fact that nature is00:30:43
resistant to external influences on00:30:45
earth, we can afford to00:30:46
pollute the environment, which00:30:49
really needs to be stopped later, but in the00:30:51
case of the universe this is not so, if we00:30:54
change one parameter, this thing00:30:56
with the universe will not work out, this situation00:31:00
can be compared to a discovery safe,00:31:03
we will succeed only if we correctly00:31:06
select all the code numbers,00:31:08
the same is true, and for the fundamental00:31:11
forces of the universe they must be in a00:31:13
fairly narrow range, as they are now,00:31:15
in order for00:31:17
organic life to arise, and here scientists are00:31:20
unanimous, but even more than that, the00:31:23
question is the origin of the solar system and00:31:26
the planet with conditions suitable for the emergence of00:31:27
life require even greater00:31:30
restrictions,00:31:34
we need a galaxy with a certain00:31:37
distribution of masses; the sun00:31:40
should not be located, not too00:31:41
close, not too far away, and all this00:31:44
must be done in a universe in00:31:46
which the existence of galaxies is generally possible;00:31:49
all other galaxies must be00:31:52
sufficient far away to avoid00:31:54
collisions at least sichi and00:31:56
only this will lead to the possibility of the00:31:58
formation of the sun which will be a00:32:01
long-term source of energy for00:32:03
us so that we can live on earth and so that00:32:06
life can be maintained for a00:32:08
long time, of course, if it00:32:11
will exist at all for that long00:32:15
alfred crabs professor planetary in00:32:18
astronomy and extraterrestrial aeronautics at the00:32:20
University of Stuttgart in astrophysics,00:32:24
he has been working for many years among others,00:32:27
and from us00:32:29
his passion for astrophysics led him to a00:32:33
very interesting idea about00:32:35
the planet earth, the earth is a very specific00:32:40
place, I realized this for the first time when I saw00:32:42
photographs of the earth from space taken00:32:45
during the landing on the moon the earth is blue and00:32:49
surrounded by white clouds00:32:50
other planets in the solar system00:32:53
look completely different they are very00:32:55
different00:32:56
when you see these differences you begin to00:32:59
understand why our earth is inhabited and00:33:01
then you understand how important the00:33:04
correct distance to the sun is the presence of00:33:06
water and the correct composition of the atmosphere the earth00:33:09
supports life in the best possible way00:33:12
to maintain human life on earth,00:33:15
a number of factors must be satisfied,00:33:17
for example, there must be the correct00:33:20
distance to the sun; the sun is a00:33:22
source of energy for light and heat; it00:33:25
is known that its size and distance from the00:33:27
earth are crucial for the00:33:30
existence of organic life; for00:33:34
life on earth, the sun is naturally important;00:33:36
it gives us energy the00:33:38
earth is an open system, we00:33:41
receive energy from the sun for free and this00:33:44
maintains a warm climate on earth and00:33:46
creates conditions for00:33:47
long-term biophysical00:33:50
processes to take place, if you turn off the sun, in just 800:33:53
minutes we will find ourselves in pitch darkness,00:33:56
and after another three days outside the window it will be minus00:34:00
150 degrees Celsius and all life00:34:04
on earth will disappear as soon as all the forests00:34:07
are cut down from one and without the sun we will00:34:11
disappear very quickly sounds a little00:34:15
terrible but it is not the processes on the00:34:18
surface of the earth00:34:19
directly dependent on solar energy in00:34:22
just one second the sun emits00:34:25
so much into outer space00:34:27
how much energy all of humanity could00:34:29
consume for a few hundred,00:34:32
and not only this,00:34:34
for life on earth the power of the sun00:34:36
must remain fairly constant; the00:34:38
sun determines 99.9 percent of the00:34:42
climate on our planet; the sun should not00:34:46
change the power of its radiation if00:34:49
the sun unexpectedly heats up by 20000:34:51
degrees; we we will start to sweat and if it cools down we will00:34:54
freeze therefore it is very important00:34:57
that the sun gives a constant00:34:59
amount of energy over a long00:35:01
time,00:35:02
computer simulation shows that00:35:05
it gives us the same amount of00:35:06
energy for quite a00:35:09
long period of time and this is very00:35:12
good for us for the existence of life on00:35:15
earth influences not only the00:35:17
power of solar radiation but also00:35:20
the distance from the sun to the earth,00:35:22
if the earth were closer to the sun the climate00:35:25
on it would be like on Venus and water00:35:28
vapor, which is slightly lighter mri acid00:35:31
gas, would end up in the upper layers of the atmosphere00:35:34
where water would decompose under the influence of ultraviolet00:35:38
radiation would have00:35:41
evaporated on Venus there is no water and the00:35:44
atmosphere of the00:35:48
planet Venus is hostile to life, the temperature on00:35:52
it reaches 500 degrees00:35:55
Celsius it is closer to the sun than the earth on00:36:00
Mars it is00:36:01
too cold when the water is in a00:36:04
frozen state like on Mars life is00:36:07
probably impossible so Mars is also not00:36:11
suitable for life;00:36:12
the temperature there is on average -55 degrees00:36:15
Celsius;00:36:17
in order for people to live there, a00:36:19
different atmosphere is needed; the00:36:23
earth must be at a very certain00:36:26
distance from the sun for it to be00:36:28
suitable for life; only this will allow00:36:31
water to be in a liquid state00:36:33
if the earth were closer to the sun on its00:36:36
surface the temperature would be too high00:36:38
so that the oceans would evaporate00:36:40
and for life on earth they do not play a00:36:43
very important role life can00:36:45
only exist if there is water00:36:49
if the distance from the earth to the sun00:36:51
was too great00:36:53
water would freeze and again there would00:36:55
be no life on earth00:36:56
using water 70 percent of the00:37:02
earth's surface is covered with water water00:37:05
regulates the temperature on earth00:37:07
accumulates heat00:37:08
water is the main solvent that00:37:11
allows you to transfer the00:37:13
chemical elements necessary for life life00:37:15
can only be where there is00:37:17
liquid water water is me liquid on00:37:22
which the existence of life is based, an00:37:25
essential part of our body, this water00:37:27
in any biological cell we find00:37:31
water along with various biomolecules,00:37:36
water has a number of important properties00:37:39
that make it possible for00:37:42
life to exist on earth, a00:37:45
person can live on earth only00:37:48
if its orbit lies within strictly00:37:50
defined limits, the slightest00:37:52
deviation from this can lead to00:37:54
catastrophic consequences for humans00:37:59
[music]00:38:02
another important factor influencing the00:38:05
habitability of our planet00:38:06
is the angle of inclination and the axis of rotation; a00:38:11
distinctive feature of the earth is the angle of00:38:13
inclination and Joseph 23 degrees, it is this00:38:16
angle that makes possible summer in the northern00:38:18
hemisphere when the sun intensively00:38:21
illuminates it after half a revolution the sun00:38:24
illuminates the southern hemisphere more intensely and00:38:26
summer already begins there00:38:28
if this were not so, that is, if00:38:30
this angle were equal to zero the sun00:38:33
would shine equally on both hemispheres,00:38:35
which means that near the poles life could would00:38:38
exist as it is00:38:40
today, there would be no00:38:42
seasons and on average it would be much00:38:44
colder at the equator, on the contrary, it would be00:38:47
much hotter than today if you tilt the00:38:57
earth's rotation by more than 2300:38:59
degrees there will no longer be day or night00:39:02
because when In this case, the sun will00:39:04
illuminate only one part of the earth and there will00:39:06
always be day on the opposite00:39:09
side it will always be dark and this will00:39:11
lead to a serious00:39:13
temperature difference, life could exist00:39:15
only in certain areas of the00:39:17
surface, and due to the huge00:39:19
temperature difference in the atmosphere,00:39:21
giant tornadoes would regularly arise00:39:24
and if the earth revolved around the sun00:39:27
1 and and the axis of rotation would be very00:39:30
sensitive but fortunately this is not the case,00:39:34
its satellite the moon rotates around the earth the00:39:38
moon is extremely important for stabilizing the00:39:41
earth's axis which is slightly tilted if there00:39:44
were no moon the earth would begin to00:39:46
describe pirouettes and shifts seasons would be00:39:49
disrupted if the moon were closer, the00:39:56
rotation of the earth would slow down00:39:58
and this would lead to an increase in the00:40:00
length of the day, it would not be very00:40:03
comfortable if the day lasted, say, 100:40:07
month,00:40:11
not only the moon but also Jupiter significantly00:40:14
influences the earth, Jupiter is about a thousand00:40:17
times larger and 200 times heavier than the earth00:40:21
due to its enormous mass it00:40:24
attracts comets and other00:40:26
celestial bodies that invade from00:40:29
outside the solar system and move towards the00:40:31
earth00:40:33
jupiter prevents possible00:40:35
collisions with these objects for the earth00:40:38
it acts as a protective barrier00:40:41
but the danger does not come It is only because of00:40:44
the boundaries of the solar system that the00:40:46
sun itself is dangerous, although it00:40:49
provides the influx of00:40:50
energy of heat and light that we need, on the other hand,00:40:53
its radiation contains components that are extremely00:40:55
harmful to life, for example, the00:40:59
so-called solar wind,00:41:01
which consists of charged particles, does not00:41:04
harm us only thanks to00:41:05
because the earth's magnetic field causes it to00:41:07
deviate because particles of the solar00:41:11
wind enter the earth's atmosphere in the region of the00:41:13
earth's magnetic poles,00:41:15
molecules in the air are excited by the00:41:17
solar wind and begin to00:41:19
kiss this phenomenon is known as the00:41:21
northern lights, if the00:41:28
earth's magnetic field weakens, then our00:41:31
protection from cosmic radiation will disappear radiation, these00:41:34
particles, charged protons that fly00:41:37
to us from space, are deflected by a magnetic00:41:41
field so that we are protected from harmful00:41:44
effects like a shield, but if it is not00:41:47
there then the background of natural radiation on00:41:50
earth will increase significantly00:41:54
and another factor that makes00:41:59
human life on earth possible00:42:00
is the presence of an atmosphere in fact,00:42:04
some other planets and their moons also00:42:06
have an atmosphere, but usually it is00:42:08
too thin for any00:42:18
of the important components in the earth's00:42:20
atmosphere to arise, oxygen, the volume of which00:42:22
is more than 20 percent, such a00:42:26
high concentration is necessary for the00:42:28
formation of the ozone layer around ours00:42:30
planet00:42:31
that protects it from harmful00:42:33
ultraviolet radiation,00:42:38
one way or another, life on earth00:42:41
depends significantly on the type of electromagnetic waves00:42:44
that reach its surface;00:42:47
organic life exists in a narrow00:42:50
range of the visible and infrared00:42:51
range of the electromagnetic spectrum;00:42:55
this is vital for the implementation of00:42:57
plant photosynthesis; the00:43:01
corresponding biomolecules outside can00:43:03
absorb light in the infrared and visible00:43:05
ranges and transform it, it’s00:43:08
surprising, but the maximum intensity of00:43:10
solar radiation falls precisely00:43:12
in this frequency range, all these00:43:15
observations in total lead to a00:43:17
single conclusion,00:43:18
many factors influencing the00:43:20
possibility of the existence of life on earth,00:43:22
quite unexpectedly, turn out to be00:43:25
correctly selected00:43:26
and surprisingly well tuned, this00:43:29
includes mutual the location of the sun and00:43:31
planets, as well as the derivative from this,00:43:34
parameters, energy and light00:43:36
balance, the state of aggregation of water for the life of00:43:39
organisms on earth, there are00:43:41
conditions unique to our universe00:43:44
[music]00:43:50
it is obvious that our earth is unique, in order for00:43:54
life to arise, we need the right set of00:43:56
chemical elements, we need00:43:58
appropriate physical conditions on00:44:00
our on earth they exist00:44:02
because we say that our planet00:44:04
is unique today, we cannot say00:44:07
that there are no analogues to it in the universe, but00:44:10
being here on earth and thinking about00:44:13
this question, we cannot simply00:44:16
ignore the fact that here in00:44:18
this part of the universe there is something very00:44:20
unusual scientists agree our earth is a00:44:26
unique place even on the scale of the00:44:28
universe and just as before people00:44:31
continue to wonder if there is00:44:33
intelligent life on others I don’t think00:44:39
we know enough to say that there00:44:42
are no such conditions as on earth00:44:44
anywhere in the universe because there is simply00:44:46
unimaginable the number of stars and00:44:48
galaxies and we don’t know how many00:44:51
planets they have, the planets are small and difficult00:44:53
to detect,00:44:54
and when they are also far away, taking into00:44:56
account our measuring capabilities,00:44:58
everything becomes much more complicated, I think we00:45:01
still know very little,00:45:05
in any case,00:45:07
astronomical observations give us a00:45:09
new understanding of many things, and this00:45:12
despite the fact that the study of exoplanets00:45:13
began a little over 20 years ago00:45:16
[music]00:45:20
today more than 50000:45:24
planetary systems similar to ours are known,00:45:26
naturally this raises the question: is there a00:45:30
second similar earth in them,00:45:32
can we find another planet at the00:45:34
right distance and at which00:45:37
all the conditions for the life of00:45:39
organisms exist for science, especially planetary00:45:41
astronomy, the answer to this question costs00:45:43
billions of dollars; for us, the00:45:48
answer to this question is very important if on other00:45:50
planets intelligent life existed at least temporarily00:45:53
and we cannot answer this question00:45:56
it is important for us to understand ourselves,00:45:59
now there is a feeling in the air that we are not00:46:03
alone in the universe; telescopes such as the00:46:12
Hubble telescope00:46:13
are making an amazing discovery, transmitting00:46:15
amazing photographs to the earth. At the end of00:46:18
2011, more than 700 exoplanets were discovered,00:46:23
but none of them were like the earth.00:46:27
still inhabited planet00:46:30
or are we alone in the universe00:46:33
is there extraterrestrial life and if there is00:46:36
can we communicate with its00:46:38
representatives the00:46:42
main problem in such communication is00:46:44
the limiting speed of00:46:46
signal propagation equal to the speed of light this00:46:49
means that even if we find a planet00:46:51
with conditions suitable for organic life00:46:54
even Given the presence of water, all that remains for us00:46:56
is simply to know its existence, because00:46:59
if we want to send a message, we00:47:01
will have to wait at least 500 years for a response,00:47:04
even if we send it to the00:47:06
nearest potentially green00:47:08
planet, and even this is hard to00:47:10
imagine with the current level of00:47:11
technology development it seems that this is simply00:47:14
impossible, we can say that in the00:47:16
universe there are many possibilities00:47:18
for the presence of life, and after all, it00:47:20
contains so many stars and probably00:47:23
about the same number of planets, therefore we00:47:25
can talk about sextillions of options,00:47:28
that is, ten to the twenty-first power00:47:30
and of course this is quite a lot, but00:47:33
how much strong restrictions are imposed, I00:47:36
can say that among the almost00:47:38
1000 exo planets known to us today, there00:47:41
is not a single one on which00:47:43
life could exist, they are definitely00:47:46
unsuitable for life, they are not at all00:47:48
terrestrial, so there are00:47:50
many options, but the probability00:47:53
still remains low to00:47:56
quantify the probability the presence of life00:47:58
similar to ours somewhere in the universe does not00:48:01
seem possible and it seems that00:48:05
it is simply incredible, hence the00:48:08
question smoothly follows who we are and what is so00:48:11
unique in our earth,00:48:15
without any doubt, the earth is an incredibly00:48:18
amazing planet, we still do not00:48:21
know a single celestial body on in00:48:23
which life can exist, because00:48:26
for this a number of parameters must be clearly met,00:48:30
why our universe meets these00:48:33
conditions and why the earth satisfies00:48:36
all of them is it just a00:48:39
coincidence, or can we conclude that00:48:41
initially there was a certain plan that00:48:43
took into account the presence of so many00:48:45
factors on a cosmic and terrestrial00:48:47
scale firstly, the fact of the so-called00:48:52
fine tuning of the universe has been noted by a00:48:54
variety of scientists,00:48:55
there is a lot of literature on this subject,00:48:58
many people admire this, the question is00:49:01
can we understand this00:49:03
somehow and explain whether we can find a00:49:06
deeper reason and explanation for this and00:49:09
so it turns out that everything trying00:49:12
to interpret the fine tuning of the universe, a00:49:14
concept beyond the natural sciences,00:49:17
necessarily leads to an understanding of the00:49:19
vital role of your00:49:21
worldview and your attitudes. I00:49:25
think it’s amazing.00:49:26
Sometimes they talk about it, but often it00:49:29
remains behind the scenes. It’s amazing to me00:49:33
to see the relationship between a person’s motives and00:49:36
worldview; it’s an00:49:38
interpretation that he adheres to00:49:41
suzuki00:49:44
whether the concept of a person’s destiny presupposes a00:49:48
deeper understanding or not00:49:51
whether a person’s life00:49:53
is planned or is it a product of00:49:56
random processes00:49:58
professor of physics barbara throttle00:50:01
draws a clear divide between the scientific00:50:03
approach to this issue00:50:05
her own worldview within the00:50:09
scientific worldview I say as00:50:12
scientists I cannot go further than this00:50:13
question, I simply accept it as a00:50:16
given as a fact and on the basis of this I00:50:19
conduct my scientific research on the00:50:21
question why everything is so science cannot00:50:23
give an answer,00:50:24
that is, this is a given that I should00:50:27
accept and beyond which I cannot00:50:30
look one of the interpretations says00:50:35
it’s all by chance we’re just lucky there00:50:39
’s always someone who wins00:50:42
the lottery and this time we’re lucky00:50:46
that all the fundamental constants of00:50:48
nature are00:50:49
exactly such that we can exist00:50:51
in my opinion in this case it must be00:50:55
said that by00:50:57
chance we we are talking about something we don’t know,00:51:00
that is, the word randomly does not have00:51:03
any deep meaning here, this is a00:51:06
temporary category that should be00:51:09
replaced by another deeper and more00:51:12
plausible one, but what could be an00:51:16
alternative explanation for the00:51:20
statement that such an amazingly fine-00:51:23
tuning of the universe, this coincidence of00:51:25
circumstances does not seem very00:51:27
satisfactory if we collide with00:51:31
such special conditions that are simply00:51:33
incredible, either our universe00:51:35
is the only one or there are00:51:37
other universes with other conditions, this is00:51:40
called the theory of the multiverse, it00:51:42
claims that our universe is just00:51:44
one among a whole multitude and only00:51:47
it has such good conditions, here is00:51:49
one of the possible explanations, the theory of00:51:56
the multiverse implies that00:51:58
there are many, maybe an infinite00:52:01
number of universes, there is no consensus among scientists00:52:05
about multisim,00:52:10
some say that external00:52:12
evidence of the existence of00:52:13
the multiverse is simple and cannot, then00:52:18
other universes are00:52:19
simply not available to us00:52:21
[music]00:52:26
according to physicist and theologian Professor00:52:28
Alistair Mokrota fine-tuning00:52:30
the universe can be interpreted completely00:52:33
differently there is an interesting point of view00:52:40
according to which the fine tuning of00:52:42
the universe leads to the presence of the one who00:52:45
tuned it, namely that there is something00:52:49
above the entire universe and this is not just an00:52:52
accident of cosmic proportions but an00:52:56
intelligent design of the creator of God's disks,00:52:59
in other words, looking at the fine tuning00:53:02
universe, we don't just look at00:53:05
the universe in itself, but at who00:53:08
was its creator, we can say that there is00:53:11
no one who created everything in00:53:12
exactly this way so that everything00:53:15
turned out to be correctly configured, that this00:53:17
no one deliberately created all the laws and all00:53:19
the conditions so that we could live on earth00:53:21
for Professor Kegel, this interpretation of00:53:24
fine tuning does not contradict the00:53:26
rules of logic; on the contrary, if you honestly00:53:31
look at fine tuning, you can00:53:34
assume that someone really00:53:37
could press all the buttons so that all the00:53:39
fundamental constants00:53:41
take on the values that are necessary, and00:53:44
based on this we can call such a00:53:46
process designing00:53:48
this led to the emergence of our00:53:51
universe, for me the best option00:53:54
seems to be not just asking the question of what00:53:57
this proves, but it is better to ask a question of a00:54:00
completely different quality, how we00:54:03
should look at the world in order to understand what we00:54:05
observe, what idea of the world00:54:09
most corresponds to what we are in00:54:11
it we see such a theory describes everything in00:54:14
the best way, of course we cannot00:54:17
prove it, but if the theory describes what is00:54:21
observed, then it makes sense00:54:32
what happened before the big bang00:54:35
[music]00:55:01
but the00:55:15
foundation [00:55:16
music] the00:55:23
basis00:55:25
it00:55:27
[music]00:55:30
and [music]Description:
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