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0:22

Cognition Emerges in the Cortex

4:57

Cerebral Cortex

8:55

Self Recognition in the Mirror

10:34

Cognition without Cortex

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Jacobs University

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so thanks a lot so when I became a

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student of biological psychology there

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was one lesson that we learned in the

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first hour and that is cognition emerges

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in the cortex and without cortex there's

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no cognition now I'm giving a talk about

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cognition without cortex so how is that

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possible well it all starts with

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evolution an evolution will reconstruct

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the Tree of Life the history of life and

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we do this by looking at features that

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different animals share so you see four

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different animals there and look at the

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first two the human and the chimp you

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see that there are a lot of features

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that they have in common it's very

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simple why because they had a common

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ancestor and these common ancestor

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didn't live that long time ago you also

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see that there are some similarities at

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least between humans and dogs not that

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many but some and again there is a

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common ancestor meant this and this

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common ancestor lived quite a while ago

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and there are even some similarities

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between humans and pigeons but the last

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common ancestor that existed lived 300

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million years ago and from this last

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common ancestor all of these animals

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inherited certain features and they

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still have some of these features and

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they share these features so similarity

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is usually a hallmark of relatedness and

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common ancestry but animals can also

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become similar due to other reasons due

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to convergent evolution and that's my

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most beloved picture to demonstrate you

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this these are four different animals

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and these four animals share one thing

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and that's the taste for a certain kind

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of prey they love grubs that hide

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between the barks of trees but these

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grubs unfortunately they don't want to

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be eaten so it's a bit difficult to get

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hold of them so what did these animals

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do they invented more or less a very

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similar procedure this one changed its

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front paws to get hold of the grubs this

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one changed the hind paws to get hold of

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it this one changed its peak and this

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one changed its brain and as a result it

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was able to use tools in this case

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cactus spines to get hold of the graphs

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so convergent evolution not related to

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common ancestry can also create

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similarities of features simply due to a

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common joint selection pressure now

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comes the question that keeps me awake

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all the night and that's this one

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when cognition converges do brains also

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converge think of octopus having a

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completely different brain now octopus

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starts an evolutionary line were in the

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future octopus things like humans does

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octopus then get a human brain or and

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that's the alternative is it possible

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that similar cognitive processes are

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generated by different brains so that

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octopus might have a completely

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different brain but still would think

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like us this is the question I would

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like to find an answer for and this is a

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very important question because the

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first alternative means I look at your

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brain and I tell you how your cognition

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works the second alternative is I look

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at your brain and have no clue what you

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think so the person who dedicated all of

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his scientific life for this question

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was lubricating a true hero of science a

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German ear anatomist who lived in

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Frankfurt about a century ago who was

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the leading comparative near anatomist

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of his time and his central goal was to

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understand the evolution of the

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vertebrate brain and the evolution of

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vertebrate cognition he thought that

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there is a one-to-one link between the

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structure of the brain and the structure

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of cognition according to decades of

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hard work he came up with a theory that

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candy can be exemplified in a single

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picture and that's this one first of all

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Lutie killing assumed that vertebrates

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began with fish and fish brain wise were

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merely just spinal cord with a little

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bit of brain stem then later on

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amphibians developed an amphibian

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developed one component of the basal

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ganglia and so had advanced cognitive

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properties relative to fish then came

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reptiles they added a second component

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to the basal ganglia and also therefore

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were able to improve

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different cognitive skills van came

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birds and they elaborated the second

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component of the basal ganglia in an

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extraordinary way

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and so improved their cognitive skills

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and finally there were mammals

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developing and mammals developed a

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cerebral cortex and you see the cerebral

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cortex here in a monkey brain a

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beautiful structure an unbelievably

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elegant anatomical structure giving us

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according to Ludwig eating up an

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unprecedented ability for cognitive

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properties and due to the presence of

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the cortex mammals are unbelievably

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smart so if that is true then the monkey

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should have a high potential for

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intelligence and the low determination

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due to its genetic properties which

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should be plastic in its behavior based

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on past experience while comparable to

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that the pigeon might be much more

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limited in its cognitive properties

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because as you see there is nothing like

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a cortex here in the pigeon brain and as

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a result the pigeon should be low in its

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cognitive properties and should be

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strongly determined by its genes is that

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true for a century we thought that this

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is true for a century we looked through

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the theory of lewdly adding onto the

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brain and onto the cognitive properties

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of all vertebrate animals and for

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hundred years all of our nomenclature

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all of our theories were geared towards

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this basic theory and it turned out that

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this theory is wrong and it's

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unbelievably wrong for several reasons

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one strong reason are the development of

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cognitive tests on birds for example on

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Corvettes we meanwhile know that

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Corvettes are able to come up with

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cognitive achievements that are on par

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with chimpanzees in the background you

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see a New Caledonian crow which is a

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Corvette and on the left side you see a

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beautiful picture of a New Caledonian

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crow taken by gaven hundreds

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scientists in New Zealand and Gavin

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discovered that these animals assembled

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two different kinds of tools and with

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these tools they go hunting and they are

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very successful hunters and you see that

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this animal has a hook in its beak and

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it's crafts this hooks by its own and on

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the right side you see a video and I

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will start it soon this is a video from

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the lab of Alex Katz Alec in Oxford and

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Alex had a large number of Caledonian

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crows in his lab and on the right side

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you will see a video of patty a female

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Caledonian crow that was used to have

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two different kinds of instruments on

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the table one was a wire without a hook

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useless and the other one was was a wire

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with a hook very useful and with that

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hooked wire batty was used to take out

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little baskets full of food out of this

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glass tube but one damn Monday morning

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there was only the straight wire and

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there was no training beforehand no

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training at all how to make hooks now

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look at that

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well this oh yes now it starts

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you see straight wire doesn't work

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frustration on Monday

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there you go there's no training

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involved so this is an invention by

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Patty and she does it over and over and

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over again so now we switch to the next

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picture

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because there is one thing that apes

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could do that carrots could not do at

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least it was supposed to and that's self

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recognition in the mirror only a very

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small number of animals are able to do

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that among them humans chimps and

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orangutans so we tested Magpies which

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are Corvettes in my lab in boham for

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self recognition in the mirror what we

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did was to place black or yellow marks

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in that region at this throat region

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where the animals are unable to see

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themselves a black mark on a black

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plumage is not visible even when you

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look into the mirror so it did not make

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a difference if the animals had a mirror

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or not with a black mark they were

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practically not scratching themselves at

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that spot but if you give them a yellow

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mark and give them a mirror that's what

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happens so you see Katy one of her animals being

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confronted with a mirror and you see

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that Gertie has a yellow spot on the

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throat at least you should see it but

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you don't see maybe I should push the

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button the second time no oh it's there

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oh yes sorry for that so Gary has looked

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into the mirror and now swept away the

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mark final quality control Garrity is

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happy again so now we have facing a

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problem here is an animal with eight

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gram of brain and this brain has no

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cortex and it is cognitively on par with

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chimpanzees that have 400 gram of brain

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and a cortex so there is cognition

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without cortex and this cognition seems

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miraculously to be able to come out of

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these little brains

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how do they do that to understand this

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we congregated about 20 years ago in

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Duke we means about 30 neuroscientists

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from all over the world and the central

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question was how is that possible

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we're following a theory since hundred

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years and this theory is falling apart

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what is the correct answer to the

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question how what happened during the

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evolution of the bird brain and after

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hard time of a hard week of work we came

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up with a new theory that replaces the

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theory of Ludvig eating according to the

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old view that you see as a caricature

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there on the left side you see zebra

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finch brain and most of that brain is in

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pink and you see on the right side the

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human brain and you see there is a pink

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region this is the basal ganglia and

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there are only a little bit of green in

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the bird brain on the left side and this

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little bit of green is the pallium right

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side most of the cortex which is pale

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yellow is green now according to the new

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view we know that most of the forebrain

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of birds is green is paleo and some of

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this volume in birds is directly

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homologous also to the cortex of mammals

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so the tissue that Birds got from the

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common ancestor is the same homologue

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tissue as the mammalian pallium and some

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of them is also one-to-one homologue to

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the cortex but the organization of that

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volume is vastly different that means

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that the organization of our cortex in

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the way it's lamination is in the way

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its internal connectivities seems only

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one out of many different solutions that

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are needed to churn out high complex

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cognitive properties but is indeed the

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bird brain so vastly different we have

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to go into the details to find an answer

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few years ago I came together with a

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couple of friends and we created the

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first pigeon the first bird connectome

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the connectome is a graph theoretical

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analysis of all of the connectivity of a

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brain that can be treated with

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mathematic

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James and on the left side you see a

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pigeon brain with all the different

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components and the connectivity on on

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the right side you see a more formal

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depiction of the connectome of the

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pigeon I'm not going into the details

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here the only thing I can say to you is

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the following in its very core the

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connecthome of the pigeon is very very

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similar to the connectome of the human

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brain the monkey brain and the cat brain

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so at the very core this vastly

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differently organized brain has a very

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similar organization in its connectivity

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and you can now dive even deeper we went

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into this micro circuits that generate

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certain cognitive properties we were

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interested in short-term memory on the

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left side you see human brain and one

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area is highlighted the prefrontal

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cortex the area that is the most central

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aspect of the brain to generate

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short-term memory and we have a

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comparable region even in the pigeon

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brain and if we look at the micro

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circuits that generate short-term memory

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we discover that it's very very similar

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cellular components that create

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short-term memory so in the very end

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there is nothing new Under the Sun

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nature seems to have limited degrees of

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freedom when it comes to the details

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limited degrees of freedom when it comes

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to the general organization of a brain

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with respect to connectivity limited

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degrees of freedom when it comes to

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create micro circuits to produce certain

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kind of cognitive properties limited

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degrees but large degrees of freedom to

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create differently looking brains in

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their general appearance three things we

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can learn from here first indeed there

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is cognition without cortex the

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lamination that most of the aspects of

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the cortex are not necessarily needed to

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churn out high complex cognitive

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properties second if we dive into the

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details we see how limited the

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repertoire of nature seems to be how

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much nature repeats itself to come up

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with always the same

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and third yes that's an important lesson

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lutely hearing I said form before

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function I look at your brain and I tell

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about your cognition he was wrong

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its function before form we cannot

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predict we cannot predict cognition just

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by looking at the brain structure thanks

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a lot

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