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Эволюция человека

патриотизм

ксенофобия

альтруизм

патриотизм человека

неолитическая революция

Все как у зверей

древние люди

первобытный человек

первобытное общество

политические технологии

пропаганда

политтехнологии

пещерный человек

vsekakuzverei

война

промывка мозгов

00:00:00

How to Rule the World Using Altruism, Patriotism and Other Animal Instincts

00:00:06

Hi, this is Zhenya Timonova with Just Like Other Animals, a programme on the origin of people.

00:00:11

Today we are going back to the roots of our civilization.

00:00:14

We are at the Department of Anthropology of Moscow State University, because my co-host Heidel resides here.

00:00:22

Heidel is Homo heidelbergensis, a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.

00:00:26

Heidel has a good head on his shoulders, and will tell us some interesting stories about humans.

00:00:31

Why are we so altruistic? What instincts compel us to become patriots?

00:00:37

And how to manipulate us with disgusting stuff?

00:00:41

The ability to sacrifice oneself is not uniquely human. Animals are capable of it, too.

00:00:46

Honeybees will fight to the death to defend their hive.

00:00:51

As we know, every bee sting is lethal, but only for the bee.

00:00:54

Camponotus ants have kamikaze soldiers that can explode by squeezing their abdomen...

00:01:02

and spraying a toxic glue all over their enemies to immobilize them.

00:01:09

Altruism is quite common in animals. And blowing oneself up to save others is an act of extreme altruism.

00:01:16

The cause of animal altruism is the key characteristic that unites colonies of ants, bees and mole rats.

00:01:26

All members of the colony are relatives, brothers and sisters, children of the same mother.

00:01:32

Biologists call this type of altruism "kin altruism".

00:01:35

There is one important condition, under which kin altruism manifests itself most clearly.

00:01:42

Let's take a group of chimpanzees. We see a regular level of aggression within the group...

00:01:45

with occasional conflicts and even fights for a place in the group hierarchy.

00:01:51

But then another group of chimpanzees arrives.

00:01:54

Note, that an intergroup conflict can lead to outright warfare.

00:01:59

The first group instantly ceases all their internal quarrels and starts displaying kin altruism to each other...

00:02:10

by sharing food, mutual grooming and caring for each other's children,

00:02:16

while keeping an eye on the intruders.

00:02:21

Experiments with rats also showed that altruism within a group increases dramatically when strangers arrive.

00:02:28

Scientists brilliantly proved what we already knew: an outside threat is the best cement for a group.

00:02:36

This rule applies to many group species, including our ancestors...

00:02:41

because early humans suffered a lot from intergroup aggression.

00:02:47

Antagonism between tribal groups was so strong...

00:02:51

that the whole life of our ancestors was dominated by conflicts with neighbours.

00:03:00

According to research, almost one in three archaic people died in a fight with neighbours.

00:03:06

The Palaeolithic era is filled with blood up to the Upper Palaeolithic.

00:03:10

We are talking here about two million years, 99% of the human history.

00:03:15

This means that humans went through a tough selection process...

00:03:19

favouring our ability to sacrifice an individual life for the group.

00:03:25

Only groups of humans with the genes for self-sacrifice could survive throughout the Palaeolithic.

00:03:32

But in the remaining 1% of our history, when modern humans evolved from archaic people...

00:03:39

humankind surpassed itself in this rapid evolution.

00:03:44

Our present moral laws and ethical norms are much more humane than our instinctive behaviour.

00:03:50

Our instincts couldn't keep up and retained the animal grin of the Palaeolithic age.

00:03:57

Adaptations that helped us survive in the Palaeolitic, have simply become an atavism, or even worse.

00:04:05

That is what happened to the link between war and altruism that no longer helps us surviving tribal wars,

00:04:13

but has become a very convenient instrument for manipulating humans.

00:04:16

Especially if you want to influence a lot of people.

00:04:20

Here is how it works. Let's say, you have a territory and population...

00:04:25

and your neighbours have a territory and population. And you have some interest on their territory.

00:04:30

Of course, you can gather your people and say:

00:04:33

"Listen up, dudes, I need something from our neighbours. Let's fight for it!"

00:04:36

But they won't follow you.

00:04:38

If you'll use instincts to manipulate people, they won't have a choice.

00:04:43

Thus, you need to address people like this:

00:04:46

Brothers and sisters!

00:04:48

Of course, they are not brothers and sisters...

00:04:50

but you have to use these words, since our instinctive altruism applies only to relatives.

00:04:55

So: Brothers and sisters! Our Motherland is in danger...

00:04:59

and calling on you - her children - to defend her!

00:05:03

Don't be discouraged by absurdity of these words.

00:05:07

Of course, everyone understands that they don't make any sense:

00:05:12

"My mom is all right. And if she is calling me, it'd be only for lunch".

00:05:16

"Motherland is a territory, not a human being, and can't give birth and be a mom".

00:05:22

But we understand that individually.

00:05:24

When we are part of a group, mentioning our close relatives in a scary context has a magical effect.

00:05:30

Kin altruism in us gets activated. And we all become willing to sacrifice ourselves a bit.

00:05:35

Our instincts are saying: "Brothers, sisters, mother, children! That's a sea of my blood!

00:05:40

It's a mountain of my genes! All this must be defended at all costs!"

00:05:45

By the way, always call it "defending", even if you intend to attack.

00:05:49

As bees, ants and chimpanzees remind us, altruism is meant to defend relatives.

00:05:54

But of course, you can use it for other purposes.

00:06:00

Now you are halfway - your people are alarmed and ready to fight.

00:06:05

The next step is to prepare your enemy.

00:06:07

The problem is: mentally healthy people loathe to kill other human beings.

00:06:13

Even if there will be no punishment.

00:06:15

We have a whole bunch of inhibitions against murder.

00:06:18

Their violation entails horrible pangs of conscience - all the way to complete demoralization of the combatant.

00:06:26

In order to avoid that, you need to dehumanize the enemy, because people may kill a non-human.

00:06:33

But how to accomplish this? There is one very effective method.

00:06:39

Let's take a human brain.

00:06:42

It's so small not because it belonged to a Pithecanthropus, but because it shrank in formalin.

00:06:51

Otherwise, it's a real human brain capable of feeling emotions, including the very human emotion of disgust.

00:06:59

Disgust is a mix of fear and avoidance.

00:07:02

Disgust served us very well: in the unsanitary conditions of the past, it helped humans to avoid infections.

00:07:11

The emotion of disgust occurs here, in the insular cortex of our brain.

00:07:17

Psychologists at Princeton University have found one amazing property of this emotion.

00:07:23

Stimulation of brain areas responsible for fear and disgust...

00:07:28

suppresses activity of the areas responsible for pity, sympathy and empathy.

00:07:35

Therefore, an object of disgust is perceived by us not as a living being...

00:07:39

but as a lifeless abomination that must be immediately removed and destroyed,

00:07:45

whether it's a cockroach, a snake, a dead cat or a homeless person.

00:07:51

Disgust has another property: this emotion increases bonding with a group,

00:07:58

which is known in social terms as patriotism.

00:08:03

At the same time, disgust increases hostility towards strangers, which manifests itself in our society as xenophobia.

00:08:10

The more disgusted we feel, the more patriotic and xenophobic we become.

00:08:15

Hence, make people feel disgusted!

00:08:18

And project this emotion on your enemy in order to dehumanize it.

00:08:24

Call your enemies rats and cockroaches, zombies and reptiles. Tell they have sex with goats and eat babies.

00:08:31

When you appeal to instincts, you can afford the wildest lies.

00:08:35

Instincts are much older than reason and beat it every time.

00:08:41

And scare your people! Keep them frightened. Because fear is the best fuel of this patriotic-xenophobic complex.

00:08:48

Every day - disturbing news, macabre reports, terrifying details. Well, you know what I mean.

00:08:56

This is how you can bypass any cultural barriers and lead your people into a state of war with the neighbours.

00:09:03

On one hand, you have patriotism, on the other - xenophobia.

00:09:07

One cannot exist without the other, but together they can create such a tension...

00:09:12

that would let you destroy cities, wipe out entire countries, kill millions of people...

00:09:17

and, of course, reap whatever profits you intended.

00:09:22

This simple mechanism works for any war. Very reliable.

00:09:26

Built in the Paleolithic, yet working to this day.

00:09:30

And on the other side - if some people who are by no means your relatives,

00:09:36

suddenly start claiming to be your brothers, calling you the son of some abstract concepts,

00:09:40

and comparing your neighbours to something utterly disgusting - be on your guard.

00:09:46

These people expect altruistic behaviour of you.

00:09:49

But since their information is false, you and your relatives will not benefit from this altruism.

00:09:55

However, if someone will manage to awaken your inner caveman, nothing will stop you.

00:10:01

We are Just Like Other Animals. Be careful!

Description:

Watch in English - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7sv9dag-_0 Хорошую вещь альтруизм придумали не мы. Даже не мы придумали связать его с плохой вещью войной. Но именно мы довели эту связку любви к своим и ненависти к чужим до абсолюта. А дойдя до любого абсолюта, следует или просветлиться, или, пожав плечами, идти назад. В нашем случае, в пещеры. Warning: видео содержит вынос мозга. Спасибо Александру Маркову за то, что в этом выпуске был нам музой и рецензентом, Станиславу Дробышевскому за мозги и гостеприимство, Сэмюэлю Боулсу за гипотезу коэволюции войн и парохиального альтруизма и Льву Толстому за то, что твердил нам об этом еще сто лет назад: http://scisne.net/a934. Почитать про эволюцию альтруистичного и агрессивного поведения: - А. Марков, "Эволюция человека", том 2 - http://royallib.com/read/markov_aleksandr/evolyutsiya_cheloveka_tom_2_obezyani_neyroni_i_dusha_2011.html - Ф. Де Вааль, "Истоки морали. В поисках человеческого у приматов" - https://modernlib.net/books/frans_de_vaal/istoki_morali_v_poiskah_chelovecheskogo_u_primatov/ - М. Бутовская, "Эволюция механизмов примирения у приматов и человека" - https://www.evolbiol.ru/ - К. Лоренц, "Агрессия" - http://ethology.ru/library/?id=39 - К. Лоренц, "Восемь смертных грехов цивилизованного человечества" - http://www.modernproblems.org.ru/sience/111-faults.html.html?showall=1 - S. Bowles, "Did warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherers affect the evolution of human social behaviors?", Science - https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1168112 - J. K. Choi, S. Bowles, "The coevolution of parochial altruism and war", Science - http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/2007ScienceParochialAltruismWar.pdf - D.M. Amodio et al. "Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism", Nature Neuroscience - http://eugrafal.free.fr/Amodio-et-al-2007.pdf - D. Jones, "Moral psychology: The depths of disgust", Nature - https://www.nature.com/articles/447768a?error=cookies_not_supported&code=91738ff6-73f6-4fb4-970c-ad7c87db5da2 Третий сезон "Все как у зверей", снятый в подземных реках Хорватии, на Адриатическом море, в Беловежской пуще и вообще, где попало, смотрим здесь - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiyjp7FS-_mUhYsLqrG1SViOP6nqg6T6u Второй сезон, снятый в Кении, тоже можно увидеть целиком - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiyjp7FS-_mV6K5JDHoCczRrmjoWqyPqz А вот наш единственный и неповторимый первый сезон - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiyjp7FS-_mU9s65PNrgd1plKt4cMHLE5 Все-все наши видео можно посмотреть на странице канала "Все как у зверей" - https://www.youtube.com/user/vsekakuzverei. Или в нашей песочнице - http://vk.com/vse_kak_u_zverey. А еще мы выходим на Образоваче - http://vk.com/obrazovach - и Биологии - http://vk.com/biovk А подписаться на нас можно и нужно вот здесь - https://www.youtube.com/user/vsekakuzverei?sub_confirmation=1 Выпуск об эволюции альтруизма и патриотизме снят при поддержке мобильного оператора Yota. Съемки в Москве - Александр Кошелев, монтаж - Сергей Фененко, комикс - Андрей Кузнецов (akuaku), музыка - Ионикс, видеофрагменты - Джордж Антон, Александр Гадеа, Том Родриго, Резин Даниелс, Сара Хорн, Аллисен Берд, Элизабет Дейн.

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