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00:00:42

damn everything is fine now I have

00:00:45

not turned on the microphone, so I remind

00:00:49

you again, to be more precise, I will say that

00:00:51

today we have practice on generative organs

00:00:54

and plant tissues, and now we

00:00:57

will see how tracheids and

00:00:59

vessels differ, that is, in the last lesson I

00:01:01

didn’t have pictures for you. show and here

00:01:03

I found a nice picture, just

00:01:06

remember please where

00:01:09

tracheids and vessels are found

00:01:12

in what tissue we can find this

00:01:15

write in the chat well for now let’s start

00:01:18

remembering tracheitis and tracheal vessels de

00:01:21

unlike the vessel in the first place and the vessels

00:01:24

in the first place they are much less vodka and

00:01:27

narrow

00:01:28

in size they are smaller they are more ancient

00:01:31

vessels this is something more modern

00:01:34

absolutely true this is conductive tissue

00:01:37

namely to strength we or wood well

00:01:40

done what will conduct tragedy

00:01:44

vessels what will they transport and

00:01:47

in what direction will

00:01:49

they transport

00:01:52

water

00:01:56

water from roots to leaves means from bottom to

00:01:59

top,

00:02:00

unlike rickets and smaller vessels are larger

00:02:04

in three types there are pores and close here comes

00:02:08

one tragedy at the end so blindly

00:02:10

everything ends, that is, if the water

00:02:13

rises at the top so it has

00:02:16

nowhere to go higher, it begins to

00:02:20

pass through these collections in the

00:02:23

nearby tracheids overflow, for example, like

00:02:26

this into the next trachea, I go into this one and

00:02:28

rises, and so on, under rickets, the water

00:02:32

flows quite slowly in the vessels, you also

00:02:35

see that there seems to be such

00:02:38

a partition, that is, one tube

00:02:40

ends, but it does not

00:02:42

end blindly, there are perforations,

00:02:45

perforations, this hole a larger

00:02:49

hole than the pores of the responsibly, water

00:02:51

will pass from one hand to the other

00:02:55

through these perforations, well,

00:02:59

no one has canceled the pores in their vessels, in vessels there

00:03:02

can be all sorts of modified pores,

00:03:04

for example, here we see a pore such as a gap

00:03:07

and visible like a gap but not in shape are

00:03:10

different and due to the fact that water

00:03:13

can come through the vessels and along the supports and through the

00:03:16

perforations, the speed of water movement

00:03:18

will be faster than about [ __ ],

00:03:22

that’s the difference in general: the vessels have

00:03:23

perforations, the trophies do not have well, and obviously

00:03:26

the size is

00:03:29

so ascending from bottom to top, ascending

00:03:32

current

00:03:35

[music]

00:03:36

what is this,

00:03:38

now we’re looking at task 2,

00:03:42

by the way, I had a task on the Unified State Exam this

00:03:45

year,

00:03:47

we were supposed to look at it in the last

00:03:51

lesson, we didn’t have time, so you can

00:03:54

find this specific question in the last

00:03:57

practice in the concert itself

00:03:59

in chloroplasts The grains are small and the

00:04:03

adhesive plaster is large. Explain this

00:04:06

fact based on the functions of these organelles.

00:04:10

Nadya writes that she also

00:04:12

had this happen. In which vegetative organs of

00:04:15

plants is the largest amount of

00:04:16

nickel layers located? Give examples of how

00:04:19

starch appears in these organs and so

00:04:22

we talked to you that there are three

00:04:24

types of plastic: chloroplast,

00:04:27

adhesive plaster and chromium plast, this is how they

00:04:31

look, we will also look at this drawing for organelles.

00:04:36

In chloroplasts, there are, of course, such

00:04:39

grains filled with green pigment

00:04:42

chlorophyll and there are small grains of starch,

00:04:45

for example, one grain of starch, since

00:04:49

chloroplasts undergo photosynthesis

00:04:51

starch is only formed then

00:04:55

where photosynthesis occurs by the way

00:04:57

photosynthesis

00:04:59

mainly occurs in the leaves

00:05:02

pulp of the leaf in the chloroplasts and so

00:05:05

small grains of starch are formed in the

00:05:08

chloroplasts in the process of photosynthesis then

00:05:11

along the flyers along the conductive tissue and this

00:05:16

starch will be transported

00:05:17

throughout the plant and accumulate in

00:05:20

organs that are created for storage in

00:05:23

various thickenings, for example, tubers,

00:05:27

for example, rhizomes, and so on, and

00:05:30

accumulating these grains of starch will

00:05:33

increase, this is

00:05:34

how this question should have been answered.

00:05:37

The main one, first, let's give the functions of

00:05:40

all these chloroplast plates. The main

00:05:44

function of chloroplasts is photosynthesis.

00:05:47

The starch synthesized in chloroplasts is

00:05:50

excreted into other organs vans

00:05:52

chloroplasts are not stored because

00:05:54

chloroplasts do not have a storage function,

00:05:56

so starch grains are small about how they are

00:05:59

just synthesized, these grains are

00:06:01

small, there are

00:06:03

no guys in the pulp, there are chloroplasts, how is

00:06:07

this in the pulp, there are no pulp, there are chloroplasts,

00:06:09

there are no chloroplasts in the skin of the leaf,

00:06:13

on the contrary, it is very rich in

00:06:16

chloroplasts,

00:06:18

the main functions of easy layers this is

00:06:21

the accumulation of storage of starch due to the fact

00:06:24

that starch accumulates there,

00:06:26

large

00:06:29

nicks of layers are obtained in the roots, because the

00:06:32

roots have a pronounced storage function

00:06:35

or there are many types of layers in

00:06:37

modified shoots, for example, tubers

00:06:41

in bulbs or in rhizomes, by the way, I

00:06:44

wrote tubers and rhizomes though and did not

00:06:47

fall directly into their criterion, I still

00:06:49

got starch synthesized from glucose,

00:06:53

glucose is transported along the axis of the

00:06:55

visible tubes on the deck from

00:06:59

photosynthetic cells mystic, I

00:07:02

wrote that glucose

00:07:04

is transported along conductive tissue

00:07:07

from photosynthetic leaves, I

00:07:11

wrote this but I did not indicate what exactly

00:07:13

sieve cells are tubes, but

00:07:15

they still didn’t remove the ball for me, for whose sake I clarified ok

00:07:19

club thyroid tube so far about the

00:07:22

conductive tissue is the same, but it’s

00:07:24

always better to clarify with the guys, I even had

00:07:27

a desire to write about the conduction, I wrote full of

00:07:30

conductive tissue in phloem brackets, that’s why they

00:07:33

decided for me Someday I’ll

00:07:36

show you what exactly I wrote,

00:07:38

so

00:07:41

this is the task, put a plus sign if

00:07:44

everything is clear minus if you don’t understand something here,

00:07:46

let’s move on with this question, I

00:07:49

’ll show you the organelles again so that you can more

00:07:52

consciously

00:07:53

pick up the

00:07:57

next thing you need:

00:07:59

seeds of angiosperms plants for

00:08:02

germination, here we need to remember

00:08:04

the conditions for seed germination, let's

00:08:06

remember that we analyzed the conditions for

00:08:10

seed germination, the

00:08:12

first picture already hints at

00:08:15

one condition:

00:08:18

dry, does not germinate, a lot of water does not

00:08:21

germinate, then it is slightly damp

00:08:23

to germinate, that is,

00:08:25

moisture, humidity,

00:08:29

first I will briefly write down to what is needed, and the

00:08:32

second why where there is a lot of water it does not

00:08:36

germinate because the seeds do not receive

00:08:39

oxygen,

00:08:40

which means the second condition is that the oxygen is

00:08:46

warm and there must be a comfortable

00:08:48

temperature and

00:08:51

the fourth the embryo itself inside the family

00:08:54

must be alive, the

00:09:03

embryo itself must be alive because

00:09:06

if the embryo in the seed dies and you

00:09:08

will create everything favorable conditions will

00:09:10

still not be able to germinate, here's how

00:09:13

we explain all this: a certain amount of

00:09:15

moisture, why water dissolves

00:09:19

nutrients and transports them to the embryo,

00:09:24

access to oxygen, the embryo breathes and

00:09:26

oxygen, these strong organic

00:09:29

substances give the embryo energy; indeed, when

00:09:34

organic substances are broken down, energy is released,

00:09:37

which is needed for all life processes

00:09:40

energy, including for the growth of the

00:09:44

embryo,

00:09:45

for the division of cells of a certain

00:09:48

temperature, heat accelerates the biochemical

00:09:50

processes in the cells of the embryo, a

00:09:53

living embryo of the seed because the embryo

00:09:56

develops only if the cells of its

00:09:59

parts are alive,

00:10:02

there is no shadow or light specifically for plants,

00:10:05

and here he asks, it is necessary not light

00:10:08

for there is no seed germination seeds can

00:10:10

germinate in the dark, but when planted in the soil

00:10:13

they do not receive light.

00:10:16

The plant needs light for the synthesis of organic

00:10:18

substances, but the

00:10:21

embryo has nutrients, a reserve of

00:10:25

such nutrients that

00:10:26

allow it to grow for the first time and not

00:10:30

photosynthesize, that is, the

00:10:32

embryo is used for the first time organic substances of

00:10:34

their reserve nutrients there are

00:10:36

cotyledons or endosperms or

00:10:39

both, but when the plant

00:10:42

grows and the nutrients of its

00:10:45

seed have run out, it has to

00:10:47

create these organic

00:10:49

substances itself through photosynthesis,

00:10:51

so the

00:10:55

next condition in the seasonal climate in

00:10:58

most woody plants is the

00:11:00

fall of leaves in the fall

00:11:02

You and I already know the separation of a leaf from

00:11:05

the stem is due to the

00:11:08

supernization of cell membranes of sovereignty,

00:11:11

I remember this term you already talked about it

00:11:13

and the explanation of this question by the way

00:11:17

was in the open version of

00:11:20

2021, that is, it is then moved for

00:11:23

training by the compilers themselves

00:11:26

and

00:11:27

here you go how kind of them they do

00:11:30

n’t explain to me what

00:11:32

sovereignization is, this is the accumulation of fat in them, a

00:11:35

similar substance suberi, as

00:11:38

a result of this process, some

00:11:40

cells are punctured and become

00:11:43

dead thick-walled and filled with

00:11:46

air

00:11:47

to form what structure in the leaf

00:11:51

about leads to sovereignization or about

00:11:55

generations where in the leaves are formed and

00:11:57

what role does it play?

00:12:17

there is a traffic jam here,

00:12:20

but by the fall there are

00:12:23

living cells here, these living

00:12:26

cells begin to die because

00:12:28

suberen is accumulated in them, fat

00:12:31

like you to a similar substance

00:12:34

due to the fact that this

00:12:36

wax, roughly speaking, accumulates in these living cells,

00:12:39

oxygen stops flowing there and,

00:12:44

accordingly, the cells become

00:12:46

dead, we get a cork,

00:12:49

we get a cork, and this part, that is, you see,

00:12:54

here it begins, a

00:12:56

cork appears,

00:12:59

so the process is called a cork in

00:13:02

the vein, this part is called a separator, not the

00:13:06

place where the leaf will break off,

00:13:16

here it is a leaf, the place where the leaf will break off

00:13:20

will be called separators

00:13:22

layer because there are exactly dead

00:13:23

cells, these same cells are corks, they are

00:13:27

empty, dead and tents and therefore are easily

00:13:30

separated from each other, which

00:13:33

means the first

00:13:36

to form what structure of

00:13:39

sovereignty will lead to the formation from the

00:13:42

dividing layer is this a layer of cork

00:13:45

tissue or integumentary tissue, this will be the

00:13:48

first question where in the leaves it

00:13:50

is formed and what role does the

00:13:54

separators play? The layer is formed between the leaf

00:13:57

and namely the leaf petiole and the stem,

00:14:01

this is very easy before or obvious where else

00:14:04

to form the separating layer, of

00:14:06

course, here is what the importance of

00:14:09

leaf fall is for plants,

00:14:11

but here we explain additionally a

00:14:13

long layer contributes to the entry of the

00:14:15

leaf since the cells from the active layer are

00:14:18

easily separated from each other, the meaning of

00:14:20

leaf fall here you can

00:14:23

describe in more detail: firstly, unnecessary substances are removed from the

00:14:25

body because

00:14:27

remember that closer to autumn, all harmful

00:14:30

substances

00:14:31

are redirected to the leaf and useful

00:14:33

substances leave the place on the raft and,

00:14:36

accordingly, when the leaves with these

00:14:37

harmful substances fall off, we observe the

00:14:40

removal of unnecessary substances from the body

00:14:42

in winter, it is

00:14:45

very cold, very low temperatures,

00:14:48

the water in the soil is very cold or even

00:14:51

frozen and, accordingly, the cold is

00:14:54

poorly absorbed by the roots, so the

00:14:57

plant tries to absorb this water, we

00:14:59

cannot, the plant does not have enough water and

00:15:02

in order to save water,

00:15:05

plants shed leaves to

00:15:08

reduce transpiration; reducing

00:15:11

transpiration or evaporation of water,

00:15:13

which is especially important in winter when the

00:15:16

flow of

00:15:18

water from the soil practically stops, since cold water is

00:15:20

poorly absorbed; reducing the mass of

00:15:23

shoots and their area, which reduces the

00:15:26

amount of snow that retains water on

00:15:29

the branches; therefore, the

00:15:31

likelihood of breakage of shoots is reduced Well,

00:15:33

imagine if there were leaves left on the tree in winter,

00:15:35

snow falling to remove, they

00:15:38

linger on the flax from those and the branch

00:15:40

has to hold all this heavy

00:15:42

load and they begin to break, which is also

00:15:45

extremely negative for the tree as a

00:15:47

signaling factor, so

00:15:52

we analyzed the meaning of leaf fall into as many as 3

00:15:55

points here were three points: the

00:15:57

purpose of leaf fall, which is a

00:16:01

signal factor for leaf fall, that’s

00:16:03

when plants understand that it’s time, it’s time, it’s

00:16:05

time to start the process of redistribution of

00:16:08

substances and shed these leaves;

00:16:11

the signal factor, first of all,

00:16:13

is the reduction in the length of daylight hours

00:16:16

when daylight hours become shorter;

00:16:19

plants photosynthesize less; receive

00:16:23

less organic matter and because of

00:16:25

this deficiency, he simply doesn’t understand that it’s

00:16:27

time to shed the leaves and the drop in

00:16:30

air temperature is 2 reasons 2

00:16:33

signal factor and so

00:16:38

this is the task, frankly speaking,

00:16:41

happy we were given it without answers, I

00:16:44

wrote the answer myself here you see they ask

00:16:48

what is the signal factor, I

00:16:50

suspect that their answer criteria

00:16:51

will only be a reduction in the length of

00:16:53

daylight hours, but a decrease in temperature also has an effect,

00:16:56

so I decided to write a factor or two just

00:16:59

in case, this is not a biological

00:17:01

mistake, but we will play it safe and write

00:17:04

more than they have in the answers,

00:17:07

so let’s move on why you should not

00:17:10

pick flowers from wild plants you don’t

00:17:13

have to do it like this, it

00:17:15

means the flowers of this generative organs are

00:17:18

needed for what, write guys in the

00:17:21

chat why generative organs are needed,

00:17:24

let’s

00:17:35

Natasha write, I heard that plants

00:17:38

living near lampposts

00:17:40

stay with the leaf blade longer, is

00:17:42

this true, I don’t really know how it is

00:17:45

does it really work like that? I

00:17:47

clarified this fact, but it is logical

00:17:49

to assume because these plants

00:17:51

receive more light for longer and

00:17:54

they can photosynthesize for some time

00:17:55

using this

00:17:57

light from lanterns, respectively, they

00:18:02

get longer daylight hours,

00:18:03

so they lead and they don’t understand

00:18:06

when a pair is shed carry like plants

00:18:09

that don’t have this additional

00:18:11

source of light

00:18:14

sexual reproduction is absolutely true

00:18:16

generative plants generative

00:18:19

organs are needed for sexual reproduction

00:18:21

that is, picking a flower means depriving the

00:18:24

plant of

00:18:27

the ability to reproduce

00:18:29

sexually it’s the same as sterilizing

00:18:31

cats, that’s practically what it means we

00:18:35

answer, a flower is a generative organ

00:18:37

that serves for the formation of fruits and

00:18:39

seeds,

00:18:41

and picking flowers, we prevent

00:18:44

seed propagation, and for some

00:18:46

plants this is the only way

00:18:48

of reproduction, respectively, for the next

00:18:51

season, you’ll just see fewer of these plants

00:18:56

further on, and by the way, this idea

00:19:00

can be continued further further from the point of view of

00:19:02

ecology, such as you pluck the

00:19:06

leaves of these plants, they become smaller,

00:19:08

species diversity is disrupted, the

00:19:10

food chain is disrupted,

00:19:13

the stability of this system is disrupted, but

00:19:16

this question is the twenty-second old

00:19:19

task, but it was always short and

00:19:22

ecology is not affected here,

00:19:25

explain why when sowing small seeds

00:19:28

at great depths sprouts don't

00:19:30

develop

00:19:33

guys, there are easy questions and don't

00:19:35

think that yoga is a complete hell, when you

00:19:38

sit down in the exam, 40 percent will

00:19:40

seem easy to you if you

00:19:43

practice normally, you won't even find it, don't

00:19:44

hesitate, don't hesitate, do

00:19:47

another 20 to 30 percent, it will seem

00:19:51

possible even more, it will show him

00:19:53

normal a little - think a little and

00:19:55

cope, but if you have become, you will sweat

00:19:57

and the dega is specially designed

00:20:00

so that children don’t get especially sick, and

00:20:03

therefore the questions are not easy,

00:20:05

but you can also get the maximum score as if the

00:20:09

seeds are already small, there are few

00:20:11

nutrients if you plant the plant very

00:20:14

deep, it will start germinate using the

00:20:17

nutrients of this seed, she

00:20:20

has used all the nutrients of

00:20:21

this seed, she can’t grow any further, the

00:20:24

nutrients have run out, so

00:20:26

small seeds need to be planted higher so that

00:20:30

it germinates, she has time to germinate using

00:20:33

this supply of nutrients,

00:20:34

then everything will already photosynthesize,

00:20:36

then she can handle it herself and without these

00:20:39

nutrients, but large seeds

00:20:41

contain many nutrients

00:20:44

that will provide the embryo with nutrition and

00:20:47

energy during germination, enough for it to survive

00:20:50

from great depths to but this one

00:20:53

simply does not have time to grow,

00:20:56

here is the answer

00:20:58

why wet seeds cannot be stored for storage,

00:21:01

what happens to them? I really do

00:21:04

n’t like this question, it’s very

00:21:06

strange, but it’s old, so it’s better to

00:21:09

sort it out,

00:21:11

that is, I’ve already come across E.G. many times.

00:21:14

it means in wet seeds with the participation of

00:21:17

water,

00:21:19

now you know what it’s worth checking which

00:21:21

seeds they are and where to plant them,

00:21:24

for example

00:21:25

[music]

00:21:28

now I saw something funny

00:21:30

Nastya writes, here’s to explain to the drunkard to the drunkard from

00:21:33

my yard that you can’t pick the flowers of

00:21:36

your garden of power from you drunkards are

00:21:38

romantics, but what kind of seeds are

00:21:41

they talking about here? There is

00:21:43

some kind of

00:21:45

granary where the seeds are stored if

00:21:48

you put the moisture in the seeds there. What will happen

00:21:51

in wet seeds with the participation of water,

00:21:53

metabolic processes begin; the embryo

00:21:55

begins

00:21:56

to breathe; in biology, what does breathing mean

00:22:01

now? You don’t know breathing yet either.

00:22:04

biology is equal to the oxidation of

00:22:07

organic matter,

00:22:10

the oxidation of organic matter,

00:22:13

as a result of the oxidation of organic matter,

00:22:16

energy is released in the form of ATP,

00:22:18

so the embryo needs

00:22:22

energy to grow, so it begins to oxidize

00:22:24

organic substances,

00:22:26

nutrients, when there is water, this process

00:22:29

occurs, heat is released, including

00:22:32

not only energy tf we are

00:22:37

thermal energy, too. also, the seeds begin to

00:22:40

germinate as a result they can die

00:22:43

from overheating and the lack of conditions for

00:22:46

further development,

00:22:48

I even saw somewhere the answer to this

00:22:51

question that a fire could occur, but

00:22:54

I have never heard in practice that a

00:22:56

granary would burn directly, but

00:22:59

really, if the main thing is

00:23:01

to put the seeds and hands so let the grains in there

00:23:05

can be so hot they can be

00:23:09

up to for the process of respiration and oxidation of

00:23:12

organic matter, oxygen is always consumed, which is why

00:23:14

the oxidation of organic matter is

00:23:17

called respiration, when we absorb

00:23:21

oxygen we say that we are breathing and the

00:23:23

same is true for all processes where the

00:23:26

oxidation of organic matter occurs in

00:23:28

in the presence of oxygen, biologists call

00:23:30

this breathing the

00:23:34

wind-pollinated trees and shrubs and more

00:23:37

often bloom before the leaves bloom and

00:23:40

in their stamens, as a rule, a

00:23:43

much larger finger is formed and why the

00:23:45

pollinated insects explain why this is connected

00:23:48

centuries cannot mold,

00:23:51

yes you here in I could add that they can

00:23:54

mold

00:23:55

and rot easily

00:24:00

molds and

00:24:02

rots,

00:24:07

this can also be written in this answer in

00:24:11

this task, the experts didn’t have

00:24:13

such a point, but it’s better to

00:24:16

write it down correctly,

00:24:24

why, first of all, here you need two

00:24:27

points, you explain

00:24:29

why darts bloom, they bloom before the

00:24:32

leaves bloom, this will be the first

00:24:34

point and the second is why there should

00:24:36

be much more pollen than that of an insect with

00:24:38

bullets; the first

00:24:40

leaves can delay the spread,

00:24:43

interfere with the spread of pollen, and

00:24:46

simply delay this chicken; the second there

00:24:49

should be more pollen to increase the

00:24:51

likelihood of pollination, since pollination

00:24:54

by the wind is less targeted than

00:24:56

pollination by insects;

00:24:58

the appearance before the

00:25:01

leaves bloom occurs so

00:25:03

that the leaves do not interfere with the transfer of fingers and

00:25:07

so that it does not sit at a distance; a large

00:25:09

amount of pollen in wind-pollinated

00:25:12

plants is associated with the fact that a lot of pollen is

00:25:14

lost because the wind can carry

00:25:17

pollen to any place

00:25:19

without any control; this is not like insects,

00:25:21

which with flowers the flower flies in

00:25:24

order to guarantee pollination by the wind the

00:25:26

pollinated plant must do more,

00:25:28

not a word do of course I don’t like

00:25:31

to produce more pollen than insects

00:25:33

we walk and but even if you write this in your own

00:25:36

words it’s not a mistake the

00:25:43

following seeds placed in boiled

00:25:47

water at room temperature swell but

00:25:49

not they germinate and then lures you in,

00:25:51

explain why, that is, look, if

00:25:54

you take ordinary running water from

00:25:56

the tap, put a seed, it will

00:25:58

germinate,

00:26:01

but when you

00:26:04

pour water from a kettle, it doesn’t just happen,

00:26:08

imagine what you want to

00:26:11

put in 7 I will make it germinate and

00:26:13

grandma says to you or someone

00:26:16

else, let’s boil it, let’s boil it so that the

00:26:20

water is still clean, sterile, and

00:26:22

now it’s all there, now I’ll return that slide, you’re saying,

00:26:26

no need to boil it, and it’ll do just fine, let’s do it like that,

00:26:28

let’s use it from the tap, but it looks like

00:26:30

no, let’s boil the water and

00:26:33

put it there everyone would end up boiling

00:26:36

water during the boiling process, air bubbles come out of the water,

00:26:39

all the air and all the

00:26:42

oxygen leaves the water and, accordingly,

00:26:45

the water after boiling is deprived of oxygen

00:26:48

and you put a seed there and the seed

00:26:52

germinates, but it seems to begin to

00:26:55

swell because the water

00:26:57

is still trying to get there penetrate but the embryo needs

00:27:00

oxygen, excuse me, and to breathe to

00:27:04

provide you with energy, this doesn’t

00:27:06

happen, the embryo dies there and just

00:27:09

7 and rot

00:27:10

and at this moment you are like this, yes, I

00:27:14

told you there was no need to boil it,

00:27:17

if you take

00:27:20

unboiled water, oxygen will be dissolved in it

00:27:23

to say they walked in the corner, of course, as

00:27:25

much as in the air, but there will be such a

00:27:28

seed will germinate

00:27:31

if you dip it halfway in water, even better,

00:27:34

even better,

00:27:36

so seed germination is accompanied by an

00:27:38

intense breathing process because in order for the

00:27:41

seed embryo to grow, it must

00:27:44

provide itself with measurements, did you

00:27:46

guys understand this logical chain or not?

00:27:50

that is, in order for the embryo to grow, the

00:27:53

growth of the embryo needs energy,

00:28:00

so let’s do this, we need energy

00:28:04

to get energy, we need to oxidize

00:28:07

organic matter,

00:28:12

this process is called differently, as

00:28:15

we call oxidation of organic matter differently,

00:28:17

and in order for organic matter to oxidize,

00:28:19

oxygen is needed and this is how it turns out, tell

00:28:24

me more, write in the chat Let's check,

00:28:26

you understand that what we call the oxidation of

00:28:29

organic matter, breathing, well done, this is

00:28:32

the process of breathing

00:28:34

until we have discussed metabolism with you,

00:28:37

so we discuss this on the fingers, and then we will look at

00:28:39

these specific ones, this energy

00:28:41

exchange, and so boiled water has

00:28:44

practically no oxygen necessary

00:28:46

for breathing, so seeds rot, a

00:28:49

similar question still comes up about

00:28:52

many things: why do volumes die in boiled water,

00:28:55

but in some baked water there is no the

00:28:57

same video,

00:28:59

why is it difficult to breathe at night in a room with

00:29:02

a lot of plants?

00:29:06

Here, too, it will be a little more difficult for you

00:29:09

because we don’t analyze photosynthesis in detail,

00:29:12

but in general we talked about what kind of

00:29:16

reaction photosynthesis has, what is needed for

00:29:19

photosynthesis to take place, carbon dioxide is

00:29:22

needed, water is needed, light is needed, that is,

00:29:26

carbon dioxide is consumed, water and light,

00:29:29

while organic

00:29:31

substances are formed, such as glucose, and oxygen is released,

00:29:35

and

00:29:38

[music] the

00:29:41

plant still breathes, that is, when it takes

00:29:44

what -then

00:29:45

organic matter, organic substances,

00:29:47

in the process of respiration, oxygen is consumed

00:29:50

and co2 is released and water,

00:29:55

oxygen is released only in the

00:29:58

light phase of photosynthesis,

00:30:00

the light phase of photosynthesis at times and

00:30:04

as you might already guess from the name,

00:30:07

the light phase occurs in the light and,

00:30:09

accordingly, oxygen is released by the

00:30:11

plant not only in the holy the respiration of a

00:30:14

plant, when oxygen is consumed,

00:30:17

occurs both in the light and in the dark, and therefore in

00:30:21

the light, although oxygen is consumed, it is

00:30:24

also released, and in the dark, oxygen

00:30:26

is consumed but is not released, and

00:30:29

therefore at night where there is a lot in the dark when there are a

00:30:34

lot of indoor plants

00:30:36

[music]

00:30:39

in the room the amount of

00:30:41

oxygen decreases decrease the amount of oxygen we

00:30:44

will return to this issue again when

00:30:47

we analyze photosynthesis because it

00:30:49

consists of a light and dark phase and

00:30:51

then it will become clearer to you, you

00:30:54

should already know this frame 100%, name the

00:30:58

parts of the flower indicated in the figure by

00:31:01

numbers 1 2 and 3

00:31:05

here here they show by numbers 1

00:31:08

what

00:31:17

yes be careful and stamens well, you

00:31:21

know me and if I didn’t know the answer

00:31:23

I would have doubts they seem to

00:31:25

show only on the anther I wrote

00:31:29

that this is dust of some stamens so I would

00:31:32

be right because that eg and would have gone to

00:31:36

appeal 10 times would have discussed this if you

00:31:38

were removed from me because the stamen

00:31:40

consists of a hepatic filament and from the

00:31:43

sippy cup they only show the

00:31:45

anther, so I will write the anther of the

00:31:48

stamens using the

00:31:51

numbers 2, they indicate exactly the

00:31:55

entry with the pestle

00:31:58

not on the whole pistil if they wanted

00:32:01

me to write 10 pistil then they would have to

00:32:03

indicate something like this and

00:32:05

with arrows like all parts of the

00:32:09

pistil and

00:32:11

look at the number 3, they show it on the

00:32:15

petals and sepals, which means they

00:32:18

want me to say perianth then

00:32:22

there is both a calyx and a corolla together, they are

00:32:24

interested in

00:32:29

the perianth,

00:32:31

so Zaremy asks if they

00:32:33

just write songs with it from it, or

00:32:36

if they have a recording of the pistil written in the criterion,

00:32:39

then the expert is with them dbal,

00:32:42

but the compilers of the exam

00:32:45

sometimes put some kind of meaning into this,

00:32:48

and it happens that they are not precise enough they make

00:32:52

you understand what they want from you, there are such

00:32:54

subtleties, so your task is

00:32:56

to describe in as much detail as possible so

00:32:59

that no matter what is in their answers, you still

00:33:02

end up there, so then you need to

00:33:07

explain their functions and so cookies, they

00:33:10

don’t write here that this is the

00:33:14

anther of the stamens, it’s just a joke students

00:33:17

but for the anther of it they will remove the beam for me that

00:33:21

but obviously not for you they are not shown

00:33:23

the stamens they participate in sexual

00:33:25

reproduction

00:33:26

forms pulsuz with male gametes sperm

00:33:30

new then you don’t know yet but you will soon

00:33:32

know the second envy of the pistil participates in

00:33:36

sexual reproduction contains all the

00:33:38

rudiment with the egg then here the pollen

00:33:42

will be the first here 7 primordium with the

00:33:46

egg

00:33:48

sepals and corolla petals

00:33:50

perianth here they are painted in

00:33:53

sufficient detail and will be counted with you in

00:33:55

any case, you can write this

00:33:57

separately that these are sepals and

00:33:59

corolla petals

00:34:01

you can write the perianth of this other

00:34:05

will be counted serves to protect the stamens and

00:34:07

pistil

00:34:08

protection participate attracting insects a

00:34:12

bright beautiful flower attracts

00:34:14

insects and

00:34:16

the picture before look very

00:34:19

carefully and also read carefully point

00:34:21

by point each way that they ask you

00:34:26

look at the following the picture shows the

00:34:30

appearance and diagram of the internal

00:34:32

structure of a tomato seed is also a fresh

00:34:35

question for this year name the structure of the

00:34:37

seed designated by numbers 1 2 and 3 from

00:34:41

which initial cells these

00:34:43

structures are formed show the function of each of them

00:34:46

we looked at the structure of the

00:34:48

dicotyledonous seed and the structure of the seed 1. and neither one

00:34:52

nor the other seeds are similar to this village,

00:34:55

tomatoes are a small spoiler, these are also

00:34:58

dicotyledonous plants, and we said that the

00:35:01

boa constrictor does not have endosperm, but there is

00:35:04

an exception, and after angiosperms, I

00:35:07

wrote out all these exceptions for you, we will

00:35:09

analyze them again, let’s look at this question,

00:35:12

but still look under number 1

00:35:15

is obvious that this is an embryo, this is the type of genera by

00:35:18

number 2, this is the seed coat,

00:35:21

what is the number 3,

00:35:27

we have endosperm, tomatoes have endosperm, even though they are

00:35:30

dicotyledonous plants, they have endosperm

00:35:32

and you need to remember this, who saw my

00:35:35

video where I ordered there from him,

00:35:39

she brought it in for about 20 seconds and put him in the corner for the fact that

00:35:43

it is the tomato, even though these are dicotyledonous

00:35:46

plants, that have endosperm,

00:35:49

then

00:35:51

we’ll watch the video together again so that you,

00:35:54

too, are filled once and for all,

00:35:57

and

00:35:59

continue to ask from which initial

00:36:02

cells these structures are formed and

00:36:04

indicate the function of each of them, this is a

00:36:06

question you won’t be able to answer yet

00:36:08

because we haven’t analyzed the life cycles of a plant

00:36:10

yet so numbers 1 embryo of a

00:36:13

seed an embryo develops from a zygote who

00:36:16

from scratch I don’t even know what a zygote is well,

00:36:17

okay, let’s skip

00:36:21

the embryo ensures the development of the future

00:36:24

plant according to numbers 2, the seed coat

00:36:27

is formed from the cells of the integument 7, the rudiment

00:36:31

from the cells is painted and not the rudiment

00:36:34

protects the embryo from mechanical

00:36:37

damage,

00:36:39

drying out and penetration of

00:36:41

microorganisms,

00:36:42

according to the trend numbers, the endosperm sang, then

00:36:47

it forms a reserve nutrient from the fertilized

00:36:49

central cell, you don’t know this yet

00:36:50

and provides nutrition to the embryo contain a

00:36:54

supply of nutrients necessary for

00:36:56

germination by all then

00:37:03

there is still something to find an exception everything

00:37:06

about let's look at what biological

00:37:08

features of cabbage a knife needs to be taken into account

00:37:12

when growing it this is the worst thing, it

00:37:15

seems to me a question that may be on the Unified

00:37:16

State Exam because it is not a fact that they will ask

00:37:19

specifically

00:37:21

about to empty winter they will ask for something

00:37:24

else, you can’t know the peculiarities

00:37:26

of growing all plants, but

00:37:30

we remember cabbage, it’s cold-resistant, it’s

00:37:34

moisture-loving and light-loving, it’s

00:37:39

very demanding of soil nutrition,

00:37:42

cabbage is also a biennial plant,

00:37:44

biennial plants always have some

00:37:46

thickenings that allow them to

00:37:48

survive the winter there are already a lot of vitamins f such

00:37:52

subtleties are not

00:37:54

deepened, that is, they do not give you

00:37:56

such questions where you need to know exactly

00:37:59

these nuances the

00:38:01

fruit cabbage is a pod Nastya is correct,

00:38:04

but it’s too early to discuss this

00:38:08

next why when

00:38:11

storing potato tubers their weight

00:38:14

decreases again by spring

00:38:17

comes from respiration, potato cells are

00:38:21

alive, in order for them to maintain life they

00:38:24

need energy

00:38:27

to provide themselves with energy they

00:38:29

need to oxidize organic substances

00:38:33

organic substances

00:38:37

in the process of respiration the

00:38:41

oxidation process looks like this, there are

00:38:44

some organic substances

00:38:49

oxygen is needed and co2 is formed which

00:38:53

evaporates and so co2 is a gas and water

00:38:57

during storage, living cells breathe during

00:39:01

respiration, organic

00:39:03

substances are consumed and water evaporates, water also

00:39:07

evaporates,

00:39:09

respectively, the mass of these organic

00:39:12

substances potatoes and will decrease to

00:39:15

more precisely what exactly is the oxidation of

00:39:18

starch, we really have guests a little

00:39:20

starch, including starch oxidizes,

00:39:23

but it’s better to write to in general, organic

00:39:25

substances since there are other

00:39:27

polysaccharides besides starch, in

00:39:31

particular, do not go into too much detail in this

00:39:33

case

00:39:34

when growing vegetable crops in central

00:39:38

Russia,

00:39:39

some plants, for example beets, carrots and

00:39:43

others, are sown with seeds in early spring, and

00:39:46

other plants, tomatoes, eggplants and

00:39:49

others are planted with seedlings when

00:39:51

sustainable heat, explain

00:39:53

why this question was at the game, too,

00:39:56

in 2020 I also had a wave and the

00:40:00

first thought so

00:40:05

what they want here is why some

00:40:08

plant seedlings and others when

00:40:11

it comes in what heat sounds

00:40:13

scary scythe it seems that we need to know

00:40:15

something additional in fact, no,

00:40:18

everything you need is here, you then need to think

00:40:22

and reason logically, you do

00:40:25

n’t even need anything, and

00:40:27

so beets and carrots are sown in early

00:40:31

spring, even if you don’t have this

00:40:34

sign, you can assume that

00:40:37

light carrots are cold-resistant or

00:40:40

warm-favorite if they want right in the early

00:40:43

spring when it is still cold, well, of course, since

00:40:46

they are planted in the spring,

00:40:48

then one hundred percent some are cold-resistant,

00:40:53

these cold-resistant plants

00:40:57

and other plants, tomatoes, eggplants, seedlings are

00:41:00

planted when

00:41:02

stable heat sets in, that is, they are started 7

00:41:05

we are planted in the soil somewhere in a

00:41:07

greenhouse where it is warm or at home on

00:41:09

the windowsills at home in the warmth, these

00:41:13

seedlings germinate and when it becomes

00:41:16

very warm they are planted in the

00:41:20

ground this way tomatoes, eggplants, since they

00:41:23

don’t like heat, they are heat-loving,

00:41:30

why can’t we just take

00:41:34

these heat-loving tomato seeds and for example,

00:41:37

and when it’s warm at night let

00:41:40

's plant it a lot and let it grow on its own why is it so hard to worry about

00:41:42

seedlings in the spring

00:41:45

why you can't plant them all in the summer

00:41:48

what's the problem,

00:41:59

what's the problem why you

00:42:02

can't plant your favorite seeds with seeds for example in

00:42:04

July

00:42:06

before the aminate is absolutely right Nastya

00:42:10

ideal they just won't have time they won't

00:42:13

they will have time to grow and give us fruits, well, in

00:42:16

general, it will already become cold from the tomatoes, you

00:42:19

and we will wait for any tomatoes

00:42:21

this year, then accordingly,

00:42:23

and specially it sits earlier at home in the

00:42:25

greenhouse that you did not have time to grow and give

00:42:29

fruits, absolutely true to the strawberry, this is the

00:42:33

most important the idea to

00:42:35

which it was necessary to come up with

00:42:37

means carrots and beets are cold-resistant, here is

00:42:40

their answer carrots and beets are cold-resistant

00:42:42

crops that

00:42:43

develop at low temperatures,

00:42:45

their seeds germinate in early spring and

00:42:48

can produce a harvest during the growing

00:42:50

season, that is, they will have time to produce a harvest over the entire summer,

00:42:54

maybe more than once,

00:42:57

tomato eggplants are heat-loving plants;

00:43:00

they develop at high

00:43:03

temperatures; at higher temperatures, they are planted with

00:43:05

seedlings, and since when we sow no seeds

00:43:08

after the onset of heat, they will not have time to

00:43:10

produce a harvest during the growing season; the

00:43:14

growing season is the time when

00:43:17

they have the main vegetative

00:43:20

organs, that is victory, that is, when it

00:43:24

grew from a seed, this is the growing

00:43:28

season, that is, let's say this with you, the

00:43:30

growing season

00:43:35

is from the germination of the embryos,

00:43:51

yes, at the moment of wintering for them it can

00:43:55

be either death if they were

00:43:58

annuals or when they shed all the

00:44:01

leaves and shoots of the majority

00:44:04

vegetative organs in order to

00:44:06

overwinter such hibernation they have this

00:44:09

and this will be the vegetative linen and

00:44:11

accordingly if you plant tomatoes in

00:44:13

July in the form of a seed before winter there will be a

00:44:16

very short period of time

00:44:20

before also a good question the

00:44:26

next thing is that today I

00:44:28

dug into 100 forests with this data

00:44:32

task explain why to grow

00:44:35

legume plants I need fertilizing with

00:44:38

nitrogen fertilizers and watch this

00:44:41

excerpt from the TV series sex education

00:44:44

whoever watched it put +

00:44:50

here are

00:44:51

the nodule bacteria here is the legume

00:44:54

plant the legume plant is sad because it

00:44:57

cannot absorb free zones in the

00:44:59

atmosphere there is a lot of nitrogen only in

00:45:02

free form and the plant can

00:45:05

only look at it and be sad because

00:45:07

it can’t absorb something like that, the

00:45:10

plant can only absorb this kind of

00:45:13

nitrogen in the form of nitrates and nitrites,

00:45:16

this is salt and, for example, like sodium inside

00:45:21

sodium nutri, for example, or sodium, well, two

00:45:26

career track 12 in general, such salts

00:45:29

plants can absorb with pleasure

00:45:33

and

00:45:34

[music]

00:45:35

nitrogen in this form will be called

00:45:38

bound form

00:45:41

bound nitrogen and this is

00:45:43

bound it is free nitrogen and

00:45:49

nodule bacteria can convert

00:45:52

free

00:45:54

nitrogen bound and this is precisely why

00:45:59

nodule bacteria are so important for leguminous

00:46:02

plants they settle on their roots

00:46:05

nodules form such nodules

00:46:08

and convert free nitrogen into nitrate

00:46:10

nitrates enrich

00:46:14

nitrates accumulate in the soil and

00:46:16

plants vessel

00:46:18

that is, running bacteria can

00:46:21

offer legume plants bound

00:46:23

nitrogen or nitrates, then

00:46:25

and further they are satisfied

00:46:28

nodule bacteria

00:46:30

give the legume plant associated platoon

00:46:36

nitrates and legume plants gives

00:46:41

leguminous plants and the plants themselves, what do the

00:46:43

bacteria produce, what is mutually beneficial? They

00:46:46

were giving them various organic

00:46:48

substances, but roughly speaking, feeding them with

00:46:50

organic substances,

00:46:56

are these bacteria chemistry trails,

00:46:58

no, they are heterotrophs

00:47:02

because they use

00:47:03

organic substances for nutrition, the fact that they

00:47:06

carry out chemical reactions At the same time, they

00:47:08

do not receive the energy that you

00:47:10

spent on synthesizing organic

00:47:12

substances for yourself, so no, we will disassemble

00:47:15

the bacteria and I will show you

00:47:18

everything, and then on the nitrogen cycle in

00:47:22

ecology we will talk about this, which

00:47:24

bacteria are who, who is not a trotro in

00:47:27

fact, a scheme to [ __ ] there there are just

00:47:30

a lot of nuances before the

00:47:33

process of transferring free nitrogen

00:47:37

free nitrogen is connected called

00:47:41

fixation

00:47:42

it is called nitrogen fixation

00:47:46

nitrogen is fixed in the soil because

00:47:50

this tone is so airy and this one

00:47:53

is in the soil and therefore the

00:47:56

nodule bacteria is also called nitrogen

00:47:58

fixing

00:47:59

ai sahib I apologize and this is what you

00:48:04

write in the roots of leguminous plants and on the

00:48:06

roots, it’s better to say on the feed,

00:48:09

there live nodule bacteria that

00:48:12

enter into symbiosis with them nodule

00:48:14

bacteria

00:48:15

fixes atmospheric nitrogen and accumulates

00:48:19

it in the form of salts salts are nitrates

00:48:23

bound form this is all you will get

00:48:27

modified roots in the outback

00:48:30

legumes receive nitrogen salts in return,

00:48:33

it provides the nodule bacteria with

00:48:34

organic substances, but the question is

00:48:37

why do

00:48:38

plants fight so hard for the metro? Why do

00:48:41

legume plants need nitrates and

00:48:44

nitrites?

00:48:45

Why because plants synthesize

00:48:48

not only

00:48:51

starch and glucose; in the process

00:48:53

of life, they also synthesize

00:48:56

amino acids;

00:48:57

amino acids contain nitrogen;

00:49:00

nucleic acids also includes nitrogen in its composition

00:49:03

for thus nitrogen by

00:49:06

the husband of the plant for the formation of organic

00:49:10

nitrogen containing

00:49:12

yes give what is shown in the figure

00:49:15

indicated by numbers 2 3 and 4 what is the role of

00:49:19

the structure indicated by number 1

00:49:22

I remember question one in some public I

00:49:25

was visiting biological two days before

00:49:28

games throws a picture asking what it is 1

00:49:32

comment ear I’m a

00:49:36

faithful person let

00:49:37

’s start with the numbers this is of course the seed but

00:49:42

we won’t write that this is hay later

00:49:45

this grain is because the

00:49:48

grain

00:49:50

near the carpenter fuses with the seed because of

00:49:54

this we cannot separate them

00:49:56

accordingly we we'll call it

00:49:58

a grain of wheat, smart guys, a grain

00:50:01

of wheat,

00:50:05

well done, under the number 2, this formation

00:50:09

will be called the cotyledons of the cotyledons,

00:50:12

their developed monocots are not very

00:50:14

well, but there are two of them, this is the 7th share

00:50:19

under the number 3, a

00:50:30

hairy ear is depicted, yes,

00:50:34

by the numbers 3 and by the numbers 4, but here what is

00:50:38

lower is one hundred percent an embryonic

00:50:40

root,

00:50:46

and by number 3 it’s hard to understand here this is an

00:50:50

embryonic

00:50:52

stalk and an embryonic bud, I think

00:50:55

that these are embryonic ones, they point to the

00:50:57

embryonic stalk,

00:51:01

although it may be possible to indicate that both the stalk

00:51:04

and the bud are located

00:51:06

there and by number 1 the endosperm and

00:51:10

the functions of the endosperm storage of nutrients

00:51:15

the question is this lungs usually now they

00:51:18

are trying to generally proxy the functions to ask here is the

00:51:21

most interesting one yes they are asking the

00:51:24

embryo into the stalk after all a bud they would have

00:51:28

shown a little more in the picture the

00:51:30

grain of wheat is shown in

00:51:33

numbers 234 indicated 7 lobe to the embryo

00:51:37

and stalk embryonic root

00:51:39

one endosperm in which nutrients are stored

00:51:42

for the development of the

00:51:44

embryo the

00:51:46

embryonic bud would be higher

00:51:48

here, but here it’s so poorly understood

00:51:53

that below it is always the root, here it is the

00:51:56

stalk and here they will draw the bud,

00:52:00

not a very clear drawing,

00:52:04

look at the drawing of the seed tomatoes and

00:52:07

pumpkins and determine which structures

00:52:09

are indicated by the numbers 1,

00:52:12

number 2 and number 3 and the pumpkin is mate these are

00:52:18

dicotyledonous plants

00:52:19

but seminole and they are different from the

00:52:23

pumpkin seed

00:52:25

the classic structure of the seed of dicotyledonous

00:52:28

plants and there you already know he is a

00:52:30

scoundrel, a criminal and generally an exception

00:52:33

to the rule by number 1 it will be depicted

00:52:37

later from y it is well clear what kind of

00:52:39

genera this is by number 2 only tomato has it,

00:52:43

it is the endosperm and by number 3 the seed

00:52:46

coat write down their similarities and differences

00:52:49

what structures of each seed are stored

00:52:52

nutrients

00:52:53

up to the

00:52:55

cotyledons endosperm pork peel

00:52:57

the similarities of the seeds have an embryo consisting of an

00:53:00

embryonic root, a stalk and a bud,

00:53:03

as you can see, it is not always necessary to

00:53:06

write what exactly an embryonic root is an

00:53:08

embryo, a stalk, but in some

00:53:10

textbooks they write this way, and why should we take

00:53:12

risks? It’s better to always write the

00:53:14

embryonic root, an

00:53:15

embryo, a stalk and a bud, and 2 7 house

00:53:21

2 cotyledons are also present in a tomato and in the pumpkin and

00:53:26

below the dicotyledons in the sintra there are 2

00:53:29

cotyledons, even if they have an endosperm,

00:53:31

here in the tomato you can see these two

00:53:34

cotyledons

00:53:36

they contain nutrients the

00:53:40

seed coat and

00:53:43

they all have a seed coat the

00:53:46

difference between the seeds they have different shapes and

00:53:49

sizes you mean this too, as

00:53:52

you can see, should be written before this, you still need to

00:53:54

guess pumpkin seeds are absent and tomato

00:53:59

seeds have endosperm

00:54:01

tomato seeds the embryo is surrounded by endosperm, about

00:54:05

this, emphasize this is their difference

00:54:07

pumpkin seeds nutrients

00:54:09

are stored only in the cotyledons and in

00:54:12

tomato seeds there is also a band of sperm

00:54:15

so but now let’s look at a task of a

00:54:17

new type, I’ll show them to you a

00:54:21

little bit so that you get used to it,

00:54:24

you’ll have second tasks this year

00:54:28

like this guys for it and the farthest 2

00:54:31

points to 2 points let’s try to

00:54:36

do the experimenter placed the grains of

00:54:39

wheat in the dryer cupboard, but he dried them

00:54:43

so that they would not rot later, how to change

00:54:45

and begin to germinate, how the

00:54:48

concentration of salts and the amount of water in the

00:54:51

seed cells changed,

00:54:52

for each value, determine the

00:54:54

corresponding character,

00:54:56

so in the plant there is, of course,

00:54:59

roughly speaking, we draw a cell and there is water and

00:55:03

some salt,

00:55:07

we are interested in concentration,

00:55:09

how do you understand what concentration is,

00:55:13

concentration is a quantity, let’s, from the

00:55:18

point of view of volume, concentration,

00:55:20

consider the volume of some substance,

00:55:22

for example salt,

00:55:24

divided by the

00:55:25

volume of the entire solution,

00:55:28

that is, its salts and water together and

00:55:33

salts and water together if water water begins

00:55:38

to decrease it will evaporate during the

00:55:40

drying process,

00:55:41

the water will be less than the amount of antifreeze, there

00:55:44

will be no more, but the concentration of salt

00:55:47

will increase. The same thing, imagine

00:55:49

you are cooking soup and you added, for

00:55:53

example, a spoonful of salt for 2 liters and everything

00:55:56

was fine, you tasted it perfectly

00:55:59

in terms of salinity, but the water boiled away and

00:56:02

became it’s oversalted because

00:56:06

you didn’t add more salt to it, but in relation to the

00:56:09

amount of water, the salt itself has become larger, the

00:56:12

salt-to-water ratio itself has become

00:56:15

different and, accordingly, the concentration of salt when the

00:56:18

water boils in the soup

00:56:19

has increased, the same thing here the

00:56:22

concentration of salt increases, but its

00:56:25

and, of course, its amount decreases

00:56:26

because it evaporated during the

00:56:30

drying process, so the answer will be

00:56:32

12

00:56:34

the concentration of salts to increase the water

00:56:37

has decreased and you will need, in my opinion, I have

00:56:41

not yet seen what forms we will

00:56:44

write like this 12 we will answer

00:56:47

yes, please tell me, do you understand

00:56:50

what concentration is, did you understand what

00:56:53

is the concentration of this we should have

00:56:54

explained in chemistry, for example, maybe

00:56:58

even in mathematics, by the way, I’m not sure in

00:57:01

physics, anyone

00:57:06

who doesn’t understand should explain this, you let me know, even

00:57:09

sit, feel free to write to me in a personal message, I’ll

00:57:11

explain it to you somehow, linden, I’ll take the

00:57:13

stories of the project okay

00:57:19

so on, here’s another task:

00:57:24

the experimenter placed a piece of

00:57:27

onion skin into a solution, it merges with a high

00:57:29

concentration and it doesn’t seem like an onion; let’s draw a

00:57:32

cell of the onion skin; the skin

00:57:35

is a covering tissue, which means it

00:57:38

has a cell wall, of course, like

00:57:41

any plant cell, but it’s

00:57:42

thin; it

00:57:43

has a plasma membrane

00:57:49

there is a core

00:57:52

there are some vacuoles there are

00:57:56

quarts of vasts there is no onion skin memory [ __ ],

00:58:04

well, I see that after all, some

00:58:07

have problems with concentration, well I’ll

00:58:09

prepare you some

00:58:11

information about this, too,

00:58:14

remember that onion skins do not have chloroplasts

00:58:17

because this is the epidermis of the leaf to the skin of

00:58:20

the place to go there right, using the example of the skin of a

00:58:22

leaf, we just sorted it out, but the skin of an

00:58:24

onion is the same thing,

00:58:26

they placed it in a solution with a high

00:58:29

concentration of potassium chloride, potassium chloride,

00:58:32

I can give you potassium chloride, sodium chloride,

00:58:34

it doesn’t matter, it’s some kind of salt, there’s

00:58:38

a lot of salt here,

00:58:41

but since they are for you they talk about a

00:58:44

high concentration, which means there is much more salt here

00:58:46

than inside the cell, and that means thanks to

00:58:50

osmotic pressure

00:58:52

where water will be directed into the cell

00:58:56

or from the cell osmosis, here again we need to

00:59:00

remember what osmosis is by the way, tomorrow

00:59:03

in close friends we will discuss osmosis

00:59:11

protoplasts is the plasma membrane

00:59:13

and all the contents

00:59:15

Yes, thanks to osmosis, water moves from the

00:59:19

area of change of concentration, saltier

00:59:23

water always follows the salt to where there

00:59:26

will be more salt, that’s because

00:59:29

all the water comes out of the cell, the cell

00:59:32

wall won’t do anything with it, it’s

00:59:34

strong enough,

00:59:35

but about that, the layer is the plasma

00:59:38

membrane with its contents it starts to shrink like this and

00:59:41

it shrinks

00:59:45

because it has lost its fashion, we all have a

00:59:46

process of plasmolysis, they

00:59:49

ask how the volume of the

00:59:50

contents of the protoplast cells will change, the thickness of the

00:59:53

eternal wall, the volume of the protoplast

00:59:56

will decrease because the water has left it, the

00:59:58

thickness of the cell wall will decrease,

01:00:02

as you can see does not change answer 23 answer

01:00:06

230 already that many guys answered right away, it

01:00:09

seemed easy to them, but for those who are

01:00:12

just starting to prepare, it was more difficult,

01:00:16

then

01:00:17

guys, can you imagine exactly an hour,

01:00:21

what a wonderful applause in the studio, so

01:00:25

everything this time, we have sorted it all out, we

01:00:28

will meet you tomorrow and we are

01:00:31

already starting to sort out specific representatives,

01:00:33

we will start to sort out the algae, we will start to

01:00:37

sort out the flies and around the key park, so

01:00:41

tomorrow there will also be an interesting topic for

01:00:43

all vandors, I love everyone if something

01:00:47

is not clear then

01:00:48

applause

01:00:51

thank you thank you

01:01:04

now questions viewing he had

01:01:12

all the questions no questions

01:01:16

warmed up

01:01:20

done then guys let's see you tomorrow

01:01:25

and about protoplasts, well done, that the writing

01:01:28

is good, by the way, to close friends, if

01:01:32

I haven’t added someone yet, you can write to me,

01:01:34

just maybe I didn’t even see your message,

01:01:36

you write to me again,

01:01:38

please, what happened yesterday was just a bunch of

01:01:40

everything, what is it about that layer let

01:01:43

's look at the cell again, let's draw a cell,

01:01:47

plant cells have a cell

01:01:49

wall, it consists of cellulose, the

01:01:52

cell wall has a membrane, the

01:01:55

cell membrane, unlike cell walls, is

01:01:57

so soft, it can bend anything

01:02:01

very easily, and inside the membrane there is

01:02:04

cytoplasm with a nucleus, all sorts of organelles there

01:02:08

can be here is the membrane

01:02:12

plus and plus all the contents

01:02:16

everything that is in it is

01:02:23

protoplasts

01:02:27

roughly speaking protoplasts then everything except the

01:02:30

cell wall that's all that's inside the

01:02:32

promo cell wall and the cell

01:02:34

wall it's hard and you can even push it into salt

01:02:36

water or don't push it, it won't

01:02:38

shrink the membrane is soft, if you

01:02:41

put salt water on it, the water comes out and it

01:02:44

all shrinks just like that. For

01:02:49

example, we animals do not have a

01:02:53

cell wall, we only have a membrane and

01:02:56

therefore we are capable of some phagocytosis in our cells,

01:02:58

that is,

01:03:01

the membrane is able to bend and absorb

01:03:04

some - then the substances of sound inside the

01:03:08

plant cell cannot do this

01:03:10

because the cell wall does not decrease, the

01:03:12

cell wall is lost,

01:03:15

well about concentration and about space,

01:03:18

we’ll talk tomorrow

01:03:19

throat know the hospitals, but when I

01:03:24

started talking and get carried away, you wouldn’t

01:03:26

notice them, everything is fine, I hope that

01:03:28

I don’t they are hoarse, so it’s good that the lesson

01:03:31

was only an hour today and tomorrow all the kids have to

01:03:34

go through everything,

01:03:36

it seems that all your questions

01:03:39

were answered by the cosmos and I understood the concentration,

01:03:42

tomorrow I will be with close friends, that’s all for

01:03:48

now

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