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Russian
00:00:04
since our primitive forebears first00:00:06
gazed up into the twinkling night sky00:00:08
human beings have dreamt of what it00:00:09
might be like to move freely among the00:00:11
stars00:00:12
to be fair we've already made great00:00:13
strides in that direction progressing in00:00:15
just a few short generations00:00:17
from rickety semi-powered flights to00:00:19
those famous dusty footprints left on00:00:20
the moon00:00:21
and even robotic tire tracks on the00:00:22
surface of mars but for a growing number00:00:25
of visionary scientists and engineers00:00:26
working today00:00:27
these almighty leaps don't cut it00:00:29
anymore our greatest minds are engaged00:00:31
in a colossal struggle00:00:32
to slip the surly bonds of earth and00:00:34
realize our species destiny00:00:36
as a space-faring civilization so today00:00:39
we ask the question00:00:40
will space traveling ever be possible00:00:42
right now the prospect00:00:44
of traveling into space seems fanciful00:00:45
but it wasn't always so00:00:47
let's cast our minds back to the middle00:00:48
of the last century and what we might00:00:50
call the classic space race00:00:52
vast global superpowers with apparently00:00:54
limitless resources00:00:55
poured unprecedented sums of money and00:00:57
manpower into the problem of escaping00:00:59
earth's gravity00:01:00
in some ways this was all a giant00:01:01
exercise flexing industrial and00:01:03
technological muscle00:01:04
rather than some noble philosophical00:01:06
aspiration to dance among the starlight00:01:08
the space race at that time can quite00:01:11
properly be characterized as a bitter00:01:12
clash between opposing ideological00:01:14
systems00:01:15
in the red corner the soviet union out00:01:17
to prove its socialist and theoretically00:01:19
egalitarian societal model was supreme00:01:22
the soviets indeed scored a number of00:01:23
early victories not least sputnik 100:01:26
the first ever artificial earth00:01:27
satellite which completed its first00:01:29
orbit around the earth on october the00:01:30
4th 195700:01:32
not to mention the soviet's historic00:01:33
accomplishment of putting the first man00:01:35
in space00:01:36
yuri gagarin on april 12 196100:01:39
however most agree it was ultimately the00:01:41
united states in the blue corner that00:01:43
snatched the historic bragging rights00:01:45
after landing neil armstrong on the moon00:01:47
the american space program enjoyed00:01:49
superior resources and technology00:01:51
and seemed set or so it appeared at the00:01:52
time to usher in a glorious new era of00:01:55
mankind expanding out into the galaxy as00:01:57
an interplanetary race00:01:59
so what happened well it turns out00:02:01
government pockets aren't bottomless00:02:03
after all00:02:04
once the race was run and the old enemy00:02:06
crashed there was precious little00:02:07
incentive to keep throwing money at the00:02:09
problem especially after the cold war ended and00:02:11
the united states emerged for several00:02:13
years anyway00:02:14
as the world's undisputed hyperpower but00:02:16
fast forward to the present day00:02:18
and a whole slew of contenders are00:02:20
jostling to put mankind back in our00:02:22
rightful place among the stars00:02:24
and these guys are doing it all with00:02:25
their own private cash sometimes00:02:27
referred to as the billionaire space00:02:29
race this current competition involves00:02:31
players who are largely private00:02:32
individuals and strikingly household00:02:34
names00:02:35
they've all acquired vast personal00:02:37
fortunes by playing the capitalist game00:02:39
and catering to a growing population's00:02:41
inexhaustible reservoirs of disposable00:02:43
income and that's why the space race is now00:02:45
characterized more by private joy rides00:02:47
into orbit and floating hotels than the00:02:49
ceremonial00:02:50
planting of 19th century flags on dusty00:02:52
and distant plains00:02:53
let's have a look at some of the00:02:54
billionaire competitors in turn and00:02:56
examine their very different approaches00:02:58
to the challenges of space travel00:03:00
first the undisputed rock star of the00:03:02
field paypal founder and tesla ceo00:03:05
elon musk his company spacex was first00:03:08
established in 200200:03:09
with a lofty aim of colonizing planet00:03:11
mars spacex has long been a leader in00:03:14
the field of private space travel00:03:15
and has for several years been a regular00:03:17
and reliable partner to nasa00:03:19
in supplying the international space00:03:20
station with goods and as of may this00:03:22
year personnel00:03:24
musk who has already established a00:03:25
private interplanetary shipyard in boko00:03:27
chica south texas to develop his next00:03:30
generation of ultra ambitious so-called00:03:32
starships believes the future is in00:03:34
reusable craft00:03:35
this would not only make space flight00:03:37
more sustainable but also cost effective00:03:39
after all throwing away a giant rocket00:03:41
after a single use is not exactly the00:03:43
wisest business investment00:03:45
for a brilliant example of musk's00:03:46
combined savvy as both businessman and00:03:48
engineer look no further than his00:03:50
starlink satellite program00:03:52
designed to bring fast internet to00:03:53
previously unreachable parts of the00:03:55
globe00:03:56
not only is this approaching 1 00000:03:58
strong fleet a great leap forward in00:04:00
communications infrastructure that will00:04:01
accelerate prosperity and connectivity00:04:03
for millions of people00:04:04
but the projected revenue some 3000:04:06
billion dollars a year by his estimates00:04:08
will comfortably pay for musk's future00:04:10
mars ventures00:04:11
talk about blue sky thinking spacex's00:04:14
ultimate mission is to establish or at00:04:16
least lay the groundwork for00:04:17
a self-sustaining colony on mars musk00:04:20
has rather chillingly insisted mankind00:04:22
should treat his goal as a priority00:04:24
and get it done before world war three00:04:26
because we could all do with a backup00:04:28
should some nasty unforeseen catastrophe00:04:30
befall humanity00:04:31
and set the clock back centuries or even00:04:33
millennia00:04:34
his first cargo only missions to mars00:04:36
are penciled in for 2024.00:04:38
by contrast billionaire rival and amazon00:04:40
founder jeff bezos00:04:42
has a quite different and arguably00:04:44
grander vision of mankind's future among00:04:46
the celestial spheres00:04:47
blue origin his rocket company has also00:04:50
been making great strides in the new00:04:51
field of reusable rockets00:04:53
rather than being laser focused on mars00:04:55
however bezos's short-term goals include00:04:57
the first ever privately run mission to00:04:59
the moon and back potentially as soon as00:05:01
the year 202400:05:02
and the first tentative moves into00:05:03
commercial low orbit space tourism00:05:06
his new shepard capsule has attractive00:05:08
big windows and comfy seats and hopes to00:05:10
lift tourists into stratospheric00:05:11
raptures if all goes well by the end of00:05:13
this decade00:05:14
aside from joyrides for the rich bezos's00:05:17
grand division is nothing less than the00:05:18
liberation of humanity from itself00:05:21
after crunching the numbers on all our00:05:22
behalves bezos has expressed worry that00:05:24
the number one problem facing humanity00:05:26
in the coming years00:05:27
is plainly unsimply that will run out of00:05:29
energy a regular human he explains00:05:31
uses 97 watts of power as part of00:05:33
regular day-to-day metabolic processes00:05:35
but that's not the whole picture humans00:05:37
in the developed world with all our00:05:39
technological bells and whistles00:05:40
burn through a remarkable 10 500 watts00:05:43
per person00:05:44
every day and with a population likely00:05:46
to hit 9 billion in less than a00:05:48
generation that's simply not sustainable00:05:50
so we get to choose bezos warned00:05:52
recently do we want stasis and rationing00:05:54
or do we want dynamism and growth his00:05:57
vision is that human beings should00:05:58
ultimately aspire to leave planet earth00:06:00
altogether00:06:01
and expand almost limitlessly into space00:06:03
instead of occupying those pokey00:06:05
geodesic00:06:06
domes so fetishized by sci-fi novel00:06:08
illustrators bezos instead reckons the00:06:10
future will involve vast floating space00:06:12
stations as many as a trillion human beings could00:06:14
comfortably live and work forever in00:06:16
these artificial gravity utopias00:06:18
with as the amazon chief puts it a00:06:20
thousand mozarts or a thousand einsteins00:06:22
emerging00:06:23
just as part of the natural order of00:06:24
things his concept is said to be00:06:26
inspired by the late 60s and early 70s00:06:29
work of physicist gerard o'neill00:06:31
and represents a striking contrast to00:06:32
the planetary chauvinism of those who00:06:34
can't imagine colonies that aren't00:06:36
situated on some manner of terra firma00:06:38
and in case anybody doubts how serious00:06:40
bezos is let's remember this is not only00:06:42
the world's richest man00:06:43
but the richest man who ever lived00:06:46
adorably at his high school valedictory00:06:48
address teenage jeff bezos apparently00:06:50
spoke passionately00:06:51
and no doubt geekily about his imagined00:06:53
future living beyond earth's atmosphere00:06:55
space the final frontier he told his00:06:57
classmates meet me there00:06:59
another billionaire in the race albeit00:07:01
on a somewhat more modest scale00:07:03
is the uk's richard branson his virgin00:07:05
galactic project is aimed squarely at00:07:07
the potential low earth orbit tourism00:07:09
market00:07:10
which if not quite as ambitious as00:07:11
musk's martian colonies or bezos00:07:13
colossal floating continents00:07:14
at least promises a flight into space00:07:16
that could conceivably be within the00:07:18
reach of the common man00:07:19
and soon his space planes should be able00:07:21
to carry as many as 19 excited punters00:07:24
at three times the speed of sound using00:07:26
good old-fashioned rolls-royce engines00:07:28
branson has stated publicly his belief00:07:30
that by the end of the current century00:07:32
hundreds of thousands of people will00:07:34
have the chance to become astronauts00:07:36
these modern-day magnates are realizing00:07:38
their respective visions as much out of00:07:40
boyhood passion as anything00:07:41
but their business instincts are also00:07:43
sound by 2030 it's been estimated00:07:45
the global space market could be worth00:07:47
as much as 400 billion pounds00:07:50
which isn't to say it's only well-heeled00:07:51
captains of industry in the race00:07:53
nasa is still very much an active player00:07:55
with a leading role in commissioning00:07:57
spacex and blue origin tech00:07:58
and coordinating latter day heirs to the00:08:00
classic apollo moon programmes00:08:02
the new artemis program named for the00:08:04
goddess apollo's twin sister00:08:05
is scheduled to put the first woman on00:08:07
the moon in the year 202400:08:09
and establish a space station in lunar00:08:11
orbit an invaluable asset to anybody00:08:13
planning to pause for a breather on00:08:14
their way into or out of our immediate00:08:16
celestial neighborhood00:08:18
future space exploration won't just be00:08:20
astronaut based in terms of mechanical00:08:22
missions the parker solar probe will get00:08:24
as close as we've ever been to the sun00:08:26
during 2025 maybe nasa's struggle to00:08:28
attract volunteers for that one00:08:30
telescopes are also expected to be a00:08:32
major player in the future of space00:08:33
exploration00:08:34
next year nasa's james webb space00:08:36
telescope will gaze into the far00:08:38
distance and far enough back in time to00:08:40
unlock the mysteries of the first ever00:08:42
galaxies that formed in the immediate00:08:44
aftermath of the big bang00:08:46
another important difference between the00:08:47
present space race and the classic 60s00:08:49
clash00:08:50
is that many more nation-states are00:08:51
looking for a piece of the action this00:08:53
time around00:08:54
china is currently planning a manned00:08:55
mission to the lunar south pole by 203000:08:58
and has already landed a robotic rover00:09:00
on the dark side of the moon00:09:01
the people's republic is also working on00:09:03
its own vast multi-module orbital space00:09:05
station00:09:06
india is also in the game with its own00:09:08
rovers and lunar landers in various00:09:10
stages of development00:09:11
not to mention a lesser known mission00:09:12
from the united arab emirates that's00:09:14
hoping to make it the first majority00:09:16
muslim nation to get to mars00:09:18
but what of interstellar travel00:09:20
fascinating as our own solar system is00:09:22
wouldn't it be the ultimate dream to00:09:23
venture out into the galaxy and visit00:09:25
other systems00:09:26
the most feasible project currently00:09:28
working towards that end is the00:09:29
excitingly named breakthrough star shot00:09:32
founded in 2016 by israeli russian00:09:34
venture capitalist yuri milner00:09:36
alongside late physicist stephen hawking00:09:38
and facebook founder mark zuckerberg00:09:40
breakthrough starshot plans to visit an00:09:42
intriguingly earth-night exoplanet00:09:44
orbiting our nearest star proxima00:09:46
centauri traveling at around a fifth of00:09:48
the speed of light the mission will take00:09:50
30 years to reach its destination00:09:52
after that we can look forward to00:09:53
observational data arriving back to us00:09:55
on earth maybe four years after that the00:09:58
fact is proxima centauri b00:09:59
although pretty much our neighbor is00:10:01
still 4.37 light years away and for now00:10:04
sadly there's no getting around the fact00:10:06
that these things take time00:10:07
the challenges in crossing such a golf00:10:09
25 trillion miles give or take are00:10:11
formidable00:10:12
regular spacecrafts won't do because of00:10:14
the stubborn so-called rocket equation00:10:16
this essentially states that the more00:10:18
mass you want to lift and the further00:10:19
you want to go00:10:20
the more fuel you need which in turn00:10:22
increases mass which in turn requires a00:10:24
bigger fuel tank and so on00:10:26
breakthrough starshot's big innovation00:10:28
is to launch a fleet of up to a thousand00:10:30
tiny craft each with the mass of a paper clip and00:10:32
propel them into the void by directing a00:10:34
powerful laser at a vast so-called solar00:10:37
sail to which they're all tethered00:10:39
the mile wide laser will be larger by00:10:41
some orders of magnitude than any such00:10:43
device ever constructed by man and of00:10:45
course the tiny craft would also need to00:10:47
somehow incorporate a camera00:10:48
computer power source protective shell00:10:51
and antenna00:10:52
not to mention this as yet undesigned00:10:54
solar sail that would need to work00:10:55
reliably at literally unprecedented00:10:57
range00:10:58
not much room for spacious crew quarters00:11:00
still by 2036 it is hoped that the plan00:11:03
will be well on the way to launch00:11:04
so will manned missions ever leave the00:11:06
solar system the technical challenges00:11:08
are only one side of the coin here00:11:10
the current record for the longest spell00:11:12
a human has ever spent in space belongs00:11:14
to russian cosmonaut valerie polyakov00:11:16
who spent 437 days aboard the mere00:11:18
orbital station00:11:19
and later reported unstable moves as the00:11:22
long lonely days dragged on00:11:24
research has shown that low gravity00:11:25
environments are detrimental to00:11:27
orientation balance00:11:28
bone density and the cardiovascular00:11:30
system dehydration can cause kidney00:11:32
problems and degenerative central00:11:34
nervous system conditions lead to scary00:11:36
cognitive issues and behavioral00:11:37
abnormalities00:11:38
previous experiments such as the famous00:11:40
biosphere 2 project in the mid-90s00:11:42
suggests that human groups left in00:11:44
isolation often splinter into bitter factions not00:11:46
a situation you'd fancy being in a00:11:48
billion miles from the nearest pub00:11:50
garden00:11:51
so the challenges of human space travel00:11:53
are formidable from a financial00:11:54
technological and physiological point of00:11:56
view but remember00:11:58
not so long ago it was widely believed00:11:59
that intercity train travel wasn't00:12:01
feasible because the human body couldn't tolerate00:12:03
speeds of over 50 miles per hour00:12:05
who knows which among our present00:12:06
assumptions about space will look as00:12:08
daft as that in the decades and00:12:09
centuries ahead00:12:10
so let's all adopt jeff bezos's attitude00:12:13
and agree we'll all meet up again00:12:14
out there somedayDescription:
Since our primitive forebears first gazed up into the twinkling night sky, human beings have dreamed of what it might be like to move freely among the stars. To be fair, we’ve already made great strides in that direction – progressing, in a few short generations, from rickety semi-powered flights, to those famous dusty footprints left on the moon, and even robotic tyre tracks on the surface Mars. But for a growing number of visionary scientists and engineers working today, these almighty leaps don’t cut it any more. Our greatest minds are engaged in a colossal struggle, to slip the surly bonds of earth and realise our species’ destiny as a spacefaring civilisation. So today we ask the question – will space travelling ever be possible?
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