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Download "Chemistry Science: Protons, Electrons & Neutrons Discovery"

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00:00:15
in 1800 and 3 the brilliant scientist
00:00:19
John Dalton was able to prove in the lab
00:00:22
what the ancient Greeks thousands of
00:00:25
years earlier thought might be true that
00:00:29
matter was made of incredibly tiny
00:00:31
building blocks called atoms
00:00:35
Dalton thought that atoms were solid
00:00:37
spheres like billiard balls and that
00:00:40
they were the smallest particles in the
00:00:41
universe
00:00:44
but about a hundred years later
00:00:46
scientists discovered that atoms were
00:00:48
made of even smaller particles this
00:00:51
video shows how they were able to do
00:00:53
that in 1897 a clever Englishman called
00:01:07
JJ Thompson designed a glass tube filled
00:01:11
with low-pressure gas and containing two
00:01:14
metal plates inside
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when he put a big electric charge on the
00:01:19
plates he found that the positively
00:01:21
charged plate called the anode was able
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to pull a beam of tiny particles out of
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the negatively charged plate called the
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cathode because the beam came from the
00:01:33
cathode he called them cathode rays and
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he called the apparatus a cathode ray
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tube
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you can see the beam as a blue line in
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the diagram
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where the cathode rays arrived at the
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anode there was a little hole that
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allowed them to travel through and
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continue and pass between a pair of
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parallel plates that he could put
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varying charges on sometimes the top one
00:02:02
was positive with the bottom one
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negative and sometimes the other way
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round
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the beam always bent away from whichever
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plate was negative and towards whichever
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plate was positive
00:02:17
this meant that the particles must have
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carried a negative charge because we
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know that like charges repel and unlike
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charges attract
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but here's the thing
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because the beams Bend so easily more
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than other particles going through the
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plates he could work out that they must
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have been very light thousands of times
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lighter than a hydrogen atom
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Thompson realized that Adams had even
00:02:45
smaller particles inside them and that
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they carried a negative charge
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had discovered the electron
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he won a Nobel Prize for this
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JJ Thompson was not only a brilliant
00:03:00
scientist he was a really good bloke as
00:03:03
well and he helped many of his students
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become famous scientists - seven of them
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went on to win the Nobel Prize including
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his own son one of his students was
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Ernest Rutherford an extroverted New
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Zealander with a booming voice and a big
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laugh
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Rutherford was playing around with beams
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of positively charged particles which he
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called alpha particles that were emitted
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from uranium atoms
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he knew they were positively charged
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because they bent in the opposite
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direction to the electrons of a cathode
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ray when passed through charge parallel
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plates they bent more slowly than
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electrons so he knew they were heavier
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than electrons too
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Rutherford used these alpha particles as
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atomic bullets and fired them at a very
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thin sheet of gold that was only about a
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thousand atoms thick on the opposite
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side to the uranium sauce
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he placed a scintillation screen that
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lit up when particles hit it so he could
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then measure where the alpha particles
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landed
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if the gold atoms were like billiard
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balls then the alpha particles would be
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blocked and none would arrive at the
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screen instead almost all the alpha
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particles passed straight through the
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gold foil as though it wasn't there
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Rutherford realized that the gold atoms
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were mostly empty space
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JJ Thompson thought that the mass of
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atoms was pretty evenly smeared out
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within the substance and he also thought
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that most of the alpha particles would
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pass through
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but something very surprising happened
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some of the particles were bent a few
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degrees off course and about one alpha
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particle in twenty thousand bounced
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right back in the direction from where
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it came
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had said at the time that it was almost
00:05:12
as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch
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shell at a piece of tissue paper and it
00:05:18
came back and hit you what this meant
00:05:22
was that the mass of the gold was not
00:05:24
evenly spread out at all but
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concentrated in very small lumps that
00:05:29
were positively charged
00:05:34
he had discovered the atom's nucleus
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because the nucleus was so small
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most alpha particles didn't even come
00:05:43
close and completely miss them they went
00:05:47
straight through if some went close to
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the nucleus its positive charge would
00:05:51
cause repulsion and bend them of course
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if an alpha particle made an occasional
00:05:58
direct hit it would bounce right back
00:06:00
from where it came because the nucleus
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was much much heavier than the alpha
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particle itself
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the nucleus is incredibly heavy over 99%
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of the atoms weight is concentrated
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there and incredibly small if we
00:06:18
magnified an atom to be the size of a
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football stadium the nucleus would be
00:06:23
the size of a pea
00:06:26
Rutherford later discovered a particle
00:06:28
inside the nucleus that was responsible
00:06:31
for its positive charge and he called it
00:06:33
the proton and atoms overall nuclear
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charge was equal to the number of
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protons it had in its nucleus and this
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also turned out to be the same as the
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atoms atomic number each element had its
00:06:49
own number of protons in its nucleus
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how's that for a coincidence
00:07:07
but there was puzzling evidence that the
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nucleus was heavier than could be
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accounted for by protons alone
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scientists could measure the weight of
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protons and they knew how many protons
00:07:19
were in the nucleus of each kind of atom
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but when they measured the overall mass
00:07:24
of these nuclei they were usually about
00:07:27
double the mass of all the protons put
00:07:30
together
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was there another particle in the
00:07:33
nucleus
00:07:37
in 1932 James Chadwick a student of
00:07:41
Rutherford's
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discovered a beam of new particles with
00:07:45
about the same mass as protons he did
00:07:49
this by shooting alpha particles into
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beryllium atoms and knocking these
00:07:53
particles out of the beryllium nuclei
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the beryllium target was much thicker
00:07:59
than Rutherford's gold foil so there
00:08:02
were many more nuclei for the alpha
00:08:04
particles to make direct hits with
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beryllium nuclei has an atomic number of
00:08:10
four so he knew that they had four
00:08:13
protons each but he was experimenting to
00:08:16
find a new particle in the nucleus when
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these particles were struck by the alpha
00:08:22
particle bullets they were knocked out
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of the nucleus and then continued in a
00:08:27
beam that Chadwick could study
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this beam did not Bend when pass through
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charge parallel plates like the
00:08:37
electrons of Thomson's experiment did
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remember it was the electrons negative
00:08:42
charge that made them bend when going
00:08:44
through the plates this meant that the
00:08:48
newly discovered particles had no charge
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because these particles were
00:08:54
electrically neutral he named them
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neutrons Chadwick had an eventful life
00:09:12
during World War one he was a prisoner
00:09:15
of war in Europe and he even did a lot
00:09:18
of his experiments while he was a
00:09:19
prisoner then during World War two he
00:09:22
helped invent the atomic bomb in America
00:09:26
by now scientists had a fuller picture
00:09:29
of how atoms were made they had a
00:09:32
nucleus consisting of positively charged
00:09:34
protons and neutral neutrons at their
00:09:37
center and this was responsible for most
00:09:40
of their mass light negatively charged
00:09:45
electrons whizzed around the outside of
00:09:47
the nuclei in fact at about
00:09:50
three-quarters of the speed of light and
00:09:52
gave atoms most of their size
00:09:57
the question of how atoms could stick
00:09:59
together was also answered having an
00:10:03
opposite charge to the nucleus electrons
00:10:05
are attracted to it so the electric
00:10:08
forces can hold electrons traveling at
00:10:10
near the speed of light and bend them
00:10:12
into an orbit around the nucleus
00:10:16
electric forces act as a kind of atomic
00:10:19
glue holding atoms together
00:10:22
they are quadrillions of quadrillions of
00:10:25
times stronger than gravity
00:10:28
for those of you who have learned about
00:10:30
the powers of 10 way of writing numbers
00:10:32
electric forces are 10 to the power of
00:10:36
33 times more powerful than gravity
00:10:40
that's one with 33 zeroes in the next
00:10:47
video called atomic structure we will
00:10:50
look at how electrons are wrapped around
00:10:51
the nucleus in shells and how this
00:10:54
dictate the properties of atoms for
00:10:57
example whether they will be a gas
00:10:59
liquid or solid or their color or
00:11:01
brittleness or whether they will be a
00:11:04
metal or a nonmetal
00:11:07
pretty much everything

Description:

This chemistry science tutorial video shows how did protons, electrons, and neutrons were discovered? This video shows the scientists and the chemical experiments that led to their discovery. Subscribe to watch more online chemistry courses & science videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiX8pAYWBppIbtUZTfGnRJw?sub_confirmation=1 About Atomic School: Atomic School supports the teaching of Atomic Theory to primary school & science students . We provide lesson plans, hands-on classroom resources, demonstration equipment, quizzes and a Teacher's Manual to primary school teachers. Animated videos that clearly explain the scientific ideas supports learning by both teachers and students. As a teacher, you don't have to look anywhere else to implement this program. Our work has been verified by science education researchers at the University of Southern Queensland, Dr Jenny Donovan and Dr Carole Haeusler, who confirm that primary students are capable of learning much more complex scientific concepts than previously thought, and crucially, that they love it. Students run to class! The program has been trialed in Australian schools as well as schools in the Philippines, Iran and India. It is conducted as holiday workshops at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, the Queensland Museum as well as the World Science Festival. It has attracted wide media interest, including TV, radio and print, and the research data has been presented at prestigious American Education Research Association and Australian Science Education Research Association conferences. Atomic Theory underlies all the other sciences- genetics, electronics, nanotechnology, engineering and astronomy- so an early understanding will set them up for a more successful learning sequence for all their science subjects, and support their mastery of mathematics as well. We also have extension programs that cover Biology, Physics and Astronomy to an equal depth. About Ian Stuart (Email: [email protected]): The founder of Atomic School, Ian Stuart, taught Chemistry and Physics for 25 years at senior levels before he realized that his 8-year old son, Tom, could understand Atomic Theory at a much deeper level than he expected. After visiting Tom's class at school, he discovered that his peers could also grasp the abstract scientific concepts, as well as apply it usefully to the real world. Ian then developed a program to teach the advanced concepts of high school Chemistry, Physics and Biology to students 10 years younger than they normally would. He found that this engaged their interest in modern science early, and sustained it through to high school and beyond. It also sets them up for future success in their academic and career paths. Ian has a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry from the University of Queensland and a Master's degree in Electrochemistry from the University of Melbourne. Connect with Atomic School on social media: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser http://twitter.com/AtomicSchools https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Video transcript:

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