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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
he00:00:01
[applause]00:00:10
Russia 1812 Napoleon invades00:00:15
his former ally with the00:00:17
largest army00:00:19
Europe has ever seen but for the French00:00:23
Emperor the decisive blow remains00:00:26
frustratingly out of reach Russian00:00:31
resistance is unlike anything00:00:33
he has ever faced as00:00:35
winter approaches his army begins the00:00:38
most inglorious retreat in history00:00:41
[music]00:00:52
in 1807 after the defeat of the Russian00:00:56
army at Friedland,00:00:57
Napoleon goes to Tilsit to00:01:00
meet the Russian Emperor00:01:02
Alexander during their famous00:01:05
meeting, both emperors became friends and00:01:08
formed an alliance00:01:09
but this was not for long for the00:01:14
next five years the relationship between00:01:16
France and Russia00:01:18
cooled sharply; the Russians were irritated by the00:01:24
Duchy of Warsaw in Poland created by Napoleon and saw it00:01:26
as interference in their sphere of influence; they00:01:30
feared that this would lead to the return of a00:01:32
full-fledged Polish state,00:01:34
traditionally an enemy of Russia; then00:01:38
Napoleon proposed the marriage of00:01:40
Alexander's sister to Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna00:01:43
to strengthen them union but the Romanovs did not00:01:46
support this idea and after a year of their00:01:49
diligence they were taken away by you00:01:51
Napoleon married Maria Louise, the daughter of the00:01:54
Austrian emperor,00:01:57
later that year Napoleon broke00:02:00
the promise made in Tilsit and00:02:02
annexed the duchies of Oldenburg and00:02:05
which was ruled by the father-in-law of Alexander's sister00:02:08
the worst of all were the consequences of the00:02:11
continental system Napoleon's very00:02:13
effective economic blockade00:02:15
against Britain, designed to00:02:18
weaken his most persistent enemy,00:02:20
Alexander agreed to join the00:02:23
continental blockade in Tilsit,00:02:26
it was extremely unpopular in00:02:28
Russia and disastrous for its finances00:02:32
during the economic crisis00:02:35
when Napoleon learned that Russia was violating the00:02:38
terms of the blockade and resumed illegal00:02:42
trade with he was furious with England00:02:45
the emperors accused each other of00:02:47
dishonesty both countries began00:02:50
preparing for war00:02:54
[music]00:02:55
[applause] [music]00:03:05
Napoleon realized that the invasion of00:03:08
Russia was a large-scale undertaking,00:03:11
especially since he still had an00:03:13
unfinished war in Spain00:03:15
however less than in 1811 he began to00:03:19
assemble the largest army that00:03:22
Europe had ever seen,00:03:24
about 600 thousand soldiers although less than00:03:28
half of them were French, the rest00:03:31
came from the allied states throughout00:03:34
Europe, a Polish corps from the Duchy of00:03:36
Warsaw led by Prince00:03:39
Pitovsky corps from each of the German00:03:41
kingdoms of Saxony and Westphalia and the Bavarians00:03:45
from the kingdom of Italy as well as the00:03:48
Swiss Dutch Croatian00:03:50
Spanish and Portuguese units were00:03:54
part of the army, there were even contingents from00:04:00
Prussia and Austria, the recent enemies of00:04:02
France, now allies, against their00:04:06
wishes, this gigantic formation was00:04:12
deployed by three armies, the main one under the00:04:15
command of Napoleon himself, the other00:04:18
led by the stepson of Napoleon and the00:04:20
Viceroy of Italy and the third under the00:04:23
leadership of his younger brother Jerome00:04:25
King of Westphalia, neither of these two00:04:29
were experienced commanders although the first00:04:32
wanted to distinguish himself in the company and the other did not.00:04:35
On the left flank, Marshal MacDonald00:04:38
led the 10th Corps with a large Prussian00:04:41
contingent in while the right flank00:04:44
was guarded by the Austrian corps of General00:04:47
Schwarzenberg, another 100,000 people00:04:50
were in reserve, including the 9th corps of00:04:53
Marshal Victor, initially the Russians00:04:57
had only 220 thousand soldiers00:05:00
to counter this power, the00:05:02
organized first army of00:05:04
Barclay de Tolly, the second army of Prince00:05:07
Bagration and the third army of General00:05:10
Tormasov, the French outnumbered00:05:13
two to one but on the eve of the war00:05:15
Russia won two decisive00:05:18
diplomatic victories00:05:19
just three years ago Sweden was at00:05:22
war with Russia and this00:05:25
conflict cost it Finland by a strange00:05:28
coincidence now Sweden was00:05:30
ruled by Napoleon's former marshal Bernadotte00:05:33
but after Napoleon without00:05:36
warning occupied Swedish00:05:38
Pomerania enraged Bernadotte promised00:05:41
Russia00:05:42
that Sweden would remain neutral00:05:45
meanwhile a peace treaty with the Ottoman00:05:47
Empire ended Russia's six-year war00:05:49
against its southern rival00:05:52
these two agreements secured00:05:55
Russia's flank from any strategic threat and00:05:57
freed up troops to resist00:05:59
Napoleon's invasion on00:06:13
June 24, 1812 French troops00:06:17
began crossing the Neman River into00:06:20
Russian territory, the army was so large00:06:23
that the crossing took five days,00:06:27
Napoleon's plan was to attack00:06:29
north of the impenetrable Pripyat swamps and00:06:32
defeat Barclay's army while00:06:35
holding off Bagration with fat, then the00:06:39
French troops would turn south00:06:41
to catch Bagration trapped00:06:44
Napoleon expected the campaign to00:06:46
end in five weeks00:06:48
but the sheer size of the French army convinced the00:06:51
cautious Barclay that retreat was00:06:54
his only option Prince00:06:57
Bagration a much more aggressive00:06:59
commander a00:07:00
fierce critic of Barclay was forced to00:07:03
agree retreat they burned00:07:05
villages and crops00:07:07
it was part of a scorched earth strategy00:07:10
aimed at enemy decision00:07:12
to supply 4 days later00:07:15
Napoleon reached Vilna but Barclay had00:07:17
already retreated to the south fat he could not00:07:20
delay Bagration so when00:07:23
Davout’s first corps turned to the00:07:25
southeast00:07:26
to trap him he had already00:07:29
retreated to a safe place Napoleon’s younger brother00:07:32
did not have his military00:07:34
abilities, wounded by the criticism of the00:07:37
emperor,00:07:38
humiliated by the fact that his troops were given00:07:41
under the command of Marshal Davout,00:07:43
he resigned his post and returned to00:07:46
Westphalia during the campaign,00:07:50
serious shortcomings in00:07:52
Napoleon’s strategy had already begun to emerge, knowing that his troops would find it00:07:54
difficult to live off the reserves of the peasants in00:07:57
this poor region, he organized00:07:59
huge supply depots and transport00:08:02
units to feed the army but the00:08:05
wagons moved slowly along the poor00:08:07
roads of Russia00:08:08
turned into rivers of mud after the summer00:08:11
rains00:08:12
the army was forced to00:08:14
stop frequently to replenish its00:08:16
supplies00:08:17
bad news for Napoleon and his plan to00:08:20
catch up with the Russians but a much needed00:08:23
relief for many thousands The young00:08:25
recruits in his army were not accustomed to the00:08:28
arduous march of day after day, many00:08:31
soon fell out of action from exhaustion,00:08:34
others deserted, there were also huge00:08:37
problems with the command and control of a00:08:39
gigantic multinational army00:08:42
that was three times larger than00:08:44
anything Napoleon had ever commanded before, a00:08:46
great army never famous with its00:08:50
speed of maneuverability turned into a00:08:53
clumsy beast after a short00:08:56
respite and regrouping of forces in Vilna,00:08:58
Napoleon resumed the offensive Barclay00:09:02
continued to retreat to Vitebsk where, as00:09:04
he hoped, Bagration’s second army00:09:07
would be able to join him, but Davou00:09:11
blocked Bagration’s path to Saltanovki,00:09:14
forcing him to instead go to00:09:17
Smolensk00:09:18
under At Vitebsk, Napoleon clashed with00:09:21
Barclay's Ari-Garda,00:09:22
but the Russians fled again after00:09:25
setting fire to supplies that they could not take00:09:27
with them. Meanwhile, 480 kilometers00:09:32
away on Napoleon's southern flank, the Russian00:09:35
Third Army attacked and defeated the00:09:37
Saxon 7th Corps, forcing Napoleon to00:09:40
send Schwarzenberg's Austrian Corps00:09:42
to them. to the rescue,00:09:46
by the end of July, Napoleon advanced00:09:48
400 kilometers deep into Russia, much00:09:51
further than he had planned; long marches in the00:09:56
extreme summer heat took a heavy00:09:58
toll on his people; without participating in00:10:03
major battles, the00:10:04
army had already suffered 20 percent of losses from00:10:08
exhaustion and disease, particularly from typhus00:10:11
and dysentery.00:10:12
invaded Russia with a quarter of a00:10:15
million horses, but now they were dying a00:10:17
thousand every day from fatigue and00:10:20
lack of food,00:10:22
not only cavalry horses were dying, but00:10:25
also the very horses that were supposed to00:10:27
pull army transport carts, which00:10:29
made an already bad situation00:10:32
even worse, there was a shortage of horses00:10:37
just when the French light00:10:39
cavalry, the eyes and ears of Napoleon,00:10:42
met their rival in the00:10:45
Russian Cossacks,00:10:58
the Cossacks were self-sufficient, proud,00:11:01
ruthless and excellent horsemen, they did not00:11:04
play by the same rules as other00:11:07
European cavalrymen every day, they00:11:11
followed Napoleon's army,00:11:13
rushing to attack whenever they saw an00:11:16
easy target but disappeared into the forests if00:11:20
they were attacked by a stronger enemy; the00:11:27
Cossacks, like the Russian partisans, carried out00:11:30
targeted attacks on French00:11:33
supply lines and warehouses, forcing Napoleon to00:11:36
divert thousands of troops to their defense,00:11:39
along with the Russian regular light00:11:41
cavalry; they also prevented00:11:43
French patrols from conducting reconnaissance; this00:11:46
meant that Napoleon often did not have00:11:48
good information about the roads or the00:11:51
whereabouts of the enemy; Napoleon00:11:56
spent 16 days in Vitebsk,00:11:58
resting his army while00:12:00
considering options for strategy; among00:12:03
his countless growing problems was the00:12:06
danger of long open flanks;00:12:17
Polotsk, French-Bavarian00:12:20
troops stopped the Russian first corps of00:12:22
Wittgenstein, Napoleon’s flanks were still00:12:26
safe,00:12:29
although his main forces were reduced00:12:32
by almost half of their original00:12:34
strength;00:12:35
Napoleon decided to break through to Smolensk and00:12:38
try to force a general00:12:40
battle for the city on the Russians under pressure from the00:12:45
commander Prince Bagration and00:12:48
Emperor Alexander Barclay00:12:51
was forced to give battle to the morale of the army and part of Russia00:12:55
demanded this, they told him00:13:02
when the 1st and 2nd Russian armies finally00:13:06
united near Smolensk, Barclay decided to00:13:08
attack Napoleon's army, which he00:13:11
believed was concentrated around the00:13:13
village of Rudny, the offensive was led by the00:13:16
Cossacks of General Platov, who took the00:13:19
French cavalry division by surprise00:13:21
in young avi00:13:23
but alarmed by false reports00:13:25
that Eugene's 4th Corps had bypassed him to the north,00:13:29
Barclay stopped the attack,00:13:31
Napoleon, making sure that00:13:33
Barclay's offensive did not pose a real threat,00:13:36
launched a grandiose attack from the flank00:13:39
to the south to take Smolensk and cut off the00:13:42
Russian retreat, the00:13:43
so-called Smolensk maneuver was00:13:46
carried out by Napoleon in his the best00:13:48
traditions,00:13:49
using Murat's cavalry to cover00:13:52
their movements and observing00:13:54
Barclay's actions, keeping the latter00:13:57
in the dark, the emperor reached not on the00:13:59
evening of August 13, his engineers quickly00:14:03
built 4 pontoon bridges and by dawn the00:14:06
next day his army was already on the00:14:09
other side,00:14:10
Marshal Davout at the head of 2 columns00:14:13
crossed the Urzhum River, but00:14:16
the only Russian division00:14:18
27 heroically retreated from the Red,00:14:21
delaying the French advance and00:14:24
gained time for Bagration to00:14:26
strengthen the Smolensk garrison, the chance for a00:14:29
surprise attack on the city was lost,00:14:32
and when the Russian army began to retreat,00:14:35
Napoleon showed uncharacteristic00:14:38
slowness, even stopping the army for00:14:41
parade in honor of his 43rd birthday00:14:44
when two days later the main00:14:47
attack on Smolensk began,00:14:49
Napoleon chose a frontal assault 15000:14:52
French guns smashed the fortifications of the00:14:54
city and three French corps00:14:56
attacked its medieval fortifications the00:14:59
Russians resisted courageously but00:15:02
Barclay,00:15:03
fearing encirclement, again ordered a00:15:05
retreat00:15:06
Smolensk was engulfed in flames the00:15:09
Russians began retreat just at the00:15:12
moment when the French fought their way into the00:15:15
city to a place of complete devastation,00:15:20
Bagration's second army retreated 1 when00:15:23
Barclay's army followed it and the arigard00:15:26
was captured by the third corps, not Uval00:15:29
Utin, General Junot, who commanded the00:15:32
Westphalian eighth corps, received an00:15:34
order to cut off Barclay's entry, but00:15:37
having crossed the river, he could not00:15:39
do anything and the opportunity was missed; the00:15:43
enraged Napoleon swore that now he00:15:46
would but would never receive his marshal's00:15:49
baton. The battle of Smolensk cost both00:15:52
sides about 10 thousand casualties and00:15:54
destroyed one of the historically important00:15:57
cities of Russia, but did not resolve anything00:16:08
[ music]00:16:11
after missing the chance to defeat the Russians00:16:14
at Smolensk, Napoleon made one more00:16:17
stop to think about all the options,00:16:20
his people were tired and were far from00:16:23
home before and the time for campaigning was already coming to an00:16:26
end, he was going to sit out the Russian00:16:29
winter in Smolensk and resume the campaign in00:16:32
1813, but now he was only00:16:37
three hundred and 70 kilometers from Moscow,00:16:40
centuries before Peter the First moved the00:16:42
capital of Russia to St. Petersburg,00:16:45
but Moscow remained both the historical and00:16:47
spiritual heart of the00:16:48
city for which the Russians00:16:51
had to fight, Napoleon00:16:54
was always a gambler, he decided to move00:16:57
on, the00:16:58
Russians were faced with With his own00:17:01
dilemma that summer, Emperor Alexander00:17:03
experienced a kind of religious00:17:06
epiphany and rallied the Russian people to00:17:08
defend the fatherland, calling the war with00:17:11
Napoleon a war to save Russia00:17:13
from the Antichrist. For many months,00:17:17
the emperor received conflicting advice to00:17:20
stand and fight or retreat, now00:17:24
it was decided that changes in military00:17:26
leadership they need a00:17:28
cautious General Barclay retained his00:17:31
post but the Emperor called General Mikhail00:17:34
Kutuzov to take overall00:17:36
command of the Russian armies Kutuzov00:17:40
was defeated by Napoleon at Austerlitz00:17:42
seven years ago but since then he has won00:17:45
several victories over the Ottoman Empire and00:17:48
has been a true Russian favorite of the troops00:17:51
although Kutuzov agreed with the park live00:17:53
sky strategy, he saw that constant00:17:56
retreat reduced the morale of soldiers and00:17:59
people;00:18:00
if Moscow was surrendered without a fight,00:18:03
the consequences could be catastrophic,00:18:06
and 112 kilometers west of the city00:18:11
near the village of Borodino, the Russian army was preparing00:18:14
for a general battle that00:18:18
Europe was about to witness the00:18:21
bloodiest day in the history of the00:18:23
Napoleonic wars00:18:37
September 1812, 10 weeks had passed00:18:42
since Napoleon invaded Russia with00:18:44
more than half a million troops, the00:18:47
French emperor wanted a quick00:18:49
victory over the Russians00:18:50
that would force Emperor00:18:52
Alexander to make peace and agree00:18:55
to French terms but at Vitebsk00:18:59
and then and at Smolensk, the00:19:02
numerically inferior Russian army barely escaped00:19:05
its destruction, the most important city of00:19:08
Smolensk was practically destroyed,00:19:11
Napoleon advanced deep into Russia and00:19:14
after several months of march, his army00:19:17
was exhausted,00:19:18
struck by disease and fatigue, by the end of00:19:21
the summer he had only half of00:19:24
the forces with which he invaded to Russia,00:19:26
but in the end, 112 kilometers00:19:30
west of Moscow near the village of Borodino, the00:19:33
Russians decided to give battle. Napoleon00:19:37
had a chance to win a decisive victory00:19:40
that, in his opinion, would end00:19:43
the war. The00:19:58
army under the command of the 67-year-old00:20:01
one-eyed veteran general Kutuzov00:20:04
took a defensive position across the00:20:06
two main roads00:20:08
leading from Smolensk to Moscow the first00:20:12
army of General Barclay de Tolly00:20:14
was on the right flank from the front and was00:20:18
defended by the Koloch River00:20:20
with steep banks but shallow and00:20:22
easy to ford; the second army of00:20:25
Prince Bagration was on the left00:20:28
more open flank but reinforced by a00:20:31
large earthen a large redoubt and the00:20:34
fact that the French nicknamed them00:20:36
flashes because of their shape, it was expected that another advanced00:20:41
redoubt in Shevardino would delay00:20:44
the enemy’s advance;00:20:47
historians are still arguing about the size of the00:20:50
Russian army, but it is likely that00:20:52
Kutuzov had about one hundred twenty-one00:20:55
thousand people and 680 guns under Borodino00:21:00
5 In September, Napoleon's army of00:21:06
about 130 thousand people and 585 guns began to arrive in the west;00:21:13
Napoleon immediately realized that the Shevardin00:21:16
redoubt had to be captured before he00:21:19
deployed his army and ordered an00:21:21
immediate attack; his attack was00:21:25
led by the 5th division of the first corps,00:21:28
supported by the 5th Polish corps from the south00:21:35
for several hours of heavy The battles of the redoubt00:21:38
changed hands more than once00:21:41
but late in the evening the Russians finally00:21:44
retreated to their main positions and the00:21:46
redoubt fell to the French; its capture00:21:51
cost them approximately 4 thousand lives00:21:54
while the Russians lost about00:21:56
six thousand people; Napoleon noticed how00:22:00
few prisoners were captured; an00:22:02
alarming sign the unshakable00:22:04
determination and resilience of the enemy, the00:22:10
entire next day, both sides00:22:12
prepared for battle,00:22:19
Marshal Davout, who commanded the French00:22:22
first corps and was considered00:22:24
Napoleon's most capable commander,00:22:26
asked the emperor to00:22:28
use his corps for a wide00:22:31
offensive from the flank to the south, but Napoleon00:22:34
rejected this idea as too risky00:22:37
and instead this began to prepare for a00:22:39
large-scale frontal attack on Russian00:22:41
fortifications00:22:45
[music]00:22:56
shortly after dawn on September 7,00:22:59
Orthodox priests carried00:23:02
one of the holiest icons of Russia in front of the Russian army, the00:23:05
Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God;00:23:09
this was a trembling moment for many00:23:12
devout Russian soldiers, thousands of00:23:14
whom would not live to see twilight the battle00:23:21
began at 6 am when the French00:23:23
batteries opened a deafening cannonade00:23:25
on the Russian fortifications. Eugene's 4th Corps00:23:31
attacked the village of Borodino, weakly00:23:33
defended by the rangers of the00:23:35
Russian Imperial Guard, having cleared the00:23:39
village, his infantry crossed the00:23:41
kalach and moved to a large redoubt00:23:44
but was thrown back, suffering heavy00:23:46
losses, the00:23:48
Russians burned the bridge across the river but they00:23:51
did not counterattack,00:23:53
Eugene was able to move the guns to the village00:23:56
to deliver a flank attack on a large00:23:59
view of that00:24:02
in the center, the first corps of Davout launched an00:24:05
offensive on the flash, being exposed to00:24:08
heavy fire on the right flank, the Polish00:24:12
5th corps, which was ordered to take00:24:15
the street, got stuck in the forests and ravines, their00:24:19
slow advance allowed00:24:22
Tuchkov's third corps was to send a division00:24:24
north to strengthen the defense of the flashes00:24:27
Kutuzov at his headquarters in Gorki took00:24:30
little part in the battles leaving00:24:33
tactical decisions to his subordinates00:24:36
Barclay and Bagration spent most of the summer00:24:39
arguing furiously about strategy00:24:43
but in the hour of need they put aside differences they00:24:47
saw that the main French attack00:24:50
had collapsed on the Russian center and left00:24:52
flank, so Barclay ordered the second00:24:55
corps from General Baggovut to go00:24:57
south00:24:58
to help Bagration, the fighting around the00:25:03
flushes began to intensify as the00:25:05
French captured one of the earthen00:25:07
ramparts but were quickly driven back by a Russian00:25:10
counterattack, Davout himself was wounded in battle when he00:25:14
fell from a wounded horse but he refused00:25:17
to leave the battlefield when the Russian00:25:21
cavalry counterattacked Marshal Murat00:25:24
personally led the French cavalry to meet them The00:25:30
3rd Corps joined the attack on the00:25:34
flash drive The00:25:39
attack of the Russian cuirassiers forced Murat to00:25:42
take refuge in the bark of the00:25:44
Württemberg infantry,00:25:48
the city with its magnificent clothes and00:25:50
reckless bravery even made a00:25:53
name for itself among the Russians In particular, the Cossacks00:25:57
saw him as a kindred spirit and00:26:00
sought to capture him alive at yoga. The00:26:06
Polish infantry occupied the Qi path, however, the00:26:09
Russians set it on fire before retreating,00:26:13
but General Baggovut's reinforcements00:26:16
arrived just in time to support the00:26:18
Russian flank. Around ten o'clock in the morning,00:26:23
Eugene launched another attack on a00:26:25
large line.00:26:26
He was briefly captured by Moran's 1st Division00:26:29
before his men were00:26:31
driven back by a ferocious Russian counterattack. The00:26:35
27-year-old Russian Army artillery commander,00:26:38
General Kutaisov, was killed during00:26:41
one of these counterattacks. A heroic00:26:45
death but a tangible blow to the morale of the00:26:48
Russian artillery soldiers,00:26:54
the fighting around the earthen flushes and became00:26:57
More and more fiercely,00:26:59
some counted as many as six large00:27:02
French attacks in which00:27:05
45 thousand soldiers took part, with00:27:06
hundreds of cannons on both sides00:27:08
pouring fire into the dense formation ranks more than00:27:13
once, the French infantry made its way to00:27:15
one of the Russian positions, it was again00:27:18
forced back by butt counterattacks, the00:27:25
Westphalian corps of Juneau was sent00:27:28
forward to as support, helping to00:27:30
clear the forests of Russian riflemen in the south,00:27:34
General Bagration was so close to the00:27:37
fighting on flash drives00:27:39
that he personally led reinforcements forward and00:27:42
gave orders for counterattacks. Around 1000:27:47
a.m., a cannonball fragment shattered the general’s leg,00:27:51
mortally wounded, he was carried away from the battlefield,00:27:56
shocked losses their legendary00:27:59
commander, the exhausted Russian infantry00:28:01
began to retreat and the French finally00:28:05
took the flash and then Marshal Murat Paul00:28:09
forward the free division, it was the last reserve of the00:28:12
first corps, supported by heavy00:28:14
cavalry on both flanks, the00:28:16
Russian grenadiers formed corks00:28:19
to repel the onslaught of the French00:28:21
cuirassiers while their own00:28:24
guards cavalry fought the00:28:26
French in a gigantic, chaotic00:28:28
hand-to-hand battle with heavy casualties on00:28:31
both sides, the Russians stubbornly00:28:34
resisted but the combined find with00:28:36
French artillery, cavalry and00:28:38
infantry proved insurmountable when00:28:44
the Russians retreated infantry free they00:28:46
made their way into the village of Semyonovskaya the Russian00:28:51
center was in disarray and seemed00:28:55
close to collapse now the time had come for Napoleon00:28:58
to strike a decisive blow00:29:05
[music] for00:29:14
most of the day, Napoleon remained at00:29:17
his headquarters near Shevardino,00:29:22
later those around him said that illness,00:29:25
hard work during a long00:29:27
campaign made him tired and irritable00:29:30
when the Russian center surrendered00:29:32
Murat and his headquarters tried to convince00:29:34
Napoleon to send his last00:29:36
reserve of the00:29:37
imperial guard, the emperor00:29:40
refused with the words: if tomorrow there is00:29:43
another battle, then where will my army be,00:29:47
but he made one exception; Barclay00:29:51
continued to transfer troops from his00:29:53
unoccupied right flank to support the00:29:56
center when the 4th corps of Osterman Tolstoy00:30:00
approached the Russian center, the French00:30:03
units feared that he is preparing for an attack,00:30:07
so Napoleon ordered the00:30:10
guards artillery of General Sorbet to move forward;00:30:13
his batteries opened devastating fire00:30:16
on the enemy, but even after suffering numerous00:30:18
losses, the Russian infantry maintained its00:30:22
positions on the Russian right flank, everything00:30:27
remained calm,00:30:28
so General Platov, the commander of00:30:30
the Don Cossacks, offered to lead the00:30:33
attack on the weakly defended village00:30:35
Borodino,00:30:37
having received permission, the generals of the Plats and00:30:40
Uvars led a detachment of eight thousand00:30:42
Cossacks and cavalry across the Kalach River,00:30:49
they attacked the French and00:30:51
Italian troops with complete00:30:53
surprise for the latter, sowing panic00:30:55
and disorder in their ranks; the00:30:57
third cavalry corps of the pear00:31:00
had to retreat back across the river to00:31:02
push the Russians back. The commanders00:31:07
regarded this attack as a missed00:31:09
opportunity, but it delayed the next00:31:12
French attack by two hours and may have00:31:15
convinced Napoleon that he was right00:31:18
to hold back and their reserves.00:31:32
Around three o'clock in the afternoon, the French launched00:31:35
their largest attack on the great00:31:38
redoubt.00:31:42
Russian artillerymen concentrated their fire00:31:45
on the advancing French infantry.00:31:47
allowed the French cavalry to00:31:49
bypass the redoubt from the flank and attack them from the00:31:52
rear, the Saxon cavalry burst in 1,00:31:58
killing the Russian infantry and artillerymen00:32:00
almost to the last man, this00:32:05
was an amazing feat of the horsemen00:32:08
contrary to all the rules of war and00:32:10
evidence of the cruelty of the battle when the00:32:15
infantry strengthened their positions on the00:32:18
redoubt, he ordered push forward all00:32:21
available cavalry to take advantage of00:32:23
such success, but they were met and stopped by the00:32:27
last reserves of the Russian cavalry,00:32:32
now Eugene begged Napoleon to bring in the00:32:35
imperial guard,00:32:37
but the emperor again refused, I will not00:32:41
destroy my guard, he told his00:32:44
headquarters, I am four thousand00:32:46
kilometers from France and will not00:32:48
risk my the last reserve at00:32:52
five o'clock in the evening both armies were in a00:32:54
state of complete exhaustion00:32:58
the battlefield was strewn with dead and wounded00:33:02
some infantry battalions could00:33:04
muster only a third of their original forces00:33:07
the cavalry moved no faster than a trot the00:33:11
gun crews collapsed from00:33:13
powerlessness00:33:14
as dusk approached the battlefield00:33:17
slowly the shots died down,00:33:23
Napoleon and the French army expected the00:33:25
battle to resume the next day, but00:33:30
by dawn, Kutuzov, having learned the full00:33:32
terrifying scale of Russian losses, gave00:33:35
the order to retreat;00:33:41
losses on both sides were huge;00:33:45
Russian losses were estimated at forty-00:33:47
four thousand; French losses were00:33:51
about 30 thousand, including 4900:33:55
generals 12 of them were killed and Borodino would00:34:01
turn out to be the bloodiest day of the00:34:03
Napoleonic wars the00:34:09
Russian army could not give another00:34:12
battle without serious reinforcements00:34:16
then Kutuzov decided that he should surrender00:34:19
Moscow on September 15, a00:34:24
week after the Battle of Borodino,00:34:27
Napoleon enters Moscow he will find it00:34:33
almost deserted00:34:35
empty and the fire had already begun00:34:38
to spread00:34:48
September 15, 1812 80 3 days had passed since the00:34:55
invasion of Russia a week00:34:58
after the first victory at Borodino00:35:01
Napoleon entered Moscow he expected a00:35:04
deputation of boyars who would greet him with00:35:06
honor and respect and officially00:35:09
offer the surrender of the city instead he00:35:12
discovered that 90 percent of00:35:15
Moscow's residents fled last night00:35:19
a fire started, it was blamed on drunken soldiers,00:35:22
but over the next forty-eight00:35:25
hours fires continued to break out throughout00:35:28
Moscow until most of the city was00:35:31
engulfed in flames.00:35:32
Count Fedor Rastopchin, the city's governor,00:35:35
believed that it was better to destroy Moscow than to00:35:39
let it fall into the hands of enemy and00:35:42
now Russian criminals released00:35:45
from prison and acting on the orders of00:35:48
the police deliberately spread the fire,00:35:50
French soldiers caught and00:35:53
shot everyone they managed to00:35:55
catch,00:35:56
but this hellish flame could not be00:35:59
contained00:36:03
in four days, almost two-00:36:07
thirds of Moscow was destroyed when the fire was finally00:36:12
brought under control00:36:13
Napoleon's soldiers began plundering00:36:16
what was left of the destroyed city00:36:19
while in their new apartments in the00:36:22
Kremlin.00:36:23
Napoleon sent a letter to Emperor00:36:25
Alexander in St. Petersburg, inviting00:36:28
him to make peace and end the war, but00:36:32
he never received an answer.00:36:35
Napoleon was firmly convinced that Alexander would00:36:38
eventually join into negotiations, but00:36:41
every day his confidence weakened;00:36:46
Cossack raids disrupted his00:36:49
vital connections with Paris, as well as the00:36:52
flow of supplies; while00:36:55
French forces were constantly depleted;00:36:58
Russian reinforcements were growing; for00:37:00
the first time in the company, Napoleon found himself in the00:37:03
minority; he also heard rumors00:37:07
that his allies were Prussia and Austria are conducting00:37:10
secret negotiations with their enemies00:37:14
Napoleon offered the army to winter in00:37:17
Moscow but now it looked too dangerous00:37:21
he reluctantly agreed that the army00:37:24
needed to return to Smolensk to00:37:26
find safe winter quarters00:37:29
Napoleon knew how harsh00:37:31
Russian winters could be but continued to postpone00:37:34
his departure,00:37:35
encouraged good October weather and00:37:38
I hope that at the last minute a00:37:41
message with a peace proposal may come from Alexander,00:37:43
but it never came. On00:37:48
October 13, the first light snow fell,00:37:53
after 5 days,00:37:55
Kutuzov unexpectedly attacked the vanguard of00:37:57
Murat Venkov and defeated it, the00:38:03
shocked Napoleon gave the order to the00:38:05
troops the very next day leave00:38:08
Moscow00:38:21
one hundred thousand people, all that was left of the00:38:24
great army, left Moscow in a column00:38:27
16 kilometers long, taking with them00:38:30
approximately 40,000 carts00:38:32
and women with children, army00:38:36
wives Evie van der and women who prepared00:38:39
food for the soldiers, as well as some00:38:42
civilians, each cart and the blizzards were00:38:45
filled with as much food00:38:48
and trophies as possible, setting off on their journey, a sergeant of the00:38:53
Burgundian Imperial Guard took00:38:55
inventory of his backpack, it00:38:58
contained several pounds of sugar,00:39:01
some rice, some crackers, half a bottle of00:39:04
liquor, a00:39:05
woman's dress made of Chinese silk,00:39:07
embroidered with gold and silver,00:39:08
several gold and silver jewelry,00:39:11
among which there was a piece of the cross of Ivan00:39:13
the Great, in addition, I had my00:39:15
uniform, a large women's cloak for riding,00:39:18
two silver ones in relief, 30 centimeters00:39:20
long and 20 wide, all of the most skillful00:39:23
workmanship, as well as several medallions and a00:39:25
spittoon of a Russian prince decorated with00:39:28
precious stones over the shirt, I00:39:30
put on a yellow silk vest sewn from a00:39:32
woman's skirt, over it was a large cloak00:39:34
lined with ermine, and on the side on a00:39:36
silver cord hung a large purse; it00:39:38
was full of various things, among them00:39:41
crucifixes made of gold and silver and a small00:39:43
Chinese porcelain vase; in addition, in the00:39:46
box there were my firearms,00:39:48
powder flasks and 60 rounds of ammunition;00:39:53
I was greatly overloaded the army did not yet realize00:39:56
that time was not in its favor; the Russians00:40:00
launched an offensive on the flank of00:40:01
Napoleon’s salient,00:40:04
eight hundred and eighty-five kilometers deep;00:40:06
on the same day, Wittgenstein’s army00:40:09
pushed back the superior forces of Marshal00:40:12
Saint-Cyr near Polotsk00:40:14
and pulled Victor’s 9th Corps to the west for00:40:17
the necessary support on in the south,00:40:22
Admiral Chichagov's offensive forced00:40:25
Schwarzenberg's Austrian corps to retreat to00:40:27
cover Warsaw,00:40:30
the corridor slammed shut00:40:33
and then the weather worsened, although00:40:37
Napoleon was confident that his army00:40:38
would reach their Smolensk in winter 2000:40:41
days long before more00:40:44
extreme temperatures arrived, Napoleon00:40:49
planned to retreat through untouched00:40:52
Kaluga where the army could get00:40:54
food,00:40:57
but Kutuzov sent the 6th corps of General00:41:01
Dokhturov to block the road to Maloyaroslavets in00:41:06
fierce battles, the00:41:08
Italian troops of the 4th corps also did00:41:11
not push the Russians out of the city, this difficult00:41:14
victory stirred the memory of the00:41:16
battle near Borodino, Kutuzov managed to00:41:22
stand between Napoleon and Kaluga,00:41:27
Napoleon undertook an unusual move,00:41:30
having conferred with his marshals after00:41:33
discussing various options, he decided00:41:35
that instead of another major battle it00:41:38
would be better to retreat the same way00:41:41
they came along the Smolensk road,00:41:44
Napoleon hoped to avoid this00:41:47
route as it meant00:41:49
marching back through places already plundered00:41:52
and deprived of supplies for the next the day00:41:55
after the battle of Maloyaroslavl,00:41:57
Napoleon was almost captured by the group, but00:42:00
at the last moment he was saved by a00:42:03
slave general who was at the head of the escort. After00:42:06
such a dangerous moment, he always00:42:09
had a bottle of poison00:42:10
that he wore around his neck in case of00:42:12
his own capture,00:42:29
Napoleon’s army moved on its new00:42:32
course to a sufficiently hidden distance00:42:35
from Kutuzov's army in the south,00:42:39
they passed the Borodino battlefield, an eerie00:42:44
frightening sight where crows pecked at half-00:42:48
decomposed corpses, the inexorable march00:42:52
quickly began to tire people and horses,00:42:56
after a few days the temperature dropped00:42:59
below zero,00:43:00
hungry and overloaded horses died00:43:03
one after another in huge numbers,00:43:06
discipline began to waver so00:43:09
some coachmen simply threw the sick00:43:11
and wounded to the side of the road to save00:43:14
themselves as the French00:43:18
column became more and more stretched out,00:43:20
General Miloradovich, who commanded00:43:23
the vanguard of Kutuzov, attacked the ari-gard of00:43:25
Davout under the witches for several hours,00:43:29
Davout’s first corps was cut off until they00:43:32
arrived on it to his aid, the00:43:35
battle was marked by street fighting in00:43:38
Vyazma, in which the French hastily00:43:40
evacuated their supplies from the city00:43:44
for the soldiers of the great army, who were so00:43:47
unaccustomed to retreat and defeat, it00:43:50
was very alarming and demoralized him for00:43:53
nothing00:43:56
[music] On00:44:08
November 4, heavy snow began the00:44:14
next night the temperature dropped to00:44:16
minus 20 degrees Celsius00:44:19
[music]00:44:21
few men or women had00:44:23
suitable winter clothing or00:44:26
shelter; many froze to death overnight; the00:44:32
next morning, carts and cannons were00:44:35
abandoned;00:44:37
many soldiers now tried to escape,00:44:40
ignoring the officers, stealing00:44:43
horses and food and leaving00:44:45
column in search of food and supplies in the00:44:48
surrounding area; many of them were caught by the00:44:52
Cossacks and killed; others were simply robbed and00:45:00
left to freeze; in some cases,00:45:04
they were handed over to peasants thirsty for00:45:06
retribution against foreign invaders;00:45:19
and to get to Vitebsk00:45:21
where large French00:45:23
supply depots were located,00:45:24
but Vitebsk had already been taken by the Russians, the 4th00:45:29
corps was so weak that it could not00:45:32
get through to the city, then it00:45:33
joined the main forces without00:45:36
artillery and most of its00:45:38
supplies, the colonel who saw the 4th corps in00:45:41
such a state described this act of00:45:44
shoeless, almost naked,00:45:46
exhausted and hungry sitting on their00:45:48
backpacks sleeping on their knees and emerging00:45:51
from this stupor only00:45:53
to fry pieces of horse meat or00:45:56
melt pieces of ice00:45:58
just three weeks after the retreat00:46:01
from Moscow a third of the army was killed or00:46:05
captured about half of the00:46:07
remaining were united in their own00:46:09
groups of soldiers and without units00:46:12
ready to fight just to00:46:14
survive. On00:46:16
November 9, Napoleon reached Smolensk,00:46:19
the first troops to enter the city00:46:21
plundered the supply warehouses, leaving00:46:24
nothing for those who followed them,00:46:26
including the00:46:27
ari-guard not I, who arrived on six days00:46:30
later00:46:31
napoleon hoped to make smolensk his00:46:34
winter base but the state of the army and00:46:36
lack of supplies meant only00:46:38
one retreat had to continue but the00:46:42
five days he spent there gave00:46:44
kutuzov time to outflank napoleon and00:46:47
prepare an ambush when the french00:46:49
resumed their retreat he struck 5000:46:52
kilometers west of smolensk under00:46:55
Red during three days of desperate00:46:58
fighting in knee-deep snow, Napoleon00:47:01
used his Imperial Guard00:47:03
to hold the road open00:47:05
while their corps of Eugene and Davout00:47:07
fought their way through an ambush with heavy00:47:10
losses,00:47:12
two beams of the Young Guard were00:47:14
ordered to make a suicidal00:47:16
counterattack to hold off the00:47:19
Russian advance they were almost completely00:47:22
destroyed00:47:24
Kutuzov kept part of his troops in00:47:27
reserve, for which he was later accused of00:47:30
not wanting to defeat Napoleon’s army when there00:47:32
was such an opportunity, he was probably00:47:35
worried about the number of untrained00:47:37
recruits in his own army,00:47:39
also suffering terribly in the cold conditions00:47:46
[music]00:47:54
not all the French corps made their way00:47:57
under the red Marshal Ney and his 6,100000:48:01
regard arrived only on November 18 and00:48:03
found that the road was blocked by a 6000:48:07
thousandth Russian army, thereby taking away00:48:10
any hope of help from the first corps. a00:48:25
night crossing across the00:48:28
Dnieper and then 72 kilometers across open00:48:31
ground, being under constant00:48:34
fire from Platov’s Cossacks and00:48:36
all to reach the00:48:38
sheep,00:48:40
by the time it reached the main00:48:42
army, only 800 people remained from his ari-guard00:48:46
leading a column of00:48:49
several thousand00:48:50
stragglers the army regarded his00:48:53
rescue as a miracle and when Napoleon00:48:55
heard about it he immediately dubbed00:48:58
Marshal Ney00:48:59
the bravest of the brave00:49:07
[music]00:49:12
Napoleon escaped one trap00:49:15
but now three Russian armies were approaching00:49:19
from different directions and outnumbered him00:49:21
almost three to one00:49:23
from the east Kutuzov's main army00:49:26
numbering 65,000 people from the north,00:49:30
Wittgenstein with thirty thousand soldiers00:49:33
of confidence removed the 9th corps of Marshal00:49:36
Victor, and from the south the Moldavian army of00:49:38
Admiral Chichagov,00:49:40
numbering 34 thousand people,00:49:43
separated from the army of General Aston00:49:45
Sakin numbering 30 thousand soldiers, the00:49:48
purpose of which was to prevent the Austrians of00:49:50
Schwarzenberg and the Saxon corps of Rainier from00:49:53
coming to the aid of Napoleon Napoleon00:49:56
went to Minsk, the main French00:49:59
supply base with huge supplies of00:50:01
food, clothing, shoes and00:50:03
ammunition that00:50:06
his army so desperately needed, but on November 21,00:50:09
terrible news arrived, Minsk fell to00:50:13
Chichagova,00:50:16
then he moved on Borisov, expelled the00:50:19
Polish garrison from there and captured the bridge00:50:22
over the Berezina River,00:50:25
usually in By this time, it should have00:50:29
already frozen so that Napoleon could00:50:32
have crossed anywhere, but suddenly00:50:35
the warming turned the river into a stream of00:50:37
freezing water00:50:39
[music]00:50:42
at least Napoleon was00:50:44
joined by the stubbornly fighting00:50:47
Marshal Dina and his second corps, which00:50:49
did not suffer as much as the main00:50:52
column When retreating from Polotsk, Udino00:50:57
launched an immediate counterattack on00:50:59
Borisov and recaptured the city, but could not00:51:03
prevent the Russians from burning the monsters since there00:51:08
was no other bridge for many kilometers around,00:51:10
it seemed that Napoleon’s exhausted army was00:51:13
completely doomed, but00:51:17
another hope appeared; the Polish cavalry00:51:20
discovered a ford across the river00:51:22
near the village of Studenka Napoleon issued a00:51:27
flurry of orders, the second corps was to00:51:30
simulate preparations for crossing the00:51:32
river south of Borisov,00:51:34
and Victor's 9th corps, arriving from the north,00:51:39
was to form an ari-guard00:51:41
east of Studenka to hold off the00:51:43
Russians while the engineers00:51:47
worked as quickly as possible to00:51:49
build pontoon bridges across the river and00:51:52
give Napoleon's army a chance of salvation00:52:09
on the afternoon of November 25, the00:52:12
Dutch engineers of General Ivlev00:52:15
began the construction of two 90-00:52:17
meter pontoon bridges across the Berezina River,00:52:23
they worked day and night, sometimes chest-deep00:52:26
in icy water, and completed both bridges00:52:28
in less than 24 hours,00:52:32
few of them engineers were able to survive00:52:35
this test,00:52:37
Chichagi was completely fooled by the00:52:40
diversionary maneuver south of Borisov and00:52:42
moved his troops south to00:52:44
resist the crossing, thereby00:52:46
allowing Napoleon's army to begin00:52:48
crossing the river on their shaky bridges with00:52:51
virtually no resistance, the00:52:53
second corps of Udino moved forward00:52:55
to gain a foothold on the bridgehead00:52:57
and on the next day he was followed by the00:52:59
remnants of the main army; priority00:53:02
was given to the guards who were still able to fight00:53:06
while a huge crowd of stragglers remained on the other bank;00:53:16
by the time Chichagov realized his00:53:18
mistake and moved north,00:53:20
Napoleon had already taken up positions to protect the00:53:22
crossing00:53:26
on the eastern bank of the 12th division of General00:53:29
Tanho. Victor's 4,000 relatively fresh00:53:32
soldiers from the 9th Corps formed an00:53:35
ari-guard as Platov's Cossacks approached from the east, the00:53:39
vanguard of Kutuzov's main army,00:53:42
orton, I tried to connect with the 9th00:53:45
Corps, but getting caught in a whirlwind snowstorm with00:53:49
visibility up to 50 meters, he moved00:53:52
straight towards Wittgenstein's army,00:53:57
his entire division was killed or flowers00:54:00
years the00:54:04
next morning Chichagov and Wittgenstein00:54:07
began a coordinated attack on both00:54:10
sides of the river on the west bank and00:54:13
the battle was desperate and where Marshal Oudino00:54:17
was again seriously wounded but his00:54:19
Swiss infantry held back the onslaught00:54:21
until General Doumer's cuirassiers and the last00:54:25
heavy cavalry of the army attacked and00:54:28
did not defeat the Russians00:54:33
at the cost of heavy losses, the Polish and German00:54:35
units of Victor's ari-guard held the00:54:38
Russians until darkness fell,00:54:40
then they retreated across the bridges00:54:46
for two nights, the officers tried to00:54:48
force a huge camp of00:54:50
stragglers to cross the bridges while they were00:54:53
free but with temperatures reaching00:54:56
-30 degrees Celsius they preferred00:54:59
to stay in place, gathered around00:55:02
their fires00:55:03
at dawn 29 with the departure of the main forces and the00:55:07
approach of the Russians, 1000 stragglers00:55:11
rushed to the bridges in panic,00:55:15
dozens were crushed in the stampede, others00:55:18
fell or were pushed into the water or00:55:21
tried to swim, which meant certain00:55:24
death when the French sappers 9 am the00:55:27
bridges were set on fire,00:55:28
thousands of people were cut off and abandoned to the00:55:32
mercy of the yielding Cossacks, some00:55:35
became prisoners, others were simply spared00:55:40
from suffering, the00:55:52
great army, which began its retreat00:55:55
43 days ago,00:55:56
marched almost 800 kilometers under00:55:59
constant attacks, hungry and00:56:02
exhausted, and during the last00:56:04
twenty-three days00:56:06
also in in deadly sub-zero00:56:08
temperatures without proper clothing or00:56:11
shelter, during this time the number of00:56:15
combat-ready soldiers of the grand army was00:56:17
reduced from approximately one hundred twenty-00:56:20
four thousand to 20,000 and the00:56:24
same number of stragglers still followed the army00:56:29
as the retreat00:56:32
continued until the weather00:56:34
became increasingly worse, the temperature dropped00:56:37
to minus 37 degrees Celsius00:56:41
at least the Russian troops left00:56:43
them alone,00:56:45
giving the invaders to be torn to pieces by the Cossacks,00:56:48
Russian peasants and families On00:56:53
December 5, Napoleon left the army,00:56:57
traveling incognito across Europe00:56:59
at breakneck speed and reaching00:57:02
Paris in just 13 days00:57:05
[music]00:57:09
naturally, English satirists extracted00:57:12
benefited from the fact that Napoleon seemingly00:57:15
abandoned his damaged army and many00:57:18
soldiers viewed this as an act of00:57:20
betrayal00:57:23
but the general and supported his decision to00:57:26
leave in Paris there had already been00:57:29
one attempted coup against Napoleon00:57:32
and there was still much to be done to00:57:35
restore the army and calm the allies of00:57:38
France on December 900:57:42
Fifty-one days after the00:57:44
retreat began, about 20,00000:57:46
ragged soldiers of the Grand Army began to00:57:50
cross the Neman River into00:57:52
friendly Polish territory00:57:55
according to legend, Marshal Ney was00:57:58
the last to cross the river00:58:04
[music]00:58:16
Napoleon's invasion of Russia turned out to be00:58:19
one of the greatest military disasters in00:58:21
history, he made fatal miscalculations in the00:58:26
geography of logistics and above all in00:58:29
Russia's political and strategic response to his00:58:32
invasion,00:58:37
these blunders cost his empire about00:58:41
half a million people as well as a quarter of a00:58:45
million horses and a thousand cannons, in other00:58:50
words, out of every twelve people who00:58:54
entered Russia with the great army, one00:58:57
was killed in battle or died from wounds, two were00:59:02
taken prisoner,00:59:03
one of them died in captivity, seven died00:59:08
from disease or from exposure to the climate, and00:59:11
only two returned alive.00:59:21
Contrary to the myth, in the summer offensive,00:59:24
many more soldiers died from the heat of00:59:27
typhus and dysentery00:59:29
than in the winter retreat,00:59:34
losses among the Russians were estimated at 15000:59:37
thousand people and a huge unknown00:59:41
number of civilian casualties, the00:59:45
Russian company was a disaster for00:59:48
Napoleon, not only because of the loss of troops and00:59:51
resources but also in the damage to00:59:53
prestige and reputation00:59:56
that winter, all his enemies felt00:59:59
weak and for the first time prepared to01:00:01
unite against him but the emperor had no01:00:05
intention give up without a fight,01:00:07
returning to Paris, he confessed to his01:00:10
ministers, fortune blinded me, gentlemen,01:00:13
I allowed it to lead me01:00:15
astray instead of following01:00:17
my plan and went to Moscow, I01:00:20
thought that I could find peace there, I01:00:22
tried there for too long, I made a01:00:25
serious mistake, but I will have01:00:27
the opportunity to fix everything,01:00:34
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friendsDescription:
В 1812 году Наполеон вторгся в Россию с самой большой армией, которую когда-либо видела Европа, состоящей из войск Франции, а также Польши, Германии, Италии и нескольких других союзных государств. Последовавшая кампания показала, что русские использовали тактику выжженной земли, чтобы лишить противника поставок, в то время как Наполеон продвигался все дальше и дальше в Россию, тщетно ища решающий удар, который заставил бы императора Александра вести переговоры о мире. Даже одержав дорогостоящую победу под Бородино и заняв Москву, приглашение Наполеона к переговорам не получило ответа. Наполеон оказался в 500 милях от дружественной территории, в меньшинстве, плохо снабженный и с приближением зимы. За этим последовало одно из самых страшных и катастрофических событий в военной истории - отступление из Москвы, в ходе которого русские атаки, морозы и голод практически уничтожили некогда гордую Великую армию. Группа VK: https://vk.com/epichistorytv Телеграм: https://t.me/+F8_lOR77Mvw5Yzgy Канал Epic History TV на русском! Эпичная История познакомит вас с самыми драматичными и удивительными событиями в истории, от гигантских конфликтов, таких как Первая мировая война, до эпичной истории таких стран, как Россия. Я использую анимированные карты, изображения и тщательно изученные источники, собираю как можно больше фактов и все для того, чтобы вы могли погрузится в эти впечатляющие события из нашего прошлого. Станьте спонсором канала, и вы получите доступ к эксклюзивным бонусам. Подробнее: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEMmqnod6rgtHes05Y6qZTA/join Пожалуйста, поддержите Эпичную Историю на Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/EpicHistoryTV Веб-сайт: https://www.epichistory.tv/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/EpicHistoryTV Watch this video in English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byH2WhzXjcQ
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