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00:00:02

to amaze us 1000 mysteries that need to be

00:00:05

solved unknown secrets or maybe

00:00:08

extraterrestrial life what this planet hides

00:00:11

let’s find out Mars is named after the

00:00:15

Roman god of war for a long time was

00:00:18

an omen in the night sky the

00:00:20

blood-red surface of the planet in

00:00:22

its own way tells the story of destruction

00:00:25

billions of years ago the fourth planet from

00:00:28

the sun could be mistaken for a smaller

00:00:30

twin of the earth with liquid water on its

00:00:33

surface and maybe even life

00:00:36

now mars is a cold,

00:00:39

barren desert but after decades of

00:00:42

exploration using

00:00:43

orbiters and rovers

00:00:46

scientists have discovered many interesting things about

00:00:49

viewing mars as a dynamic

00:00:51

windswept landscape which

00:00:53

may possibly harbor microbial life

00:00:56

beneath its surface even today, from the

00:01:00

first image of Mars in

00:01:02

1965, spacecraft travel to the

00:01:05

red planet has revealed a world

00:01:07

strangely familiar but different enough

00:01:10

to challenge our perception

00:01:12

of what makes the planet tick

00:01:15

every time we feel close to

00:01:17

understanding Mars new The discovery

00:01:20

sends us straight to the drawing board

00:01:22

to revise existing theories. Just like

00:01:25

Earth, Mars has

00:01:28

polar ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere, seasonal

00:01:31

weather patterns, volcanoes, canyons and other

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recognizable features, but the conditions on

00:01:37

Mars are dramatically different from those we

00:01:40

have known on our own planet in

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recent years. three decades of

00:01:45

spacecraft have shown us that Mars is rocky,

00:01:47

cold and dry under its hazy

00:01:51

pink skies, it has been discovered that the

00:01:53

modern Martian void hints

00:01:56

at a never-stable world where

00:01:59

volcanoes once raged, meteors plowed

00:02:02

deep craters above the earth with turbulent

00:02:04

streams,

00:02:05

and now continues to throw out

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new attractions With every

00:02:10

landing or orbital pass

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made by a spacecraft, there are

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several strategic

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practical and scientific reasons why

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people explore Mars, among them we know

00:02:22

that Mars is the most accessible place in the

00:02:24

solar system, in addition, the study of

00:02:27

Mars provides the opportunity to answer

00:02:29

questions about the origin and evolution of life

00:02:31

and when- something can become a place for

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the survival of mankind from a practical

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point of view, Mars is unique to the entire

00:02:39

solar system in the sense that this is a

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terrestrial planet with an atmosphere and

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climate, its geology is known to be very

00:02:47

diverse and complex like the earth and

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it seems that the climate of Mars has changed over

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its history like the earth in In general, many

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key questions in the science of the solar

00:02:58

system can be effectively solved by exploring

00:03:01

Mars; this endeavor also inspires the

00:03:03

next generation of researchers and

00:03:06

significantly expands human

00:03:08

knowledge, so it is not surprising that already in

00:03:11

1994, NASA announced the start of the

00:03:14

Mars exploration program, abbreviated as

00:03:17

mayor, originally called mars save

00:03:21

your program us it has had a leading

00:03:24

role in the implementation of the Mayor of the

00:03:26

Jet Propulsion Laboratory; the

00:03:29

Mayor currently operates rovers and

00:03:32

orbiters on and around Mars;

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participates in missions to Mars conducted by

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national and international

00:03:38

partners; and also develops future

00:03:42

missions of Mars rovers and

00:03:44

orbiters; scientific discoveries made by

00:03:46

one mission can contribute to

00:03:48

the formation scientific direction of

00:03:51

future missions, the data obtained

00:03:53

provides important information for

00:03:55

future missions, for example,

00:03:58

orbital flights

00:03:59

provide data for the characterization and

00:04:01

certification of candidate landing sites for

00:04:04

future missions, as has been said since the

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1960s, humans have

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explored Mars with the help of robots more than any other

00:04:13

planet in history outside the earth there are

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currently 8 missions and the usa european union

00:04:20

russia and india are actively orbiting

00:04:23

mars or moving on its

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surface

00:04:26

but getting to the red

00:04:29

planet safely is not an easy task out of 45 missions to

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mars launched since

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1960 26 failed to leave the earth and did

00:04:39

not fall silent on the way fell out of orbit

00:04:42

around Mars burned up in the atmosphere

00:04:45

crashed to the surface or

00:04:46

died prematurely on the horizon even

00:04:49

more missions including some

00:04:52

designed to search for Martian

00:04:55

life NASA built its Mars

00:04:58

2020 Simmons rover to store many

00:05:01

promising samples of Martian rock

00:05:04

that will return to earth on future missions On

00:05:07

February 18, 2021, it should

00:05:11

land on Mars. The goal of the program

00:05:14

is, of course,

00:05:16

the exploration of Mars, as well as ensuring a

00:05:19

continuous flow of scientific information and

00:05:22

discoveries. The Mars 2020 rover, Pierce Evans,

00:05:26

should visit the crater and jizo.ru which

00:05:29

contains one of the open lakes

00:05:31

used in the study. Gose, an

00:05:34

assistant professor of geological sciences at the

00:05:37

Utah School of Science, Jackson was a leading scientific

00:05:39

advocate for the landing site. He said the

00:05:42

data collected and the craters could be

00:05:45

important in determining the

00:05:46

amount of water on Mars and the presence of

00:05:49

signs of past life. The study

00:05:52

uses previously identified

00:05:55

indoor and outdoor lake basins but

00:05:57

uses a new smart approach to

00:06:00

limit the amount of rainfall that falls

00:06:02

on these lakes, Gorge said. These results will

00:06:05

not only help us refine our

00:06:08

understanding of the ancient climate of Mars, but

00:06:11

will also be an excellent source for

00:06:12

presenting the rover's results in a

00:06:15

more global context. In 2020, the

00:06:18

European Space Agency and

00:06:20

Roscosmos planned to launch a rover

00:06:23

named after chemist rosalind

00:06:25

franklin

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whose work was critical to

00:06:29

deciphering the structure of dna new

00:06:32

mission starts have been pushed back to

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august-september

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2022 mars echo rover mars 2022

00:06:41

rosalind franklin will drill and

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analyze underground samples

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while nasa's mars 2020 pro simmons rover

00:06:49

will cache dozens of drill samples

00:06:52

for their potential transport to

00:06:54

green labs late 2020

00:06:59

2030s when the first rover drills into the

00:07:02

Martian soil for signs of

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past and present life other countries

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join the fight making

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space exploration more global in 2020 the

00:07:14

united arab emirates launched

00:07:17

their burrow orbiter that

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will study the martian atmosphere

00:07:21

One of the latest and brightest

00:07:24

is the mission to launch the Curiosity rover,

00:07:27

or rather the Mars Science Laboratory,

00:07:30

immediately after landing Curiosity found

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smooth and rounded pebbles that were

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probably rolling downstream for at

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least several miles in an

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ankle-to-thigh deep river when

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Curiosity reached the mountain sharp team

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discovered that more than a thousand vertical

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feet of rock originally formed as

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mud at the bottom of a series of shallow lakes. Rivers

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and lakes have existed in Gale Crater for a

00:07:57

possible million years or longer. We have

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completed more careful

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quantification of the outcrops to

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characterize the

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size distribution and roundness of the

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pebbles and sands that make up these

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conglomerates. Rebecca said Williams from

00:08:13

the Institute of Planetary Science and Tucson Arizona

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these conglomerates are remarkably similar to

00:08:19

sediment in river beds on earth said

00:08:22

you Vince most people are familiar with

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round river pebbles as if you

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took a smooth round stone and

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threw it across the water see something

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so familiar in another world this

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exciting pleasant according to

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researchers the flow carried gravel over a

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distance of at least several miles and

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kilometers the atmosphere of modern Mars is

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too thin to support a

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steady flow of water although the planet

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contains large amounts of water

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ice several types of evidence

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showed that ancient Mars had a

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diverse environment of liquid water but

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only these rocks discovered by Curiosity

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were able to provide information about the flow of the

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river how did the Curiosity rover

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discover that ancient Mars had the

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right chemical composition to

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support living microbes Curiosity

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discovered sulfur nitrogen oxygen phosphorus and

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carbon key ingredients necessary

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for life in a sample of powder about buren

00:09:23

us from mudstone and a sheep bed in In Yellowknife Bay,

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the sample also shows clay

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minerals and not too much salt, which

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suggests that

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fresh water, possibly drinking water, once flowed there. In

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addition, organic molecules were found

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that are the building

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blocks of life, they were discovered on

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Mars after a long search in several

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samples drilled on the mountain sharp and on the

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surrounding plains, the discovery does not

00:09:53

necessarily mean that there is

00:09:55

past or present life on Mars, but it

00:09:58

does show that the cheese and ingredients

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existed to allow life to begin there at some point,

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it also means that

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ancient organic materials can

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be preserved

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so that we can recognize them and study

00:10:12

today,

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another important discovery can be

00:10:15

attributed to the discovery of a seasonally

00:10:18

changing background level of

00:10:20

atmospheric methane, this discovery

00:10:23

was announced by us in June 2018, a

00:10:26

laser spectrometer discovered a

00:10:28

tenfold increase in methane over a

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two-month period, this temporary

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increase in methane content sharply upwards

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and then back tells us what should

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be some relatively

00:10:41

localized source said sushil

00:10:44

atreya from the university of michigan at on

00:10:47

our bar there are many possible

00:10:49

sources biological or non

00:10:51

biological such as interactions between

00:10:54

water and rocks the discovery of methane

00:10:57

is exciting because methane

00:10:59

can be produced for example by living

00:11:01

organisms or chemical reactions

00:11:03

between rocks and water what process

00:11:07

produces methane on Mars that caused a

00:11:09

short and sudden increase until

00:11:12

the mystery was discovered that the current

00:11:15

atmosphere of Mars is enriched in heavier

00:11:18

forms of the hydrogen isotope carbon and

00:11:20

argon these changes show that Mars

00:11:23

has lost much of its

00:11:25

original atmosphere and water reserves

00:11:28

this loss occurred into space through the

00:11:31

upper layers of the atmosphere and this process

00:11:33

is observed by the Maven orbiter,

00:11:36

but not only discoveries in space can

00:11:39

reveal the secret of this amazing

00:11:41

planet, the earth can also tell

00:11:44

something interesting. On

00:11:45

October 30, 2020,

00:11:49

another interesting discovery was published a few

00:11:52

years ago, a

00:11:54

pair of dark meteorites were discovered in the Sahara Desert they

00:11:57

were named nwn 70 34 and nw and 75 33

00:12:03

analysis showed that these meteorites

00:12:06

are new types of

00:12:08

Martian meteorites, a mixture of various

00:12:10

rock fragments. Recently, 50 grams of

00:12:14

nw and 75 33 were acquired for analysis by an

00:12:19

international team, which

00:12:21

included Professor Takashi Michi Ochi from the

00:12:24

University of Tokyo

00:12:25

Our nwn 75 33 samples were subjected to

00:12:30

four different types of

00:12:32

spectroscopic analysis and by

00:12:34

detecting chemical

00:12:36

fingerprints, the results led our team

00:12:38

to some exciting conclusions said

00:12:41

the blink of an eye scientists of the planet are well

00:12:44

aware that water on Mars has existed for at

00:12:46

least three billion 700 million years

00:12:49

but based on the mineral The composition of the

00:12:51

meteorite is not heaps and his team came to the

00:12:54

conclusion that water was probably much

00:12:57

earlier than about 4 billion 400

00:12:59

million years ago. If there was water on Mars

00:13:02

earlier than expected, this

00:13:05

means that water is possibly a

00:13:07

natural byproduct of

00:13:09

some process in the early stages of

00:13:11

planet formation and this discovery could

00:13:14

help researchers answer questions

00:13:17

about the origin of water, which in turn

00:13:19

could influence theories about the origin of

00:13:22

life and research into life beyond

00:13:25

earth.

00:13:26

The study, published in the journal

00:13:28

Geologists, represents the first time

00:13:31

researchers have

00:13:33

quantified the amount of precipitation that

00:13:36

must have been present on the entire

00:13:38

planet. why is this research so

00:13:40

important the presence of liquid water on mars in

00:13:43

its ancient past or stored in the

00:13:46

underground surface is very

00:13:48

important today water is a key element

00:13:50

because almost everywhere we find

00:13:53

water on earth we find life if there

00:13:57

was once liquid water on mars or there is liquid water

00:14:00

and now this makes us

00:14:02

ask whether

00:14:05

any microscopic forms

00:14:08

of life could have developed on its surface, is there evidence of life

00:14:11

in the past of the planet, if so, could

00:14:14

some of these tiny

00:14:16

living creatures exist, and today imagine how

00:14:20

exciting it would be to answer yes, even

00:14:23

if Mars is deprived past or present

00:14:25

life on the horizon there are still many

00:14:28

questions we still need to learn a lot about

00:14:31

this amazing planet and its

00:14:33

extreme conditions and answer the

00:14:35

main question we ourselves could become

00:14:38

life on mars if people one day

00:14:41

decided to go there in the twenty-first

00:14:44

century roscosmos nasa and ECA announced a flight

00:14:48

to Mars as their main goal, the idea of

00:14:50

delivering an expedition to Mars is the first

00:14:53

step in the colonization of the planet, however, a

00:14:55

closer goal is the direct inclusion of the

00:14:57

human mind in the study of

00:15:00

Mars as part of the surrounding world, but everyone

00:15:03

knows that there is no water on Mars, this

00:15:05

planet is dry and lifeless How in this

00:15:08

case will people solve the issue of water being the

00:15:10

basis for life but not bringing it

00:15:13

there with them? What if our

00:15:15

assumption about the waterless surface of

00:15:17

Mars is incorrect? What if the red planet

00:15:20

has such a supply of water that, if

00:15:22

properly processed, is capable of

00:15:24

supporting full life in a new

00:15:26

colony how is this possible, you ask,

00:15:28

let's find out the study of Mars

00:15:31

began a long time ago three and a half

00:15:33

thousand years ago in ancient Egypt, the first

00:15:36

detailed reports on the position of Mars were

00:15:38

compiled by Babylonian astronomers, and since

00:15:42

1960 AD,

00:15:45

automatic interplanetary stations began to be launched to

00:15:48

study this planet at the beginning of the

00:15:50

flyby trajectories and then from the orbit of an

00:15:53

artificial satellite and

00:15:54

directly on the surface, it is interesting

00:15:57

that in

00:15:58

1892 the French scientist Camille

00:16:01

Flammarion

00:16:02

wrote that the channel and on the surface of the

00:16:04

planet that scientists saw through a telescope

00:16:07

resemble rivers and it seems like

00:16:09

anthropogenic ones, it was

00:16:11

suggested that representatives of an intelligent

00:16:14

race could use them to

00:16:16

redistribute water across the dying

00:16:18

Martian world, but after three years the

00:16:21

English astronomer Edward Mander

00:16:23

was convinced that the linear objects were

00:16:25

simply the summation of many small

00:16:27

details, which created an optical illusion.

00:16:30

Nevertheless, the question of the presence of water on

00:16:33

Mars did not leave the minds of scientists. Is there

00:16:36

water on the neighboring one? planet or not, scientists

00:16:39

are sure that once upon a time

00:16:41

there was water on the planet Mars and there was

00:16:44

so much of it that the depth of the continuous

00:16:46

ocean could be from 100 to

00:16:48

one and a half thousand meters, however, about 3

00:16:52

billion years ago

00:16:53

the planet lost its atmosphere and this led

00:16:56

to the disappearance of all liquid as

00:16:58

a result Mars today looks like

00:17:00

it is shown to us by spacecraft,

00:17:03

this cold desert through which

00:17:06

dust storms sweep from time to time, according to

00:17:09

research, giant columns of dust

00:17:11

during storms on Mars can reach a

00:17:14

height of 80 kilometers and act like

00:17:17

space elevators throwing into space

00:17:19

everything that is on the surface of the planet

00:17:22

on earth, a storm or tempest usually

00:17:25

focuses on one

00:17:27

area, but on Mars everything is a little different,

00:17:30

about once a decade its entire

00:17:32

surface

00:17:33

is enveloped by a global storm that lasts

00:17:36

for several weeks, for example,

00:17:38

such a storm was observed in 2018 when

00:17:42

Mars was covered with a yellowish haze, as

00:17:44

shown research, dust would become

00:17:46

much denser than ordinary dust

00:17:49

clouds

00:17:50

that are present in the atmosphere of Mars,

00:17:52

in addition, they rise much higher than

00:17:55

dust clouds, these giant columns

00:17:57

can appear not only during a storm,

00:18:00

but most of them are formed precisely

00:18:03

during a global storm, these dust clouds

00:18:05

would have bases with a diameter of up to 90

00:18:08

kilometers, expanding upward to 600

00:18:11

kilometers and scattering

00:18:13

dust from the surface of the planet over an area with a

00:18:16

diameter of more than 4000 kilometers in

00:18:20

2018, the global storm during which

00:18:22

such pillars formed lasted almost

00:18:25

four weeks in the study of the planet,

00:18:28

extensive long-term

00:18:30

data sets were used, obtained using

00:18:32

instrument with the peak of the

00:18:35

Mars Express orbiter, a high-resolution stereo camera

00:18:37

on board the ship captured the

00:18:40

rising front of dust clouds near the

00:18:43

northern polar ice cap of Mars,

00:18:45

along with dust from the surface of the planet,

00:18:48

and dust moisture would become like a

00:18:51

space elevator lifting it into those layers of

00:18:53

the atmosphere

00:18:54

where, under the influence of the sun radiation,

00:18:56

water molecules disintegrate and are carried into

00:18:59

space, it is very likely that this is how

00:19:02

Mars lost all its water. For a long

00:19:05

time, scientists were sure that the water

00:19:07

on Mars disappeared through evaporation. The earth

00:19:10

has a magnetic field or

00:19:12

magnetosphere that prevents the atmosphere from

00:19:15

escaping into space. Mars has a magnetic

00:19:18

field. weak and apparently it could not

00:19:20

hold water, however, the speed at which

00:19:22

today hydrogen, a component of water,

00:19:25

evaporates from the atmosphere of Mars

00:19:28

indicates that the history of the

00:19:30

Martian oceans is much more complicated if we

00:19:32

take for granted that today hydrogen

00:19:35

evaporates at the same speed as in

00:19:37

the past, according to the co-author of the

00:19:39

study his Lintgen Schiller from the

00:19:41

California

00:19:42

Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Mars

00:19:46

would have lost very little water in this way, in other

00:19:49

words, most of the water had to

00:19:51

go somewhere else. Recently, scientists

00:19:54

studied scientific data from

00:19:56

spacecraft and suggested that

00:19:58

up to 99 percent of the water was simply absorbed into the

00:20:02

surface layer planets artificial

00:20:05

satellite of Mars children discovered that under the

00:20:07

surface of the red planet there are deposits of

00:20:10

water ice, later this was

00:20:12

confirmed by other devices

00:20:14

using a camera creating an image

00:20:16

based on the analysis of thermal radiation, the

00:20:19

questions of the presence of water on

00:20:21

Mars were finally resolved in 2008 when I

00:20:24

automatic Mars station

00:20:26

Phoenix landing in the polar region of the planet

00:20:28

received water and from the Martian soil,

00:20:31

the authors of the study suggested that

00:20:33

Mars lost most of the liquid water

00:20:36

in the period from 4 and 1 to 3 and 7 billion

00:20:39

years ago during the historical period

00:20:41

known as the Noachian period,

00:20:44

which was characterized by intense

00:20:46

meteorite steroid bombardment and the

00:20:48

abundance of surface water at some

00:20:51

point the planet Mars lost its

00:20:53

atmosphere, this is a fact, why this

00:20:55

happened is unknown to scientists exactly. In

00:21:00

2017, researchers studied the data

00:21:02

sent circling around the red

00:21:04

planet by the Maven spacecraft,

00:21:07

they came to the conclusion that most of the

00:21:09

atmosphere of Mars disappeared from -due to the

00:21:11

influence of the solar wind, this

00:21:13

is evidenced by the fact that over the course of

00:21:15

many years,

00:21:18

most of the argon gas has evaporated from the atmosphere, and due to

00:21:20

its properties, it could fly into space

00:21:22

only under the influence of solar winds; be that as it

00:21:25

may, due to the disappearance of

00:21:27

the atmosphere, the molecules that were present on Mars,

00:21:30

water interacted with solar

00:21:32

ultraviolet radiation and disintegrated into oxygen and

00:21:35

hydrogen, or so

00:21:37

scientists believed for a long time, it was said that this

00:21:39

process led to the disappearance of a large

00:21:42

amount of water, but recently

00:21:43

researchers from the USA noticed

00:21:46

that orbiters are still

00:21:48

recording hydrogen evaporation, which means

00:21:51

that on Mars There are still

00:21:53

water molecules that interact with solar

00:21:55

rays and disintegrate into their component parts.

00:21:58

Unfortunately, at the moment, scientists have

00:22:00

not studied Mars well enough to

00:22:02

say everything with complete confidence, but it

00:22:05

will be possible to verify the assumption made

00:22:07

thanks to the results of the work of the

00:22:09

Perseverance rovers, as we already know

00:22:12

this device is located on the territory of the

00:22:14

lake crater, scientists are inclined

00:22:17

to assume that it was once

00:22:19

filled with water and microbes lived in it; it is

00:22:22

possible that there

00:22:25

are still samples of water in the soil of the crater and more than 3

00:22:27

billion years old, after studying the samples,

00:22:29

scientists will be able to say exactly what the

00:22:32

water was like soil, the main

00:22:34

initial goal of exploring Mars

00:22:37

was to search for water since it plays a

00:22:39

key role in geology, climate and the very

00:22:42

origin of life, explains Dr. Michael

00:22:45

Meehan, who heads

00:22:47

NASA's scientific program for the study of Mars, the

00:22:49

results of a new study suggest

00:22:51

that a lot of water, perhaps

00:22:54

most of it was bound in

00:22:56

Martian minerals adds actor

00:22:59

grindr from as a result of the hydration process the

00:23:02

formation of persistent compounds of water with

00:23:04

substances dissolved in it,

00:23:05

bound together, thus

00:23:08

huge volumes of water could turn out to be up to a

00:23:11

kilometer-deep layer covering the entire

00:23:13

planet, but today we can only

00:23:15

guess what Mars was like in those ancient

00:23:18

times when pleasant sea breezes

00:23:20

evoked a special freshness, maybe one

00:23:23

day you could even enjoy them, who knows,

00:23:26

maybe when a person masters the

00:23:28

full knowledge of the climate, then

00:23:30

rivers will flow on Mars again,

00:23:32

although the endless universe of manila has been around for

00:23:35

quite some time,

00:23:37

civilization took its first steps into space

00:23:40

only a little more than half a century ago,

00:23:42

of course if we talk about space and

00:23:45

Rita civilization is still very far from

00:23:48

this title, but ambitious plans are already

00:23:51

in place, Mars has been an obvious choice for

00:23:54

terraforming

00:23:55

and colonization over the years,

00:23:57

this is due to a number of reasons, including the fact

00:24:00

that Mars is so close to the earth

00:24:03

relatively that it is the most an easy

00:24:05

planet that can be reached;

00:24:08

moreover, it is the only planet with a climate

00:24:10

that is very vaguely similar to Earth’s

00:24:13

and has a chance of becoming such. For example,

00:24:15

research by scientists has

00:24:17

confirmed some interesting theories,

00:24:19

namely, there was previously

00:24:22

an atmosphere on Mars and even moisture that

00:24:25

was later carried away by the solar wind due to due to the

00:24:27

absence of a strong magnetic field of

00:24:29

the planet, however, today there

00:24:32

may still be remains of liquid and

00:24:34

extremely rarefied air, of course

00:24:36

different in composition from the earth’s, all

00:24:39

this leads to the conclusion that

00:24:41

life is theoretically possible here and Mars has a

00:24:44

real chance of becoming the first colony of the

00:24:46

earth in the foreseeable future, of course for

00:24:49

this colossal

00:24:50

financial and resource costs will be required and the

00:24:54

planet itself must change beyond

00:24:56

recognition

00:24:57

the idea of terraforming Mars, which is also a

00:25:00

twin of the Earth, an exciting idea of a plan

00:25:03

connected by the melting of the polar ice caps with the

00:25:06

slow creation of an atmosphere and the

00:25:08

subsequent transformation of the

00:25:10

environment into foliage rivers and standing

00:25:13

reservoirs - all this is enough to

00:25:15

inspire almost anyone but how

00:25:17

long will such an effort take what

00:25:20

will it cost us and is it really an

00:25:22

effective use of our time

00:25:25

and energy there are two global

00:25:28

approaches and theories of development in this

00:25:31

direction positive plan for

00:25:34

many years mars has existed as a

00:25:36

hopeful planet b secondary

00:25:39

options if earth can no longer

00:25:41

support us as a species from

00:25:44

science fiction stories to

00:25:46

scientific research people have long

00:25:48

considered the possibility of life on mars a

00:25:51

core element of many concepts

00:25:53

colonization of mars is

00:25:55

terraforming the hypothetical process of

00:25:57

changing conditions on a planet

00:25:59

to make it habitable

00:26:02

existing on earth including humans without

00:26:04

the need for

00:26:06

life support systems

00:26:07

terraforming Mars can be divided

00:26:09

into two phases, the first phase is the heating of

00:26:12

the planet from the current average

00:26:15

surface temperature of -60 to a value close to the

00:26:18

average temperature of the earth up to plus 15

00:26:21

degrees and in recreating a dense

00:26:23

atmosphere of co2 this warming phase is

00:26:26

relatively easy and fast and can

00:26:28

take about a hundred years to successfully

00:26:31

to make mars like the earth we

00:26:33

will need to increase the temperature so that the water

00:26:35

remains in liquid form the atmosphere

00:26:38

becomes denser this result

00:26:40

can be achieved using greenhouse

00:26:43

gases already present on mars we

00:26:45

theoretically can increase the temperature

00:26:47

and change the atmosphere enough to

00:26:51

make the planet like the earth but

00:26:53

the only greenhouse gas the gas on the red

00:26:55

planet that is enough to

00:26:57

cause significant warming is

00:26:59

carbon dioxide co2, unfortunately it is not

00:27:03

enough to make the planet similar

00:27:06

to the earth in the composition of the air; moreover,

00:27:08

even if there was more co2 on mars,

00:27:11

most of it would be very

00:27:13

difficult to obtain and would require a lot of

00:27:16

effort to release this gas into the

00:27:18

planet's atmosphere for example co2 can

00:27:21

be released from the polar ice caps

00:27:23

by blowing them up directly with

00:27:26

explosives yes on mars co2 is present

00:27:29

in rocks and polar ice

00:27:31

caps scientists have used data from

00:27:34

various rovers and

00:27:36

spacecraft observing and studying mars

00:27:39

over the past 20 years in order to draw a conclusion

00:27:42

about the amount and deposits of co2, they

00:27:44

documented all known

00:27:46

surface and underground reservoirs of co2

00:27:48

on mars, despite the fact that

00:27:51

there is a significant amount of

00:27:53

carbon dioxide on mars; the available volume is

00:27:55

theoretically enough to make it

00:27:58

comfortable and the atmospheric pressure

00:28:00

to successfully terraform mars

00:28:02

it is necessary to increase the level of the atmosphere

00:28:05

so that humans can walk without a spacesuit, but

00:28:07

while tripling the atmospheric pressure on the

00:28:10

red planet may seem like a big

00:28:12

step, it is just one of dozens of

00:28:15

factors needed to

00:28:17

make the atmosphere habitable for

00:28:20

Earth's creatures. Nitrogen is also a

00:28:22

fundamental requirement for life and an

00:28:25

essential component of a

00:28:27

breathable atmosphere. and recent data

00:28:30

from the Curiosity rover shows that

00:28:32

nitrates make up about 0.03 percent

00:28:36

of the soil mass on Mars, which is a

00:28:38

good indicator for

00:28:40

terraforming. On top of that,

00:28:42

scientists will need to resolve certain

00:28:45

ethical issues related to how

00:28:47

terraforming might affect Mars.

00:28:50

Timing of Mars warming after

00:28:52

dedicated efforts

00:28:54

greenhouse gas production is relatively small,

00:28:57

only 100 years or so, the second phase

00:29:00

is the production of an o2 level in the atmosphere

00:29:03

that will allow humans and other large

00:29:06

mammals to breathe normally, this

00:29:09

oxygenation phase is extremely complex and will take

00:29:11

100,000 years or more of course at the current

00:29:15

level of human technology development

00:29:17

after the creation of this thick atmosphere the

00:29:20

next step would be to include

00:29:23

something breathable for humans

00:29:25

where the a2 level would be equivalent to

00:29:28

about 13 percent and the co2 level

00:29:31

would be less than one percent this phase

00:29:33

known as the oxygenation phase would take

00:29:36

significantly longer on earth

00:29:38

high levels of oxygen gas

00:29:40

o2 and low co2 level is caused by

00:29:43

photosynthesis these reactions are based on

00:29:46

solar energy to convert

00:29:48

water and carbon dioxide into biomass

00:29:51

according to scientists' predictions with the current

00:29:53

development of technology it

00:29:56

will take much longer to complete this stage

00:29:58

from one hundred to one hundred and seventy thousand years

00:30:01

of course if all the sunlight

00:30:03

falling on mars was used with

00:30:05

100% efficiency to

00:30:07

accomplish this chemical

00:30:08

conversion it

00:30:11

would only take 17 years to obtain high levels of o2

00:30:14

however the likely efficiency of any

00:30:17

process that can convert

00:30:19

h2o and co2 into biomass and o2 is much less than

00:30:23

100 percent the only example of a

00:30:26

process is global biology on

00:30:28

earth the efficiency of the global biosphere

00:30:31

in using sunlight to

00:30:33

produce biomass and o2 is

00:30:36

only one hundredth of a percent so the

00:30:39

time scale for creating an

00:30:42

oxygen rich atmosphere on Mars is

00:30:44

10,000 times 17 years or about 170

00:30:48

thousand years however scientists are making allowances

00:30:52

for synthetic biology and other

00:30:54

biotechnologies which they claim

00:30:57

can increase efficiency and reduce the

00:30:59

time frame to 100 thousand years;

00:31:01

in addition, if people could use

00:31:04

natural photosynthesis, which has a

00:31:06

relatively high efficiency of

00:31:08

five percent on the entire planet, that is,

00:31:10

plant foliage all over Mars, then the

00:31:13

time period could be

00:31:15

reduced even to several centuries of

00:31:17

danger and dilemmas, it should also be

00:31:20

said that the colonization and

00:31:22

terraforming of Mars, taking into account the

00:31:24

current development of technology, is a

00:31:26

very dangerous business, primarily

00:31:29

for colonists and astronauts, because life

00:31:32

on such cosmic bodies as the moon or

00:31:34

Mars can be dangerous for settlers,

00:31:36

in addition to the fact that they are vulnerable to

00:31:38

solar and cosmic radiation

00:31:40

the colonists would have to deal with beings

00:31:43

in lower gravity in the case of the moon it

00:31:45

would be about zero point one hundred and

00:31:47

sixty-five thousandths times that

00:31:49

of humans here on earth i.e. 1g

00:31:53

whereas on mars it would be about zero point three hundred and

00:31:55

seventy-six thousandths of a g the

00:31:58

long term effects of this are unknown but

00:32:00

it is clear that this may include

00:32:03

muscle degeneration and bone loss;

00:32:05

if you look further, it is completely

00:32:07

unclear what the consequences will be for those

00:32:10

children who were born in any environment;

00:32:12

hopes for the development of medicine will not cancel the

00:32:15

physical degradation of the muscles of the bones and the

00:32:17

entire body; rehabilitation in

00:32:20

centrifuges is a less appropriate solution

00:32:22

compared to ship biosphere where it

00:32:25

is possible to provide an almost constant

00:32:27

imitation of normal gravity and a

00:32:30

complex of protection from any harmful

00:32:32

effects of the space environment; moreover,

00:32:34

there are a large number of

00:32:37

moral and ethical issues that

00:32:39

humanity may encounter in the

00:32:40

process of exploring the red planet,

00:32:42

for example, if

00:32:45

there is currently any life on Mars or life

00:32:47

that can be revived, this can

00:32:50

pose an

00:32:51

undeniable ethical

00:32:53

dilemma for human colonists, especially if this life is connected

00:32:56

with life on earth. The near future

00:32:59

is obvious that at this stage of

00:33:02

human development it is too early for us to think about the

00:33:04

serious exploration of Mars and

00:33:06

terraforming the entire planet, but this

00:33:09

path also begins with the first steps and

00:33:11

they can be taken in the foreseeable

00:33:14

future, scientists consider the most

00:33:16

likely prospects for

00:33:18

humanity to enter space in the period until

00:33:21

2030; this stage will include the creation of the

00:33:24

first space biospheres with

00:33:26

artificial gravity,

00:33:27

which will lead to key developments in

00:33:30

terms of materials,

00:33:32

life support system technologies,

00:33:33

as well as robotic systems and and

00:33:35

the infrastructure required to install

00:33:38

and maintain habitats in low

00:33:41

Earth orbit, these habitats

00:33:44

can be maintained through the

00:33:45

creation of robotic spacecraft

00:33:48

that can collect resources from

00:33:50

nearby bodies such as the moon

00:33:52

and near-Earth objects; this

00:33:55

concept will not only eliminate the

00:33:56

need for planetary protection

00:33:59

i.e. concerns about contamination of the

00:34:00

biosphere of Mars, given the presence of

00:34:03

bacterial life, but it will also allow people to

00:34:06

get used to space more smoothly, and

00:34:08

the creation of a space habitat

00:34:10

could begin some very

00:34:12

important research, including medical

00:34:15

and biological research in which the

00:34:17

first children born

00:34:20

in space will participate, this will also contribute

00:34:22

the development of reliable spacecraft and

00:34:25

resource extraction technologies that will be

00:34:27

useful for populating other bodies

00:34:30

such as the moon, Mars and other planets.

00:34:32

Finally, scientists outline the

00:34:35

steps that need to be

00:34:37

taken to get the

00:34:39

ball rolling; these steps include

00:34:41

adapting current and future

00:34:43

robotic missions to assess

00:34:45

Mars resources mathematical and

00:34:48

computer models that can

00:34:50

explore the processes involved and the

00:34:52

initiative to create synthetic

00:34:54

organisms for Mars means for

00:34:56

testing terraforming methods in a

00:34:59

limited environment and certain

00:35:01

regulations of actions that will establish

00:35:03

restrictions and protection conclusions until

00:35:06

humanity is not yet ready for total

00:35:09

space exploration and colonies outside the

00:35:12

globe but gradually this process is

00:35:14

moving forward and the first

00:35:17

serious outpost on this path

00:35:18

is Mars. There are several

00:35:21

different ways to solve and develop this

00:35:24

ambitious project for the development of the red

00:35:26

planet. Perhaps we will see that we are moving

00:35:29

in several directions at once.

00:35:32

Some groups will advocate the

00:35:34

creation of space habitats in

00:35:36

orbit. earth and later in other parts of the

00:35:38

solar system based on

00:35:41

artificial gravity and

00:35:42

robotic spaceships

00:35:45

extracting materials from asteroids,

00:35:47

others at the same time focus on

00:35:50

creating outposts on planetary bodies

00:35:52

with the goal of turning them into new lands.

00:35:55

Obviously one thing is space and Mars in particular

00:35:58

are amazing

00:36:00

changing mysteries humanity and perhaps

00:36:03

one day our planet will cease to be the

00:36:05

only home for people

Description:

Красная планета считается хорошим вариантом для колонизации. Но так ли это? Насколько сложно будет сделать Марс вторым домом для человечества? Давайте разбираться. 00:00 | Марс. Какие тайны скрывает красная планета 14:42 | Куда исчезла вода на Марсе 23:33 | Колонизация Марса - хорошая ли это идея 🢖 Все космические видео: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPtC7pwHsZU&list=PLxwi128m9g-OLACj54Nv1Pikz-3n11_lC 🢖 Солнечная система: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6vz8E_NQRc&list=PLxwi128m9g-PbNeYsj0vlcX4_jKORz6Rb 🢖 Самое популярное: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxwi128m9g-OuxpNaFxNdtkopSYs0K0pl Музыкальное сопровождение audiojungle.net

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