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Russian
00:00:01
I'm Jake O'Neal, creator of Animagraffs.
And this is How a P-51 Mustang Works.00:00:11
I've chosen the definitive P-51D model, which
entered service in late 1943 as a very capable 00:00:20
all around fighter and long-range bomber escort
that helped grant Allied forces air superiority. 00:00:34
Let's start with the frame and outer skin. 00:00:38
Hundreds of panels are riveted to a
supporting structure called the airframe. 00:00:43
These parts are mostly made of aluminum
for strong yet lightweight construction. 00:00:53
Sturdy beams and cross-braces support
the engine. Hardened steel armor plates 00:01:02
in front and behind the cockpit offer some
protection to the pilot from enemy gunfire. 00:01:10
The fuselage has longerons that extend the
length of the frame, and horizontal formers. 00:01:22
Ribs and spars make up the wing structure,
with smaller stringers for additional support. 00:01:33
Aluminum frame components get their yellow
coloring from a special protective coating. 00:01:39
Exterior parts might have a
range of different finishes 00:01:43
designed to smooth out body work and rivet
bumps for a faster and better handling airplane. 00:01:54
LANDING GEAR &
GROUND STEERING 00:02:00
The main landing gear is
controlled by a hydraulic actuator. 00:02:05
A separate actuator manages the clamshell doors. 00:02:10
A moving lock pin secures the mechanism
in place when the gear is down. 00:02:16
There's a shock absorber inside the
support arm and a brake in each wheel. 00:02:25
The pilot can steer the plane while grounded
by pressing the left or right rudder pedals, 00:02:31
which also engages corresponding wheel brakes.
The rear landing gear mechanism is more complex. 00:02:40
The assembly is retractable
just like the main landing gear. 00:02:45
However, the rear wheel can operate in "locked"
mode, which links its rotation to the airplane's 00:02:51
rudder. As the rudder rotates, the cables
tighten in turn, turning the wheel left or right. 00:03:08
Cables pass through a spring loaded tensioner 00:03:11
so they remain taught but can still
move with the rear shock absorber. 00:03:24
ENGINE
The P-51D is powered by a Packard V-1650 00:03:32
Merlin engine. It has 12 cylinders in
a 60 degree V formation, and produces 00:03:41
1,400 hp, with a top speed of 430-plus mph.
Air enters through an intake under the 00:03:52
nose section, and is forced through a large
centrifugal (or circular shaped) supercharger. 00:04:05
Engine cooling is handled with a radiator placed
just behind the wings, under the fuselage. 00:04:13
The low-hanging scoop is separate from
the airplane body to capture cleaner air 00:04:18
that's further from turbulence-causing
exterior features and propeller air. 00:04:27
The placement also allows a longer duct
to take advantage of the Meredith effect, 00:04:33
where hot air from the radiator's normal function 00:04:36
can be used to produce thrust – recovering as much
as 90% of the drag caused by the radiator scoop. 00:04:46
The radiator exhaust port has an
adjustable flap to regulate outflow. 00:04:56
A separate engine oil cooler with its own
exhaust flap also resides in the scoop. 00:05:04
An engine oil tank is mounted to the firewall. 00:05:08
A front-mounted tank holds
circulating radiator fluid. 00:05:14
Exhaust exits through short, angled nozzles. 00:05:23
Fuel tanks in each wing hold 92
gallons each, with an additional 00:05:30
85 gallon fuselage tank behind the cockpit. 00:05:35
Optional drop tanks can be mounted
to the underside of each wing 00:05:39
at 110 gallons each, pushing the total possible
fuel capacity to a whopping 489 gallons, 00:05:48
with a resulting range of 1,650 miles. A
fighter aircraft with the range to reach far 00:05:58
into enemy territory proved to be a
major game-changer in the war effort. 00:06:07
PROPELLER
The propeller is connected 00:06:11
directly to the engine through a relatively
simple gear set. There is no transmission 00:06:17
or gear shift like you'd find in almost any land
vehicle. Instead, blade pitch can be controlled. 00:06:26
For example, at takeoff the blades
are angled perpendicular to the 00:06:31
airplane for a strong forward pull
in little to zero existing airflow. 00:06:38
While cruising at speed, that same pitch
would create a barrier, causing drag 00:06:44
and slowing forward movement. So the blades are
angled more in line with the direction of travel. 00:06:55
ARMAMENTS 00:06:59
There are six Browning .50 caliber machine
guns mounted in the wings, with three on each 00:07:05
side. They're controlled by a stick mounted
trigger which, when activated, fires all guns 00:07:12
simultaneously. Ammo capacity is 1,880 rounds,
with a fire rate of about 30 rounds per second. 00:07:24
With all six guns firing together, that's
about 30 seconds total firing time. 00:07:32
There's no cockpit indicator for rounds remaining. 00:07:37
A camera mounted in each wing can be set to turn
on when guns are fired to record the result. 00:07:48
A single removable bomb rack can be fitted to
the underside of each wing to cary 100, 250, 00:07:55
or 500 pound bombs. Alternatively, these racks
can carry droppable fuel tanks. Six rockets can 00:08:05
also be loaded, with three on each wing. Or ten
total rockets, when the bomb rack is not in use. 00:08:18
COCKPIT
These planes were designed 00:08:22
for technical war operations, and were not
expected to be comfortable as a first priority. 00:08:29
Some pilots reported having to be
lifted out of the cockpit after deep 00:08:34
range missions in such cramped quarters.
Controls and gauges cover every surface, 00:08:42
leaving space only for the pilot's
body and bulky flight gear. 00:08:48
Starting from the left side of the cockpit,
there's a flare gun case and a flare gun 00:08:53
mounting tube that extends through the plane to
the exterior. Below that, a wing flap control 00:09:01
lever sets the position of the main wing flaps.
A set of dials controls various on the rudder, 00:09:12
ailerons, and elevators.
For example, if more fuel 00:09:17
gets used in one wing tank than the other, the
airplane may become unbalanced and "pull" in 00:09:23
unwanted directions. The appropriate trim tab can
be adjusted to counter the unwanted attitude so 00:09:31
the pilot doesn't have to fight against the
controls to constantly balance the craft. 00:09:39
The radiator and oil cooler switches
control the previously shown 00:09:44
exhaust flap positions for those systems.
Also on this panel, a landing light switch 00:09:51
for lights that fold out of the main landing gear
bay, and a switch for the left side cockpit light. 00:10:00
The landing gear lever is down by the pilot's left
leg, as well as the left wing fuel tank gauge. 00:10:09
The bomb salvo lever mechanically releases bombs 00:10:12
as opposed to the electrically
activated button on the stick. 00:10:19
The fuel to air mixture, propeller RPM, and
engine throttle controls are grouped together. 00:10:27
The propeller RPM lever setting attempts to
maintain constant propeller rotational speed, 00:10:33
automatically altering things like engine
throttle or propeller blade pitch to do so. 00:10:40
The propeller and the air around it functions 00:10:43
something like an automatic transmission does in
a car. And in the same way, a car's engine RPM's 00:10:50
aren't always directly related to the
actual speed the car may be moving. 00:10:56
So for an airplane, controlling propeller
speed is the best way to control airspeed. 00:11:04
Moving to the pilot's forward
view, we see the flight stick, 00:11:08
with a bomb release button on top,
and the gun trigger at the front. 00:11:14
Generally speaking, flight stick left
or right movement will roll the plane. 00:11:20
Stick forward or back movement alters the pitch.
The left and right rudder pedals manage yaw. 00:11:30
Beyond the stick we see the main fuel
shut-off lever, and a fuel tank selector dial. 00:11:39
The fairing door emergency pull lever releases
landing gear in case of a motorized malfunction. 00:11:45
Once released, gear can be manually
locked by yawing the plane left or right. 00:11:52
A hydraulic pressure gauge is situated nearby. 00:11:57
A warning light above the emergency lever
indicates if landing gear doors are open. 00:12:03
Separate warning lights indicate left
and right landing gear lock status. 00:12:10
The various switches and knobs
nearby control armaments settings. 00:12:15
Bombs can be released all together or in a
train. Guns can be set as single fire, burst, 00:12:22
or fully automatic. The amount of rounds per
burst can also be set with the corresponding dial. 00:12:32
On the left of this panel, there's the engine
ignition switch. In the center, the parking brake. 00:12:40
The left switch bank has supercharger boost
control and other engine specific settings. 00:12:48
On the right, the oxygen blinker moves with the
pilot's breathing to very accurately indicate 00:12:54
oxygen consumption with each breath. Pilots need
specific oxygen indicators due to the dangers 00:13:02
of consuming too much or too little oxygen,
which can cause confusion and pilot error. 00:13:10
A pressure gauge to the right
indicates oxygen system pressure. 00:13:15
The oxygen regulator controls flow to the pilot. 00:13:19
There are left and right
positionable lights for illumination. 00:13:24
The yellow line across the
dashboard separates flight 00:13:27
control related gauges into their own section.
From the left, we have the altimeter for altitude, 00:13:35
the airspeed indicator, the directional gyro
and compass which are used together to maintain 00:13:41
a specific course of travel. The bank and turn
indicator shows the plane's current attitude. 00:13:49
The artificial horizon indicates
ground angle relative to the plane. 00:13:56
Outside the white line there's the clock, a
suction gauge to monitor vacuum pressure since 00:14:03
many of these gauges and instruments use
vacuum pressure differences to function. 00:14:09
The manifold pressure gauge tracks internal
engine pressure. The propeller might be turning 00:14:16
at the same speed but requiring lots of engine
force, so manifold pressure must be monitored. 00:14:23
There's a coolant temperature gauge, a
tachometer for engine RPMs, a carburetor air 00:14:30
temperature indicator to make sure the engine
air intake stays within a reasonable range, 00:14:36
and an oil and fuel pressure gauge. 00:14:40
Turning to the pilot's right side we see
electrical and radio equipment controls. 00:14:46
Including an ammeter to monitor electrical
current from the plane's generator. There 00:14:51
are switches for generator and battery disconnect,
left and right gun heaters, and position lights. 00:15:00
Red, green, and amber position lights
on the underside of the right wingtip 00:15:05
can display codes to indicate
friendly aircraft approach at night. 00:15:13
Late model P-51D's had a tail radar system
to warn of aircraft behind the plane. 00:15:21
A radio frequency tuner and
headphone hook-in sits beneath that. 00:15:28
The last couple modules are radio control units, 00:15:32
and an IFF system used to signal a friendly
aircraft to external radar systems. 00:15:41
The right wing fuel tank gauge
is on the floor by the seat pan. 00:15:48
The canopy crank is also on this
side, with an emergency release lever. 00:15:56
Just behind the pilot's left ear there's the
fuselage fuel tank guage, various electronic 00:16:03
devices inducing radio and radar modules,
and behind that, the oxygen tank storage bay. 00:16:13
Coming back to the pilot's
view, we see the gunsight. 00:16:19
A standard straight-ahead sight, marked with
the "plus" sign, and a compensating sight are 00:16:27
projected from horizontal lenses
onto a thin pane of angled glass. 00:16:34
The pilot sets the wingspan dial at the front
to correspond to the target's wingspan, measured 00:16:40
in feet. A twist grip on the throttle brings
the compensating sight's diamond ring into an 00:16:47
imaginary circle around the target's wings. This,
combined with the center dot over the target's 00:16:55
cockpit, automatically calculates bullet range and
arc as both planes move through the air at speed. 00:17:08
PILOT
During the era of the P-51, 00:17:14
regulations for pilot's gear were a bit more
open to individual preference, so I've put 00:17:20
together a generalized equipment set. The pilot
wears a leather helmet with earphones built in. 00:17:29
Also a set of goggles, and an oxygen mask with a
built-in microphone just above the breathing tube. 00:17:38
The pilot wears a vest
style yellow life preserver. 00:17:43
Parachute rigging straps encircle the
pilot's torso and legs, and extend to a 00:17:49
parachute back pad that was often packed with
first aid items and a one-person life raft. 00:17:58
The pilot's parachute is packaged beneath the
seat cushion. All of these things are attached 00:18:05
to the parachute rigging and follow
the pilot in the event of a bailout. 00:18:11
The jacket and coveralls are either wool or
cotton, paired with warm leather gloves and boots.Description:
Take an in-depth look inside a North American P-51D fighter plane from the World War II era. PATREON Help me keep making videos: https://www.patreon.com/animagraffs MUSIC I composed the background music especially for this video! Hear "Mustang Running" on my SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/jakeoneal/mustang-running PRIVATE WORK Need 3D illustration and animation? Let's chat: https://animagraffs.com/contact/ LICENSE Animagraffs' work for your own purposes https://animagraffs.com/licensing/ WEBSITE See more explanations of how things work: https://animagraffs.com/ SOFTWARE USED I use Blender 3D to create these models. It's free and open source, and the community is amazing: https://www.blender.org/ Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:34 Frame 1:54 Landing gear 2:36 Rear landing gear 3:24 Engine 5:23 Fuel 6:07 Propeller 6:55 Armaments 8:18 Cockpit 16:14 Gunsight 17:08 Pilot Correction: 0:10 Before commenting, check the top pinned "VIDEO CORRECTIONS" thread, as your correction or criticism has likely already been mentioned many times.
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