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Плутон

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Харон

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Орк

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Эрида

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Седна

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Макемаке

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Кометы

Что обнаружили на Плутоне? География планеты

Что обнаружили на Плутоне? География планеты

Путешествие за пределы Млечного Пути.

Путешествие за пределы Млечного Пути.

КАК ПОЯВИЛОСЬ СОЛНЦЕ И ДРУГИЕ ЗВЕЗДЫ?

КАК ПОЯВИЛОСЬ СОЛНЦЕ И ДРУГИЕ ЗВЕЗДЫ?

Channel: UNIVERSO

Факты о космосе и о солнечной системы 👽👽👽

Факты о космосе и о солнечной системы 👽👽👽

Солнечная система

Космос

Фильм

Сборник

Планета

Планеты

Карликовые планеты

Пояс койпера

Облако Оорта

Кометы

Астероиды

Седна

Макемаке

Орк

Плутон

Харон

Путешествие по солнечной системе

загадки

тайны

Солнце

Что находится за Нептуном

Что обнаружили за Плутоном

Вояджер

Кассини

Новые горизонты

загадки космоса

наука

научпоп

космо

kosmo

плутон

планета

космос

вселенная

фильм

солнечнаясистема

пояскойпера

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huge number of interesting phenomena and

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the further we move away from the earth, the more

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amazing the space around us becomes;

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however, despite all the diversity of

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objects in the universe,

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even in relative proximity to our

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planet you can find many

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unique celestial bodies and some of

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them are available for detailed study I

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propose to take a trip in

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which we will visit several of the most

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unusual objects located not

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so far from us,

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we will visit Pluto,

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fly past the Horon Arch of the Iris

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and Sedna and then finish our excursion

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next to the dwarf planet makey makey

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and the strangest celestial bodies

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ever getting closer to our

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planet, an exciting journey awaits you we are

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starting

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[music]

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cosmos the

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first space exploration

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In order to obtain detailed

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will leave the link in the description under the video

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and now let's return to our film

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pluto is the largest trans-Neptunian

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object in our solar system, in

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addition it is also the largest

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object in the Kuiper Belt,

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like most things in this area, the

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fruit consists mainly of rock and

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ice and has a relatively small

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mass that is equal to approximately

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22 hundredths of a percent of the mass of the Earth; for

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comparison, its mass is less than the Moon's by

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about six times and its volume is approximately

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3 times the area of pluto is 17

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million 700 thousand square

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kilometers,

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which is slightly larger than the area of Russia,

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which is equal to seventeen million

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100 thousand square kilometers, the

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diameter of this celestial body reaches

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2376 point 6 kilometers, which is

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1097 point six kilometers

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less than the diameter of our moon atmosphere

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The pluton mainly consists of gases

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evaporating from the surface ice. At

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the moment, we know that

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its main component is nitrogen. In addition, the

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atmosphere also includes methane and

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carbon monoxide. Under the influence of high

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energetic cosmic radiation,

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more complex compounds are formed from these substances,

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non-volatile at pluto surface temperatures.

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ethane ethylene and

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acetylene as well as Tallinn and which, in

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turn, and thanks to their properties,

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settle on the surface of the planet and give

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it a brownish tint. The average

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surface temperature of the pluto

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is 50 kelvins, that is, minus two

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hundred and twenty-three point one and fifteen

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hundredths degrees Celsius,

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with this indicator increasing with altitude

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grows by about 7 degrees with every

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kilometer and in the atmosphere the temperature is

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40 degrees higher than on the surface. The

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reasons for this phenomenon can be called the

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greenhouse effect

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caused by metalnova. We are accustomed to thinking

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that the pluton moves along a stable,

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unchanging path,

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however, upon more detailed research,

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it turned out that the movement of the pluton is chaotic

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and is described not by linear equations,

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but in order to notice this it is necessary to

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observe it for a long enough time; if the

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observation is carried out over short

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periods of time, then its movement

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will seem regular, but in

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fact, the orbit shifts slightly with each period

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and eventually changes

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so much that traces of the

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original trajectory no longer

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remains the direction of rotation around

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its axis; for this dwarf planet, like

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for Venus and Uranus, the rotation is reversed, that is, the

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rotation of the

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other planets around the sun is in the opposite direction; however, a day

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on pluto lasts 6.4 Earth days; the

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remoteness of pluto and its small

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mass significantly complicate the

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study of this celestial body, even in

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very large telescopes, we can see

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pluto as a small point indistinguishable

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from an ordinary star, and

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we were able to obtain some of the data about it

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using the Hubble Space Telescope,

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however, most of the

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information became available to us only

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after the New Horizons mission, the first photo

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of this The spacecraft made a dwarf planet

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at the end of September

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2006 in order to test the LORRA and

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LAR camera. Later, when approaching

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pluto, many

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details about this dwarf planet began to be revealed to us; the

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surface of the object is very inhomogeneous

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in albedo, that is, the diffuse reflectivity of the

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surface on different

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parts of the celestial body varies from

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10 to 70 percent, which makes pluto the

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second most contrasting object in the

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solar system after and beta,

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this heterogeneity leads to

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periodic changes in the transformation of

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pluto from its brightness from the spectrum, probably

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its interior is 50-70 percent composed of

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stone and 50-30 percent isold

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densely and the rocky core is most likely

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surrounded by an icy mantle, the thickness of which

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is about 300 kilometers;

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spectral data show that there

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is water ice on the surface of the

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pluton, but it is mostly

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masked by a cover of more volatile ice;

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in addition, frozen

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methane and carbon monoxide,

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as well as impurities, were found there other compounds

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mainly formed by sour cream and nitrogen

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under the influence of strong radiation, this is in

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particular

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nitrile ethane and as well as tallin and giving the

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pluton a brownish color. On

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July 15, 2015, m from New Horizons

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flew past the pluto at a distance of 12

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and a half thousand kilometers from its

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surface during the flyby was

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photographed as the side visible at maximum

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approach and back and

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thanks to these images, a

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vast light zone in

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the shape of a heart symbol measuring 1800 by

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one and a half thousand kilometers was discovered on pluto,

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which was later called the heart

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of pluto or the area over

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there, another option is the area of

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the pedestal, which is believed to be the left a portion of this zone

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is a crater filled with

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crystalline nitrogen;

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also on the territory of this area,

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two mountain ranges were discovered; the height of the

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first, which later received

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the name Mount Teng Qing,

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reaches 3500 meters; height 2, which is

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called the Hillary Mountains, up to one and a half thousand

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meters; the most remarkable

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geological object was discovered on the

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pluton this is the plain of the satellite, this

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depression most likely

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represents an impact crater whose diameter

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reaches 1492 kilometers; the plain of the

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satellite is filled with frozen gases and

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is crossed by many grooves

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that divide it into cells tens of kilometers in size; at the same time,

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cryovolcanism may also exist on the pluto;

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and the last photograph taken by the station

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and possibly indicates precisely this

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phenomenon; the potential cryovolcanoes

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abandoned in the picture

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are called Reitman; in the photograph

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you can see a relatively young

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surface with virtually no impact

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craters, which means that the crust in this

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area was formed relatively

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recently; if Reitman really

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is a Korean volcano, then its huge

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size is one hundred and forty-four kilometers in

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width and 4 kilometers in height makes

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it the largest

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kre-o volcano in the outer

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solar system; in addition, the

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spacecraft

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discovered new horizons in the pluton's atmosphere, a

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blue layered haze that envelops the

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entire dwarf planet; in the photographs, the haze

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is visible to a height of more than

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200 kilometers and with ultraviolet

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the spectrometer is recorded up to a level of

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300 kilometers, most likely DNA

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consists of particles of non-volatile substances

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formed from atmospheric gases,

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which I already mentioned earlier, these

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substances settle on the surface of

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dwarf planets and as a result

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form such a phenomenon, the New

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Horizons mission will last until 2026 and in addition to

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studying objects in system of pluto, this

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station has also already managed to

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observe other objects of the

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kuiper belt, and even despite the fact that it

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does not have fuel for a significant change in course, the

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energy of the radioisotope generator will

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last for another ten years. Immediately after the

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flyby of the pluto station, astronomers

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using the hubble telescope searched for

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suitable candidates for the next

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mission goals, the first of them was the ultima thule

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binary, which is built from the kuiper belt,

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which consists of two objects with a

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diameter of 19 and 14 kilometers, its new

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horizons were visited on January 1, 2019, and the

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asteroid 2014 n70 with a diameter of 40

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kilometers, which the station passed by

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in In March 2019,

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in addition, having moved 8 billion

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kilometers from the earth,

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new horizons became available to a more

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detailed view of the stars closest to the sun,

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Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359, and in

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April 2020, the station was also used to

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clarify the distance to these luminaries,

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it is possible that these targets will not be

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the last in list of achievements of this

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amazing mission and while

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images taken from the

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dance are being transmitted to our earth and we can continue to study those

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celestial bodies that have already been

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photographed by new horizons,

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for example, the largest of the satellites of

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pluto, Charon, and the study of which

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was also carried out using Charon stations,

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this is the largest object Among all the

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satellites of pluto, and its existence was

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discovered by science more than 40 years ago, the

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celestial body was discovered on June 22,

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1978 by the American astrophysicist James

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Christie. It was discovered in photographs

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taken by the US Naval Observatory.

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Initially, Charon was identified as the

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only satellite of pluto,

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but then the opinion spread that the

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celestial bodies should be considered

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as a double planetary system, if

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Charon were given the status of a dwarf

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planet, then this very definition could be

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assigned to this object, but so far there is

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no unambiguous definition for these celestial bodies. Charon is

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still classified as a satellite of

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pluto; the

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diameter of this celestial body is

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1212 kilometers, which approximately two times

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less than the diameter of the pluto itself and almost

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3 times less than the diameter of our moon, one

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rotation of the horon around the pluto takes

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six point three hundred and eighty-seven

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thousandths of an earth day and, due to the

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tidal offset of the object, in such a

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period of time the periods of

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rotation of the horon and pluto are equal for this

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reason celestial bodies constantly face

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each other with the same side, and

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if you were lucky enough to be on

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the surface of one of these objects, then both

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Charon in the sky of Pluto and Pluto in the sky of

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Horona would always be motionless

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due to such an amazing property,

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celestial bodies are often called a double

00:14:09

planet and the reasons This can be called

00:14:12

the fact that the center of mass of the system lies

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outside of both objects; the mass of the horon

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is approximately 11 point 65

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hundredths of a percent of the mass of the pluto and the

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distance between these celestial bodies

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is approximately 19 1500 70

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kilometers; for comparison, the average

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distance between the earth and the moon reaches

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380 4400 kilometers In addition, while

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observing these celestial bodies in the

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period from February 1985 to October and

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1990, scientists more than once recorded an

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extremely rare phenomenon, namely the

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transverse eclipse of Pluto by Charon and

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Charon and Pluto,

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and since the period of Horon’s orbit is slightly

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less than a week, during observations,

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eclipses were repeated approximately every

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three terrestrial days,

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due to its properties, charon is noticeably

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darker than pluto, and in addition, both of these

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objects differ significantly in

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composition, for example, on the surface of pluto there is a lot of

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nitrogen ice, while charon is covered with water

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or a house; its surface has a less

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reddish color; it is currently

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believed that the pluto-charon system

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was formed as a result of the collision of

00:15:40

independently formed pluton and

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simply Khoron, according to some models,

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Charon can be geologically active

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up to the presence of liquid under

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the surface. This is justified by the fact that the

00:15:54

spectral analysis of this satellite

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shows the presence of ammonia hydrates on it,

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there are also hypotheses and the presence of

00:16:04

cryovolcanism on Khoron,

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the largest amount of information about this

00:16:10

celestial body was able to gain

00:16:12

new horizons thanks to the mission, within which on

00:16:16

July 14, 2015, an

00:16:19

automatic interplanetary station

00:16:21

flew through the Pluto-Charon system;

00:16:25

during this mission,

00:16:27

photographs of charons were obtained from various

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distances, and the shortest distance during the

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flight was about 28 thousand 800

00:16:35

kilometers; the station was able to photograph both the

00:16:40

side of the choron visible at maximum approach and back, as well as on the

00:16:44

surface of the satellite, it was possible to see a

00:16:46

fairly large number of

00:16:48

various objects,

00:16:50

one of them was an amazing depression

00:16:53

with a mountain in the center and several craters,

00:16:57

photographing which new

00:16:59

horizons turned out to be a distance of 79

00:17:02

thousand kilometers; in addition, the photographs show a

00:17:06

good a varied surface topography is visible,

00:17:08

for example, in the images of

00:17:11

the station you can see a chain of rocks and depressions

00:17:14

stretching for a thousand kilometers and

00:17:17

most likely formed as a

00:17:19

result of the influence of the internal processes of the

00:17:21

satellite in the upper right corner near the

00:17:25

very edge a huge canyon can be seen, the

00:17:28

depth of which most likely

00:17:30

reaches from 7 to 9 kilometers, an

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amazing fact there is a

00:17:36

relatively small number of

00:17:38

craters on the burial site,

00:17:39

which undoubtedly indicates the

00:17:41

geological youth of the surface of the

00:17:44

satellites; in addition, the north pole of

00:17:48

the object is covered with a layer of dark dust;

00:17:51

this unusual area is called

00:17:54

Mordor;

00:17:55

it is believed that this dark spot with a

00:17:58

diameter of about 475 kilometers

00:18:01

was formed due to ultra-low

00:18:03

temperatures that periodically occur on the

00:18:06

surface satellite and one of the reasons

00:18:08

may be the polar winter horon, which

00:18:12

lasts about a hundred years, during

00:18:15

this entire period the surface temperature of the

00:18:17

satellite drops to minus

00:18:19

258 degrees Celsius and

00:18:23

methane and nitrogen molecules are captured from the pluto's atmosphere and

00:18:25

freeze, and when summer comes and

00:18:30

the temperature of the north pole rises again

00:18:33

reaching -200 13 degrees Celsius,

00:18:37

methane and nitrogen evaporate and in the area of

00:18:40

Mordor only heavy compounds remain,

00:18:43

which, under the influence of ultraviolet

00:18:45

radiation, turn into Tallinn and

00:18:47

possibly give this area such a

00:18:51

color. At the moment, all objects on the

00:18:55

surface of Charon and received an

00:18:57

unofficial name that were

00:18:59

inspired by the authors and their works

00:19:02

in the genre of fantasy and science fiction

00:19:06

include the Clark and

00:19:08

Kubrick mountains, the Kirk craters, while Darth

00:19:12

Vader's truck, Luke Skywalker, Ripley, Gagnon Nostromo, the

00:19:15

Tardis canyon, the Gallifrey region

00:19:19

and the volcano region, in addition to Charon and near

00:19:24

Pluto, there are four more

00:19:26

satellites known to us,

00:19:28

their name is Styx no one is Kerberus and Hydro and

00:19:32

they all rotate in almost circular

00:19:35

orbits in the same direction as pluto

00:19:37

around its axis

00:19:39

if the rotation of Pluto and Charon

00:19:41

is synchronous from all other satellites

00:19:43

this is not observed the radius of Nik

00:19:48

you’s orbit reaches forty-nine thousand

00:19:51

kilometers the radius of Hydra’s orbit is 65 thousand

00:19:55

kilometers that is, they are

00:19:58

two to three times farther from the pluto than the

00:20:00

Horona, the size of the hydra is 43 by 33

00:20:04

kilometers and the dimensions of the nobody are 54 by 41 by 36

00:20:10

kilometers, their mass is still unknown exactly and

00:20:14

its approximate estimate is zero

00:20:16

point three thousandths percent of the masses

00:20:19

of the Horon for each of the objects, 2

00:20:23

other satellites were discovered in June 2011

00:20:27

and in July 2012,

00:20:30

one of them Kerberus has a size of 12 by

00:20:34

four and a half kilometers, the radius of its

00:20:37

orbit is 58 thousand kilometers, the stick

00:20:41

reaches 7 by 5 kilometers, the

00:20:44

radius of its orbit is 42 thousand

00:20:47

kilometers and even despite their

00:20:50

small size, the interplanetary stations

00:20:52

managed to obtain new horizons

00:20:55

and their images during its flight

00:21:00

through the Pluto and Charon system, having collected

00:21:02

information about all the satellites of Pluto, the

00:21:05

interplanetary station moved on,

00:21:07

giving humanity its latest and

00:21:10

most clear photographs of

00:21:13

these objects at the moment. On July 14, 2015, from a

00:21:18

distance of 70,4176 kilometers, the station

00:21:23

took one of the last and clearest

00:21:25

photographs of charons at the moment, and

00:21:28

on which many details

00:21:31

of this object are clearly visible.

00:21:33

At the moment, we can say that charon

00:21:36

still remains a

00:21:38

little-studied celestial body for us,

00:21:40

however, thanks to the

00:21:43

information about it allows missions to

00:21:45

draw conclusions about its nature, properties and

00:21:48

evolution;

00:21:50

if the New Horizons mission

00:21:53

was once revolutionary, then most likely in the

00:21:56

coming decades similar projects

00:21:58

will be implemented more than once and this

00:22:01

means that perhaps soon we will learn

00:22:03

new information about this amazing

00:22:06

space object, the Kuiper belt is a

00:22:15

region of the solar system that

00:22:17

begins from the orbit of Neptune and

00:22:18

continues to approximately 55

00:22:22

astronomical units from the sun. In

00:22:24

many ways it is similar to the asteroid belt,

00:22:27

however, in contrast, the Kuiper belt is

00:22:30

20 times wider and approximately 100 times more

00:22:32

massive in general. it consists of small

00:22:36

bodies that is, the material left over

00:22:38

after the formation of the solar system and

00:22:41

unlike the object in the asteroid belt, the

00:22:43

celestial bodies of the Kuiper belt consist

00:22:46

mainly of volatile substances such

00:22:49

as methane and water in this region

00:22:52

there are at least four

00:22:54

confirmed dwarf planets and

00:22:57

namely among them, an org was discovered;

00:23:00

this object was discovered on February 17,

00:23:05

2004 by American astronomers

00:23:08

Michael Brown, Chadwick Trujillo and

00:23:10

David Rabinovich,

00:23:12

scientists discovered it in archival

00:23:14

photographs that were taken on

00:23:16

November 8, 1951, this celestial body

00:23:22

is a large

00:23:23

trans-Neptunian object that can be

00:23:26

classified as web, in addition to the orc,

00:23:29

this type also includes pluto

00:23:31

Ixion and gui.

00:23:33

Such celestial bodies are in an

00:23:36

orbital resonance of two to three with

00:23:38

Neptune, and this means that during two

00:23:41

revolutions of the web around the sun, Neptune

00:23:43

makes three revolutions; the maximum

00:23:46

distance of the

00:23:47

orc from the sun is 48

00:23:49

astronomical units and the maximum

00:23:51

the approximation is 30

00:23:53

astronomical units, the diameter of the arch is

00:23:56

supposedly equal to 900 forty-

00:23:59

six kilometers, which is almost 40

00:24:01

percent of the diameter of the pluto,

00:24:04

the temperature on its surface reaches

00:24:06

minus 200 29 degrees Celsius, in

00:24:11

many respects the determination of all the characteristics of the

00:24:13

orc depends on information about its

00:24:15

satellites, which was discovered in February

00:24:18

2007 In the same year, its discovery was also made by

00:24:22

Michael Brown, and the object itself was

00:24:24

named

00:24:25

want satellite makes a full revolution

00:24:28

around Orc in nine and a half days and is

00:24:31

located nine thousand kilometers from it.

00:24:33

It is believed that Orc i want are

00:24:36

synchronized, that is, they are turned to each

00:24:39

other on the same side, just like

00:24:42

Pluto and its satellite Charon, the

00:24:44

orbit of the cable guy is practically

00:24:47

circular and its diameter is

00:24:49

approximately 280 kilometers; however, this

00:24:53

parameter, as well as for the arc, is

00:24:56

not fully determined; the mass of the cable cable

00:24:58

can reach from three to seven and a

00:25:01

half percent of the total mass of

00:25:02

both objects; this satellite is located

00:25:06

at a very the small distance of the torque, which

00:25:09

is approximately 9 thousand kilometers,

00:25:11

and therefore the composition of its surface

00:25:14

cannot be copied by the spectrum;

00:25:17

however, there is an assumption that

00:25:19

the guy could have been captured by a celestial

00:25:21

body

00:25:22

from the Kuiper belt; the total mass of the guy and the

00:25:26

arch is equal to three point eighty

00:25:29

percent of the mass of one of the most

00:25:31

massive known dwarfs the planets are

00:25:34

the irids, but how this mass is distributed

00:25:37

between the arches of its satellites depends on the

00:25:39

ratio of their sizes. A study of the

00:25:43

spectrum of the arch showed the strongest

00:25:45

absorption of the signal by water ice among

00:25:48

Kuiper Belt objects not included in the

00:25:50

Haumea family. Similar spectrum

00:25:53

is also observed in large satellites of

00:25:55

Uranus, among others, the trans-Neptunian

00:25:58

object of the most

00:26:01

Pluto's satellite Charon is similar to arc since they

00:26:04

both have similar densities, the

00:26:06

presence of water ice on the surface has been noticed, the

00:26:09

spectrum of

00:26:11

orca is very different from others, a

00:26:12

trans-Neptunian object, for example, Ixion,

00:26:16

and the red color in the spectrum is pronounced, and the

00:26:18

infrared, on the contrary, is weak, and the visible

00:26:22

spectrum of arc has a neutral, weak

00:26:24

color

00:26:25

further The same study of the arc in the

00:26:27

infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of

00:26:30

water ice and carbon components on it; the

00:26:32

parameters of its orbit

00:26:36

resemble the orbit of pluto and are quite

00:26:38

close to the orbit of Neptune; however, the

00:26:41

large angle of inclination does not allow these

00:26:43

objects to approach each other and over the

00:26:46

past 14 thousand years the distance between the

00:26:49

arcs and Neptune has never been less than

00:26:51

18 astronomical units, the

00:26:54

period of rotation of the arch around its axis is

00:26:58

not yet precisely known; photometric

00:27:01

studies give a wide range from 7

00:27:03

to 21 hours and the surface of this object is

00:27:07

relatively bright; the ice on it was found

00:27:10

mainly in crystalline form,

00:27:13

which may be associated with crooked

00:27:15

volcanic activity Also,

00:27:17

other

00:27:19

compounds such as methane or ammonia may be present on the arc.

00:27:22

It is worth noting that so far ammonia has not

00:27:25

been detected on any

00:27:26

trans-Neptunian object and or icy

00:27:29

satellites other than Miranda, and models of

00:27:31

internal heating by

00:27:33

radioactive decay suggest that

00:27:35

the arc may support an internal ocean

00:27:38

from liquid water, the presence of crystalline

00:27:42

water ice and possibly ammonia ice

00:27:45

indicates that in the past,

00:27:48

so-called renewal mechanisms operated on the surface of the orc,

00:27:50

one of which may be

00:27:53

cryovolcanism; it is possible that

00:27:56

once on the arch there was a single

00:27:58

eruption that turned amorphous

00:28:01

water into crystalline led

00:28:03

if But to talk about the history of the formation of

00:28:06

this celestial body, it still

00:28:08

raises many questions. According to

00:28:12

astronomers, the

00:28:13

bar and Megan Schwab Arc could

00:28:16

have been formed as a result of collisions

00:28:18

at low speeds with other objects. In

00:28:20

addition, it still remains

00:28:23

unclear to which group this can finally be

00:28:25

attributed celestial body and at the

00:28:29

moment the org is called only a candidate for

00:28:31

dwarf planets,

00:28:33

in addition to this celestial body, science

00:28:36

knows at least 40 similar

00:28:38

discovered candidates and, according to

00:28:40

preliminary calculations, the number of still

00:28:43

undiscovered possible dwarf planets

00:28:45

in the entire solar system may

00:28:47

exceed 2000, the number of officially

00:28:51

recognized dwarf planets today

00:28:53

is six of them include Ceres

00:28:57

he-gay and the trans-Neptunian object and

00:29:00

Pluto Eris makey makey and homey

00:29:04

and if you would like me to talk

00:29:07

about these celestial bodies in more detail, write

00:29:09

about it in the comments so that the

00:29:12

org can be included in the list of

00:29:15

confirmed dwarf planets its

00:29:17

characteristics must correspond to a

00:29:19

certain description, namely,

00:29:22

astronomers will need to prove that the orc

00:29:24

rotates in orbit around the sun has

00:29:27

sufficient mass to

00:29:29

maintain a close to spherical shape

00:29:32

is not a satellite of any planet

00:29:34

and cannot clear the area of its orbit

00:29:37

from other objects and at the moment the

00:29:40

park ranks fourth in the list of the

00:29:42

most probable dwarf planets,

00:29:45

second only to such celestial bodies as

00:29:47

Gungun who war and 2002 with 4 1 of them

00:29:53

Gungun

00:29:54

is one of the largest

00:29:56

trans-Neptunian object and was

00:29:58

discovered on July 17, 2007 by Michael

00:30:02

Brown's group the diameter

00:30:05

is supposedly equal to 1535 kilometers,

00:30:08

the mass is 75 percent greater than the mass of

00:30:11

Ceres and only slightly larger than the masks

00:30:14

of the barbarian, and in its orbit at a distance of

00:30:17

15 thousand kilometers there is a satellite of the

00:30:20

earth with a diameter of 300 kilometers of which

00:30:24

war is also a

00:30:25

trans-Neptunian object that can be

00:30:27

called one of the largest in the

00:30:30

kuiper belt, like gon gon, its discovery was

00:30:33

made by michael brown's group in the same

00:30:35

year with the discovery of s4 in 2002,

00:30:38

the diameter of which war is estimated at about one

00:30:41

thousand one hundred kilometers and in its orbit

00:30:44

there is a satellite vei with a diameter of

00:30:47

74 kilometers 3 the most likely

00:30:51

candidate for dwarf planets

00:30:53

called 2002-m s4 supposedly

00:30:57

have a diameter of about 900 kilometers; all

00:31:02

these celestial bodies, together with the orcs, can be

00:31:05

called objects quite large for the

00:31:07

Kuiper belt and in their

00:31:09

characteristics they are very reminiscent of

00:31:11

dwarf planets, from which we can

00:31:14

conclude that it is likely very

00:31:17

soon one of these objects

00:31:20

will officially acquire this status and there is a high

00:31:22

probability that the new dwarf planets

00:31:25

in the solar system

00:31:26

will become exactly the arc, but until this

00:31:30

happens, this celestial body remains an

00:31:33

unsolved mystery for us, the main secrets

00:31:35

of which we have yet to learn from the

00:31:42

very moment of the discovery of pluto,

00:31:45

there was confidence in society that

00:31:47

beyond its orbit there are other

00:31:50

large bodies; the search for a new planet

00:31:53

lasted throughout the twentieth

00:31:55

century; to date,

00:31:59

more than three thousand objects have been discovered,

00:32:01

united in large structures such

00:32:03

as the Kuiper belt and the scattered disk.

00:32:07

January 5, 2006, a group of American

00:32:10

researchers consisting of Michael Brown

00:32:13

David Rabinovich Chadwick Trujillo,

00:32:16

during the analysis of a 2003 image, noticed a

00:32:19

large object outside the orbit of

00:32:22

pluto; it took several days

00:32:24

to find the find in the sky through a

00:32:27

telescope and several months to

00:32:29

determine the main indicators of the orbit and the

00:32:31

body itself.

00:32:33

According to the first measurements, the diameter of the

00:32:36

new celestial body was about

00:32:38

three thousand kilometers, which significantly

00:32:41

exceeded the size of pluto from the very beginning,

00:32:44

there were disputes about the name;

00:32:47

the discoverers gave it a preliminary name

00:32:49

and Myazina,

00:32:50

but in the end the object was named; the

00:32:54

situation was complicated by the uncertainty of

00:32:57

whether the new celestial body should be considered a

00:32:59

full-fledged planet, a large asteroid

00:33:01

or a dwarf planet; this

00:33:05

uncertainty was resolved by the 26th Assembly of the

00:33:08

International Astronomical Union, at

00:33:10

which on August 24, 2006 years, Pluto,

00:33:15

Eris and Ceres, as well as some other

00:33:18

objects, were classified as small

00:33:21

planets or planetoids;

00:33:23

this decision had been mature for a long time, since

00:33:26

by this time a

00:33:29

significant

00:33:31

number of celestial bodies with sizes

00:33:33

close to Pluto had already been discovered outside the orbit of Neptune, but the discovery and raids

00:33:36

became the last weight on the scales that

00:33:38

tipped the scientific community to introduce a

00:33:41

new status, because if Eris is larger than

00:33:45

Pluto, then it has every right to be considered the

00:33:47

10th planet of the solar system, followed by

00:33:51

other objects of the Kuiper belt,

00:33:53

so the number of planets could

00:33:56

exceed a couple of dozen,

00:33:58

but most of them would be

00:34:00

quite small bodies similar to

00:34:02

pluto and putting them on a par with

00:34:05

large planets such as the earth or

00:34:07

Jupiter would be wrong since their

00:34:10

physical properties are excellent. According to the

00:34:14

latest measurements, the diameter of the iris

00:34:17

is 2300 26 kilometers, which is

00:34:21

only 70 kilometers less than the diameter of

00:34:24

pluto, so it retains the fruit the

00:34:27

title of the largest planetoid,

00:34:29

leaving ready

00:34:30

second place; however, despite the similar

00:34:34

dimensions, the irid is 25 percent heavier than

00:34:37

its fellow, which is explained by a different

00:34:40

mineral composition;

00:34:41

this fact makes it the heaviest

00:34:44

dwarf planet of the solar system; the

00:34:47

diameter of the iris is two-thirds of the

00:34:50

diameter of the moon or one-fifth of the diameter of the

00:34:53

earth; the

00:34:54

mass of the iris is 1.67 to 10 to the

00:34:59

twenty-second power of kilograms, this is

00:35:02

25 percent more than the mass of pluto,

00:35:05

almost 18 most Ceres,

00:35:07

or five and a half total masses of the asteroid belt, the

00:35:11

surface area of the iris is 17

00:35:15

million square kilometers, this is

00:35:17

almost 9 times less than the area of all land

00:35:20

on earth and almost half the

00:35:22

area of Africa, the acceleration of

00:35:26

gravity on the surface of this celestial

00:35:28

body is 0.82 meters per second

00:35:33

squared or

00:35:34

8.3 percent of the Earth's. Eris has

00:35:40

a satellite,

00:35:41

it was discovered in 2005 and was

00:35:45

called dice nomia, it rotates at a

00:35:48

distance thirty-seven thousand

00:35:50

kilometers from the iris in an almost

00:35:52

circular orbit, making a full revolution in

00:35:54

16 days, and little is known about its parameters;

00:35:57

the diameter of the dice nomi is estimated at

00:36:01

300 26 kilometers, but the accuracy of these

00:36:04

measurements is low and can be

00:36:07

corrected in the future by more than

00:36:09

twice the mass. very

00:36:11

roughly estimate at 3.5 to 10 to 18

00:36:16

kilograms and

00:36:17

which is less than one percent of the

00:36:19

mass of Ceres and about two hundredths of a percent

00:36:23

of the mass of Iris, the

00:36:25

composition and shape of the satellite are unknown, it is

00:36:29

assumed that it consists of the same

00:36:31

minerals as the

00:36:32

arredo masses of this celestial body

00:36:35

most likely the force of gravity is not enough for the force of

00:36:37

gravity to turn it into a ball so that the

00:36:40

dice by us may have an irregular shape

00:36:42

like most asteroids or the satellites of

00:36:45

Mars Phobos and Deimos

00:36:48

the orbit of the iris is a highly

00:36:51

elongated ellipse

00:36:52

the maximum distance from the sun

00:36:54

is 97 astronomical units and the

00:36:58

minimum 38

00:37:00

thus at aphelion Eris is

00:37:03

almost 100 times farther from the sun than the

00:37:05

earth and twice as far as pluto

00:37:08

for comparison, the farthest point of

00:37:11

pluto's orbit is from the sun at a

00:37:13

distance of almost 5 10 astronomical

00:37:16

units and the closest is

00:37:18

30 so sometimes the iridians

00:37:21

fly closer to the sun than pluto

00:37:23

but the collision I am threatened due to the

00:37:25

peculiarity of the location of the rabbits of these

00:37:28

space objects, the period of revolution of the

00:37:31

iris around the luminary is 560 one

00:37:34

year, that is, since its discovery it has

00:37:37

covered only two and a half

00:37:39

percent of its orbit,

00:37:40

now the iris has barely passed aphelion, the

00:37:44

farthest point of its orbit and

00:37:46

is approaching the sun it will reach

00:37:49

perihelion in the year two thousand two hundred fifty-

00:37:52

eight, currently Eris

00:37:55

is located at a distance of 96

00:37:57

astronomical units from the center of our

00:38:00

system, which means that light from the sun

00:38:03

travels to it for 13 hours, in addition, the orbit and

00:38:07

raids are inclined by 44 degrees to the

00:38:10

ecliptic plane according to accepted

00:38:13

terminology objects from such an orbit it does not

00:38:15

belong to the Kuiper belt; they are usually

00:38:18

defined as a scattered disk object

00:38:20

or even an isolated trans-Neptunian

00:38:22

object, and like pluto, at the

00:38:26

point of the iris perihelion orbit closest to the sun, it

00:38:28

is closer to our luminary

00:38:31

than Neptune, but due to the large inclination of

00:38:33

the orbit to the ecliptic plane they

00:38:36

cannot collide with each other for at

00:38:38

least the next few thousand years,

00:38:41

the temperature on the surface of the iris

00:38:44

is estimated to be 20 kelvins or -250 3

00:38:48

degrees Celsius at aphelion

00:38:50

to 43 kelvins or minus 230 degrees

00:38:54

Celsius at perihelion

00:38:57

spectroscopic studies

00:38:59

show that the surface of the

00:39:00

iris is covered with an even layer of methane

00:39:03

snow and nitrogen ice,

00:39:05

in addition,

00:39:07

this new and ethylene violet was discovered on its surface, these substances

00:39:11

give it a gray color, in contrast to the

00:39:13

reddish pluton,

00:39:15

the combination of these two factors leads to an

00:39:18

interesting effect. Eris should have a

00:39:21

temporarily rarefied atmosphere when it

00:39:24

approaches the sun, methane and nitrogen melt

00:39:27

forming a very rarefied gas

00:39:29

shell, when Eris moves away from

00:39:33

the sun and the temperature on its surface

00:39:34

decreases, gases freeze and

00:39:38

snow falls. These phase changes

00:39:40

can presumably lead to

00:39:42

large-scale flows of liquefied gases. With

00:39:45

great caution, we can say

00:39:47

that weather phenomena occur on the surface of this

00:39:49

space object

00:39:52

according to calculations Eris's atmosphere will appear

00:39:56

in about 250 years in the twenty-

00:39:59

third century,

00:40:00

by which time it will be significantly

00:40:02

closer to the sun and the atmosphere will become

00:40:05

gaseous and will allow us to explore

00:40:08

the surface of the object, which is now

00:40:10

hidden by nitrogen on methane snow.

00:40:13

Unfortunately, now too little is known about this celestial body

00:40:15

to say

00:40:18

anything. then about its structure it is assumed that

00:40:21

it is similar in composition to other

00:40:23

dwarf planets and consists of

00:40:25

solid rocks

00:40:26

remaining after the formation of the solar

00:40:29

system; also, based on the results of a

00:40:32

study of radioactive decay,

00:40:34

a theory has been put forward that under the surface of

00:40:36

this dwarf planet there may be

00:40:39

an ocean,

00:40:41

the iris certainly rotates around its

00:40:44

axis,

00:40:45

but exactly It is very difficult to measure the rotation period of such a

00:40:48

distant celestial body

00:40:49

with such a homogeneous surface;

00:40:52

different measurements at different periods

00:40:56

of time gave results from 9 hours to

00:40:59

5 days; the last measurement carried out in

00:41:02

2008 gave a value of approximately

00:41:05

26 hours;

00:41:07

however, the inclination of the iris rotation axis

00:41:10

remains unknown to bullfighting yet

00:41:14

Not a single research

00:41:16

vehicle has been sent from such a flight. The duration of such a flight

00:41:18

is estimated at about 25 years, taking into account

00:41:21

gravitational acceleration near Jupiter, but

00:41:24

no country in the world has yet announced

00:41:27

preparations for such expeditions. Very

00:41:31

soon, by cosmic standards, the Irids

00:41:33

will fly closer to the sun, which will allow for

00:41:36

better exploration of this mysterious

00:41:38

celestial body the sun slightly warms its

00:41:41

surface, evaporates masses of farms and exposes

00:41:44

rocks, perhaps under a thin layer of

00:41:47

frozen gases something

00:41:49

mysterious and interesting is hidden, something that

00:41:53

will bring humanity new knowledge of

00:41:55

the universe and laws, it is possible that

00:41:58

our descendants will even be able to see the

00:42:01

surface of the river with their

00:42:02

own eyes, but for now we can

00:42:05

only watch its leisurely

00:42:07

flight through the lifeless empty

00:42:10

space of space. The

00:42:16

end of the twentieth century was marked by a

00:42:19

breakthrough in the study of the distant regions of the

00:42:22

solar system.

00:42:23

Since the 90s of the last century, 3555 celestial bodies

00:42:26

were discovered beyond the orbit of Neptune,

00:42:29

most of them are

00:42:33

not very large bodies

00:42:36

consisting of water ice and frozen

00:42:39

gases such as methane or nitrogen trans-Neptunian

00:42:43

object and form conventional regions

00:42:46

around the sun the Kuiper belt scattered

00:42:50

disk and presumably the Oort cloud the

00:42:53

Kuiper belt covers the solar

00:42:56

system in a wide ring at a distance of 30

00:42:59

to 55 astronomical units from the center

00:43:03

it is similar to the asteroid belt

00:43:06

only in 20 times wider and up to 200 times more

00:43:09

massive, the Kuiper Belt consists

00:43:12

primarily of debris left over

00:43:14

from the formation of the solar system;

00:43:17

however, it also contains fairly

00:43:19

large objects such as Pluto and Charon

00:43:23

Haumea makey makey and other planetoids; the

00:43:27

scattered disk is

00:43:29

much more diffuse in

00:43:32

its boundaries; it is made up of objects with adjacent to

00:43:35

more than 35 astronomical units having

00:43:38

elongated or strongly inclined orbits to the

00:43:41

plane of the ecliptic, most

00:43:44

of them are not large and gravitationally

00:43:47

unstable. It is believed that most of the

00:43:50

objects in the scattered disk received their

00:43:52

orbits thanks to Neptune,

00:43:54

which, like a gravitational gun,

00:43:56

threw them out of the inner layers of the

00:43:59

solar system

00:44:01

by the largest cosmic body in This

00:44:03

area of space is the planetoid Eris,

00:44:07

which I already talked about in one of the

00:44:09

previous issues,

00:44:11

but there is an equally interesting

00:44:14

object, this is a small planetoid

00:44:17

called Sedna,

00:44:19

this dwarf planet was discovered on

00:44:23

November 14, 2003 by

00:44:25

American astronomers Michael

00:44:27

Brown, Chadwick Trujillo and David

00:44:30

Rabinovich

00:44:31

at the time of discovery was considered the second

00:44:34

largest after Pluto, but soon

00:44:37

lost this title and was replaced by Eris

00:44:41

Haumea and Makey Makey,

00:44:43

relegating the trans-Neptunian object to fifth place among the known ones.

00:44:45

Calculation of the orbit of

00:44:49

Sedna showed that it moves around the

00:44:51

sun along a very elongated trajectory and the

00:44:55

perihelion is 76 astronomical

00:44:58

units, which in two and a half times the

00:45:00

average radius of Neptune's orbit,

00:45:03

aphelion, Sedna is located at a distance of 900

00:45:07

co2 astronomical units from the sun,

00:45:09

so this planetoid is

00:45:12

one of the most distant and most likely

00:45:15

one of the coldest objects in our

00:45:17

system discovered, which is why

00:45:19

one of the discoverers of the

00:45:22

dwarf planet, Michael Brown named

00:45:25

after the Eskimo goddess of sea

00:45:27

animals,

00:45:29

Sedna makes a full revolution around the center of the

00:45:32

solar system in about

00:45:34

eleven and a half thousand years. At the

00:45:37

time of discovery, its distance from

00:45:39

the sun was 89 point six

00:45:42

astronomical units, which is about

00:45:46

twice as far as Pluto is

00:45:50

currently Sedna. is approaching the sun and

00:45:53

will reach perihelion around 2076,

00:45:57

but even at the closest point of the orbit from the

00:46:00

surface of the dwarf planet it

00:46:02

will be impossible to see the disk of the sun in the

00:46:06

firmament of Sedna, our luminary will

00:46:08

look like a very bright star,

00:46:10

but much brighter than the moon we observe, the

00:46:13

diameter of Sedna is about

00:46:17

a thousand kilometers this is only 40

00:46:21

percent of the diameter of the pluto and is slightly

00:46:23

smaller in size. Unfortunately, Sedna

00:46:26

does not have satellites, so its mass

00:46:29

can only be determined approximately, according to

00:46:32

available estimates, it ranges from

00:46:34

one to ten percent of the mass of the moon

00:46:37

in absolute numbers, it will be from 8

00:46:40

point 3 to 10 to the 20th power to 7 point 10

00:46:45

to the twenty-first power of

00:46:47

kilograms, these

00:46:50

data can be significantly clarified only with the help of a special

00:46:53

expedition, the

00:46:55

rotation period of Sedna is about

00:46:58

10 hours and the rotation axis is inclined almost

00:47:01

12 degrees to the orbital plane, but

00:47:04

if we talk about the surface

00:47:06

of the planetoid, then it reflects about 32

00:47:09

percent of the light incident on it and has a

00:47:13

bright red color;

00:47:15

spectral analysis shows that the

00:47:17

outer layers of the dwarf planet consist

00:47:20

primarily of water ice as well as

00:47:23

frozen gases, methane

00:47:25

and nitrogen.

00:47:35

nitrogen, it is these substances that

00:47:39

give the surface a

00:47:41

bright color in relative proximity to

00:47:45

the sun, will diligently spend about 200 years, during

00:47:49

which time the temperature on its surface

00:47:51

will rise to 35.6 kelvin or -200

00:47:57

37.6 degrees Celsius, this will allow

00:48:02

part of the gases covering the planetoid

00:48:04

to evaporate, forming extremely a rarefied

00:48:07

atmosphere, however, according to the most optimistic

00:48:11

estimates, the density will be at least

00:48:13

70 thousand times less than the earth's;

00:48:17

when moving away from the sun, the temperature will

00:48:19

quickly drop to several

00:48:22

degrees above absolute zero; the fall of

00:48:26

methane snow on Sydney, like on Triton,

00:48:28

pluto, or ready, most likely does not

00:48:32

occur due to due to low temperatures,

00:48:35

despite the fact that

00:48:37

almost 30 years have passed since the discovery of Sedna, it

00:48:40

continues to cause controversy among scientists;

00:48:43

one of them is whether

00:48:46

this object was part of a scattered disk

00:48:49

or can be attributed to the Arta cloud. The Arta

00:48:53

cloud is a hypothetical

00:48:57

region of the solar system. lying

00:48:59

outside the scattered disk and

00:49:01

extending to approximately 100 thousand

00:49:03

astronomical units from the sun, its

00:49:06

boundaries are greatly blurred; this part of the

00:49:09

solar system is a

00:49:11

spherical cloud consisting of a

00:49:14

huge number of cometary nuclei; it is

00:49:16

from here that comets arrive with a

00:49:19

huge orbital period of

00:49:22

tens of thousands of years; the outer boundaries of the cloud

00:49:26

are considered spheres hylo or sphere of

00:49:29

gravitational influence of the sun its

00:49:32

radius is approximately one light

00:49:35

year the orbit of Sedna is so elongated that

00:49:39

during its flight through the solar

00:49:41

system it crosses the entire region of the

00:49:44

scattered disk approaching the

00:49:46

internal boundaries of the oort cloud

00:49:49

some scientists believe that this

00:49:52

object is too far from the

00:49:54

main planets of the solar system and their

00:49:57

gravitational influence can be considered

00:49:59

negligible; besides, according to

00:50:02

calculations, Sedna never came

00:50:05

close enough to Neptune for it to

00:50:08

change its orbit; according to these signs, the

00:50:13

oort cloud is visible much closer to the objects, although most of its orbit

00:50:16

lies inside the scattered disk due to its

00:50:20

remoteness and little has been studied about

00:50:23

Sedna, there are theories that require

00:50:26

further confirmation;

00:50:28

modeling of the

00:50:31

radioactive decay process shows the

00:50:33

possibility of the presence of a liquid ocean

00:50:35

inside the planetoid;

00:50:37

calculations of the trajectories of several

00:50:40

trans-Neptunian objects with elongated

00:50:42

orbits, including Sedna,

00:50:45

suggest the existence of an undiscovered

00:50:47

massive object outside the

00:50:50

Kuiper belt; information is currently being collected

00:50:53

that will help confirm

00:50:55

or refute these assumptions

00:50:59

despite the fact that Sedna is included in the

00:51:04

NASA solar system research program in the coming decades,

00:51:07

no apparatus will approach it, probably

00:51:10

when the distance between the dwarf

00:51:12

planet and the earth is significantly reduced,

00:51:15

this issue will be resolved even though Sedna

00:51:19

is a very distant celestial body in There are

00:51:21

also much more

00:51:24

distant objects in the solar system, such as object 2018 hey g37,

00:51:30

also known as fa fa out, was

00:51:34

discovered at a distance of 132

00:51:36

astronomical units from the sun and

00:51:38

is the farthest directly

00:51:41

observable object in the solar system,

00:51:44

while many celestial bodies have already been discovered

00:51:47

in their orbital motion.

00:51:50

move away from the sun much further,

00:51:53

for example, comet 1992 j1, discovered in

00:51:59

1992 by David Rabinovich, has an

00:52:02

ophelia of 3650 astronomical units for

00:52:07

such an orbit, the period of complete revolution

00:52:10

should be about 78 thousand years,

00:52:13

many similar comets with elongated

00:52:16

orbits with a huge orbital period have

00:52:19

not yet been discovered and are waiting for their

00:52:21

discoverers

00:52:22

who knows, maybe some of you

00:52:26

will be able to do it, the

00:52:35

first space object discovered

00:52:38

outside the orbit of Neptune

00:52:40

became Pluto, this happened 90 years ago back

00:52:44

in 1930, unfortunately at that

00:52:49

time technology did not allow

00:52:50

detecting dim objects at long

00:52:53

distances, so the next discovery

00:52:55

had to be wait 47 long years in 1978,

00:53:01

Charon was discovered

00:53:03

and in 1992 Albion 1 an asteroid

00:53:08

beyond the orbit of pluto The 90s were

00:53:12

marked by a chain of discoveries of

00:53:15

trans-Neptunian celestial bodies, but the

00:53:18

real boom in the study of the far part of the

00:53:20

solar system occurred at the beginning of the 21st

00:53:24

century, it was then that the famous team of

00:53:27

researchers in composed of Michael Brown,

00:53:29

David Rabinovich and Chadwick Trujillo,

00:53:32

discovered the most famous space

00:53:35

objects beyond the orbit of Neptune; in

00:53:38

this list, an important place was occupied by an

00:53:42

object designated as

00:53:44

2005 F WAY 9, subsequently it received

00:53:48

the name makey makey, the dwarf

00:53:52

planet was first noticed in photographs on March 31,

00:53:56

2005,

00:53:57

and the general public learned about the new

00:54:00

celestial body on

00:54:01

July 29 of the same year, during the

00:54:04

official statement of the research

00:54:06

group at the time of discovery, the planetoid was

00:54:09

only slightly dimmer than pluto and was located

00:54:12

noticeably above the ecliptic plane in the

00:54:15

area of the constellation Hair Berenices. At

00:54:19

present, the orbit of makey makey has been

00:54:21

studied in detail using archival photographs;

00:54:24

its eccentricity is small and is

00:54:27

zero point one hundred and sixty-two thousandths, the

00:54:30

angle between the orbit of the planetoid and the

00:54:33

ecliptic plane is 29 degrees, and this

00:54:37

explains why such a bright and large

00:54:39

object had not previously been discovered. The

00:54:42

authors of the first studies

00:54:44

concentrated their searches in the

00:54:47

ecliptic plane, believing that there the probability of

00:54:50

discovering new celestial bodies is

00:54:52

higher at this time. the planetoid was at

00:54:55

the top of its orbit outside the field

00:54:58

of view of scientists

00:55:00

makey makey makes a full revolution around the

00:55:03

center of the system in three hundred and six years and is

00:55:07

currently located at a distance of

00:55:09

about fifty-two and a half

00:55:11

astronomical units from the sun,

00:55:13

the planetoid will reach Ophelia in 2033 at

00:55:18

this moment from the mother star it

00:55:21

will be separated by fifty-two point

00:55:23

eighty-two hundredths of an astronomical

00:55:25

unit having passed the farthest point of the orbit

00:55:29

makey makey will begin to approach the sun

00:55:31

and reach perihelion in the year two thousand one

00:55:34

hundred eighty-seven at this point of the

00:55:37

orbit the distance to the center of the solar

00:55:40

system will be 38

00:55:42

astronomical units at the moment of

00:55:45

closest approach the brightness

00:55:47

of the dwarf the planet is almost equal to

00:55:49

Pluto and which will allow us to obtain more

00:55:52

detailed data about it based on

00:55:56

orbital parameters, this dwarf planet

00:55:58

belongs to the so-called classical

00:56:01

object of the Kuiper belt or Kyuubi-Wan,

00:56:05

unlike the flesh on those located with

00:56:08

Neptune in the orbital resonance of

00:56:10

Obi-Wan, it is located quite far

00:56:12

from the icy giant, therefore, its

00:56:15

gravitational influence can be considered

00:56:18

insignificant On

00:56:20

April 23, 2011,

00:56:23

Makemake covered with its disk a dim

00:56:26

star in the constellation Coma Berenices, this

00:56:30

eclipse made it possible to quite accurately

00:56:32

determine the size of the planetoid; its

00:56:35

equatorial diameter turned out to be equal to one

00:56:37

and a half thousand kilometers and the polar one was

00:56:41

1430 kilometers, which is about

00:56:44

sixty-two percent of the diameter

00:56:46

Pluton thus makey makey

00:56:49

is the fourth largest

00:56:51

trans-Neptunian object after Pluto and

00:56:54

Eris

00:56:55

and Haumea, however it can be supplanted by the

00:56:57

dwarf planet candidate gungun

00:57:00

whose parameters have not yet been fully

00:57:02

determined

00:57:04

makey makey

00:57:08

its average density

00:57:11

is approximately one point seven

00:57:13

grams per cubic centimeter, which is slightly

00:57:16

lower than that of Pluto, and based on

00:57:19

these data, a

00:57:21

rough calculation can be made according to which the mass of the

00:57:24

dwarf planet is

00:57:25

approximately 3 times 10 to the

00:57:28

twenty-first power of kilograms or

00:57:31

4 percent of the mass of the moon, the rotation period

00:57:36

of the planetoid is about twenty-

00:57:38

two and a half hours, which quite

00:57:41

a lot for a dwarf planet

00:57:43

it is known that makey makey is located towards the

00:57:45

earth with its equator, but the inclination of its own

00:57:48

axis to the orbital plane is still unknown

00:57:53

makey makey is quite a bright object, its

00:57:58

average reflectance is

00:58:00

about 0.8. The

00:58:02

first spectral study

00:58:04

showed that the surface of the planetoid

00:58:07

is non-uniform,

00:58:08

most of it has high

00:58:10

reflectivity reaching 90

00:58:13

percent; however, up to seven percent of the

00:58:16

dwarf planets are occupied by dark

00:58:18

spots that absorb up to 98 percent of the

00:58:21

light incident on them. It is assumed

00:58:24

that they represent areas of the

00:58:26

surface consisting of rocky

00:58:28

rocks of the planetoid itself; however,

00:58:33

later observations made by the

00:58:37

Galileo national telescope showed that the surface of

00:58:39

Makemake is quite homogeneous the

00:58:43

previously noticed dark spots may be an

00:58:45

observational error or an unknown satellite

00:58:48

flying over the surface of the dwarf

00:58:50

planet; in order to finally

00:58:53

resolve this issue,

00:58:54

further research is required;

00:58:58

according to observations, analysis of the spectrum, it

00:59:01

is known that the surface of Makemake has a

00:59:04

bright color close to the color of pluto;

00:59:08

it mainly consists of methane;

00:59:10

this is it and very small amounts of

00:59:12

nitrogen, prolonged exposure to powerful

00:59:16

ultraviolet rays presumably

00:59:19

led to the formation of complex

00:59:22

hydrocarbon polymers containing nitrogen that

00:59:25

give methane to you in the snow on the

00:59:28

surface of the trans-Neptunian object of

00:59:30

scarlet color at the moment the estimated

00:59:35

temperature on the surface makey makey

00:59:37

is about 29 kelvins or minus

00:59:41

240 4 degrees Celsius at the nearest

00:59:45

points of the orbit it will increase slightly and

00:59:47

can reach 34 kelvins or -200

00:59:51

39 degrees Celsius, given that the

00:59:55

melting point of nitrogen and methane is

00:59:57

much higher, we can conclude that the

01:00:01

surface of the planetoid should be

01:00:03

covered with bright red methane snow with

01:00:06

impurities that nitrogen and valleys,

01:00:10

and observation calculations show that

01:00:12

methane on the surface of makey makey

01:00:14

crystallize rowan in the form of large grains

01:00:17

of the order of one centimeter in size, while

01:00:20

ethane is a grain with a

01:00:22

diameter of about a millimeter

01:00:24

filling smaller gaps, it

01:00:29

is natural that at such a low

01:00:31

temperature the atmosphere of makey makey is extremely

01:00:34

rarefied gas density the

01:00:37

surface of the planetoid itself is about a

01:00:39

billion times smaller than on earth, even an

01:00:43

increase in temperature when approaching

01:00:45

the sun is not able to melt the eternal ice

01:00:48

covering the surface of dwarf

01:00:50

planets due to the high albedo,

01:00:54

most of the solar energy falling on the

01:00:56

surface of the planet is reflected back into

01:00:59

outer space for a long time

01:01:03

it was believed that makey makey does not have

01:01:05

satellites; however, in 2015, a group of

01:01:10

American researchers discovered a

01:01:11

celestial body orbiting around a

01:01:14

planetoid; at the same time, its main parameters were measured; the

01:01:19

object has not yet received its own

01:01:22

name and is known in official catalogs

01:01:24

as since 2015; the satellite also received the

01:01:29

informal designation m key2;

01:01:32

it is not big and a dark celestial body

01:01:36

it reflects about seven percent of the

01:01:39

light incident on it and has a diameter

01:01:42

of 90 to 200 kilometers, the

01:01:45

radius of the satellite’s orbit is at

01:01:48

least 21 thousand kilometers and the orbital period is

01:01:52

about twelve Earth days. It is

01:01:55

assumed that m kei2 consists of the

01:01:59

same rocks as makey makey

01:02:00

however the sun's rays gradually

01:02:03

steamed out of the layer of methane snow covering it,

01:02:07

and the weak gravity of the satellite could not

01:02:09

hold gas molecules near the surface;

01:02:12

this is a very slow process that takes

01:02:15

billions of years; the

01:02:17

anomalously long period of rotation of makey

01:02:20

makey around its own axis

01:02:23

suggests the existence of

01:02:25

at least one more large satellite of this dwarf planet

01:02:29

but at the moment it has not been possible to detect it;

01:02:32

currently makey makey

01:02:36

is located almost at the farthest

01:02:39

point of the orbit,

01:02:40

which significantly complicates its

01:02:42

study; however, launching an interplanetary

01:02:46

research probe in the near

01:02:48

future is hardly advisable;

01:02:50

calculations show that the duration of

01:02:52

such a flight, taking into account the gravitational

01:02:55

maneuver at Jupiter,

01:02:57

should be about 16 years in just a

01:03:01

century and a half seconds by the standards of

01:03:04

the universe makey makey will become closer to us

01:03:07

than pluto

01:03:08

it will not soon reveal its secrets but

01:03:12

you can be sure

01:03:14

sooner or later this will happen

01:03:25

as a rule celestial bodies with

01:03:28

such properties are

01:03:29

classified as interstellar objects in

01:03:33

most cases they are not connected by

01:03:34

gravitational forces with any star,

01:03:38

such space wanderers, in theory,

01:03:41

can form in the asteroid belts of

01:03:43

other stellar systems and then, due to

01:03:46

collisions with larger objects,

01:03:48

change their orbit and leave the boundaries of their

01:03:51

native systems. For example, there is exactly the same

01:03:55

mechanism for the formation of interstellar

01:03:57

objects. in our system, a

01:03:59

significant part of the celestial bodies from the

01:04:02

Oort cloud or the Kuiper belt eventually

01:04:05

enters interstellar space,

01:04:08

given this hypothesis, it can be assumed

01:04:11

that in our system there is a much

01:04:13

larger number of objects arriving from the distant edges of

01:04:16

space than previously thought,

01:04:20

for example, in rare cases, interstellar

01:04:23

wanderers can be captured by

01:04:25

the gravity of a larger celestial body

01:04:27

and transferred by the gravity of the sun to a

01:04:30

heliocentric orbit,

01:04:32

and the only nearby planets that

01:04:35

have sufficient mass to

01:04:37

carry out such a capture are Jupiter,

01:04:40

and it is next to it that one

01:04:43

of the most unusual short periodic

01:04:46

comets that we have ever been able to

01:04:48

discover in solar system, this

01:04:52

object was named comet Mag

01:04:55

Holtz 1 and its discovery was

01:04:58

made on May 12, 1986 and the most

01:05:04

unique thing in this celestial matter is

01:05:06

its unusual characteristics: the comet

01:05:09

has a highly elongated orbit

01:05:11

due to which it approaches the sun

01:05:14

at zero point one hundred twenty-three thousandths of an

01:05:16

astronomical unit that is two and a

01:05:19

half times less than the perhelion of Mercury;

01:05:22

in addition, it also has an extremely

01:05:25

unusual chemical composition and contains

01:05:28

seventy-two times less cyan than

01:05:30

ordinary comets; these properties allow

01:05:33

astronomers to assume that Comet Mag

01:05:36

Holtz was born far beyond

01:05:38

our system and being captured by

01:05:41

the gravity of Jupiter was indeed

01:05:44

transferred to a heliocentric orbit,

01:05:47

however, comet Mag Holtz is just a

01:05:51

hypothetical world, a stellar wanderer, it is almost

01:05:55

impossible to find out the origin of which today it is almost impossible,

01:05:58

but among the thousands of comets and asteroids known to us,

01:06:00

science also knows such celestial

01:06:03

bodies that arrived in our system

01:06:06

relatively recently, and one of them

01:06:09

is a comet Borisov, this object

01:06:13

is not gravitationally bound by the sun

01:06:16

and moves through our system at a speed of

01:06:18

30 kilometers per second,

01:06:20

the path along which comet

01:06:23

Borisov moves most likely began in the

01:06:25

constellation Cassiopeia

01:06:26

near the border with the constellation Perseus;

01:06:32

several cosmic points claim the role of the mother star systems of the comet at once

01:06:34

1,573

01:06:37

jijij 43 84 and hd 340 327

01:06:43

if we talk about the characteristics of the

01:06:45

comet that we were able to find out, then the

01:06:48

diameter of the object is 20 kilometers

01:06:51

orbit is hyperbolic, the spectrum of the

01:06:55

comet is very similar to the spectrum of

01:06:57

most other comets of the solar

01:06:59

system, observation of this celestial

01:07:02

body is still continuing at the

01:07:05

beginning March 2020, astronomers from the

01:07:09

OJL project noticed

01:07:12

two successive flares on Comet Borisov; these

01:07:15

processes indicate that an

01:07:17

explosion occurred inside the comet, as a result of

01:07:19

which a large fragment was ejected;

01:07:22

however, the further fate of the resulting

01:07:25

element is unknown to us, but even despite

01:07:29

all the uniqueness of Comet Borisov, the

01:07:31

existence of similar celestial bodies, it

01:07:34

is quite predictable and sooner or later an

01:07:39

object of this type should have passed through our system;

01:07:41

however, the same cannot be said about the

01:07:44

following celestial body, namely the

01:07:48

first discovered interstellar asteroid

01:07:51

called a mua mua, its discovery

01:07:55

was made on October 19, 2017

01:07:58

by the Canadian to astronomers Robert W Eric,

01:08:01

when the asteroid was at a distance of

01:08:02

30 million kilometers from our planet,

01:08:06

mua mua was initially mistaken for a

01:08:09

comet, but after some time the

01:08:11

celestial body was assigned to a new class

01:08:13

called hyperbolic asteroids, most

01:08:18

likely the object

01:08:21

was initially in the vicinity of the star Vega

01:08:23

and then began to move along

01:08:25

hyperbolic trajectory at a speed of

01:08:27

26 kilometers per second towards

01:08:31

our system, while science does not

01:08:34

know exactly how long, but mua mua is in

01:08:37

interstellar space and the solar

01:08:40

system is possibly 1 planetary system

01:08:42

through which the asteroid flew after the

01:08:45

ejection and its parent system it is

01:08:48

believed that the object is predominantly

01:08:51

consists of a stone

01:08:52

and its diameter is estimated at about 200

01:08:55

meters, this asteroid is a

01:08:58

highly elongated object that

01:09:00

can be called one of the most

01:09:02

elongated celestial bodies in the solar

01:09:04

system, and according to astronomers David

01:09:07

Joe, it is its shape that arouses the

01:09:10

main interest among scientists since the

01:09:13

celestial body having such a structure

01:09:16

must have been formed either as a

01:09:18

result of a destructive event

01:09:20

or artificially, for example, Momot

01:09:25

could once have been a

01:09:26

fragment of a protoplanetary body that

01:09:29

passed too close to the host star and

01:09:32

was torn apart by tidal

01:09:34

forces, and the results of computer

01:09:36

modeling of such events showed

01:09:39

that if a large celestial body is

01:09:42

within several hundred thousand

01:09:44

kilometers from its star, it

01:09:46

can actually collapse and, under the

01:09:48

influence of stellar flows, disintegrate

01:09:51

into very elongated fragments

01:09:53

with sufficient

01:09:54

magical energy to escape from

01:09:56

its system. It is assumed that this

01:09:59

event occurred approximately 45 million

01:10:01

years ago at In this regard, some scientists have

01:10:05

suggested

01:10:07

that this object, in theory, could

01:10:09

be an alien spaceship,

01:10:12

but to the great regret

01:10:14

of futurologists, in mid-2019,

01:10:17

astronomers finally put an end to

01:10:20

this issue and proved that we do not have any

01:10:22

evidence in favor of an artificial

01:10:24

origin about the mother at

01:10:28

the moment the asteroid leaves the

01:10:30

solar system and moves

01:10:32

towards the constellation Pegasus, the speed of

01:10:35

its removal from the sun turned out to be

01:10:37

slightly higher than predicted

01:10:38

based on the laws of celestial mechanics and on

01:10:42

June 1, 2018, the speed of the object

01:10:45

was about 30 1.6 kilometers per

01:10:49

second; in addition,

01:10:50

there is a hypothetical

01:10:53

possibility of sending mission to this

01:10:55

asteroid, which would allow us to

01:10:58

study its properties in more detail, but due to the

01:11:01

fact that the mother has too high a

01:11:04

speed, none of the currently existing

01:11:07

devices will be able to catch up with it; in theory,

01:11:11

approaching the asteroid will only be possible

01:11:13

with the help of a gravitational maneuver

01:11:15

at Jupiter and the use of the

01:11:18

Bertha effect, which will significantly increase

01:11:21

the speed of the engines. In addition, for this

01:11:24

purpose, scientists are also considering more

01:11:27

advanced options for the example of

01:11:29

using a laser sailing

01:11:31

engine based on

01:11:33

break true star shop technology.

01:11:35

However, it is worth considering that the main

01:11:38

problem in such missions will be

01:11:40

that we need will

01:11:42

reach the asteroid in the shortest time and at the same time

01:11:45

be able to obtain

01:11:47

useful scientific information, but if

01:11:51

it is accelerated to too high

01:11:53

a speed, it will not be able to get into orbit

01:11:55

and mua mua and will simply fly past it and

01:11:58

at the moment an attempt to study the

01:12:01

asteroid using

01:12:03

spacecraft remains only theories,

01:12:08

but if one of these missions ever

01:12:13

happens, it is difficult to imagine what

01:12:15

secrets such a celestial body may hide,

01:12:18

after all, having traveled millions of kilometers,

01:12:21

objects like ooo mua mua can

01:12:25

reveal to us a lot of useful information and

01:12:28

no one knows exactly the imprints of what

01:12:31

events they can to bear in

01:12:34

addition, interstellar travelers, in

01:12:38

theory, may turn out to be excellent

01:12:40

carriers of

01:12:41

types of matter unknown to us, and if

01:12:44

a person ever manages to visit

01:12:47

the surface of one of them, it is

01:12:49

likely that such a mission will give us

01:12:52

answers to many questions about these

01:12:54

mysterious celestial bodies of

01:12:58

the place that we have managed visiting this is

01:13:02

only a small part of the whole variety of

01:13:04

space objects that we know,

01:13:06

if we ever manage

01:13:09

to explore them all, this list most

01:13:12

likely will not fit into more than 1

01:13:15

popular science film, however, only with

01:13:17

such small steps can we

01:13:19

form the most detailed map of the

01:13:22

nearest space and with the discovery With each

01:13:25

new celestial body, the picture of the universe

01:13:28

becomes more and more interesting for us

01:13:31

[music]

01:13:51

[music]

Description:

➥ Наш космический Telegram - https://t.me/kosmo_off ➥ Подпишись - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChfeK9NHpgHrO-4384Q9NjQ?sub_confirmation=1 ➥ Поддержать на Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@off_kosmo/join ➥ Поддержать на Boosty - https://boosty.to/off_kosmo ➥ Поддержать на Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/kosmo_off ➥ Мой VK - https://vk.com/off_kosmo ➥ Мой Instagram - https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser ➥ Группа Вк - https://vk.com/kosmo_official ➥ Наш второй канал - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnlNy4YSuOcs8Qy6kRoMFbw?sub_confirmation=1 ➥ Наш английский канал - https://www.youtube.com/kosmo_off ➥ Реклама, сотрудничество - [email protected] СМОТРИТЕ БОЛЬШЕ ВИДЕО: Космос ►https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZcsUsGMRuTdBlIyFl84t3i6cKrIsYp2m Все видео ►https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZcsUsGMRuTduSl0uWfqeow1kDpA-E69d Вселенная ►https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZcsUsGMRuTcwV2JRi3w4ccdxKYkGq5FA Илон Маск ►https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZcsUsGMRuTfKh2IW5Cls80YUHR6zUHx8 Солнечная система ►https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZcsUsGMRuTdFpmdou3c__U0hUuoXjK5P 0:00 Вступление 01:11 Реклама 02:12 Плутон 12:16 Харон 22:10 Орк 31:42 Эрида 42:15 Седна 52:35 Макемаке 01:03:23 Кометы

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