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Russian
00:00:01
[music]00:00:02
I love kitchens because they keep secrets00:00:06
sung by Viktor Tsoi, who began his Star00:00:08
Trek in the kitchen. In Soviet times, the00:00:11
kitchen was a temple of thought, after00:00:13
a couple of glasses, there were00:00:15
conversations about everything in the world, the most important00:00:18
hot and complex and slippery topics00:00:21
were discussed in the cigarette miracle Under the clinking00:00:23
of glasses, the authorities forbade us smoke, as well as00:00:26
the clinking of glasses, but they haven’t forbidden us to speak yet.00:00:28
So, otherwise, this kitchen00:00:31
remained the same one where two people00:00:33
soberly know how to have a solid memory and talk00:00:36
about the most interesting topics, this program 200:00:39
in your mind Carry out this an hour wisely and only00:00:43
Then, having entered into a discussion with pondering,00:00:53
the work that is usually called is00:00:56
called without considering philosophy00:01:03
Yes, you felt the difference Because the00:01:07
work if the work is called simply without00:01:10
considering philosophy is a00:01:12
stone in the garden of all philosophers00:01:14
at the same time Well, a stone in the garden of Marx00:01:16
was such a professor Vysheslavtsev who00:01:19
in in the twenty-second year among those expelled.00:01:22
So, during the Second World00:01:25
War,00:01:27
one of the two Russian philosophers collaborated with Himmler’s department, and00:01:32
so he wrote a book00:01:35
called the philosophical poverty of Marxism,00:01:37
where he tries to play on this, although in00:01:39
fact it is Marx he is talking about00:01:43
pond He was one of the leaders As you00:01:46
know00:01:47
[music] of the00:01:48
labor movement, moreover, Max00:01:51
put forward they for some time00:01:55
in parallel00:01:57
Yes, but00:01:59
pond he put forward the idea00:02:03
that property is theft,00:02:05
that is, alienation is the reason for the00:02:07
alienation of property00:02:10
he is forced, a worker having nothing is00:02:13
forced to go use alienate00:02:16
his labor alienate his work00:02:20
give or Well, roughly speaking, he himself00:02:22
alienates his labor, look what an00:02:25
interesting thing, what is alienation from a00:02:28
legal point of view, this is00:02:29
purchase and sale Yes, actually, you give me a cup,00:02:31
you give me money, roughly speaking, I’m in your corner00:02:35
That is I alienate myself in the corner that00:02:38
belongs to me00:02:40
and it is assumed that the00:02:43
alienation of labor I alienate my labor in00:02:46
favor of the capitalist is the employer and00:02:51
the employer,00:02:54
strictly speaking, the position from this position00:02:56
was00:02:58
originally built by Marx, too, on it,00:03:01
here is the manuscript for 44 years, he is in this position00:03:05
and Then he begins to find out why00:03:09
this is happening, he begins to count and00:03:12
it turns out that look, that’s why00:03:15
some additional appears. After00:03:20
all, if I worked so hard,00:03:24
I gave you this much, if we had an00:03:26
equivalent exchange, then we, accordingly,00:03:30
But all this profit is impossible because00:03:33
profit is impossible because you00:03:35
paid me exactly that much how much did I make,00:03:37
where does the profit come from what it turns out is that00:03:39
they take more, they pay us less, it00:03:43
costs us more, this is what Proudhon’s idea00:03:46
was, and in 1947, that00:03:49
means Marx wrote this article. I00:03:52
mean, well, like a brochure in which he00:03:56
criticizes the pond for this position,00:03:58
what was the idea of the ponds, was pondered by it, is00:04:00
that there is not an00:04:02
equivalent exchange taking place. That is, you00:04:04
buy labor from me at a cheap price,00:04:06
which means00:04:12
the salary accordingly. Absolutely true to the pond, he was00:04:14
the leader. Well, actually, the pond stood at00:04:18
the base, you can say00:04:20
the movement was00:04:36
never thought of00:04:39
shrout labor they sell, of course,00:04:42
this is Trade Union, this is an association of00:04:46
individual sellers, so to speak,00:04:49
I can’t I can’t say a word about the00:04:53
sale of labor because it contradicts00:04:56
my views, but00:04:58
it was believed that it was so, but at the level00:05:00
of the obvious, we all gathered and concluded a00:05:02
collective agreement, according to which00:05:06
we are all ready to sell ours00:05:08
difficulties for some money on some00:05:10
conditions and if there is a violation, then we00:05:13
will all fight against it together, the00:05:16
French syndicates left on the same00:05:18
principle. And with labor, as it were, he was00:05:20
the ideologist of this and he said that yes, we are00:05:24
not paid extra, we must fight for00:05:27
fair wages00:05:31
like that And so00:05:35
they begin, they fight for it, but Marx00:05:38
calculated He sat there for 44 years, he00:05:42
thought there quite a lot And so he00:05:45
actually wrote that look what00:05:47
happens If I deceived an employee I00:05:51
paid the employee Less means when I00:05:55
buy something from another capitalist He00:05:57
deceived me That is, if everyone00:05:59
carries out non-equivalent00:06:02
exchange with each other, then everyone remains at their own at zero, it’s00:06:07
unclear where it comes from anyway, no matter00:06:10
how the source of profit is not understood, someone00:06:13
smarter than others the00:06:16
system would not work like that, in short, Marx00:06:20
says that is00:06:23
located in another place, but profit00:06:26
arises for a different reason,00:06:30
he proceeds from the fact that profit arises00:06:32
for a different reason, and in 1948 he00:06:35
developed a hypothesis regarding the fact that the00:06:37
worker sells to the capitalist not labor, but00:06:41
labor power, and this is fundamentally important00:06:43
because power is an opportunity, just like the00:06:46
capitalists organizing this opportunity00:06:48
is another question, but labor is00:06:51
worth its money and its cost is00:06:53
not based on how many workers it00:06:56
produces, but on how many workers00:06:58
need to return to00:07:00
work tomorrow to send their children to school there, if00:07:03
they study there, it means feeding the family, and00:07:06
so on That is, these are two different goods00:07:09
[music]00:07:21
should be due to how much it costs00:07:24
what he produced and how much00:07:26
he needs to live, and this is, in general,00:07:30
Marx’s discovery, this is the cost of00:07:32
labor,00:07:34
and if he makes 3 rub00:07:41
Well, that means they simply won’t hire him, but00:07:43
Marx, by the way, is often00:07:47
called an accountant, they say that00:07:50
when Bismarck was asked about Mars, he said,00:07:53
but we are looking closely at this accountant,00:07:55
why did he call him an accountant? Many people00:07:57
think that he is an accountant. By the way, another00:07:59
joke in Odessa it means the boy comes00:08:03
home and says mom, who is Karl00:08:06
Marx,00:08:07
mom says, well, Karl Marx is an00:08:09
economist like ours Aunt Sonya No, what are00:08:13
you saying today, the elders00:08:17
considered him an economist, an accountant, some people00:08:19
think that with this money, Marx is, as it00:08:22
were, teaching capitalism correctly, he00:08:27
used why he wrote so slowly, he00:08:30
used a huge amount of factual00:08:31
material, and in particular, one of the arrays,00:08:34
so to speak, of the reference reference base,00:08:37
he had reports from British labor inspectors,00:08:43
which described child labor,00:08:48
which described female labor, which00:08:51
described overtime work if the00:08:53
worker does not earn enough to earn00:08:56
3 rubles for 8 hours means he will00:08:58
work 12 hours Yes, and he will earn another00:09:02
50 rubles, so what’s the matter here? He’s00:09:07
just enough. I’m already00:09:10
being sent to capital; he describes in sufficient detail the00:09:12
mechanics of purchasing labor;00:09:15
he writes a very interesting thing. in the00:09:21
end, when we are already00:09:24
slowly approaching capital, by the way, here is the manifesto of the00:09:26
Communist Party, written after00:09:29
Proudovan, after something of philosophy And00:09:33
there it begins to sufficiently00:09:36
develop this idea, that is, the ideas of,00:09:38
firstly, the natural historical00:09:39
process, and secondly, ideas associated with00:09:41
class with classes, that the process is00:09:44
historical process a natural00:09:46
process according to certain developments00:09:48
an idea associated with classes an idea associated with00:09:52
he borrows it. He does not say that I00:09:56
came up with an idea that is associated precisely with the00:10:00
bourgeois proletarians, yes, that is,00:10:03
there are hired workers who00:10:07
have nothing except their00:10:08
own labor power of their00:10:10
working hands so he’s trying to look00:10:13
there, do something like say a00:10:17
forecast for the future there, what the communists can do,00:10:20
he raises there, by the way, the00:10:22
women’s issue is very very interesting, he00:10:24
understands the question, they still look, they00:10:27
read the word community of wives, class of00:10:30
society, porn has gone and Let’s00:10:32
watch, Yes, nothing like that, he00:10:35
says the communists are accused of00:10:37
wanting to introduce the community of the Lord's wife,00:10:39
in fact, your community is yours00:10:42
because each of you dreams of00:10:45
seducing the wife of your neighbor, a00:10:48
feeling of Valor because you00:10:50
treat women as a commodity, by the way, a00:10:52
well-known phrase A ghost is wandering around Europe00:10:54
This is also very interesting that's00:10:57
how ordinary consciousness00:10:59
turns upside down even real things00:11:01
that you can just take a sheet of paper, just00:11:04
take a book, open it and00:11:06
read it carefully from us.00:11:08
Nobody wants to read carefully. A ghost is wandering around Europe. The ghost of00:11:10
communism, all the forces of old00:11:12
Europe have united for the Holy persecution of00:11:15
this ghost, the Pope and the Tsar, the00:11:18
meter and Guizo French radicals and00:11:22
German police somewhere is an00:11:23
opposition party which its00:11:25
opponents in power would not leave.00:11:27
Communist somewhere is an opposition00:11:29
party which in turn would not hurl00:11:31
stigmatizing accusations of communism both by the00:11:34
more advanced representative of the opposition00:11:36
and by its reactionary opponent two00:11:39
conclusions follow from of this fact, communism00:11:41
is already recognized by the power of the family by the European00:11:44
forces and for the second time it is time for the communists to00:11:48
openly express their views, their aspirations, in front of the whole world00:11:50
and counter the fairy tales about the00:11:53
ghost of communism with00:11:55
a manifesto - the party itself, that is, Marx00:11:57
says that the Ghost of communism is00:11:59
not his, these are fairy tales that are told00:12:02
opponents00:12:04
feel felt the difference00:12:07
completely different completely differently00:12:10
the phrase played is how they are trying00:12:14
to show absolutely communism in order00:12:17
to persecute it there is such a ghost00:12:19
that now a beech beech will come and00:12:22
scare everyone in general it’s like we’ve00:12:25
all forgotten how to read normally Yes00:12:27
longread we don’t like capital It’s00:12:29
super long and that’s why we want00:12:33
a light one from the picture The ghost is00:12:34
cooler Yes there it’s generally00:12:37
so trendy interesting It all means00:12:40
Marx was the Ghost of communism and they scared him there00:12:42
There and so on that’s what we’re00:12:46
talking about That’s for sure so here, too,00:12:49
many things that we are accustomed to00:12:51
quoting. They generally sound completely00:12:53
different in00:12:57
the consciousness of people, but on the contrary, and we are00:13:01
missing the word00:13:02
social being that determines their00:13:05
creation. Yes, we are missing that we00:13:07
get something00:13:10
different in the social. Exactly true00:13:13
being.00:13:19
Pedagogical joke is the00:13:23
same the most Yes, therefore,00:13:26
then, in fact, starting00:13:30
after 48, Marx developed00:13:33
quite consistently00:13:36
three directions. Three sources, like00:13:40
Lenin had three directions, three00:13:42
directions of research; firstly, he00:13:44
explores00:13:45
human society as a whole00:13:47
because he assumes that the00:13:50
History of mankind and00:13:52
represents a certain natural process00:13:57
like evolution, a little differently,00:14:00
on the one hand, on the other hand, this is00:14:04
political economy. That is, he is trying to understand00:14:09
how what happened00:14:13
and how long this what is will00:14:15
exist, what is the importance of this whole00:14:19
matter? Well, the third position is how what00:14:22
the society will look like00:14:25
after this society reaches00:14:28
its historical boundaries, look if00:14:31
we consider the natural00:14:33
historical process, it means there is nothing established in it,00:14:36
nothing eternal, and what00:14:39
now exists once arose and will someday00:14:42
cease to exist, and Marx to00:14:45
this it fits the question absolutely, as00:14:47
researchers do, he says that yes,00:14:49
there is a historical boundary to the00:14:52
modern form of society,00:14:55
this historical boundary must00:14:58
occur under certain00:15:00
circumstances, that is, there are necessary00:15:03
conditions. There are sufficient conditions. But sooner00:15:05
or later this will change three subjects,00:15:08
he has the subject of human society00:15:09
as a whole, like this historical, he has00:15:12
amazing historical extracts, and00:15:15
now few people get to look at them.00:15:18
Yes, actually, even if we00:15:20
look at his dissertation, he00:15:22
dug very deeply when we looked at the letter to his father,00:15:25
there he writes. I’ve00:15:27
re-read Plutarch there in the last month.00:15:30
this is also in the00:15:32
original languages, in general, that is, he00:15:34
reads in Ancient Greek in Latin,00:15:37
reads the person had generally a00:15:40
colossal ability to work, so00:15:42
these historical studies, so to speak,00:15:44
are like different optics. Yes,00:15:48
now it’s fashionable to talk about optics, that is,00:15:50
we pulled out the cameras and looked, so here it is00:15:53
all of humanity, humanity00:15:56
has developed, this is the Stage00:15:58
of development, this is the Stage of development, but00:16:00
modernity. Let's take a closer look at00:16:02
modernity and look. Yes, we were00:16:05
a little inspired to describe in great detail the00:16:08
process of primitive accumulation as the00:16:10
process of formation of capital, that is, this is a00:16:12
certain method of production in00:16:14
which there are00:16:16
certain mechanisms incentives00:16:18
certain conditions the condition is00:16:21
expropriation conditions, that is, they00:16:26
must alienate me, how is this alienation?00:16:28
In short, everything must be00:16:31
taken away from me in order for someone to go to00:16:33
work, or it must be taken away from my00:16:35
objects.00:16:37
This is the condition and we look at when this00:16:42
mechanism stops working and As00:16:44
soon as this mechanism begins to malfunction, we00:16:47
understand what it means: either it will go into00:16:50
disarray or stop, or somewhere00:16:53
it will change into some other quality.00:16:55
Therefore, I repeat the actual Three00:16:58
sources about which I wrote, or rather, I wrote00:17:01
not so much three sources as A00:17:03
composition of three-part ones parts Yes Three00:17:06
sources and three component parts are00:17:07
different things, they are not the same thing, the00:17:10
sources are the classical teachings of00:17:14
political economy, English, there is French00:17:17
Socialism of00:17:19
class and utopian Socialism,00:17:24
that is, look at the economy How00:17:27
society works00:17:29
Socialism is what it will be and00:17:31
French historians about how society00:17:34
developed, this is all,00:17:41
and accordingly, three parts are transformed in this,00:17:45
but these are not three00:17:47
components, these are just three subjects that00:17:49
were studied, here is the best subject, no,00:17:52
but this is not the Trinity, the very thing that is00:17:55
called the subject that we have and00:17:58
which is already in sufficient in a00:17:59
mature state, this is capitalism, the one who is00:18:02
in modern society, that is, it is00:18:04
mature enough for its essence to manifest itself,00:18:06
the future is not yet00:18:09
obvious at all, therefore we cannot00:18:11
essentially describe it, we can00:18:14
describe what it will not be in comparison00:18:17
with what it was and what it is desirable for00:18:20
it to be was what it could be and00:18:24
society as a whole, provided that you00:18:27
don’t put it in a good record, I’ll00:18:31
tell you a story, you know, there was such a00:18:32
San Saniyev, of course, so Zan-San00:18:36
Zinoviev is credited with many things00:18:38
that he did not do, he was a very00:18:40
controversial person but they say that,00:18:42
firstly, he published a wall newspaper with a gorgeously00:18:45
evil wall newspaper in which he looked at everyone there.00:18:47
Just as much as possible. And00:18:49
secondly, he collected and wrote00:18:53
philosophical ditties himself, for example there was such a00:18:56
philosophical ditty. Here I am lying on the stove, I00:18:59
remember Kant because without a candle can’t00:19:02
find a glass00:19:04
This is my millions to Feuerbach had a fight with00:19:07
Hegel he tore his jacket and hit00:19:09
me00:19:10
So about the ghost of communism00:19:14
there was such a ditty May he forgive me00:19:18
home An enema burst in my little one’s butt00:19:21
Walks wandering around Europe00:19:24
embodied00:19:49
and where did you see the straight line of history00:19:51
arbor Mundi doesn’t work there are no cuts00:19:54
no-no There’s no need to talk about the season, these00:19:57
post-modernist things are not necessary because there is00:20:00
no single center We are all a mycelium and not a00:20:04
tree Yes, I generally prefer to be00:20:06
a person and not a mycelium Yes, Lenin00:20:10
flu radio waves Just a reference to00:20:12
Ryazan, I don’t know, this is a reference to what I00:20:15
think I really don’t like this story00:20:19
Well, by the way, it00:20:23
was an opportunistic thing,00:20:26
by the way, it could be points before00:20:29
How it was00:20:33
debunked Yes, and Marx and Lenin are00:20:37
what you said from the very beginning that00:20:39
first we00:20:40
alienate one, then the second, then we get to Marx.00:20:43
And what basically00:20:46
happened to the people who were involved in the00:20:47
movement of Marxism? Yes, when00:20:49
it turned out that Lenin was a mushroom, roughly speaking,00:20:52
when there are no arguments, they start throwing00:20:57
semolina, let’s say this is what was00:21:00
happening. So, first of all,00:21:04
those who were involved professional00:21:06
philosophy I remember perhaps two00:21:09
people I can remember a lot I remember00:21:12
two people What is called the dead00:21:14
sides do not have let's start with00:21:17
Colonel General of the philosophical sciences00:21:21
alcoholic Dmitry alcohol00:21:25
absolutely and about Lenin I remember You00:21:29
see, when I served in the army I served in the00:21:32
army 78 to 80 for a year I was forced to read00:21:37
his books on00:21:39
ideological work in the army and00:21:42
party politics, following Lenin’s traditions and00:21:45
so on,00:21:47
and my last name is alcoholic. Well, like a00:21:51
sergeant who also had to00:21:52
check what his subordinates were writing, that is,00:21:56
there I was responsible for the notes of00:21:59
the party, what is it called political00:22:03
work Yes, I just00:22:06
didn’t like him then, well, because it was a00:22:09
source of extra work Yes,00:22:11
books in alcohol and then I was surprised00:22:14
to find out Yes, I come and apply to the00:22:17
philosophical committee, they find out that he00:22:18
ends up there Doctor of Philosophy, a00:22:20
famous character and then I find out that00:22:22
it turns out that Mars was also wrong,00:22:28
that is, amazing reversals, that00:22:32
is, amazing, you know, I generally go00:22:34
from the point of view that an adult00:22:37
who changed his position so much00:22:40
one of two things, either he was such a fool00:22:44
that he was so much mistaken, or he is00:22:48
not a fool at all, but simply - simply00:22:50
an opportunist and just simply00:22:53
switched Well then go he considers00:22:55
others fools00:22:57
But look here Mr. Volkogunov00:23:00
time many others But they saw the00:23:02
crumbling of ideas00:23:05
some idea they contributed to the collapse of the00:23:08
state they are ideas But it doesn’t00:23:11
work If in the Soviet Union in Cuba00:23:14
it doesn’t work then it doesn’t work00:23:16
it doesn’t work anywhere it works and that’s00:23:18
firstly And secondly you said it’s00:23:20
what ideas Marxism building00:23:24
socialism is Marxism is a00:23:27
concept Yes it’s a theoretical concept00:23:31
they’re an idea an00:23:32
idea is when you know an00:23:35
absolutely forgiven idea of00:23:38
it Marxism studies the development of society in a00:23:41
certain way, a definite position, a00:23:43
certain point of view on the path of00:23:45
development of society,00:23:47
I’ll tell you about the second one, but the second one was00:23:49
also quite an interesting character. It was00:23:52
Mikhail Trifonovich, in my opinion, that was his00:23:55
name, I Trifonovich Yavchuk, whom,00:23:58
by the way, Samsonovich Zinoviev bullied very much.00:24:02
his time when he00:24:05
drew the profile of a00:24:08
man like this, he was so sad,00:24:11
fat and this man He was a yavchuk he00:24:14
was one of the colleagues of so many00:24:17
books of academic publications on the history of00:24:21
philosophy there, connected specifically with Mars,00:24:24
they collected Marx’s work, the second00:24:26
edition, which is now considered,00:24:28
well, basic for citing there I also00:24:33
want to go there, I’m not sure, I have to look.00:24:35
So Zinoviev drew it, I wrote it, I’m a00:24:39
yavchuk, I’m a trampler, I’ll swallow it, so he00:24:43
branded everyone, he branded everyone, and then in 1900:24:47
80,00:24:49
no, the sixth year. Here I am in 85,00:24:54
in November, I got a fever, that’s where00:24:57
he was at the beginning00:24:58
and he says he gathered everyone and says00:25:03
who defended what diplomas what topic did he00:25:06
defend his diploma tell me,00:25:08
he says Well, I tell him that I defended a00:25:13
thesis on the topic internal source of00:25:15
development in Marx's Capital,00:25:17
he told me capital Marx This is a plus To00:25:21
you perfectum long past tense00:25:26
is necessary rebuild said I have already00:25:29
rebuilt00:25:30
quickly very quickly very quickly much00:25:34
in advance much earlier than many00:25:38
yes yes the instinct works but you understand what’s the00:25:41
matter This is one part of the people who00:25:43
studied00:25:45
Marx, that is, they quickly00:25:47
rebuilt00:25:48
more decent people00:25:52
Or00:25:54
they became their own business00:25:58
Not everyone studied Marx right,00:26:01
many people were doing00:26:05
something else, well, at least it00:26:08
wasn’t something that, you know, completely00:26:10
indecent, some of the people00:26:12
continued the research. For example,00:26:13
we will teach the leader Viktor Alekseevich00:26:20
was when00:26:23
in Soviet times he was considered some kind of00:26:26
non-00:26:27
perpendicular person. That is, he I didn’t00:26:29
go into these00:26:33
close, opportunistically correct topics, I didn’t00:26:37
take up and so on, I00:26:38
studied Marxism. Yes, he studied,00:26:41
he wrote a00:26:42
topic on Marx. Yes, he studied00:26:45
the work of Marx. And then when00:26:48
Perestroika began, at the moment when00:26:51
public consciousness was turned00:26:53
180 degrees, and this is a very diligent00:26:56
there was a process, in part, in part, it was,00:26:59
of course, spontaneous, in part, it was00:27:02
generally conscious. Well, that is, roughly00:27:04
speaking, those who believed the opposite won00:27:05
as their Victory progressed, the ship turned around. So00:27:08
at some point, at some point, it00:27:12
was ’89, he had an insane00:27:15
amount graduate students00:27:18
because he again became00:27:20
perpendicular only in the other00:27:22
direction in the other direction, although in00:27:24
fact he has extremely interesting00:27:26
research in which, firstly, he00:27:30
put forward a very interesting idea of early00:27:32
Socialist revolutions00:27:34
and at the same time he very clearly wrote What in00:27:37
general at all times the change in00:27:41
types of society did not happen directly.00:27:44
That is, today we have slavery,00:27:47
tomorrow feudalism, the day after tomorrow, capitalism.00:27:49
No, in many countries there was a rollback that00:27:52
actually happened when the00:27:55
Roman Empire was captured by the00:27:58
barbarians. At that time, a very00:28:01
interesting story was happening, which means these are the00:28:04
achievements of the Roman Empire, including by the00:28:06
way, remember were such columns, yes, that00:28:08
is, slaves were for freedmen who00:28:10
worked according to feudal principles yes yes yes00:28:14
yes absolutely right and then I came running to00:28:17
these military democracies, which means00:28:19
barbarians00:28:21
and in general they had,00:28:24
as it were at that time, it was actually00:28:27
not even you who owned slavery there was a00:28:30
disintegrating clan system when there00:28:32
was personal dependence, this is00:28:34
servitude, the system of00:28:37
serfdom. It00:28:40
is actually the result of the decomposition00:28:42
of slavery, it is the result of the00:28:45
decomposition of the clan system,00:28:47
another type of decomposition00:28:54
[music]00:29:05
means go voyulina, of course there are a00:29:10
lot of disputes around his legacy, but00:29:13
I’ll say it means that they carried In my opinion,00:29:17
very interesting things he says, firstly,00:29:20
look how interestingly he inherited Marx,00:29:23
he was the first book he wrote, the00:29:25
book00:29:27
was called the logic of capital, in which he00:29:31
put he compared, or rather, the00:29:35
development of Hegelian categories With the00:29:37
development of Marx’s Marx categories of00:29:40
political economy,00:29:43
he he proceeded from the following position, he00:29:46
said what does Hegel mean in his00:29:52
science of logic, he seemed to explore00:29:53
the development of thought, that is, thought moves from the00:29:57
surface, we see something00:29:58
directly given, we begin This is00:30:01
something directly given,00:30:03
analyze, examine, disassemble,00:30:05
look at how it works, that is, we00:30:08
move from the surface to the essence00:30:10
that is not directly given00:30:13
because, as Mark said, if the essence00:30:15
were given directly, it would not make00:30:18
any sense to perceive the essence,00:30:20
so we descend to the essence, we understand00:30:22
what underlies some processes and00:30:26
then we rise back to the00:30:27
surface, but this surface00:30:29
to us it is no longer a surface but a00:30:31
phenomenon because the essence appears in it,00:30:33
so when they say a phenomenon they don’t00:30:36
think about the phenomenon of what00:30:38
and then when we once correlate this00:30:41
phenomenon with the essence that00:30:44
underlies it, we are able to determine the00:30:47
variety of forms in00:30:49
which this essence manifests itself this00:30:52
reality is called the00:30:54
unity of phenomena and essence00:30:57
is called the reality of Hegel, it00:30:59
really is structured like this, that is,00:31:01
many different forms of social00:31:04
consciousness, many variants of00:31:06
human behavior, this is reality, but00:31:08
it is based on comparison. I00:31:12
repeat once again this is the process of cognition of00:31:14
human cognition which, by the way,00:31:17
occurs through practice means00:31:21
Absolutely right Why changes00:31:24
but the first one too because we cognize00:31:27
the essence we cognize it we analyze the00:31:29
highest form of human cognition00:31:32
is not analysis asynthesis generally00:31:34
speaking yes, that is, when we have analyzed it they00:31:37
become a phenomenon00:31:41
And if we know that something is ticking inside the clock00:31:43
This means we understand the actual00:31:45
state of affairs, we understand that in order00:31:48
for something to happen, something essentially has to happen, that’s why this is this,00:31:54
this is like a methodology, this method,00:31:57
if we compare it with Marx’s capital,00:32:01
we will see that Marx explores capital, but00:32:04
still forgets about what00:32:05
Marx explores and they say Well, in Capital Marx00:32:08
follows00:32:09
commodity production in Capital Marx00:32:12
follows capital Because that’s what the book is00:32:15
called and now you need to understand what00:32:17
capital is on the surface capital00:32:20
appears as a set of goods goods00:32:23
they are money goods00:32:26
that is goods00:32:29
represent is a kind of social00:32:31
wealth that turns. Here we00:32:34
see, each product has two00:32:37
characteristics, the first characteristic is00:32:40
its consumer qualities,00:32:42
use value, there is a dispute00:32:45
around this00:32:47
term.00:32:48
Use value in German00:32:51
is the same word and therefore00:32:53
Marx compares them, which means there are00:32:56
consumer qualities, but there is00:32:58
also one quality is the ability00:33:00
to exchange for something because the product00:33:02
was produced in order to satisfy00:33:03
not so much your needs as00:33:05
someone else’s. Because if00:33:08
it was used, then it is not a product, but00:33:10
only a product. It has a00:33:13
cost and a Use Value, and00:33:16
then we look at how it correlates from where00:33:19
the cost is taken Why are we changing one00:33:22
mug for three in the field of00:33:27
systems in which it will ultimately00:33:30
deteriorate faster? You correctly said00:33:34
it is more difficult to catch, that is, in fact,00:33:36
the cost of a product is determined by the00:33:39
amount of living labor labor force00:33:42
living labor already labor workers we00:33:46
have already done the labor already about labor is already functioning,00:33:48
labor has already taken place,00:33:51
force is one of the types of goods that00:33:53
has its own specifics, where00:33:55
it comes from and further. In the fifth chapter, he00:33:59
examines what labor is, he00:34:02
examines labor. It’s brilliant, if you’ve00:34:04
reached the fifth chapter, you’ll already understand a lot of things that are00:34:06
described there. labor is not00:34:09
important Even if he says we00:34:11
are considering without regard to where from00:34:12
where it occurs in a00:34:14
craftsman’s workshop in a factory or that means in a00:34:17
peasant’s home, labor is a00:34:20
purposeful activity that00:34:22
transforms an object of nature into some00:34:25
other object we need for what purposes,00:34:28
so he is considering there he00:34:31
has a concept there He takes Hegel's definition by the way00:34:33
there that labor if we00:34:37
consider it as a process this is00:34:38
anxiety hygile there is such a term00:34:41
anxiety formation And then when00:34:43
we have produced something here is our00:34:45
anxiety there as a resting property00:34:48
that is labor is something that by creating00:34:51
something specific, there is abstract00:34:53
labor that creates value because00:34:55
as soon as we realized that a00:34:57
certain value is being created, the problem00:35:00
is where this value00:35:01
is located in nature, these are the natural00:35:04
properties of the object and it came from somewhere,00:35:06
we came up with it ourselves. What if it00:35:08
came from somewhere. So there is some kind of00:35:10
objective fact, an objective criterion, he00:35:12
says that this is living human labor,00:35:14
labor is divided, this is00:35:17
English political economy, one of the00:35:19
sources of Marxism, this is also Adam Smith,00:35:22
labor is divided into a large number of00:35:26
operations. That is, when you work00:35:28
with an ax, this is not only you work And the one00:35:30
who made the ax handle and the ax, that is, the00:35:32
grasshopper works with you,00:35:35
taught you this whole business, yes, that is,00:35:38
the work is divided into many, many operations,00:35:40
we have a lot of chain of operations that00:35:42
pass each other and so on And00:35:45
this is the exchange he is in to a certain00:35:47
extent objective00:35:49
and that is, the attribution of the amount of labor00:35:52
has been established, this system of correlation is00:35:56
here he ends and says Okay.00:36:00
Now let's see where it comes from, there00:36:03
is money that is the00:36:04
equivalent, that is, it has the00:36:07
ability to change for everything. And actually,00:36:11
where does profit come from,00:36:14
there is a commodity that specially00:36:16
produces00:36:18
and now he finishes in production. Here is00:36:21
money and the transformation of money into capital, and00:36:25
at this moment the00:36:26
surface of capital or the so-00:36:28
called being ends and the essence begins; the00:36:31
actual essence of capital00:36:32
is considered as how capital00:36:34
itself functions, that is, precisely as capital and00:36:38
not as a separate entity labor labor power00:36:41
money something else That is, he00:36:43
says that Everything in our society00:36:45
is turned into capital labor is also00:36:48
capital Because they bought it from me, they bought it from00:36:52
me, they bought the goods that labor00:36:54
produces, that is, my labor power While00:36:55
I’m at the factory I’m to myself I don’t belong,00:36:58
there is a mechanism that additionally00:37:01
does something. And all this00:37:04
adds up.00:37:05
Well, there is a consideration of surplus00:37:08
value; surplus value, how it is00:37:10
alienated, on what basis it is00:37:12
alienated, why it forms the basis for the00:37:14
growth of capital; this, by the way, is still the00:37:16
surface;00:37:18
it is not real capital and there is a huge00:37:22
number of interesting things scattered00:37:24
about by Marx himself, you pose it sequentially, it00:37:27
sorts it out somewhat, it may seem00:37:30
boring But this is because the00:37:33
categorical structure is very complex and then in the00:37:35
next book this book was published in00:37:37
68 and in 75 a book was published which was00:37:40
called the formation of a method and here is the00:37:43
formation Marx's method of scientific research,00:37:45
in which he examines exactly how00:37:47
Marx came to this, what he00:37:50
needed because he says a very interesting00:37:52
thing, in order to00:37:53
understand How00:37:58
this science develops, you need to understand how the00:38:01
development of science develops depends on the degree of00:38:04
development of the object of study itself,00:38:06
on the degree of development of the science about it00:38:09
the object and the degree of development of the00:38:11
researcher specifically who00:38:13
are doing this, these three factors are00:38:16
intertwined in a certain way and00:38:18
create a certain00:38:19
picture of the research, so he looks at how00:38:21
Mark became a researcher, what should have00:38:24
happened, where the turning points took place. These are the00:38:29
current modern Euro-Marxists,00:38:34
in 28, unexpectedly for themselves they opened the00:38:37
economic and philosophical manuscripts00:38:39
that I talked about before, these00:38:40
economic philosophical manuscripts,00:38:42
just the idea of alienation fit very well with00:38:44
this Frankfurt school and I00:38:49
liked that what was happening00:38:50
should be white fluffy and all that00:38:53
stuff. in00:38:58
my opinion, the name00:39:02
was the researcher who was engaged in00:39:05
publishing We00:39:07
publish economic philosophical00:39:09
manuscripts,00:39:13
you understand what happened? Yes, they00:39:16
said we must have somewhere a00:39:18
real Mars from which we moved away,00:39:20
and by about the post-war time there00:39:25
was a fairly firm conviction that00:39:28
that in fact Marx, after 44,00:39:32
went to the wrong place, started working on economics,00:39:34
accounting, but in fact it was necessary00:39:36
to deal with the problem of alienation, that is, in00:39:39
fact, there is a retreat back00:39:41
to 44 to the immature form But this is terribly00:39:45
popular today, this topic00:39:47
comes up periodically I Even when00:39:48
I was studying, they also talked about alienation, but00:39:51
then they talked about it a little differently,00:39:52
you know, that is, if a person wanted to00:39:54
seem a little00:39:56
unorthodox, he should have talked00:39:58
about alienation, well, let’s00:40:01
return to him00:40:05
about alienation, he said everything00:40:08
quite skeptically,00:40:12
this is an early form he experienced it, he00:40:15
passed it, he didn’t refuse,00:40:17
and the third book that00:40:19
Vaseline wrote in 88 was published, it00:40:23
was called the logic of history, and it00:40:25
examines how00:40:27
Marx’s concept is applied00:40:29
to the entire historical development, that is,00:40:31
to the subject that Marx00:40:33
studied together with all the rest there are00:40:35
300 very parts, that is, the process of00:40:38
historical development, he says that00:40:40
historical development went very00:40:43
briefly along the path of separating man from00:40:46
nature, that is, man lost his00:40:49
natural essence and acquired a00:40:51
social essence and, in fact, all the00:40:53
stages of the formation of00:40:55
mankind, the stages of the formation of the00:40:58
new social essence of man00:41:01
essence of a person is the formation of00:41:03
human subjectivity, that is, a person00:41:06
begins to set goals and achieve these00:41:09
goals,00:41:11
and now let's move on. You00:41:14
say why nothing happens there,00:41:16
and so on, but in00:41:19
fact, this is the future we are00:41:23
talking about.00:41:24
It is possible to have a00:41:26
different quality only00:41:29
if you set goal00:41:31
if we now decide that we will live00:41:34
richly in 50 years we will live richly00:41:37
and decide It’s wrong if we set a00:41:40
goal to live richly in 50 years and the goal00:41:45
cannot be other than it must00:41:48
be a thoughtful goal It’s just that it’s a00:41:50
fantasy goal Should it is a single category00:41:54
of goal, a single category of means. If you00:41:57
set a goal, you must understand that00:41:59
you have the means to fulfill it in order to00:42:01
achieve it, and if you set a00:42:04
goal, you understand what you must do, what00:42:07
you can do, here is the dialectic of00:42:10
productive forces and production00:42:12
relations, productive forces are the00:42:14
corridor of opportunity in which you00:42:16
work00:42:17
will change over the course of 50 years, today you00:42:20
will set a goal, draw plans and so00:42:22
on until you reach your fiftieth anniversary,00:42:24
everything will change. You00:42:25
see, you are thinking like an object,00:42:28
I will set a goal and then some beech will come00:42:32
and change everything Yes, so subject Sorry,00:42:36
so you not a subject means you live00:42:38
as an object my beloved granny00:42:40
was born in 1914 a month before the First00:42:44
World War an older granny Well,00:42:46
you understand, but she was born under the Tsar00:42:49
Father, outlived everyone in the world and died00:42:51
under Vladimir Vladimirovich, you understand Well,00:42:53
how could she study and try there00:42:55
outline for yourself, but the historical process00:42:59
from metal - it’s all to hell Yes, it’s00:43:02
not the historical process, but the people00:43:03
acting in the historical process, so what we’re00:43:06
talking about is precisely that00:43:08
the process of this formation, so to00:43:11
speak, of subjectivity, it hasn’t ended, it’s00:43:14
going on, but it’s not ended, look,00:43:16
we have not yet become a social person, we have not become a social person,00:43:18
and this is the idea of00:43:22
the prehistory00:43:23
Mars said it was If I’m not mistaken,00:43:27
it was a preface00:43:29
as a criticism of political economy, in short,00:43:32
he said that firstly,00:43:36
all this is talk about three forms about00:43:39
five formations This everything is complete nonsense00:43:41
because Marx had one formation, he00:43:45
called the socio-economic formation a00:43:47
society that lies between savagery and00:43:51
communism, he said that a00:43:55
socio-economic formation is a00:43:57
formation in which00:43:59
economic relations operate, that is,00:44:01
relations of alienation and acquisition, so00:44:04
he called it then there will be no economy00:44:07
of course no he called it economy Whatever it00:44:14
seems like so of course there won't be an economy00:44:18
it's always alienation00:44:29
won't be able to operate in one room00:44:31
eat in another room Yes00:44:34
Professor Preobrazhensky especially00:44:36
Since he is depicted in the film as a completely vile00:44:38
vile Snob in a vile Snob00:44:41
who quietly hates everyone else00:44:44
Why Because he loves only00:44:47
himself very much, please go to Ayn Rand. Here,00:44:50
this Atlantean stocked up on buckwheat or00:44:53
straightened his shoulders, please go to her, yes, that00:44:56
is, the00:44:57
totality of isolated individuals. Marx00:45:00
wrote about this, by the way, that Yes, so to speak, the00:45:03
bourgeois view of society is a view00:45:05
of society as a collection of00:45:06
isolated species and not isolated, and00:45:09
Professor Preobrazhensky00:45:11
was generally going to do anything other than00:45:13
sew on monkey testicles with this00:45:17
old official or not,00:45:20
he’s not ready for the children of Germany, but that’s not the point. It’s00:45:22
just that he drew what Bulgakov did.00:45:26
Well, as it was like all writers,00:45:29
the check is sharp and00:45:32
fatal eggs, read and00:45:36
of course he drew caricatures, although in00:45:39
fact in the book00:45:41
the Shvonder is completely different, he is not the same00:45:43
as in the film, the film is an absolutely00:45:46
caricatured character and an evil00:45:48
caricature. And there is a little different there.00:45:54
And the ball there is different, by the way to say the wool is an00:45:56
intellectual, to be honest, like a dog Well,00:46:00
like a dog Well, this is what led to the fact00:46:05
that the essence of a person is unchanged, the00:46:07
essence of a person is unchanged, according to Bulgakov, the00:46:11
essence of a person is not unchanged, no matter how00:46:14
you try, the00:46:16
essence of a person has not changed, it will always00:46:18
remain the same as he is, an animal00:46:22
is vaccinated Marxism does00:46:29
n’t want to be a beast Well, what can I00:46:30
do, it means he wants to, he can’t do otherwise00:46:33
Why can’t it be because he’s a human being,00:46:36
all of nature, he has his own inner ones,00:46:39
these unconscious ones, everything00:46:41
else Well, yes, of course, a very good00:46:43
way, a very good way, so to speak,00:46:45
not to change Well yes, you know, it wasn’t me00:46:49
who punched you in the face, it was00:46:51
my fist who punched you in the face, why? Well, because the00:46:53
supporters of the actor’s network theory are laura00:46:55
and that’s why everything there is, so I’ll now00:46:58
throw the mug into the camera, so to speak, and00:47:02
it turned out that the mug flew into the camera00:47:04
And you and I are just sitting peacefully00:47:05
talking,00:47:07
subjectivity is being eroded. You00:47:09
understand what the point is, but it didn’t00:47:11
work out on the other side, now we are00:47:14
eroding subjectivity, everything00:47:16
is the author in general, the word subjects is the00:47:18
subject of history or an object. I am, for example, an00:47:20
object. I can’t do anything.00:47:23
Well, in fact, the objects of history00:47:25
are usually groups of people, yes. Of course,00:47:27
now the problem is very much a problem in00:47:29
subjectivity. That is, how much, that is, in00:47:31
fact, the question is, and given the00:47:34
current situation, that situation of the current00:47:37
current,00:47:40
so to speak, configuration of the00:47:42
productive forces.00:47:45
We said yes, that Marx regarding00:47:48
the science of how00:47:49
power was directly produced, he00:47:52
turned out to be right,00:47:53
so naturally he turned out to be right because00:47:57
he decomposed the labor process into00:47:59
components and it became obvious that which00:48:01
component begins to work, but at the00:48:04
same time they completely forget that in the00:48:06
same capital, if you just00:48:09
look through it a little there to the third,00:48:11
then we are closer to such an interesting00:48:14
thing. This is from those that are usually listed00:48:17
there alienations there from the old ones means00:48:22
surplus value that there are also00:48:25
formations of the00:48:27
socio-economic formation00:48:29
once again Marx had three formations three Well, as00:48:32
if he had three types of society00:48:35
primitive society00:48:37
socially -economic00:48:39
formations,00:48:41
yes yes, by the way, he sometimes called it00:48:45
humanism, this is the state of society00:48:50
in society, which00:48:53
means that now the00:48:55
main productive force00:48:57
is science, which by definition00:49:00
is directly social00:49:03
science cannot belong to one00:49:06
person and therefore As soon as I start,00:49:09
I said I have Deja Vu about this about00:49:12
this, it’s just a program because I am MC00:49:14
Kvadrat, this is an objective fact, just someone00:49:16
someone understood it Yes, but this does not00:49:18
mean that it does not work, the question is that00:49:20
it cannot be sold, the question is that the entire00:49:22
sale of an intellectual product is an00:49:24
absolutely artificial, costly thing00:49:27
to sell intellectual product you00:49:30
force people to build a fence00:49:35
you understand that is copyright00:49:37
copyright this is evil this is evil00:49:41
in the world no I’m ready I understand that if00:49:44
someone wrote an article and it says00:49:46
Vasya Pupkin then Naturally he is the author and it00:49:49
would be mean to take it away from him00:49:51
But to prohibit others from using00:49:54
this for 70 years is also00:49:57
dishonest, it can only be dishonest00:50:00
when society00:50:04
does not support this and pays him to00:50:07
continue to work as productively.00:50:11
But this We are returning to the fact that00:50:13
enough is different as from the very beginning, yes,00:50:16
that you need to pay not for what he00:50:18
does, but so that he can live00:50:20
comfortably in this studio, yes, yes, and therefore00:50:24
we come to a very simple conclusion that00:50:28
automation is00:50:31
complete automation. What does00:50:36
capitalism do for the lack of added00:50:37
value? added value? Yes,00:50:40
added and added also, that is,00:50:42
society will simply produce00:50:44
wealth, that is, marketability disappears,00:50:47
marketability decreases why now everyone00:50:50
is so freaked out about this objectively00:50:52
disappears, they00:50:54
are inventing it,00:50:56
what do you think, is it00:50:58
dragging this Universe, is this an00:51:00
attempt to insert marketability into this00:51:03
universe, in theory there shouldn’t be, of course,00:51:06
that’s why it’s not known who is [ __ ]00:51:13
I have to invite you to finish our00:51:16
interview and go to the section Three sources,00:51:19
what should we read Well, read and Three00:51:21
sources00:51:22
German philosophy English bourgeois00:51:26
sociology French Socialism00:51:28
read Sand Simon read Aries00:51:31
read Fury read Adam Smith00:51:34
read David Ricardo00:51:36
read German classical00:51:38
philosophy here are Three sources and them00:51:41
such a multi-construction multi-construction and so in00:51:44
principle that I can recommend00:51:46
reading capital, of course, but capital is00:51:49
difficult to read and Well, look at00:51:51
modern authors of whom there are quite00:51:53
a lot who write quite interesting things,00:51:56
well, the main question is just00:52:01
not to be fooled by these Arguments for00:52:05
what he has so to speak, the beard was00:52:07
unkempt or there that he smoked and drank00:52:10
tells the story that00:52:12
Lafargue and Engels somehow00:52:14
met00:52:15
in London They drank and decided to remember00:52:19
the Past and went like student times00:52:22
to beat the streetlights and that means they were chased by00:52:24
the police Lofarque writes in his memoirs00:52:26
that Marx fled faster than everyone00:52:29
That is, they were Living people They were00:52:32
Living people you need to look at them as00:52:34
living people, but at the same time you need to understand00:52:35
that you can treat them personally as00:52:38
you like, but the legacy that they left is00:52:42
interesting and to say that it was00:52:45
not realized in some places it00:52:48
rather happened here. Well, how can I say, we00:52:51
were too optimistic about the00:52:53
transformation of society? Well, the fact that the00:52:54
transformation of society is going in this00:52:56
direction and the fact that there is a fork there00:52:58
is an absolute fact - a fork. Or we00:53:02
will come to a society that is built on a00:53:04
situation where the free development of00:53:06
everyone is a condition for the free00:53:09
development of everyone Or we will fall back00:53:14
from our conversation But I’m sure that you00:53:16
made them yourself, please share them in00:53:17
the comments Don’t forget to subscribe to00:53:20
our telegram channel Where many more interesting things await you00:53:21
But most importantly, I hope00:53:24
that00:53:27
[music]Description:
Подписывайтесь на телеграм-канал RTVI: https://t.me/rtvimain Во второй части выпуска «Два в уме» поговорили с с кандидатом философских наук, старшим научным сотрудником философского факультета МГУ Александром Сегалом о зарождении марксизма. Какие темы поднимает Маркс в «Нищете философии г-на Прудона» и «Манифесте коммунистической партии»? Что начал исследовать Маркс после 1848 года? Что на самом деле имел в виду Маркс в «Капитале»? И как сегодня его анализируют современные ученые? Подписывайтесь на @RTVItainment и ставьте лайки RTVI Новости — все главные события в формате 24/7: https://www.youtube.com/user/myRTVi 00:00 «Два в уме». Марксизм 00:43 О книге Маркса «Нищета философии г-на Прудона» 06:30 «Работник продает капиталисту не труд, а рабочую силу» 07:45 Почему Маркса называют бухгалтером? 09:16 Какие темы поднял Маркс в «Манифесте коммунистической партии»? 12:55 Что начал исследовать Маркс после 1848 года? 20:44 О марксизме во время перестройки 29:05 Что говорит Вазюлин о Марксе? 32:04 О чем Маркс пишет в «Капитале»? 37:28 О марксистской теории отчуждения 40:18 Как концепция Маркса перекладывается на историческое развитие? 47:30 «Продавая интеллектуальный продукт, вы заставляете людей строить ограждения» 51:13 Три источника для саморазвития
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