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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
far, far away00:00:03
hidden in the depths of space are planets00:00:07
so amazing that they are00:00:09
not described even in science fiction for the first time in00:00:13
history, scientists are discovering alien worlds00:00:15
outside the solar system, a00:00:17
space where ice is hot00:00:21
and iron rains00:00:25
are not on the map00:00:29
[music]00:00:36
scientists are striving for the greatest discovery00:00:39
find hidden somewhere among the unknown00:00:43
worlds, planets similar to ours,00:00:46
alien worlds00:00:54
March 6, 2009, the00:01:00
final pre-flight check is underway on the00:01:03
Delta 2 launch vehicle,00:01:11
this is the beginning of an extremely ambitious00:01:14
mission00:01:15
[music]00:01:21
Kepler Space Observatory hunts for00:01:24
Earth-like planets in a region00:01:26
spanning 100 thousand stars00:01:32
[music]00:01:36
this is the culmination of a journey that00:01:39
began more than 10 years ago with one of the00:01:41
most serious scientific discoveries00:01:46
[music]00:01:55
in 1995, Swiss astronomer Michel00:01:59
Mayor and a group of scientists are conducting routine00:02:02
observations of stars in the constellation00:02:04
Pegasus, located 50 light years away,00:02:09
but the instruments show something unusual00:02:11
one star is very rocks and oscillates,00:02:16
we discovered that the speed of one of these00:02:18
stars changes over time,00:02:25
what is powerful enough to00:02:27
disturb a star the size of our00:02:29
Sun00:02:32
Major proposes a radical answer00:02:35
planet00:02:38
but planets around another00:02:40
sun-like star have never been seen before The00:02:43
difficulty of finding planets near other00:02:46
stars is is that when a00:02:48
planet orbits a nearby star, it is00:02:51
lost00:02:53
due to the insignificance of its light in the radiance of a00:02:56
very bright star,00:03:00
despite the difficulties, the Major trusts the00:03:02
data received and is convinced that the00:03:04
fluctuations are caused by the gravitational00:03:06
attraction of the orbiting planet.00:03:10
I was very skeptical about this00:03:12
statement by Michel Major; there were many00:03:15
false ones statements about the discovery of the first00:03:18
planet near another star I thought oh my00:03:20
god again00:03:31
I decided to watch the star for00:03:34
four nights in a row and was amazed00:03:36
the star fluctuated exactly as00:03:39
Michel Major said00:03:43
Michel Major and his colleague uncle-kilots00:03:46
announce their discovery00:03:49
it shocks the scientific community00:03:52
for the first time in history they have found repeatable00:03:56
verifiable evidence of00:03:58
the existence of a planet00:04:01
orbiting a sun-like star the00:04:08
official star is named 51 Pegasi b00:04:12
they officially00:04:14
honor the Greek hero who tamed the00:04:17
winged horse Pegasus00:04:20
This planet breaks all foundations The00:04:27
blazing light of the star burns00:04:29
Bellerophon its temperature is approximately00:04:31
1800 degrees Fahrenheit almost 100000:04:35
degrees in Celsius,00:04:41
it is almost 150 times larger than the Earth in00:04:44
mass and comparable in size to Jupiter. A00:04:51
gas giant is a planet consisting00:04:55
mainly of hydrogen and helium,00:05:00
compressed under enormous00:05:02
pressure and is not at all like gas,00:05:05
unlike the objects of our solar00:05:07
system. This is completely new. a class of00:05:09
planet that scientists call hot00:05:12
Jupiter00:05:16
Visit Hawaii See flowing00:05:18
lava is also hot and hot Jupiter is00:05:21
very hot00:05:23
Earth is a comfortable distance00:05:26
of 93 million miles or 150 million00:05:29
kilometers from the sun00:05:31
hot Jupiters are about 100 times closer00:05:34
so they reach 10 thousand times00:05:36
more light00:05:38
[music]00:05:40
imagine that this star And this is hotter00:05:43
Jupiter is hot Jupiter is removed from the star00:05:45
at a distance of 3-4 its diameters00:05:49
[music]00:06:05
[music]00:06:12
If I were stuck on a hot Jupiter, I00:06:15
would like to be on the other side and00:06:18
hope that I get there a little00:06:19
heat from the side facing the Star00:06:22
[music]00:06:28
due to the temperature difference in the atmosphere00:06:31
of Bellerophon, it is very windy,00:06:38
the air heated by the star rises00:06:40
up in its place, tends to be00:06:43
cooler, the same as it00:06:45
happens on earth,00:06:47
the wind blows at a speed of thousands of00:06:50
kilometers per hour to such people00:06:53
will never be able to resist00:06:54
It's too hot for00:06:57
water or liquid to form clouds, but clouds00:06:59
can be made of iron; iron vapor00:07:02
can exist at much00:07:04
higher temperatures than water,00:07:08
causing everything to get a little00:07:10
dirty;00:07:16
the umbrella needs to be quite durable00:07:18
because it will become covered in iron very quickly.00:07:20
extremely heavy and will00:07:23
simply break00:07:32
The sky above is filled with a colored00:07:34
dancing curtain00:07:40
thanks to charged particles from a00:07:42
nearby star the dawn00:07:44
becomes more amazing than the earth's00:07:46
aurora00:07:49
in this newly discovered world There is00:07:52
another unique feature00:07:55
belirophon makes a rapid00:07:58
revolution around its sun in 4.2 days00:08:02
no one respects itself, the planet does not00:08:05
orbit a star in 4.200:08:08
days; none of the planets in our solar00:08:11
system does this in such a00:08:13
short time; this tiny orbit00:08:16
calls into question scientists’ long-held understanding00:08:18
of how planets are formed.00:08:21
So the revolution of a planet around a star in 400:08:24
days was absolute riddle But one day I00:08:27
woke up in the middle of the night and said00:08:29
this must be proof that the planets00:08:31
are moving towards the center they do not stay in00:08:35
one place the answer to this riddle lies in the00:08:38
process of formation of planets00:08:43
planets this is a By-product00:08:45
of the formation of a star when00:08:47
a star is formed a disk of dust from debris is formed around00:08:49
This debris forms00:08:51
planets. The00:08:53
source of most of our knowledge is the00:08:56
Hubble Space Telescope, especially00:08:58
when it is aimed at areas such as the00:09:00
Eagle Nebula [music]00:09:04
This interstellar cloud is strewn with00:09:06
colliding disks of gas and dust00:09:14
at the center of each disk grows into a00:09:16
giant lump of00:09:20
temperatures reaching an inferno of 1000:09:22
million degrees Celsius in00:09:25
the liberation the energy of the same nuclear00:09:27
fusion that gives energy to our00:09:29
sun, a00:09:34
star is born, the00:09:39
radiation emanating from the star creates a00:09:42
stellar wind that carries away the remnants of00:09:44
dust from debris,00:09:47
some of the dust is preserved and remains in00:09:50
orbit around the newborn star00:09:53
for millions of years, the dust collects in00:09:55
nodes that grow to asteroids00:09:57
and then to planets00:10:04
[music]00:10:08
these planets move across the disk before reaching a00:10:11
stable Orbit, which00:10:13
is why Bellerophon is so close to its00:10:16
parent star,00:10:19
but one recently discovered world entered a00:10:22
stable Orbit where no00:10:25
planet should go.00:10:32
2001 The Hubble Space Telescope is00:10:35
aimed at a dim star located at a00:10:37
distance of about 150 light years00:10:40
from earth in the constellation Pegasus in the same00:10:43
area 6 years ago belerofond was discovered00:10:47
[music]00:10:51
Hubble is monitoring another hot Jupiter00:10:54
discovered by Jep Marcy However, this00:10:57
planet is different from the baler of the fund00:11:03
You've probably heard of the planet hd200 900:11:08
458b terrible00:11:11
terrible name for terrible place00:11:14
Some call every 20900:11:17
458b Osiris in honor of the Egyptian God00:11:20
of death the00:11:25
mass of the service exceeds that of Earth by more than00:11:28
200 times00:11:30
it has moved dangerously close to its00:11:32
Sun And the service is located only00:11:36
six and a half million kilometers00:11:37
from the blazing solar surface it is00:11:40
burning in a planetary hell00:11:44
average daily the temperature on Osiris00:11:47
exceeds 1000 degrees Celsius,00:11:49
forget about global warming, this is00:11:52
global frying, due to which,00:11:54
according to calculations, the overpower is losing 500 thousand00:11:57
cubic tons of air per second00:11:59
gas leakage, a steady flow of hydrogen and00:12:02
helium forming huge clouds around the planet00:12:10
The atmosphere flows into space,00:12:13
scientists suggest that planets00:12:16
thousands of kilometers away00:12:23
[music]00:12:28
and the Series presents astronomers with an00:12:30
unprecedented opportunity to00:12:35
use the Hubble telescope to00:12:37
analyze the bloated atmosphere of an alien00:12:39
planet00:12:40
[music]00:12:42
for the first time in history we can judge the00:12:45
composition of the atmosphere of a planet outside the solar00:12:48
system00:12:54
[music]00:12:59
Hubble has discovered a surprising number of00:13:01
basic chemical elements necessary00:13:04
for life00:13:05
sodium carbon hydrogen and oxygen00:13:12
But as far as we know on the service it is00:13:14
too hot for life00:13:17
However, there may be other00:13:20
life forms that thrive in00:13:22
high temperatures but on hot Jupiter there are00:13:25
no hard surfaces known to us00:13:27
so these life forms would not00:13:30
just fly in aerosol tiny00:13:32
little microbes on Earth there are living00:13:34
organisms flying in the atmosphere but this00:13:37
form of life did not originate in the atmosphere00:13:38
so it is almost certain that life does00:13:41
not exist on hot Jupiters. Since the discovery of00:13:44
bilerophon in 1995, astronomers00:13:47
have discovered many hot Jupiters.00:13:51
However, the conditions on these worlds exclude them00:13:54
from the list of places where the drama of life may play out00:14:01
[music]00:14:03
but one of these gas giants is a00:14:06
planet that questions00:14:07
the laws of evolution00:14:09
[music]00:14:16
astronomer Jeff Marcy has discovered something00:14:19
shocking in a Planet orbiting a00:14:21
star called 16 Cygni b in the00:14:24
constellation Cygnus located about00:14:27
70 light years away00:14:33
It was obvious that the planet’s orbit was00:14:35
elongated and the Planet was either approaching or00:14:38
moving away from the star00:14:43
and of course this went against our00:14:46
expectations based on knowledge of00:14:48
our solar system where all the planets00:14:51
revolve around the Sun in almost00:14:53
circular orbits similar to music00:14:56
tracks on a record00:15:00
like a giant toy yo -yo in space00:15:02
this Gas giant rushes back and forth across00:15:06
its solar system like this If the00:15:08
earth rushed 25 million miles every year00:15:11
And this is more than 40 million km towards the sun and00:15:15
then Mars behind Jupiter00:15:25
like all the gas giants in our00:15:27
solar system this planet she is00:15:30
probably accompanied by a retinue of satellites.00:15:32
Marcy suggests that one of these00:15:35
satellites may be similar to the earth. This is where00:15:41
the fun begins.00:15:43
Imagine a rocky satellite with lakes,00:15:46
oceans, or maybe streams and00:15:49
waterfalls on the surface; a00:15:52
satellite in orbit of this planet and together00:15:54
they revolve around its star,00:15:58
unlike circum-Earth Moon which00:16:00
has no atmosphere this satellite00:16:03
is a world of extreme seasonal changes00:16:08
on earth the change of seasons occurs00:16:10
due to the tilt of the planet here due to the00:16:13
elongated orbit00:16:20
poor planets in elongated00:16:22
elliptical orbits undergo00:16:24
terrible climate changes00:16:27
throughout the year00:16:30
at closest approach the star00:16:32
scorches the planet00:16:37
summer begins00:16:39
powerful storms shake the atmosphere of the00:16:42
earth-like satellite00:16:45
earthly hurricanes of the fifth category are00:16:47
just tiny Funnels compared to the00:16:49
monstrous whirlpools that form there00:17:05
water evaporates and clouds thicken the00:17:09
temperature rises greatly water or00:17:12
gas heats up and the oceans literally00:17:15
boil and you get a large steam00:17:17
bath00:17:23
At the height During the summer, the entire satellite smolders at a00:17:26
temperature of more than 400 degrees00:17:28
Celsius;00:17:34
this is the closest approach to the star; the00:17:37
planet makes a revolution around the sun00:17:40
in 26 months. And summer lasts only two00:17:43
months00:17:44
[music]00:17:49
but for some time of the year the Planet and its00:17:52
satellite are directed away from the00:17:54
star00:17:55
[music ]00:17:57
The temperature drops to a moderate and00:17:59
comfortable level for us00:18:03
[music]00:18:09
with the onset of autumn,00:18:12
rain returns to the incinerated scorched satellite,00:18:15
dry ocean basins are filled with00:18:18
water, sea levels rise and00:18:20
new coastlines are formed,00:18:26
Planet Yo-Yo and its satellite fall into a00:18:29
deep winter freeze and00:18:32
the kingdom begins rest00:18:36
now more than 320 million00:18:39
kilometers from the star the sky is no brighter00:18:42
even during the day00:18:45
the temperature fluctuates around00:18:48
minus 160 degrees Celsius00:18:55
with the arrival of spring in the sky of the unfortunate00:18:57
satellite the sun takes on menacing00:19:00
proportions the00:19:01
ice begins to crack and rapidly melt00:19:04
huge icebergs fall into the rapidly00:19:07
rising waters of the Storm ocean00:19:18
during these two invaluable short periods00:19:21
during the spring warming and autumn00:19:23
rains, the climate of this earth-like00:19:25
satellite becomes pleasant and00:19:27
comfortable00:19:33
at a distance of 150 million kilometers00:19:36
from the star, approximately equal to the distance00:19:39
between the Earth and the Sun, the elliptical00:19:41
orbit of this planet of its satellite00:19:43
intersects the zone around the star which00:19:45
scientists call habitable zone00:19:50
here are the most suitable conditions for life00:19:54
too close to a star it becomes00:19:56
too hot when moving too00:19:59
far away too cold everything00:20:01
becomes covered in ice And exactly in the middle the00:20:04
optimal conditions every star has a00:20:07
habitable zone the location of this00:20:09
zone depends on the size and temperature of00:20:11
the star in our solar system, the00:20:14
internal boundaries are marked by Venus And on the00:20:17
outer one is Mars00:20:22
The Earth with its diversity of life is00:20:24
located exactly in the middle The00:20:28
yo-yo planet passes through the00:20:31
habitable zone twice a year for three and a00:20:33
half months in the spring when it rushes00:20:35
inside the system and then for three and a half00:20:37
months in the fall returning to cold00:20:40
areas space Is00:20:42
life possible in conditions outside the habitable zone? Possible00:20:55
forms of life00:20:57
smart enough to hibernate00:21:00
How do terrestrial animals do in winter?00:21:02
If this turns out to be science fiction, then00:21:05
I’ll tell you the tidal zones on00:21:08
earth in which Life, of course,00:21:10
thrives near the coastline despite the00:21:12
tides ebbing and00:21:13
rising water covers many living00:21:16
organisms and when the water recedes00:21:19
during low tide, these species perfectly survive00:21:30
conditions suitable for life and also for00:21:34
death [music]00:21:41
some alien planets are even more00:21:44
bizarre Imagine a world next to00:21:46
which there is no star,00:21:52
scientists suggest that in our00:21:54
Galaxy there are many drifting planets00:21:56
along the dark paths of00:21:58
interstellar space00:22:03
and orphaned worlds are planets expelled from00:22:06
solar systems in the chaos of planetary00:22:09
movements,00:22:11
astronomers call these worlds laneo,00:22:17
this is a planet without a star, they endlessly00:22:21
drift through the galaxy00:22:23
under the influence of what powerful force00:22:26
can a planet fly out of the solar00:22:28
system00:22:29
when a young star is formed and00:22:32
the composition of the planets many of planets are00:22:35
in gravitational interaction with each00:22:37
other, they pull each other, push00:22:40
each other and one of them is forced out of the00:22:42
solar system, you can say others00:22:45
voted for its knowledge00:22:49
If you were an unlucky inhabitant of a00:22:52
planet pushed out due to a collision00:22:55
or close approach with another large00:22:57
object, then probably you would quickly00:23:00
Move from the habitable zone00:23:04
in our Galaxy The Milky Way hundreds of00:23:08
billions of such lost lost00:23:10
wandering planets and not a single star will ever warm them00:23:17
cold dark and silent00:23:21
coins of the sun Therefore in this world there are no00:23:33
they are awake eternal nights00:23:37
plano this is the Lonely wanderers Guardians of00:23:40
the Galaxy00:23:46
But the fact that the plans of mo are drifting in00:23:48
space does not mean that these worlds are dead00:23:53
plano is a Rocky world and there00:23:56
may well be life on it00:23:59
small Rocky planama without00:24:01
an atmosphere rest in extreme cold It is00:24:03
much colder there than on our south00:24:06
pole on the frostiest day00:24:12
but a fairly close-up ema on00:24:15
which it is preserved The atmosphere retains00:24:17
the heat formed during the formation of the00:24:19
planet the00:24:22
elementary greenhouse effect00:24:27
heat and energy rise deep from the molten core of a lonely planet00:24:34
if the planet is a Gas00:24:37
giant like Jupiter then it may have a00:24:39
system of satellites the force of attraction between00:24:42
the planet and its satellites creates friction00:24:44
as a result in the depths,00:24:48
the satellites retain heat00:24:51
on these satellites, life can also00:24:53
exist because on the satellite of00:24:56
Jupiter there are volcanoes and a large00:24:57
amount of heat produced during00:25:00
interaction with Jupiter and other00:25:01
satellites, if life exists there, then00:25:04
it is a simple organism and single-celled ones00:25:07
similar to simple terrestrial bacteria00:25:14
Without the sun providing photosynthesis00:25:17
these tiny organisms extract00:25:19
energy from chemical elements in the soil of00:25:21
Planum or its satellite00:25:24
[music]00:25:29
similar conditions exist and colonies of bacteria have been found on the ground00:25:33
deep in the coal mines of South Africa00:25:39
[music]00:25:41
they have no access to oxygen or light00:25:45
they survive solely on the00:25:47
chemical elements that they are extracted00:25:49
from the surrounding soil,00:25:53
they have an extremely slow metabolism and00:25:56
they reproduce once every Thousand years,00:26:02
if there is life on the sunless plane,00:26:06
then perhaps these are precisely such00:26:08
organisms that found themselves in a hopeless00:26:10
situation when the planet was young,00:26:15
if the plans fall asleep in a serene sleep, then00:26:19
one of the worlds at first is torn apart by00:26:21
chaotic changes00:26:30
[music]00:26:32
from afar the Pulsar looks like a flickering00:26:35
star, but up close it fires00:26:38
bursts of deadly radiation around it,00:26:41
this is no place for planets, but still something00:26:45
disrupts the clarity of this pulsar one of the00:26:49
explanations for this anomaly is the presence of a planet,00:26:52
many astronomers are skeptical about the00:26:55
existence of planets in the orbit of pulsars00:26:57
[music ]00:27:03
the reason for this attitude is that the00:27:05
pulse is formed in an00:27:07
explosion of incredible size00:27:14
during the explosion of a red giant from a00:27:16
colossal ballet called a00:27:18
supernova, as much energy is released00:27:20
as our Sun releases during its entire00:27:23
existence.00:27:27
When a supernova appears,00:27:29
such a colossal blast wave arises00:27:32
that it is very difficult to imagine a planet00:27:34
capable of surviving it when Cosmic00:27:37
dust dissipates All that remains is the00:27:39
destroyed core of the red giant,00:27:41
which pulsates in the center of the00:27:43
expanding field of debris00:27:46
[music]00:27:53
matter scattered by a colossal explosion rushes back to the pulsar and00:27:56
forms a disk00:28:01
in this chaos, a new world arises,00:28:03
born in flames and destruction,00:28:06
planetary Zombies Rising from the wreckage of the00:28:09
former red Giant00:28:15
Amazing that in such an environment00:28:17
planets can form on the planet00:28:19
orbiting around the pulsar, you00:28:21
will feel as if you are at a disco00:28:24
with a very powerful strobe light, which00:28:26
is what the Pulsar is, the00:28:33
molecules necessary for life are00:28:35
destroyed under the influence of the radiation of00:28:37
this Stellar monster, the00:28:39
powerful magnetic fields of the pulsar00:28:42
rotate along with the rapidly00:28:43
rotating star, and this happens00:28:46
the capture of matter, electrons, protons, their00:28:49
acceleration and ejection at high speed is00:28:50
similar to a raging solar wind,00:28:56
I can’t imagine that on a planet near a00:28:59
pulsar there may be the possibility of the00:29:01
development of even simple living00:29:03
organisms, microbes,00:29:05
mainly because during the pulse00:29:08
you will be in an excited state,00:29:11
and during the rest00:29:17
the detection of the planet pulsars shows00:29:19
how, as a result of the destruction of a star,00:29:21
new worlds are formed, no matter where00:29:25
the Planet appears, the process of its birth00:29:27
is full of dangers,00:29:36
sometimes the destructive forces are so powerful00:29:39
that the death of the world occurs before its00:29:41
birth00:29:42
[music]00:29:45
2007, with the help of a huge telescope at the00:29:49
Jimminy Observatory, astronomers make an00:29:51
amazing discovery in the Star00:29:53
Cluster Pleiades about 400 light00:29:56
years from earth00:29:59
a star known only by its catalog number00:30:04
hd235/14 is surrounded by a ring-shaped gas field cloud the00:30:10
age of the star in the center of this ring00:30:12
is approximately 100 million years old a00:30:14
cosmic baby in astronomical00:30:17
terms00:30:18
Our Sun is 45 times older here00:30:22
ideal conditions for00:30:23
planet formation but spectral analysis00:30:26
revealed something strange dust00:30:29
pulverized,00:30:42
usually a newly born star00:30:44
surrounded by young planets00:30:50
planets form in a protoplanetary00:30:53
gas-field disk and then set off00:30:56
along their orbital path,00:31:00
unaware that their orbit may be00:31:02
too close to the orbit of another planets00:31:06
millions of years ago two original planets00:31:09
in orbit00:31:11
hd235/14 circled towards destruction00:31:14
as the two worlds converged tidal forces00:31:17
bent the aspherical planets into an00:31:20
egg shape00:31:22
nothing lasts forever00:31:47
both measures are destroyed and00:31:52
only dust and debris are visible around the star hd235/1400:32:09
[music]00:33:14
[music ]00:33:53
there is one New Planet A planet00:33:57
that we didn’t know existed before00:34:00
This is not just a Planet but a new type of planet00:34:04
Earth on steroids00:34:07
[music]00:34:09
I like the name super-Earth they are00:34:13
very similar to the Earth only their mass is00:34:15
about 10 times that of the Earth00:34:19
one family of super-Earths are very similar00:34:22
to our Earth continents oceans00:34:25
some can be very dry like00:34:28
Mars00:34:29
but there is another family which00:34:32
includes water worlds or planets oceans00:34:35
completely covered with water00:34:39
Welcome to Gliese 58100:34:54
discovered by Michel Mayor along with two00:34:57
other planets it orbits a00:34:59
very small star it is00:35:02
only 20 light-years away in the00:35:04
constellation Libra and is the00:35:07
smallest earth-like planet00:35:09
found outside the solar system. However,00:35:12
this does not mean that Gliese00:35:15
581ts of small size is a super-Earth.00:35:19
Its mass exceeds the mass of our home00:35:22
planet by five times. Scientists are encouraged by the00:35:25
possibility of detecting water in liquid00:35:27
state00:35:30
on the planet ocean you feel like in00:35:34
the middle of the Pacific Ocean the earth is not visible00:35:36
only water00:35:38
and in the sky there are thick white clouds of00:35:43
wind in the world of oceans will be similar to those on00:35:46
earth a very suitable place to00:35:49
go sailing00:35:52
perfect weather every day clear00:35:55
blue sky the sun stays in one00:35:57
place like do you like this forecast00:36:03
there is no land anywhere00:36:07
even Deep underwater00:37:05
With so much water00:37:09
on the ocean floor00:37:11
the pressure00:37:21
is called00:37:26
[music]00:37:31
it is not like ice from a refrigerator00:37:34
ice in a refrigerator is made up of some00:37:37
degree of mixed water molecules but when00:37:41
ice forms under very high00:37:43
pressure water molecules are organized00:37:45
in a line00:37:55
I can show one crystal a very00:37:58
good analogue of ice 700:38:00
this is an ordinary halogenite called00:38:04
rock salt for about00:38:06
7 years and can exist in our00:38:09
solar system near Europe one of00:38:12
Jupiter’s moons may have a mantle of00:38:14
liquid water surrounded by a thick icy00:38:16
crust00:38:17
crustal pressure so great that in the00:38:20
depths of these unexplored seas00:38:22
ice can exist 700:38:27
[music]00:38:28
with increasing and thawing Europe can00:38:31
become a water world similar to Gliese 581 one00:38:40
can imagine that00:38:43
life can arise in the water world because water is the00:38:46
main element of life on earth00:38:50
in all places on Earth where there is water00:38:53
there is life00:38:54
on earth you cannot find a sterile drop of water00:38:57
unless you heat00:39:00
it up in the microwave yourself00:39:03
in this aquatic world there may be bacteria00:39:05
or any living organisms00:39:09
However, not all super-Earths are aquatic00:39:12
worlds inhabited by life00:39:17
speaking to the super-Earth we looked at two00:39:20
main families mainly rocky00:39:23
with little water and00:39:25
mostly aquatic with a vast ocean00:39:27
But to these should be added a third00:39:30
family of probably very rare00:39:32
super-Earths and Earth-like planets00:39:34
called carbon planets00:39:38
We have never seen anything like a00:39:41
carbon planet a place with alien00:39:45
chemistry but filled with earthly00:39:47
treasures00:39:55
[music]00:39:56
in our Galaxy there are barren,00:39:59
meager and unsuitable planets for life,00:40:01
but science is on the trail of a new00:40:05
type of planet, a whole world of treasures00:40:08
[music]00:40:11
in our solar system, in our sun00:40:14
and in all nearby stars, there is00:40:17
always more oxygen than carbon, but00:40:20
imagine a place in the Universe where00:40:22
there is carbon more than oxygen,00:40:23
the formation of planets may follow a00:40:25
completely different path; spectral00:40:28
analysis shows that 26 years away from us00:40:31
closer to the center of the Galaxy, carbon00:40:33
is found in much larger volumes;00:40:35
planets forming there may00:40:37
contain carbon in abundance00:40:39
[music] the00:40:45
morning sky in a carbon-based world will not be00:40:47
clear and blue00:40:50
I imagine yellow haze and black00:40:53
clouds of soot,00:40:54
and when descending deeper into the atmosphere, one can00:40:57
imagine lakes made of components00:40:59
such as methane or gasoline.00:41:03
I imagine seething,00:41:06
disgustingly stinking pits with black00:41:08
viscous mud, like oil wells. There is00:41:15
no or almost no water in the atmosphere and the00:41:18
air consists of carbonaceous compounds.00:41:19
compounds00:41:22
methane butane00:41:24
benzene all kinds of different carbon00:41:28
compounds separated when refining00:41:30
gasoline one day it may00:41:32
rain benzene the next butane00:41:39
perhaps carbon planets seem00:41:42
alien But to some this00:41:44
air quality may seem familiar the air00:41:48
on a planet rich in benzene will be similar00:41:50
to the air of Los Angeles many particles00:41:54
forming smog Unfortunately, we are used to00:41:58
this due to car exhausts,00:42:01
despite pollution, carbon00:42:04
planets can have a sparkling00:42:05
surface00:42:07
[music]00:42:08
and mine. Perhaps there will be diamonds there, since there is00:42:12
enough pure carbon from00:42:14
which the Planet was formed, and when00:42:17
compressed, pure carbon forms diamonds.00:42:22
Secrets of similar exotic planets are waiting to be00:42:25
revealed throughout the galaxy,00:42:28
but astronomers will not rest until00:42:30
they find the holy grail of a planet similar00:42:34
to ours, capable of supporting life on00:42:37
another earth, they00:42:44
always ask me, do you think we will find00:42:47
another planet like earth, I answer00:42:50
Of course00:42:52
[music]00:42:54
there can be planets almost like this in any star00:42:57
size like the Earth,00:43:01
we believe that in fact each star00:43:04
has several Earth-mass or00:43:07
super-Earth-mass planets.00:43:09
Therefore, if there are 200 billion stars in a galaxy,00:43:12
this could mean that there are 40000:43:15
billion planets like Earth or more than00:43:17
400 billion planets like Earth. The00:43:20
Kepler Space Observatory became the00:43:22
first apparatus capable of detecting00:43:24
one of these planets is00:43:27
aimed at the constellation Cygnus at00:43:30
night for 100 thousand stars it takes00:43:33
picture after picture after picture minute by00:43:37
minute00:43:40
Kepler's goal is simple to find a00:43:44
hidden star among 100 thousand00:43:47
when the star is slightly obscured this means00:43:50
that planets are passing in front of it and00:43:52
blocking part light00:43:55
because how much time is on the star and00:43:59
how much light is blocked scientists will be able to00:44:01
judge the size of the planet and its distance from the00:44:03
star00:44:04
[music] a00:44:07
good example would be finding a00:44:10
hole in the light from a flashlight when a00:44:12
small Moth flies through the Beam00:44:19
When a Planet passes the hole in the light is00:44:22
really tiny00:44:25
this is very powerful equipment it00:44:28
makes it possible to detect planets00:44:31
smaller than the Earth00:44:33
around stars similar to the sun.00:44:38
This equipment changes the direction in00:44:40
which science is going.00:44:44
We believe that we may be able to find a00:44:46
habitable planet in the next few00:44:48
years.00:44:49
According to scientists, the Kepler mission00:44:52
will discover at least 50 alien planets00:44:54
similar to the earth00:44:56
[music]00:44:58
this is one of the Big Questions which00:45:00
stands before those who are looking for extraterrestrial00:45:02
life and what if we do not recognize life, even00:45:05
discovering its00:45:10
conditions on an alien Earth can lead to a00:45:13
different development of life00:45:16
I hope that we will see such a sign that00:45:19
the hair will stand on end00:45:21
[music]00:45:23
Whatever this sign is, it will become the00:45:26
first chapter of the Great Scientific Tale itself00:45:31
[music]00:45:34
the program was voiced by arctv studio the text00:45:38
was read by Pyotr Tabelevich00:45:42
[music]Description:
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