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Исторические
Хроники
Сванидзе
докуменатальное
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History
Russia
СССР
USSR
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1941
Константин
Симонов
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00:00:00
[music]
00:00:12
but
00:00:19
in Smolensk,
00:00:20
in a lonely, non-bombed house, the
00:00:23
telephone was working, Konstantin Simonov asked for
00:00:25
Moscow, the telephone operator answered now he
00:00:28
took about 15 minutes, finally heard Moscow,
00:00:31
Moscow says Smolensk, give 360 ​​84,
00:00:34
then a long call and a familiar voice
00:00:37
says,
00:00:38
and then a roar, the telephone operator’s voice
00:00:41
disconnected you in Smolensk
00:00:43
air raid warning Simonov called
00:00:46
Valentina Serova
00:00:47
Simanovsky's best military poems will be included
00:00:50
in the cycle with you and without you dedicated to her
00:00:53
among others there will be a poem
00:00:56
I caught your voice in Smolensk but
00:00:59
as always I was unlucky out of the thousand words of your
00:01:02
women I heard only the villages of Simonov
00:01:06
Smolensk first on the dates of July, the city is already
00:01:09
being bombed on July 15, a mass exodus of residents from
00:01:12
the city recalls Leonid Andreev in
00:01:15
the future professor until the end of factoring the
00:01:18
street was filled with refugees, troops
00:01:21
near a broken down house selling ice cream in the
00:01:23
bright sky German planes were hanging in a
00:01:26
store without windows and doors
00:01:28
there was a line for sour cream on the shore
00:01:30
lying in the eight corpses of shot
00:01:32
German paratroopers under the bridge,
00:01:35
checkers with explosives were placed on the
00:01:37
bridge, a tractor drove over the head of a killed
00:01:39
teenager, the
00:01:41
channel of people at the station was driving people crazy, a
00:01:44
freight train approached,
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thousands of people rushed towards it,
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knocking over each other, dropping bundles and
00:01:50
suitcases, screaming,
00:01:52
crying and cursing,
00:01:55
a large-caliber gun suddenly clattered next to the train anti-aircraft
00:01:56
machine gun people rushed to the walls of the station
00:01:59
under the carriages a
00:02:02
lost girl of about 4 was crying uncontrollably; a machine gun
00:02:05
burst showered splashes of broken
00:02:08
plaster; by the twentieth of July, in the area of
00:02:11
Smolensk, three of
00:02:13
our armies were surrounded 16 19 and 20 the Germans had already occupied
00:02:18
spruce, creating a bridgehead significantly
00:02:21
extended to the east Soviet The military
00:02:23
leadership believes that this is not a
00:02:25
German breakthrough at all, but simply a major landing
00:02:28
landing landing landing landing these days this word was
00:02:32
literally sitting in my ears Simon
00:02:35
Simov writes after a short stay in
00:02:37
Moscow where he writes his famous
00:02:39
poem wait for me
00:02:41
leaves under the spruce tree in his diary he writes
00:02:44
no one starting from the commander of the 24th Army,
00:02:47
Rakutin, and ending with the battalion commanders, did
00:02:50
not know the true situation under the Yelnya,
00:02:53
General Rakuten reads that the Germans who were
00:02:56
eaten will not be driven out in a day or two, at
00:02:58
most in three,
00:03:00
in fact, the Yelnya will be taken by the troops of the 24th
00:03:04
Army only in a month and a half, on September 7, the
00:03:07
24th Army in pairs the composition of the reserve front
00:03:10
under the command of Zhukov
00:03:12
Yelnya is our first big successful
00:03:15
offensive,
00:03:16
but the Yelninsky ledge is a
00:03:18
secondary direction for the Germans at this time,
00:03:20
the main German attacks follow on the
00:03:23
central and southwestern fronts when the
00:03:25
Wehrmacht launches a general offensive
00:03:27
on Moscow, it will do without the Yelninsky
00:03:30
exhibition when Zhukov advances on the Yelnya
00:03:33
The Germans are advancing on Kiev
00:03:35
near Kiev, surrounded in the cauldron by the 5th army of the
00:03:38
southwestern front, the
00:03:40
front commander, general,
00:03:44
according to German data,
00:03:46
665 thousand people are captured near Kiev, according to the
00:03:50
historian General Volkogonov, 453 thousand
00:03:54
people, including 60,000 command personnel
00:03:57
in the Mozol area, Gomel, 78,000 are captured
00:04:02
in the Uman cauldron, surrounded by two armies,
00:04:04
103 thousand prisoners, including both
00:04:07
army commanders, the commander of the 6th Army,
00:04:10
Lieutenant General Muzychenko, and the
00:04:11
commander of Hitler’s 12th Army
00:04:14
your Monday, in a few days, the
00:04:16
general’s name will
00:04:19
appear in the headquarters order number
00:04:21
two hundred and seventy on August 16, 1941,
00:04:24
order number two hundred and seventy has a
00:04:27
distinct personally Stalinist intonation, and
00:04:31
you see how Stalin walks
00:04:34
back and forth and dictates, not only our friends
00:04:38
admit it, but our enemies are forced to
00:04:40
admit that in our liberation
00:04:43
struggle against the German fascist
00:04:44
invaders, parts of the Red Army, their
00:04:47
commanders and commissars behave
00:04:49
impeccably courageously and sometimes downright
00:04:52
heroic, even those units that
00:04:55
accidentally fell into encirclement remain
00:04:58
steadfast and emerge from encirclement,
00:05:00
followed by indisputable enumeration of the
00:05:03
facts of successful escape from encirclement,
00:05:05
Stalin continues,
00:05:07
but we cannot hide the fact that
00:05:10
recently there have been several
00:05:12
shameful facts of surrender to the enemy by
00:05:15
individual generals will give a bad example to
00:05:18
our troops, they didn’t call three
00:05:21
names once the lieutenant general for weeks,
00:05:24
the truth is, in fact, he is a major general,
00:05:27
Stalin dictates, he had every
00:05:29
opportunity to get through to his own, but he
00:05:32
chickened out and deserted the enemy, the second
00:05:35
Stalin calls the lieutenant general and
00:05:37
rocked,
00:05:38
he chose to surrender in captivity says
00:05:40
steel 3 Major General Kirill from Is it possible to
00:05:44
tolerate cowards in the ranks of the Red Army who
00:05:47
surrender into captivity? No, it’s impossible
00:05:50
if you give free rein to these cowards and deserters,
00:05:53
they will ruin our homeland of cowards and
00:05:56
deserters, we must destroy Simon in the
00:06:00
comments to the diary of 41 years old, he writes, I
00:06:03
have to do something bitter confession I was a
00:06:06
man of my time and then in the summer of
00:06:10
1941,
00:06:12
reading this order of the headquarters, under which
00:06:15
was Stalin’s signature, I believed no less than others
00:06:18
that the people mentioned in it were
00:06:21
really guilty of everything that was
00:06:25
attributed to them after the war, Semenov would study in detail the
00:06:28
circumstances in which the
00:06:30
people indicated in the order ended up in captivity,
00:06:32
or rather two of them for the new tennant
00:06:35
rockers, he was not captured at all, he died in
00:06:38
battle on August 4, at the time of the release of order
00:06:41
number two hundred and seventy, he was dead
00:06:43
the situation with a week for us sim on the fat of
00:06:45
fresh it according to the combat log of the
00:06:47
southern front on August 4, a group was recorded for
00:06:51
weeks she continues to fight in a
00:06:53
closed ring without shells and
00:06:55
artillery, General Kirillov with his
00:06:58
corps, judging by the documents, is constantly covering the
00:07:00
withdrawal of other units of
00:07:02
Simon writes there was no reason to
00:07:05
declare them cowards who did
00:07:06
not want to break through to their own, in the
00:07:09
conscience of these two people at that moment it
00:07:11
was there was only one thing they physically could not do, they
00:07:14
did not have time or did not dare to shoot themselves,
00:07:16
but this is not a reason to consider them traitors,
00:07:19
as it was said in the orders, put my father spent
00:07:22
almost two years on regular
00:07:25
trips to Podolsk
00:07:27
where he worked with archives and tried to
00:07:30
trace the fate of those people he
00:07:32
met on front, clarify details
00:07:35
that were not specified from commenting on their
00:07:38
last puzzle and late scheme with their
00:07:40
thoughts and destinies, generals
00:07:43
Monday and Kirillov, abolished in
00:07:46
order number two hundred and seventy, will be in
00:07:48
captivity until the end of the war,
00:07:50
then for six months in the territory occupied by
00:07:52
the allies, return to their homeland
00:07:55
December 30, 45 arrested, investigation will be
00:07:58
carried out five years in the fiftieth they were
00:08:00
shot in the fifty-sixth recognized as
00:08:03
unjustifiably convicted in accordance with
00:08:06
order number two hundred and seventy
00:08:07
forty-one, all those captured
00:08:10
are counted as traitors to the motherland
00:08:12
by order 270 in the forty-fifth year from the
00:08:16
German camps they will end up in Soviet camps
00:08:18
and the few surviving defenders will end up in these camps
00:08:20
Brest Fortress, the
00:08:22
families of those captured are subject to repression;
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they are arrested and exiled to
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remote areas of the USSR
00:08:30
in July 1942, the
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State Defense Committee issued a
00:08:34
resolution to clarify for everyone that
00:08:35
family members are considered father and mother, wife,
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husband, sons, daughters, brothers and sisters if
00:08:43
they lived together with traitors to the motherland
00:08:45
at the time the beginning of the war from June to December
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41, up to 3
00:08:52
million 300 35 thousand Soviet
00:08:55
troops will be in German captivity at the end of January 42, as
00:08:59
a result of executions and 5 days of starvation,
00:09:02
2 million prisoners will die x Stalin,
00:09:05
speaking at the Mayakovskaya metro station on
00:09:07
November 6, 1941, speaks of
00:09:10
four months of war we lost
00:09:13
350,000 killed and missing three hundred
00:09:17
seventy-eight thousand people
00:09:19
wounded, we have one million 20,000 people,
00:09:22
Soviet soldiers captured, Stalin
00:09:25
does not mention at all on the Western Front, they
00:09:28
only enter the Smolensk battle with up
00:09:31
to 300 thousand people taken prisoner, almost
00:09:34
300 thousand wounded, more than 200 thousand
00:09:37
dead The
00:09:38
troops and civilian population surrounded near Smolensk
00:09:41
have the only way out
00:09:43
is a narrow crossing across the Dnieper, and after
00:09:46
the village of Solovyov,
00:09:47
Simonov was at the Solovyov sky crossing. In
00:09:50
addition, in the comments of the diary, he
00:09:52
cites a fragment of a letter he received
00:09:54
from Vasily Polozhanko, who started
00:09:57
the war precisely under the Yelny tree, he writes
00:10:00
endless streams refugees from west to
00:10:02
east and flocked on a wide front to the
00:10:05
nightingale sky they crossed the crossing there was no
00:10:07
air cover
00:10:09
fascist pilots
00:10:12
shot at streams of people at the
00:10:14
crossing from human bodies
00:10:16
carts of dead horses a dam was formed
00:10:19
I’m still seeing a
00:10:22
bloody dying woman who barely
00:10:25
crawled out of the water on shore
00:10:27
and a baby is crawling along it, also
00:10:30
bloody Simon Serov from the front,
00:10:34
do not reproach or offend the
00:10:36
rusty stem, fiddling with it, I just see see
00:10:40
see I wanted you you without
00:10:44
quarrels without stupid hassle, which is
00:10:47
shameful and funny to remember, it would be a leisurely flight like in
00:10:52
slow motion
00:10:56
to Moscow for the Germans 300 kilometers remain, the
00:11:00
German offensive operation on the
00:11:02
capital is called typhoon and
00:11:05
planning is completed by September 19,
00:11:08
the command of the western front only on
00:11:11
September 26 reports the insert that, according to
00:11:13
intelligence data, a German
00:11:16
attack on Moscow is possible, the next day a
00:11:18
directive is issued on the need to
00:11:20
transition to a tough and persistent defense
00:11:23
on the creation of front-line reserves and
00:11:25
improvement of defensive
00:11:27
structures, but all these documents do not
00:11:29
have time to reach the advanced units, the
00:11:31
command post of the western front at this
00:11:33
time is located next to the execution station
00:11:35
at a commanding height in the bright white with
00:11:39
columns ancient mansion of the Volkonsky princes,
00:11:43
all entrances to the house are sprinkled with yellow
00:11:45
sand, a
00:11:46
communication center under the lungs canopies next
00:11:49
to the estate there is a busy
00:11:51
movement of military vehicles on the first
00:11:54
day of Operation Typhoon October 2 27
00:11:57
German bombers strike the
00:12:00
command post of the Western Front
00:12:02
the building is destroyed 73 people are killed the
00:12:06
first priority task of the German
00:12:08
command is the
00:12:09
encirclement and destruction of Soviet troops
00:12:12
in the areas of Bryansk and Witch, the solution to this
00:12:15
problem opens the way
00:12:17
the eagle was taken to Moscow on September 3, absolutely
00:12:20
unexpectedly for the command of the Bryansk
00:12:22
front when German tanks burst into the eagle in the
00:12:25
city, trams full of people walk calmly in the city the
00:12:28
commander of the Oryol military
00:12:30
district, Lieutenant General Tyurin, who
00:12:32
is responsible for the defense of the city, they learn about the
00:12:35
capture of the city in the morning of an exile who
00:12:37
runs to headquarters shouting that the Germans
00:12:39
tanks on the streets of the city three days later on
00:12:43
October 6, surrounded by the principle of
00:12:45
how it turns out there are three armies,
00:12:48
less than 20 percent of the
00:12:50
personnel of
00:12:52
Simon Serova will be released from the encirclement when he
00:12:55
lost his life, the air around him was empty
00:12:57
and the image of the tender one did not touch the lips of the halo
00:13:01
virgins bush I will forever take take with you the
00:13:04
sound of your words, the taste of your lips, let them not
00:13:08
lie on the battlefield, nothing will remind me of
00:13:12
them
00:13:15
Simon writes in the village they met units of
00:13:19
one of the Moscow militia
00:13:21
divisions, these were for the most part not
00:13:24
young people, 40 to 50 years old,
00:13:27
uniform tunics 3 40 Moreover,
00:13:31
some of these tunics and this blue
00:13:33
dyed commander, their commanders were also not
00:13:36
young people, reserves, the formation of the
00:13:39
people's militia division began on
00:13:42
July 4, 1941, for the first time the words formation of the
00:13:46
militia were heard on the eve of July 3 in
00:13:49
Stalin's address, in addition to older people,
00:13:52
young people
00:13:54
often unfit for military service join the militia
00:13:56
their weapons date back to the First World War, the
00:13:59
level of combat training is extremely low,
00:14:02
but they are volunteers and show
00:14:04
incredible perseverance
00:14:05
when the decision is made to lead
00:14:08
troops to the line, even in quite a long time,
00:14:10
these people will cover this retreat
00:14:13
and it is they who will come under attack from the German
00:14:15
armies of the center group and fall in a
00:14:18
terrible environment, to pick up, he
00:14:20
remembers the militia with Barris Friedman on
00:14:24
October 1, 1941, we are sitting with one of our
00:14:26
fellow soldiers, we are talking about this and that, he
00:14:29
tells me there is talk that we are already
00:14:31
surrounded,
00:14:32
I answer him yes, what are you, Alexander
00:14:35
Nikolaevich, this cannot be, you could
00:14:37
hear shooting all around quietly so
00:14:40
calmly
00:14:41
the bombing will go on the next day 2nd
00:14:43
operation typhoon
00:14:45
begins with a total bombardment it
00:14:47
completely disrupts communication between the
00:14:49
Soviet troops
00:14:50
German tank wedges, with a gigantic
00:14:53
debt, move bypassing the main forces of
00:14:55
our armies and already on the 7th they complete the
00:14:59
complete encirclement of our units
00:15:01
then along the Moscow-Minsk highway they
00:15:03
cut the encircled group into 2 and
00:15:06
begin to destroy it; foresee the
00:15:09
catastrophe of the encirclement; the commander of the
00:15:11
western front of the horses
00:15:13
reports on the new
00:15:15
situation on the 4th; hours and even minutes decide everything,
00:15:18
but 4 Stalin does
00:15:20
not give permission for an organized retreat
00:15:22
only on October 5, headquarters will approve the order
00:15:26
to retreat; in fact, it will begin only 6 but will
00:15:29
already be imported remembers the encirclement with the
00:15:32
military doctor Kivan cops before our eyes the
00:15:35
whole organization
00:15:36
of the retreat was falling apart all the units were mixed up
00:15:39
no one controlled the movement from the memories the
00:15:41
militia Alexander Lilya and why you ca
00:15:45
n’t take the wounded
00:15:46
dead you can’t bury them too we’re approaching the
00:15:49
last moment 2 majors quarreled the
00:15:52
dispute was who should command the regiment
00:15:54
one shot the other the inherited major
00:15:58
took command of the escape from the
00:16:00
encirclement those who escape from the encirclement
00:16:03
end up in a filtration point of the
00:16:04
western front on the wanderers the
00:16:07
university dormitory building is happy and
00:16:09
will get caught new to the front the rest of the
00:16:11
camps from the memories are surrounded when and
00:16:15
woke up after the bombing around it was beezley
00:16:17
you only killed me I walked along a forest
00:16:20
road, a military truck overtook me, they didn’t
00:16:22
help me climb in, we passed one village,
00:16:25
not a soul on the street, we passed two more
00:16:28
villages, everything was quiet and it began
00:16:30
to calm us down, and now, at full speed, we
00:16:33
enter the next village, we find
00:16:35
rings of German tanks,
00:16:37
German
00:16:39
machine gunners appear in our place. in captivity, new groups of
00:16:43
prisoners arrived all the next day,
00:16:45
then we were all brought to a transit
00:16:47
camp for prisoners of war in a small
00:16:49
town, then the column of prisoners of war set off on a
00:16:52
long journey, no end or beginning was visible from the
00:16:56
memories of the former prisoner, large
00:16:59
villages, the column did not stop for long, the
00:17:01
village elders looked gloomily for
00:17:03
us,
00:17:04
I didn’t see sympathy in the eyes of a
00:17:06
peasant woman holding half a loaf of bread in her hands
00:17:08
and offering to exchange it for a pair of
00:17:11
underwear that a prisoner should take off himself
00:17:13
from the memory of another former prisoner,
00:17:16
women threw bread and potatoes into our ranks,
00:17:19
the Germans didn’t really know what to do with
00:17:21
so many prisoners
00:17:24
This is quite a hellish cauldron in which the
00:17:26
entire encirclement was mixed up, captivity and
00:17:29
incredible ferocity, truly
00:17:32
heroic battles of the encirclement
00:17:34
on two threads of Leskov's lice and the German
00:17:36
advance towards Moscow,
00:17:38
the military doctor remembers him on the cop, the entire gun crew of the
00:17:41
operating guns around the gun
00:17:43
lay several corpses,
00:17:45
one near the very wheel of the gun with
00:17:48
outstretched hands and wide open
00:17:51
eyes, as if he was looking into the sky, the look of the
00:17:55
last living artilleryman was full of
00:17:57
hatred, I would say passion, he did not
00:18:01
feel that his whole face was splattered with
00:18:03
the blood of his dead comrades and did not feel
00:18:06
anything around except the
00:18:08
enemy
00:18:09
even on the first day of the war, Prime Minister of
00:18:12
Great Britain Churchill in for the sake of his
00:18:14
appeal, he said
00:18:16
over the past 25 years there has been no more
00:18:19
consistent opponent of communism
00:18:22
than me, I will not take back a single
00:18:25
word that I said to communism,
00:18:27
but all this pales before the
00:18:30
spectacle unfolding now, I see
00:18:34
Russian soldiers defending their homes in
00:18:37
which their mothers and wives pray and
00:18:42
there are times when everyone prays for the
00:18:46
return of their breadwinner, their
00:18:49
protector and the support of the military doctor, the cops
00:18:52
remember I noticed another wounded man,
00:18:55
he was lying on his back and saying something loudly,
00:18:58
I ran up to him and was horrified, he
00:19:02
was wounded in the stomach, a significant
00:19:04
length of intestinal loops came out and he could hardly have
00:19:07
survived,
00:19:08
I bandaged him, he looked at the
00:19:12
planes flying above us out of hatred, approved
00:19:14
shoot lines, fascist bastard, we will still
00:19:18
fight with you, Stalin, who did not give a
00:19:21
timely order to retreat, on
00:19:24
October 8 sends a radiogram to the headquarters of the
00:19:26
surrounded 19th Army due to non-arrival
00:19:29
surrounded by troops in Moscow, defend Moscow by
00:19:32
someone and I repeat by nothing, have at the
00:19:36
end surrounded by Vyazma 37 divisions of the
00:19:39
Western
00:19:40
New Fronts 9 tank brigades, almost all the
00:19:44
artillery On October 11, an
00:19:47
attempt is made to break through to this day at
00:19:49
the cost of enormous blood, the Rabbit is barely
00:19:52
held by the militias, a
00:19:54
two-kilometer corridor in the ring of the
00:19:56
German encirclement is led breakthrough, the
00:19:58
commander of the 19th Army, Lieutenant General
00:20:01
Lukin Lukin, is asking for air
00:20:04
support in the main attack zone;
00:20:06
this support will not be heard ahead;
00:20:09
artillery cannonade is heard and
00:20:12
many voices echo,
00:20:13
and this is an echo of the desperate hurray of the
00:20:16
infantry desperately going for a breakthrough on
00:20:20
October 11, the breakthrough is choked by the ring
00:20:23
surrounded again, the
00:20:24
second attempt closes breakthrough 13 she was also
00:20:27
unsuccessful general booking wounded three times
00:20:30
and captured surrounded by vyazma
00:20:33
this is up to 600 thousand prisoners and about 400
00:20:37
thousand killed after the war the
00:20:40
Virgin Mary field could not be plowed
00:20:42
human bones lay at the depth of a
00:20:45
bayonet shovel 60s Simonov
00:20:51
proposed collecting and publishing
00:20:54
memoirs Muscovites who
00:20:56
witnessed the events in Moscow and around
00:20:59
Moscow, the cruelest in the fall of 1941, at the
00:21:03
highest level, Simonov was
00:21:05
forbidden to do this on October 16, 1941,
00:21:09
on the radio in the morning report of the Sovinformburo, the
00:21:14
situation on the Western Front was reported for the past 24 hours, the situation on the Western
00:21:17
Front worsened after that, the radio
00:21:20
went silent, this morning I left our
00:21:25
house, that means we lived then where in a
00:21:27
Malayan lane not far from Mikey
00:21:29
Skye and went along Gorky Potter soon that
00:21:32
means went towards the Belarusian
00:21:33
station there my uncle lived there it means the
00:21:36
colonel they are my aunt’s husband and immediately
00:21:39
saw something so unusual
00:21:41
cars rushing, cars, black dimples
00:21:44
then were M16, the bosses all rode on
00:21:46
dimples, carried females, military men were sitting, and there were
00:21:51
suitcases tied on the roof, an incomprehensible,
00:21:55
unheard of sight, I couldn’t understand anything,
00:21:57
these were officers of the headquarters of the Moscow
00:21:59
military district, early in the morning the district headquarters
00:22:03
received a secret report from which it
00:22:05
followed that the Germans had broken through the front and had already
00:22:08
reached the margin of claims 100 kilometers from the
00:22:10
capital, the headquarters apparently decided that the Germans
00:22:13
could be expected in Moscow, so
00:22:15
the staff officers
00:22:16
scurried off near Mozhaisk, there really are
00:22:19
fierce battles going on, and right
00:22:22
on the Borodino field, these battles are
00:22:25
being held back for a week, the German offensive is
00:22:28
counting down, at this time there is hand-to-hand
00:22:31
combat at the bottom in the location of the command post of the
00:22:32
5th Army, the
00:22:35
commander of the army, General Lelyushenko, was wounded.
00:22:37
Ilyushenko remembers this happened in
00:22:40
the very place where in 1812 the
00:22:44
Raevsky battery stood,
00:22:45
it was exactly on October 16, from the
00:22:49
memories of St. George’s On October 16,
00:22:52
the greatest impression was made by the
00:22:54
garbage cans in Moscow courtyards, they
00:22:56
were filled to the brim with books in red
00:22:59
bound, these were Lenin's works, they did
00:23:01
not fit in containers, they were dumped
00:23:03
right on the streets and burned the entire center of Moscow
00:23:06
was in this smoke
00:23:07
on the Kuznetsky bridge on the Lubyanka on
00:23:09
Myasnitskaya there was black snow
00:23:11
ashes of burnt documents on the streets
00:23:14
papers with a secret stamp were flying through the city there are
00:23:18
no trams running in the city the metro is
00:23:20
closed by the bakery, Daniil Granin writes about
00:23:23
what Alexei Kosygin told him on October 16,
00:23:26
at that time the deputy chairman of the
00:23:28
Council of People's Commissars, the government was evacuated to
00:23:31
Kuibyshev, the Council of People's Commissars office and the
00:23:33
doors were empty, the phones were ringing everywhere,
00:23:36
Kosygin walked from office to office and
00:23:38
answered the phone to show that the
00:23:40
government was working,
00:23:42
remembers ambulance doctor dereza is
00:23:45
driving away a countless
00:23:47
number of pigs and cows somewhere, shady
00:23:50
characters are pulling pigs in the gateway
00:23:52
almost in front of the shepherds, there are
00:23:54
mass layoffs at enterprises on
00:23:56
October 16, he is urgently distributing wages, but not
00:23:59
everyone and not everywhere people waiting for money
00:24:02
see him running bosses deputy director of the
00:24:06
plant immediately in the world till named after Molotov
00:24:08
Rybin loaded the car with a large
00:24:10
amount of food tried to
00:24:12
leave the factory territory was detained
00:24:15
and beaten by workers from the memories of Arkady
00:24:18
championship October 16 abandoned city of
00:24:21
Degree I saw how the Bolshevik factory was robbed
00:24:24
the road was strewn with cookies
00:24:27
robbed
00:24:29
the meat processing plant named after Mikoyan hundreds of thousands
00:24:31
disbanded workers, hundreds of thousands of their wives and
00:24:35
children, ragged and beggars, were abandoned to the
00:24:37
mercy of fate, they suddenly realized that
00:24:40
no one needed them spontaneously and indignation
00:24:43
grew every hour, Moscow
00:24:45
was on the path of an uprising, an uprising
00:24:48
against
00:24:49
the state power, they remember the chief engineer of the gas processing plant
00:24:52
number one sur na king, the people unexpectedly
00:24:55
remained nothing to do with it, many said it gives
00:24:58
us weapons, we went to fight,
00:25:00
but we got paid and left for the
00:25:03
square of three stations, packed with people and
00:25:05
things, there is nowhere to go in Leningrad,
00:25:08
everyone is leaving
00:25:09
Yaroslavl or Kazan, but on this
00:25:12
day, but this is absolutely just a lobby of
00:25:14
the authorities, you are not going for transport, not for the sake of the
00:25:17
police no, not a single one I
00:25:19
haven’t seen a single policeman on the street all day
00:25:21
no, yes, that’s where they hid,
00:25:24
they don’t know how the cow licked off nothing with her tongue
00:25:26
and remembers no one
00:25:27
Maria squirrels were leaving actor
00:25:31
and writer and filmmakers Einstein Pudovkin
00:25:34
love Orlova
00:25:35
some actor dragged a huge chest and
00:25:37
suddenly looking at his watch, he threw it and
00:25:39
ran to the platform with one briefcase, the
00:25:41
conscript guys, bald shaved with skinny
00:25:44
knapsacks, laughed at him, the intelligentsia was
00:25:47
evacuated from Moscow in an extremely organized manner,
00:25:49
at first glance, one can see in this the
00:25:51
desire of the authorities to save the intellectual
00:25:53
elite from destruction,
00:25:55
in fact, the authorities perceives her as a
00:25:57
blessing to me, a reliable fifth column send
00:26:00
Boris Gorn ng philologist and poet wrote
00:26:03
to his father at the Institute of World Literature,
00:26:05
telephone calls were heard,
00:26:07
stern voices read out the names of
00:26:09
employees and on behalf of the authorities announced
00:26:12
that if these persons do not leave Moscow, then
00:26:14
it will be considered that they are waiting for the Germans, we
00:26:17
We were driving out of Moscow along the highway of enthusiasts,
00:26:18
it was crowded with a crowd, several
00:26:22
people rushed on the running board, the roof of
00:26:24
the car, they pounded their fists on the windows, the
00:26:26
windshield cracked and crumbled,
00:26:29
dozens of hands grabbed the car from dragging
00:26:31
it to a trained person, raised
00:26:34
the hood and began to come to life, the electrical wiring
00:26:36
dozens of hands reached into the car and
00:26:38
they pulled out my wife, what do you need,
00:26:41
I shouted in response, I screamed hundreds of voices, I guess
00:26:44
you’re bringing money, she threw off the hungry
00:26:46
mini-boss, party organizer Olya, the director is a bastard, I
00:26:49
understood, and I looked at their
00:26:51
sunken cheeks, at their black greasy
00:26:54
coats and torn shoes,
00:26:56
and suddenly I saw a terrible abyss
00:26:59
to separate the noise we have today in the bar
00:27:01
and these people I shouted that I am a Soviet
00:27:04
writer that I dream of military registration that the
00:27:06
car is my own I write books and
00:27:09
bought myself a car
00:27:10
they decided to let us go before that they are looking for a
00:27:13
drink our car was snatched from my
00:27:16
wife’s hands the jacket was taken by the wolves mind and
00:27:19
we all drove off, I saw how another
00:27:23
ZIS was robbed, dozens of packs of cigarettes,
00:27:25
dozens of pairs of stockings and socks were flying out of it, it was the
00:27:27
car of one of the
00:27:29
statesmen, he was taking out an entire store,
00:27:31
bread flew out of the car, fell on the road,
00:27:33
some man jumped towards this bread
00:27:35
grabbed it and began to quickly eat it at the peak of the
00:27:38
German offensive on Moscow in the city,
00:27:42
anti-Semitic sentiment flared up with unexpected force from the reports of the NKVD,
00:27:45
a mechanic only from the KS plant in the Kiev
00:27:48
district of Moscow said soon we will have all
00:27:51
the Jews like this and ran his hand over the year of
00:27:54
such content of the reports a lot of
00:27:56
Arkady firstborns recalls, a
00:28:00
gloomy citizen in a cap passed by me and
00:28:02
said, comrade of the first-born, we are looking for and beating the
00:28:05
Jews in the hands of the government there was a radio,
00:28:07
but it was silent for almost the whole day. On October 16, there
00:28:11
was not a single calm voice
00:28:13
that would tell the population to
00:28:15
defend the city,
00:28:17
only in the evening
00:28:18
it was heard in the street loudspeakers there was some
00:28:20
rustling and then the chairman of the
00:28:22
Moscow Armor Council spoke, he called on the population
00:28:25
to calm and promised to restore order, the
00:28:28
panic in the city continued for three more days,
00:28:31
on one of these days Stalin called the
00:28:34
Western Front after the war, Simonov
00:28:36
talked with the commander of the Western Front, the
00:28:38
horse was being driven, Stalin recalled called
00:28:42
with almost hysterical words, Stalin
00:28:44
spoke about himself in the third person, Comrade
00:28:47
Stalin is not a traitor, Comrade Stalin is not a
00:28:49
traitor, Comrade Stalin is an honest man,
00:28:51
his whole mistake was that he
00:28:53
trusted the cavalrymen too much, Comrade Stalin
00:28:56
will do everything in his power to
00:28:58
correct the current situation,
00:29:02
then Konev felt
00:29:04
extreme confusion began at the
00:29:06
absence of a strong-willed principle,
00:29:08
then Konev had the feeling that
00:29:10
Stalin did not correspond to the
00:29:12
idea of ​​​​him that he had,
00:29:14
his horse was a confused man and
00:29:18
Simonov writes in many ways,
00:29:22
I thought a lot about what was the secret of that
00:29:24
dramatic call from Stalin, his horse
00:29:26
and suddenly I remembered how in July forty-
00:29:29
one the
00:29:30
commander of the western front, Pavlov, the
00:29:32
chief of staff of the western front, and
00:29:35
several other generals were shot,
00:29:36
all of them were declared traitors to
00:29:38
the motherland and shot as traitors;
00:29:41
in no case
00:29:43
were they actually traitors, but Stalin
00:29:45
could have done everything that happened at the beginning of the war explain
00:29:48
only betrayal, this was in the
00:29:50
simplest way, Stalin’s favorite way out of the
00:29:53
situation, so Stalin transferred the blow to
00:29:56
others because Stalin in these first
00:29:59
weeks of the war was not just confused,
00:30:02
chickened out, he felt responsible
00:30:05
for a false assessment of the political situation
00:30:07
for his deafness to the signal for
00:30:10
warning, you know, I am convinced that
00:30:13
steel was not a spy Germany there is no such
00:30:17
data although I appeared in the newspapers I
00:30:20
will collect who read that he was somehow
00:30:23
something but I don’t believe it
00:30:26
but his actions towards our army
00:30:30
were treacherous me
00:30:32
it was a betrayal of the army the second
00:30:35
attack of Stalin’s panic came in the
00:30:36
terrible days of October and then Stalin
00:30:40
felt
00:30:41
that now he could be considered a traitor
00:30:43
after all the failures of the
00:30:44
encirclement and the victims, he could be declared a
00:30:47
traitor to his homeland and they stood up against him and
00:30:50
could raise their hand with
00:30:51
the consciousness that something of an accusation that he had
00:30:55
habitually
00:30:57
turned against others for many years could finally be
00:31:01
turned against him, this is what caused
00:31:04
the cry that was heard in the telephone
00:31:07
receiver by the commander of the western front,
00:31:09
Konev
00:31:11
Semenov, in his work, Stalin and the war
00:31:13
brings words to him
00:31:15
in the atmosphere of this vacuum
00:31:17
of confusion, it was necessary to compensate with one’s
00:31:20
roles for the lack of will from above and do
00:31:23
everything possible to save the situation
00:31:26
16 October, Stalin did not leave Moscow, the
00:31:29
fact of Stalin’s stay in Moscow
00:31:32
is the only case when the individual
00:31:35
plays a positive role because
00:31:37
the information that Stalin did not leave the
00:31:39
capital was encouraging in the sense that people
00:31:42
dying for Moscow without feeling
00:31:44
completely abandoned by the confused
00:31:46
authorities, the effect of Stalin is just a drop in the
00:31:50
ocean the fortitude and sacrifice
00:31:52
shown by ordinary people in the defense of
00:31:55
Moscow, a new stage of the German offensive
00:32:01
on Moscow begins on November 15,
00:32:04
by the first of December, no
00:32:07
more than 30 kilometers remain to Moscow. On December 2, the editors of
00:32:11
Berlin newspapers were ordered to leave
00:32:13
empty spaces in the rooms considered to be in order to
00:32:16
print a message about the capture of the Soviet
00:32:18
capital in Moscow. At this time, preparations are already underway
00:32:21
for military operations within the
00:32:23
city limits of the Dzerzhinsky division,
00:32:26
order number nine was given to organize a line of
00:32:29
defense along the Garden Ring, the
00:32:31
Mayakovsky uprising squares are mentioned, the
00:32:33
Smolensk Oktyabrskaya and
00:32:36
Dobryninskaya squares are blocked in their entire width with
00:32:38
gouges and sandbags,
00:32:42
aviation people so often
00:32:44
air raid alert they no longer have time
00:32:45
to announce bombs are dropped on the Garden
00:32:48
Ring on Chaliapin's house on the lost
00:32:50
ponds on the Arbat on the Bolshoi Theater anti-
00:32:54
aircraft guns are lined up along the Garden Ring the formation of
00:32:57
columns heading to the front is now taking place
00:33:00
right on the Garden Ring for the
00:33:02
defense of Moscow
00:33:03
units are arriving from the far east of
00:33:05
Central Asia and Siberia
00:33:07
this became possible after
00:33:10
Japan abandoned the idea of ​​​​entering the
00:33:12
war against the USSR, it is the Siberian and
00:33:15
Far Eastern units that take part in the parade on
00:33:18
November 7,
00:33:19
the big guys, the regular troops, our
00:33:23
regular army, who met the
00:33:25
German offensive, by this time everything was killed
00:33:28
and now the fake troops from the Far
00:33:30
East are fed up and
00:33:31
trained for the end November they are minimizing and
00:33:35
preparing to blow up 12 Moscow bridges,
00:33:38
city power plants, train stations, the
00:33:40
central telegraph building, Tass, the House of Unions and the
00:33:43
Bolshoi Theater.
00:33:44
December 2, the Germans are pulling up guns to
00:33:47
shell the city in the Kryukov area, this is
00:33:50
only 11 kilometers from the current
00:33:52
ring road, the Soviet writer
00:33:54
Arkady Perborntsev is writing at this time the
00:33:56
time has come when
00:33:59
God could be the only savior, but we are
00:34:01
atheists, all hope is in Stalin,
00:34:04
Arkady Perborntsev was mistaken, another
00:34:07
Russian writer, Lev Tolstoy
00:34:09
War and Peace, gives the only accurate
00:34:12
explanation of how and by whose forces Russian
00:34:15
and
00:34:17
world history actually unfolds, Prince Andrey before the
00:34:20
Battle of Borodino,
00:34:21
addressing to Pierre says it will overthrow
00:34:25
tomorrow will depend on us
00:34:27
oppression at the disposal of the headquarters success has
00:34:30
never depended and will not depend not on
00:34:32
the position there are no weapons not even numbers
00:34:35
least of all on the position success will
00:34:38
depend on the feeling that is in
00:34:40
me in us in every soldier who tomorrow he
00:34:44
will fight angrier and feel less sorry for himself,
00:34:47
he will win on December 5, 1941, the last
00:34:51
frontier before Moscow begins the
00:34:54
counter-offensive of our troops,
00:34:56
the only strategic reserve of this
00:34:58
counter-offensive is the blood and life of Soviet
00:35:01
soldiers
00:35:02
from a letter from a German soldier to his relatives,
00:35:05
during the offensive, the Russians use a
00:35:07
huge amount of manpower, which
00:35:10
the command stubbornly introduces into battle and this is what they
00:35:12
achieve, the Russians have always
00:35:15
been famous for their contempt for death, the
00:35:17
communist regime has further developed
00:35:19
this quality, the attack is launched twice, the attack
00:35:22
will be repeated for the third and fourth time,
00:35:25
regardless of losses,
00:35:26
and the third and fourth will be
00:35:29
carried out with the same stubbornness and
00:35:30
cool-blooded infantry goes on the attack in
00:35:33
close formation
00:35:34
it appears as if there is no hollow coming out of the ground, a
00:35:37
huge gap from our
00:35:40
fire immediately fills with waves of infantry,
00:35:43
rolling one after another over a carpet of corpses,
00:35:46
such a reflection still depends not so much
00:35:48
on the availability of equipment, but on
00:35:50
whether the nerves will withstand the battle near Moscow,
00:35:54
our first victory in the reports for the first time the
00:35:57
names of the generals commanders of the
00:36:00
victorious armies near Moscow appear instead of
00:36:02
the words troops to the team runner
00:36:04
now the troops under the
00:36:07
command of Rokossovsky
00:36:09
are spoken everywhere the names of understood Govorova Kuznetsova
00:36:12
Lelyushenko
00:36:13
sounds louder than all the beetles
00:36:16
victory near Moscow will cost us
00:36:18
nine hundred twenty-six thousand two hundred
00:36:21
forty-four people
00:36:22
irretrievable losses almost a million dry
00:36:27
term irretrievable losses
00:36:28
means killed and missing, the
00:36:32
ratio of our and German losses is
00:36:34
three to one, wounded, and in this grandiose
00:36:37
battle, there are
00:36:39
eight hundred and seventy-nine thousand,
00:36:42
six hundred and seventy-nine people in a separate line; victory
00:36:45
near Moscow is a breakdown of the blitzkrieg crab; the idea of
00:36:49
lightning-fast analysis
00:36:50
in Russia;
00:36:53
protracted war, but this means that the war is
00:36:56
only Simonov returning to Moscow on the
00:37:03
northern front on the day
00:37:05
the counteroffensive began. December 5th, he writes,
00:37:08
having been in Moscow for only an hour, I already
00:37:11
felt that it would really
00:37:13
never be given up. December 9th symbols
00:37:17
had to read several
00:37:18
war poems on the radio, including them not yet
00:37:21
published and wait for me,
00:37:23
he was ungodly late to the people when
00:37:27
the announcer came running, he was already reading 3 of the 4 poems selected for
00:37:30
broadcast, all that was left was just
00:37:32
wait for me
00:37:34
Simonov writes, I gestured to the announcer
00:37:37
that I would read myself, I pulled the
00:37:39
sheet with the poem from his hands and all he
00:37:41
had to do was announce that wait for me
00:37:44
will be considered by the author himself I don’t remember how and
00:37:47
then I read it wait for me and I will return in
00:37:51
spite of all the deaths who didn’t wait for me
00:37:56
let him say lucky not to understand those who didn’t
00:38:00
wait for them like sai fire with your expectation
00:38:04
you saved me how I survived
00:38:09
only we and I will know you just knew how to wait
00:38:14
like no one else in
00:38:16
the winter 41 he wanted her to hear that
00:38:20
he was alive so that she could hear his living voice of
00:38:24
Simon Gray I
00:38:27
don’t want to share
00:38:28
my board here you rarely hear a name here but if
00:38:32
I am silent I am silent about you and the air is
00:38:35
populated with gallows yours simanov serova
00:38:39
who have you become mine or someone else’s
00:38:43
heart from here I can’t reach
00:38:45
forgive me for calling you wife by the right of
00:38:48
those who may not return during the war years
00:38:55
simonov was on business trips both on the
00:38:57
northern and southern front he was in
00:38:59
Stalingrad he saw a meeting with
00:39:01
the allies on the Elbe and the storming of Berlin, he
00:39:04
was present in Karl force at the
00:39:06
signing of the surrender,
00:39:07
he had no reason to feel ashamed
00:39:10
of himself in the war, the war was a short
00:39:13
time of coincidence of his personal faith with the
00:39:16
general faith
00:39:17
of the state ideology after the war, he
00:39:19
had 34 years of a completely different life on the day
00:39:23
of his fifty years old, Simonov will say that I
00:39:26
didn’t do everything well in my life, I
00:39:29
understand this, I wasn’t always at my best, at the
00:39:32
height of citizenship, at the height of
00:39:34
humanity,
00:39:35
there were things in life that I
00:39:37
remember with displeasure when I didn’t
00:39:39
show enough will,
00:39:42
insufficient courage, and I remember this in
00:39:45
my last work that was written
00:39:47
six months before his death and is called through
00:39:49
the eyes of a man of my generation, Temnov
00:39:53
will speak about the time before the war and
00:39:55
post-war repressions, this is a time that, to
00:39:59
be honest, one cannot forgive not
00:40:01
only Stalin
00:40:02
but also anyone, including himself, the
00:40:06
son of Konstantin Simonov, Alexei Simonov, will
00:40:12
write in the preface to his father’s last work about the post-war Stalin
00:40:14
era and about his father at this time he was
00:40:18
threatened with a complete displacement of the internal
00:40:20
moral guidelines that distinguish
00:40:23
talent from mediocrity
00:40:24
after the war in a country that defeated fascism
00:40:28
Stalin saddles up with an absolutely fascist theme
00:40:31
anti-Semitism in the USSR this is called
00:40:34
the fight against cosmopolitanism Simonov leaving the
00:40:37
old Russian noble family was
00:40:39
never an anti-Semite was not and in his
00:40:42
comrades Simonov valued rejection
00:40:45
of anti-Semitism noted this separately
00:40:47
Simonov writes Surkov organically
00:40:50
despised and hated anti-Semitism as a
00:40:53
phenomenon and anti-Semites as its
00:40:55
personal bearers did not hide this he
00:40:57
was more consistent and bolder than
00:41:00
me and Fadeeva in 1949
00:41:03
Simonov makes a report on
00:41:05
their cosmopolitan writers that is, the report against
00:41:08
writers of Jewish nationality
00:41:11
Alexei Simonov writes the report should have been
00:41:15
made by the secretary of the writers' union Fadeev,
00:41:17
who escaped responsibility
00:41:19
in the usual way, fell into a binge, take
00:41:23
him away in the writers' union there were two deputies of
00:41:26
Simonov and Safronov Safronov was ready
00:41:29
to make this report but it was known that
00:41:32
Safronov In addition to the list of cosmopolitans lowered from above, he will
00:41:35
gladly
00:41:37
add another dozen or two names of
00:41:41
writers he himself hated, and
00:41:45
Simon undertook to make a report and did it,
00:41:48
and then secretly fed some of the
00:41:51
people involved in his report, since
00:41:54
after this
00:41:56
report they were no longer allowed into literary work in the
00:42:00
sixties in the provinces in some club at
00:42:02
Simonov's there will be a creative evening,
00:42:04
a lot of people will gather, he will
00:42:08
read war poems in his usual quiet voice, do
00:42:10
you remember Alyosha, if your home is dear to you,
00:42:13
wait for me then questions from the audience
00:42:17
first question are you a Jew sixty-six
00:42:21
Simonov writes an individual letter
00:42:24
against the rehabilitation of Stalin and in
00:42:27
seventy-three he signs a
00:42:28
collective letter against the owls to marry a
00:42:30
new 74 when he flies from Spain in the hands
00:42:35
of his translator they see the gulag archipelago
00:42:37
he will tell you they won’t let you conduct it let me spend it in
00:42:41
Moscow he returned Simonov against the
00:42:45
publication of Doctor Living Parsnip
00:42:47
but it breaks through the publication of Bulgakov’s
00:42:50
master and Margarita helps break through
00:42:52
performances in the contemporary and
00:42:54
Taganka theater he contributes to the cinematic
00:42:57
fate of Alexei German and all the years he thinks
00:43:00
and writes about Stalin and his time this is
00:43:03
Simonov’s enormous work in overcoming
00:43:06
his own misconceptions, but most importantly
00:43:09
Simonov helps solve everyday
00:43:11
problems for former front-line soldiers
00:43:14
hospitals apartments dentures glasses not
00:43:17
received awards
00:43:18
[music]
00:43:21
to fortunately
00:43:22
he was never called a major
00:43:25
Soviet, so he was just Simonov,
00:43:27
this is a great literary success,
00:43:30
his best cycle, military lyrics with you
00:43:33
and without you,
00:43:34
started in forty-one, Simonov
00:43:37
ends in fifty-four, it’s too
00:43:39
late to throw reproaches to the wind, don’t be afraid
00:43:43
to talk until dawn, I just stopped loving
00:43:47
you and this prevents me from writing poetry for you
00:43:53
[music]

Description:

Исторические Хроники с Николаем Сванидзе

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