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Почему НЕТ МОСТА между Европой и Африкой? Гибралтарский пролив и ДРУГИЕ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ТОЧКИ ПЛАНЕТЫ

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people endlessly turn to the past,

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they capture it in monuments in films and

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video games, they admire it, they are horrified

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from the past, they make examples of how to

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behave and how not to behave, the past

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can serve as a reason or at least an

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explanation for what is happening now, but

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what is the past we talk about when we engage in

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history about the past states of individual

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people, nations or territories, history

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often becomes an object of politics; the

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glorious days of the distant past can

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mask current failures; and distant

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distant ancestors turn into ideas and

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flags that can be used to

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assert some of their rights to

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independence on culture or, most

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often, on land and sacred the history of our

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nation or our people often becomes a

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key argument in such

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political rhetoric, hello everyone, I’m

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Igor Zyryanov and you’re on the channel, we’re happy where

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we talk about the dead and the dead about

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history,

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contrary to popular belief, this

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area of knowledge is by no means the richest

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in fakes, because for every one allegedly

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found giant will find its

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non-working homeopathic pill for

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every third world war in the nineteenth

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century another UFO and for the next book

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about the secret life they began to look at some

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missing link in human evolution,

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however, it is history that is most often

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used for speculation, which is

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usually based on the fact that the

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prehistoric world or the middle ages or

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some era when

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wigs and guillotines were in fashion does not seem to us something

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fundamentally different from our time,

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much like the cartoon The Flintstones

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broadcast the realities of the good old

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American family of the distant sixties

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to the people of the Stone Age, this is a rather

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ironic example, because now the

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reality of this old a good

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American family of the middle of the last

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century is in itself an archaism, what

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else can you look for, so today

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we will talk about one of the most

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fundamental

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differences between my beloved Middle Ages and

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our days, without taking into account which, well, it’s

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quite easy to fall for the bait of

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some scoundrels, manipulators, we

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will talk about national states,

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or rather about their absence and at the same time about

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when modern nations arise in general,

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well, you know all sorts of Spaniards and

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French Russians, but before

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plunging into the abyss of funny little men of

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medieval engravings, the insane madness of the

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medieval crusades and the

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dull swamp of the struggle for the right to be called the

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heirs of that same Rome, I’ll make a reservation

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about nations: this word, modern

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mainstream in social sciences,

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denotes a certain collective construct

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necessary for self-identification,

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in other words, a nation is a society of people

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sharing some common cultural

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superstructures such as language or faith or

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some other important traditional things.

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The approach is that nationality in this case is

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derivative from culture it is called

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constructivist and in general does not raise any

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questions for anyone,

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in other words, nationality does not

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exist at the biological level, it is

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not transmitted with genes or with

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mother's milk or with any other

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physiological fluids, but at what

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point does the concept of a nation arise at the

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social level, a related idea

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constructivism, the concept of modernism

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suggests that somewhere around the 18th century, the

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conditional Parisians and residents of Normandy and

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Languedoc residents finally turn

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into the French and the process of formation of

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European nations ends only in the

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twentieth century, the French are only

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one of the examples,

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but before evaluating this statement,

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let’s still look at The Middle Ages is quite a

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thousand-year period in the

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history of Western European civilization,

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traditionally we consider it from the fall of Rome

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to the fall of Rome, well, in the sense of

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Constantinople, generally speaking, the length of

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the Middle Ages is one of the main

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pitfalls, although I would call it a

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whole mountain of reefs on the way to

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at least somehow generalize this era to every

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opinion that most people have not seen

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anything other than their native village throughout their short lives,

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we meet the fate of

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some Marco Polo and in response to

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him the dark ages during which the

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main technical achievement were

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candles made of dung angry motto you

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point your finger at mechanical watches and

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various optics and for a second the

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printing press, inventions comparable in

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effect, I would say with the Internet in general, the

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Middle Ages are an extremely ambiguous time,

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and this is due to the fact that, for example, from

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the coronation of Charlemagne to the arrest of the

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Templar Order, a good 500 years passed

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from the arrest of the Order

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700 Templars passed before the presentation of the first iPhone, and

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we are still kept within the standard

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framework of the Middle Ages without any Legoff there,

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and

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since I mentioned modern technology

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in the context of the Middle Ages tool, here is

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another reason why those distant

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times should really

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sometimes be called dark, the fact is that in

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the Middle Ages there was one very

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pleasant thing that makes our

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life much better than it could have

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been, I mean coffee

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in Europe became addicted to this drink only in the

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seventeenth century and thank God that this

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happened, the truth is that all this improvement in life does

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not work well with instant or poorly

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brewed coffee, but on this score I

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have a recommendation for you: a new

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coffee machine from Philips 5 400 series

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capable of brewing delicious coffee with 12

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recipes for cappuccino latte flat white and

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others, but at the same time simple and easy to

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use both in terms of setting

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coffee recipes for grind strength and so

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on and so on in caring for the machine, for example, the

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Laty Go cappuccino machine washes very quickly

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under water. Naturally, if you are too lazy

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to make settings, you can

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use the preinstalled

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presets without bothering for a second;

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however, the simplicity of the local menu

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is confirmed by the fact that even I

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figured it out the first time and

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in general, when handling technology, I feel like

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Australopithecus, adjusted for the fact

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that Australopithecus, at least with the technologies of

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its time, coped normally

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returning coffee, there is functional

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customization, such as choosing the strength level,

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you can even make the coffee stronger by adding a

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shot of espresso to any drink, a

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modern, unobtrusive appearance

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that At the same time, it does not require you to arrange

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the interior of the kitchen for it and the convenient

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function of saving your own

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recipe settings in the overall impression is completely

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pleasant, and there are also 4 available

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profiles in which you can save your

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settings if, for example, you do not live

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alone, this is very convenient, in short, it is

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convenient, functional and attractive

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representative of the world of household appliances,

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so if you love coffee, you should have

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acquired a similar device or

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were still thinking about how you could make your life a

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little better, then please use it

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with pleasure,

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all the links are in the description,

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click on them, look, and in the meantime we

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will return to the Middle Ages

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in In any case, there are a number of fundamental

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things that make the Middle Ages

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the Middle Ages and allow this term to

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be quoted among modern scientists

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and not only in the society of humanists, Flavio

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Branda, who unbearably wanted to

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separate his enlightened age from the

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dense barbarian Middle Ages

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because antiquity, as we

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all know, yes, he invented the term Middle Ages

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Gums that in general one of these features is the

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almost complete absence of national

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borders in our modern

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understanding of them, in fact, as well as

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national states,

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let’s first look at

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medieval culture, whether

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customs and holidays or

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art were very different for most of this era in the

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territories of modern France and

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Portugal, after all Czech Republic, although differences

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can certainly be found there, much more important is

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that this entire culture was Christian and

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was at plus or minus the same

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technological level, it is easy

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to read, say, at the level of architecture,

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dancing on Roman bones in this area

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will end around the 11th century, the end of the

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Viking Age and in general, the beginning of those

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Middle Ages, which no longer resembled so much the

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bloody primordial broth, well,

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you know, by the 11th century, everyone had already accepted that

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the empire had fallen and life was now

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completely different for the following ancient

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Romanesque name, as if hinting at

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where the legs grow from, architecture

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becomes by that time actually

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universal, combining simplicity of

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design, only the pyramids were built simpler,

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perhaps with the reliability that

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these warlike times require, it

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spreads throughout Europe, find

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10 differences between some southern

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French abbey, an Italian

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cathedral and temples in Switzerland, well, in those

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days, however, a church could be confused with a castle

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but this is not what we are talking about, what we are talking

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about is that the differences that you will find

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will most likely lie on the decorative

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plane in the late Middle Ages,

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the situation will worsen even more in fact,

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Gothic, especially later, will become a

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universal architectural style for

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Western European civilization; in

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fact, the term can only be fully applied to it

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Middle Ages Notre Dame

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Chartres Cathedral Cologne pointed

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Gothic arches that took on

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more weight than Romanesque ones to

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allow huge stained glass windows to show off and the

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general Christian culture led to the

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fact that cathedrals were erected in various parts of Europe

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that a non-

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art critic would hardly be able to

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distinguish by eye,

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of course it seems that even then there wo

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n’t be any

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striking differences in architecture in different countries typhus there is

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a lot of classicism there in Africa classicism

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but this is not entirely true the architecture of the

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Italian Renaissance and northern

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pan-European bauhaus and Soviet

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Italo-German gigantism the Japanese with their

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desire to rationalize space as much as possible are

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quite strongly

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felt here national characteristics are even more

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powerful, the universality of medieval

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art is felt in painting,

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illustrations for medieval treatises

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were very similar to each other,

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regardless of the region, and the painting

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schools and traditions of, say, the Renaissance or

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modern times, although they mixed,

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borrowing from each other, nevertheless

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had quite obviously and clear and

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national origin is often at

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least at the level of plots, I mean that

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the plots about St. Petri, say, in the

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thirteenth century were equally

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interesting in Switzerland and in England, however,

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secular plots and Swiss ones in English

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painting of the 19th century were clearly different, as

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you can see, it is quite easy to detect

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fundamental differences in the

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visual languages of different faiths

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but different peoples existing within the boundaries of

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one faith,

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such a problem is not so illustrative,

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but perhaps even more important is the situation with

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languages if now any of us

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finds ourselves in a situation in which we

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cannot communicate with someone because we do

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not understand this language is most

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likely due to the fact that we have contact with a

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foreigner, but in the Middle Ages such a

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situation with the beginning is most likely what

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you met with a person and a new

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class status. Here, of course, the most important thing is

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the moment with written and oral speech,

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after all, for hundreds of years from the moment

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After the fall of Rome, the language of educated people of

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the clergy and documentation remained

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Latin, and not because everyone

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liked Rome so much, although

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many probably did not without it, but simply because there were

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no visible alternatives,

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imagine a situation when a

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modern German from Bavaria meets a

00:11:04

German from Saxony and they in general, they

00:11:06

suck at understanding each other until they

00:11:08

switch to common literary

00:11:10

German and have a daughter, or say, 2

00:11:13

Indians from different states who,

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in principle, are unlikely to

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communicate with each other without English, or let’s say, for

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example, I understand Ukrainian, related to Russian, very poorly,

00:11:23

just imagine imagine

00:11:26

some such situation,

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imagine the level of communication and

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multiply the result by 10 times in

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the Middle Ages, this problem was much

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more common simply because there

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were no large enough unified

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education systems anywhere that would teach the

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literary norm to any

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significant number of people. there is

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more dialect to everyone

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now and they were also different from each other

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even more than now no of course the

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inhabitants of two neighboring

00:11:56

Spanish baronies there of course they

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understood each other better than a visiting

00:12:01

French merchant

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anyway it’s not that they

00:12:07

had much in common with each other however for them and for the

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French merchant it was much more important

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that all three of them were Catholics; an

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even greater gap lay between the

00:12:17

common people and all sorts of

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political and economic elites of any

00:12:23

kind, in general between the plebs and the nobility with the

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clergy, those who knew the written

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language, and the aristocracy could

00:12:29

seriously differ at the scientific level of the common

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people because the class lived, as it were, in

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parallel with each other and the

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dominance of some local

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culture in the territory did not

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mean at all that it was dominant, and in the

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political sense, a textbook

00:12:41

example here is England in which the aristocracy

00:12:43

spoke French starting from the

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moment William the Conqueror

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actually received his nickname

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after sitting on the English throne,

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this continued, by the way, right up to the 18th century, but

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by this time, of course, this French was

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already very different from the language

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that William himself spoke,

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but the fact remains a fact in the Middle Ages there

00:13:02

were many such situations when the nobility

00:13:05

spoke the same language the common people are

00:13:07

different, and this means that the language, more precisely,

00:13:11

linguistic differences, is

00:13:13

what a significant

00:13:16

part of our national identity is now built on. The

00:13:18

Middle Ages rather spoke not of nations,

00:13:21

but of class, origin from the specifics of the

00:13:24

relationship between different

00:13:26

class groups, for example,

00:13:28

followed, for example, a completely different

00:13:31

attitude towards war than we have now

00:13:33

the war between, say, the English and

00:13:35

French kings is not a war between France

00:13:38

and England in the understanding of us people living in a

00:13:40

world formed by the results of the Second

00:13:42

World War, the attitude towards those warriors

00:13:45

was very far from get up, a

00:13:46

huge country, get up for mortal combat because,

00:13:48

in fact, speaking about the paisan on the

00:13:50

rogue paisan but John

00:13:53

didn’t have any special complaints, both of them had no

00:13:55

complaints in life, frankly speaking, it was so-so,

00:13:57

in fact, the

00:13:59

largest owners,

00:14:00

landowners, sorted it out among themselves, well, although they were

00:14:03

simultaneously drawn into this fascinating meat grinder

00:14:05

and the process of all cross-cutting encounters, this is

00:14:08

primarily due to

00:14:09

medieval right to property,

00:14:11

moving the fence a little further into the desert, a

00:14:13

modern Israeli, for a number of reasons,

00:14:15

can feel that this is not

00:14:16

only the land of the Israeli government, but also, in

00:14:19

a sense, personally his medieval

00:14:21

peasant who officially did not

00:14:23

even have the right to hunt in the forest because

00:14:24

the lion is not his The Marquise of Carabas could hardly

00:14:27

experience similar feelings, of course, not

00:14:29

everywhere and not always the peasant was

00:14:31

so strongly dependent on his

00:14:32

feudal lord, but this is rather the case when an

00:14:35

exception confirms the general rule,

00:14:37

feudalism, by the way, in principle,

00:14:39

prevented the emergence of national

00:14:41

borders, because for them they need a nation, before its

00:14:43

emergence, they need a certain unification,

00:14:45

which in turn is necessary, the

00:14:46

central government is able to and and

00:14:48

establish and then medieval Europe

00:14:50

where, say, the Duke of Bonn was actually

00:14:52

more powerful than the French

00:14:54

king, it was so-so by the way, note that

00:14:57

this lack of national

00:14:58

territorial identity forced

00:15:00

people to look for and find some other

00:15:02

identity in the first place the turn is, of course,

00:15:04

religious, as I already said, although the

00:15:06

hostility of, say, Islam and

00:15:08

Christianity to each other is overestimated,

00:15:10

which we had a separate video about,

00:15:11

nevertheless, when wars happened between Muslims and

00:15:13

Christians, they

00:15:14

really aroused enthusiasm among many; the

00:15:16

same applies to other

00:15:18

religious wars, avoid the

00:15:20

Hussites and although, say, in the case of the

00:15:22

crusades, it really was one of

00:15:23

the significant factors, it is not worth reducing everything to it;

00:15:25

say, the crusade against the

00:15:27

Cathars definitely had a material basis

00:15:29

with the holy land; the more complicated thing is

00:15:33

that religious life really

00:15:34

occupied, due to the above reasons, a

00:15:36

completely different place in the Middle Ages than

00:15:38

now, yes, people were ready to kill for

00:15:41

faith; however, this does not speak of some

00:15:42

mysterious lack of civilization, but rather

00:15:44

of the absence of some other myth about

00:15:46

which they would justify violence; the

00:15:47

peculiarity of myth in general is that it does not

00:15:50

need rationality and it

00:15:51

only needs confirmation faith and this very faith, as a

00:15:54

rule, is in abundance not only among

00:15:56

religious fanatics, but also, say, among

00:15:58

political radicals, of whom there is always

00:16:01

a lot during some moments of crisis,

00:16:03

which, by the way, states have successfully used

00:16:06

throughout

00:16:09

modern history, let’s say if I have

00:16:13

complaints like from the state to some

00:16:15

territory, I can fully justify them by the fact

00:16:17

that our ancient prohibitions once lived there

00:16:19

and

00:16:21

this will do as an argument; the biological

00:16:25

factor has nothing to do with it at all because all

00:16:27

our ancestors most likely have already

00:16:29

mixed too much and among, for example,

00:16:31

modern residents of Israel for the most

00:16:33

part, not the descendants of the ancient Jews, but the

00:16:35

descendants of the inhabitants of other maritime

00:16:37

countries, so not to mention the biological

00:16:39

hereditary connection and I will say about

00:16:40

cultural continuity, you see, with

00:16:42

state continuity, as a

00:16:44

rule, no special questions arise

00:16:46

because here everything, as a rule, comes down

00:16:47

to legal boundaries and boundaries such as who to whom

00:16:52

was owed how much money will we

00:16:54

pay off this debt following our

00:16:57

ancestors, some borders

00:17:00

are written down in our documents, and so on, but

00:17:03

with cultural continuity everything is

00:17:04

a little trickier, and modern

00:17:06

nationalism, which very much likes

00:17:08

to operate with cultural continuity,

00:17:10

no less often bases this

00:17:12

continuity just the idea

00:17:14

that once upon a time there was the Middle Ages, for example,

00:17:17

in this territory, and our ancestors lived,

00:17:19

so they passed on to us some traditions,

00:17:24

some things,

00:17:26

in fact, it doesn’t make any

00:17:29

sense because the example of the Middle Ages with

00:17:32

its complete absence of any kind of

00:17:34

national states tells us

00:17:35

that the people who lived there 500 or

00:17:37

800 or 1000 years ago have, in

00:17:40

general, nothing to do with us, and there is no

00:17:44

pancake from us - it’s

00:17:46

strange that in those days it simply did

00:17:49

not exist and could not exist

00:17:51

because there was neither ethnicity

00:17:54

nor even a state, but because

00:17:58

normal centralized states

00:17:59

there with clear, in short, borders recognized by the whole

00:18:03

world simply did not

00:18:04

exist, but does this mean that in

00:18:07

fact there is no connection at all

00:18:10

between

00:18:11

modern residents of Moscow and residents of the

00:18:14

Moscow kingdom in the sense of

00:18:16

continuity between the Moscow

00:18:18

kingdom of the dynasty, more precisely the

00:18:20

Romanov Empire, the Soviet Union of the Russian

00:18:23

Federation, it is generally quite clear

00:18:26

and easily traced, but what about the

00:18:28

cultural-national connection, and here we

00:18:32

return to the various approaches

00:18:33

existing among historians, a bunch of

00:18:36

constructivism telling us that the nation is an

00:18:38

ephemeral result of the work of various

00:18:40

institutions and modernism approach, which states

00:18:42

that nations are entirely the

00:18:44

consequences of processes launched only in the 18th

00:18:46

century, was so loved by historians

00:18:48

of the middle of the last century that these two words

00:18:50

became virtually synonymous in the scientific community.

00:18:52

In many ways, this popularity of

00:18:54

this mix is due to the fact that radical

00:18:56

nationalism, to put it mildly, has not proven itself very well

00:18:59

20 century, and its seemingly

00:19:01

scientific historical background was straight up

00:19:04

idealism, which claimed that any

00:19:06

nation has its own unique innate

00:19:07

properties, like a faction in civilization,

00:19:09

was under an unspoken ban; this

00:19:12

approach turned out to be incorrect in a scientific

00:19:14

sense and of dubious reputation; in the

00:19:16

end, with its help,

00:19:18

all sorts of things like concentration camps were justified and

00:19:19

the Holocaust, so the concept that claimed

00:19:21

that nations were not only a thing

00:19:23

invented but also invented

00:19:24

recently turned out to be extremely successful and

00:19:27

popular, however, it

00:19:29

ignored a bunch of comments that

00:19:31

were made by scientists who studied the Middle Ages

00:19:34

who tried to say that he might be

00:19:36

guys after all there is some kind of connection between

00:19:39

those Irish who, back in the Middle

00:19:42

Ages, fought with the English

00:19:44

conquerors

00:19:45

and the present-day Irish, who

00:19:47

also have their own questions for the British,

00:19:49

probably with constructivism am,

00:19:52

however, no one particularly began to argue, as well

00:19:54

as with the fact that only during

00:19:55

modern times were more or less

00:19:57

national ethnic homogeneous

00:19:59

states largely for or as a

00:20:01

result of the fact that some

00:20:03

conquered and some invaders

00:20:04

needed to separate themselves from each other

00:20:06

Napoleon and the Germans and the Americans and the British the

00:20:08

Hungarians the Austrians about all these stories,

00:20:11

by the way, there is a video on the channel, read the

00:20:13

description in the tip everything won’t fit in or

00:20:16

it will fit in, but the absence of national

00:20:18

states does not mean the complete

00:20:20

absence of nations themselves or at least the

00:20:22

prerequisites for the emergence of these nations, so

00:20:25

it turns out that the roots of some

00:20:27

modern French and English or

00:20:29

Dutch, contrary to the traditional

00:20:31

modernist approach, can be found

00:20:33

back in the late Middle Ages,

00:20:36

see throughout of the entire

00:20:38

Middle Ages you are not only him in

00:20:40

fact, but now identity is not so important, it did

00:20:42

not stem from a national

00:20:44

source before, but it stemmed from

00:20:46

many other origins from locally

00:20:50

regional origins and class

00:20:52

origins from the religious tradition

00:20:55

ctrc terra

00:20:57

similar happened with the sources of

00:20:59

power that could be possessed

00:21:01

having been born into the necessary classes or having received and

00:21:03

legitimized their power thanks to the

00:21:05

ministers of the church, a new cultural

00:21:08

background of power, historical specifically

00:21:10

in Europe, it was an appeal to the imperial

00:21:12

past, initially to the Roman past, in

00:21:14

fact, with the word empire,

00:21:16

only one empire was meant, and this is what the

00:21:18

German emperors,

00:21:20

Byzantine and not, meant only they, the kingdom of the

00:21:23

Franks of Charles the Great by the late

00:21:24

French medieval monarchs

00:21:26

were considered the same historical

00:21:28

source of power originating from Rome

00:21:30

and after the medieval Italian pole

00:21:32

and considered it important to emphasize their

00:21:34

geographical status because,

00:21:37

again, Roman origin and here we

00:21:39

move on to a rather fresh concept of the

00:21:41

birth of a nation expressed by the Swiss

00:21:44

historian Kasparov Hershey, the thing is that

00:21:47

you can’t divide the same orange all the time,

00:21:48

you know, it’s somewhat begging for

00:21:50

its significance. Around the late Middle Ages,

00:21:53

quite a lot of powers arose that

00:21:55

had some kind of imperial ambitions.

00:21:58

Since the 13th and 14th centuries, the

00:22:01

rise of such countries as the future

00:22:03

European hegemon France trade began. the

00:22:05

empires of Venice and Genoa, and after a couple of

00:22:07

centuries, full-fledged first empires are already taking shape,

00:22:10

say the Portuguese, mainly

00:22:12

states like France still

00:22:13

exist according to a completely feudal logic

00:22:15

where the king is the owner of everything and the

00:22:18

fact that the country is his patrimony as the

00:22:19

main feudal lord is the main

00:22:21

principle of this country uniting there

00:22:24

are no unified institutions yet, there is no unified

00:22:27

education system, there is no single language, common

00:22:30

cultural codes, and there is not everything that

00:22:33

makes up a nation; however,

00:22:36

even with all this, already in the thirteenth

00:22:38

century, in large French chronicles,

00:22:41

references to the French as

00:22:43

French appear and the story of

00:22:46

their origin there is told By the way, the story is

00:22:49

absolutely saccra Lisa Ravana, I’m in the spirit of

00:22:50

some kind of romanticism in the 19th century

00:22:52

because the French have something like the Trojans

00:22:55

going on, but that’s not important at all, or let’s

00:22:57

say we have documents of the Hundred Years’

00:23:01

War where there are French, it’s written right there

00:23:04

that it’s the French who

00:23:06

oppose them to wild vegetables a beast to

00:23:09

some tribes, as the authors of the pamphlet

00:23:11

call the English, and note that there are

00:23:14

no objective reasons at all for

00:23:18

considering the inhabitants of France to be a

00:23:20

single people, as I already said, no

00:23:23

Hershey explains similar to the fact that at the

00:23:26

end of the Middle Ages, the

00:23:27

future of an empire like the French one had already begun to take shape

00:23:29

their power could no longer

00:23:31

rely only on the Roman heritage or

00:23:33

the status of a defender of the faith, since

00:23:36

this blanket was certainly pulled over by

00:23:38

all and sundry, and although objective

00:23:40

reality in every sense did not yet allow the forging of a

00:23:42

national state, even

00:23:44

then attempts to form

00:23:46

some kind of national culture began a

00:23:48

symbolic system that would

00:23:49

demonstrate that we are great, they are

00:23:51

fence dogs, that the French

00:23:54

king is lilies, and by the way, initially

00:23:57

they were not libya toads, it doesn’t matter that it is a

00:23:59

lily, an advertisement, Lord, Virgin Mary, here is the

00:24:02

king of English, this is water there is not a king,

00:24:04

even some kind of nonsense, and although on

00:24:08

day for the majority of French residents,

00:24:11

this did not particularly affect their lives; it was the

00:24:12

first attempts to do

00:24:15

something like this that essentially

00:24:18

sowed the seeds of what would later

00:24:20

turn into nationalism. What is interesting here is

00:24:24

that for a very long time it was believed that

00:24:27

imperialism and nationalism are both

00:24:29

genius and villainy things are incompatible, but

00:24:31

it turned out not quite so, and again, as

00:24:34

with the genius of villainy, however, it seems like the

00:24:37

whole history told us the compatibility of

00:24:39

these two things, how many

00:24:41

multinational empires fell apart and

00:24:44

eventually collapsed into a bunch of

00:24:46

national states, a textbook

00:24:49

example here, of course, is the prison of the peoples of

00:24:51

Austria-Hungary, which as if supposedly

00:24:53

fell into pieces only because

00:24:55

too many people

00:24:57

who belonged to different

00:24:58

national cultures did not live and by the way, we have a

00:25:00

separate video where I talk in detail

00:25:01

about the reasons for the collapse of

00:25:03

Austria-Hungary and including

00:25:05

why such a vision This process is

00:25:08

somewhat simplified and indeed

00:25:10

nationalism serves as an excellent

00:25:12

tool for separating from the empire,

00:25:14

but if you take into account

00:25:15

the argument and Hirsch, it seems that

00:25:18

nationalism, or at least something

00:25:21

very similar to it, is also a good

00:25:24

tool for

00:25:25

creating an empire in the medieval states of Europe

00:25:28

were not unitary, each kingdom in

00:25:30

fact consisted of many small

00:25:32

micro states, often with their own

00:25:34

laws and traditions, languages, however,

00:25:36

consistent and strengthening

00:25:37

centralization of power gradually

00:25:39

turned one vinaigrette into France,

00:25:41

another into England, tritium into Spain, and so

00:25:43

on, a matter of time, forces and unification of

00:25:47

some especially important for this

00:25:49

process of institutions like the

00:25:51

education system, well, if this can be

00:25:54

done on the territory of your

00:25:55

decentralized country, then why

00:25:57

can’t something like this be done on

00:26:00

some foreign territory, after all,

00:26:02

we had Rome, which taught you to be three

00:26:05

in a long radio operator in landini mind or

00:26:07

somewhere in Italy and Greece it’s still a

00:26:11

Roman, but there are more recent examples,

00:26:14

in other words, if you move away from the

00:26:16

traditional view of the nation and the

00:26:18

national state as almost

00:26:20

identical concepts and

00:26:23

stop reducing everything to the national

00:26:25

movements of the 18th and 20th centuries and look a

00:26:28

little deeper, finding there already in In the late

00:26:31

Middle Ages, the beginning of the boiling of this

00:26:33

broth, you can discover a rather

00:26:35

interesting aspect of the

00:26:38

constructive nature of nations and

00:26:41

national ideas, the national spirit is

00:26:43

really formed and the nation is

00:26:46

collectively invented, but the question is

00:26:50

who plays the largest role in this process - the

00:26:52

people themselves - the society around certain

00:26:56

individuals in some special

00:26:58

settings which these people come up with

00:27:00

like schools or universities or all

00:27:03

this happens with the help of some other

00:27:04

cultural tools there books and games

00:27:08

films and so on I’m not ready and don’t want to

00:27:11

try to answer this somehow straightforwardly

00:27:13

but I will say only one thing the

00:27:15

question is that invents nations this is the

00:27:18

closest relative questions what makes

00:27:21

me or you who we are and of course also

00:27:26

to the question of why we consider

00:27:28

ourselves to be some kind of communities and how this affects

00:27:30

our actions write what you think

00:27:32

about these questions and what do you think

00:27:34

about the nation what do you think about

00:27:37

the ancestors who passed on to us what

00:27:40

memory in general is not important, write in

00:27:43

the comments, like this video

00:27:44

if you found it interesting, don’t

00:27:46

forget to share it by attaching a

00:27:48

subscription if not already and all that

00:27:51

stuff

00:27:52

[music]

Description:

https://www.mvideo.ru/lgo - варите кофе в одно нажатие с кофемашиной Philips серии EP5400 LatteGo! Пользуйтесь промокодом REDROOM3000 на скидку 3000 руб. в интернет-магазине МВидео. Средние века - это не только рыцари, крестовые походы и христианство, но и первые рости национальных идей? Традиционный исторический взгляд на нации - модернизм - предполагает, что нации стали формироваться одновременно с национальными государствами, в Новое время. Однако, эту точку зрения на протяжении достаточно долгого времени всерьез оспаривали исследователи Средних веков, историки-медиевисты, демонстрировавшие, что какие-то отдельные культурные элементы, необходимые для возникновения национального самосознания, зародились еще в Средневековье. Что такое вообще нация и каким образом наличие или отсутствие восприятия себя как части какой-то нации влияет на нашу жизнь? Что было важно для человека в те времена, когда национальных государств не существовало? Что формирует нации и когда они в итоге появились? Разбираем все эти вопросы в свежем ролике. Ссылки: Подписывайтесь на инстаграм - https://www.instagram.com/egor_redroom/ Patreon для поддержки канала - https://www.patreon.com/redroomlimb Следить за роликами в вк - https://vk.com/redroom_video Купить МЕРЧ - https://mamcupy.com/ Ведущий: Егор Зырянов Сценарий: Егор Зырянов Фактчек: Сергей Байгушев Режиссер монтажа, оператор, художник анимации - Алёна Пашко Монтаж: Илья кармазинский Дизайн и анимация персонажей - Юлия Солуданова Фирменные треки: Александр Zender (http://alexzender.tilda.ws/) Использованы фильмы: Ян Жижка Флинстоуны: Борцы каменного века Рим (сериал) Марко Поло (сериал) 1492 Завоевание рая Александр Невский Монти Пайтон и священный Грааль Жанна д'Арк Царство небесное Робин Гуд Трудно быть богом (А. Герман) Король Час свиньи Бен Гур Седьмая печать 04:50 - интеграция 06:53 - возвращаемся к Средним векам

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