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Russian
00:00:02
[music]00:00:08
today's lecture may be the most00:00:11
scandalous of those that I have ever00:00:14
I had to read it and it’s clear why00:00:18
The point is that today's lecture will be00:00:20
is dedicated to two fundamental phenomena00:00:23
human history of power and religion00:00:29
we will consider with you how00:00:31
combination of these two fundamental00:00:33
elements of the elements on which it rests00:00:36
Any society gave birth to the Roman Empire00:00:40
led to its blossoming00:00:43
to success00:00:45
and as a combination of the same elements00:00:48
religion and power00:00:51
led to decline and destruction00:00:56
highest degree00:00:58
universal story one of four00:01:01
universal stories that describe00:01:04
human destiny Each of us and00:01:08
Of course, every country tries on00:01:10
itself after the collapse of the Roman Empire this00:01:14
the very story of how a point dreamed00:01:18
turn into a circle with area00:01:21
infinity first expanded its00:01:24
possession to the entire visible world00:01:27
then it shrank to this point and disappeared into00:01:30
stories00:01:31
more than once after the collapse of the Roman00:01:35
empire, historians turned to this00:01:37
famous story to understand00:01:40
your own past present and00:01:43
the future and the British Empire in the XVIII00:01:46
century and modern America in the 21st century00:01:50
of course always with some tremors00:01:53
study Heritage00:01:56
Roman Empire How did it00:01:59
succeeded and why she at some point00:02:02
time ceased to exist00:02:06
Despite the fact that someone's00:02:10
nerve strings may be affected00:02:13
my slogan for today's lecture is always00:02:17
there were words00:02:18
Spinoza don't laugh don't cry00:02:23
hate but explore the task is00:02:27
is to understand what exactly is in religion00:02:30
Romans What exactly is in power in two00:02:33
fundamental institutions that00:02:34
have not disappeared anywhere and in the 21st century has led to00:02:38
the collapse of one of the most developed and00:02:41
civilized societies in history, we are all00:02:44
one way or another Heirs of Rome Even if00:02:47
we don't realize it half the world says00:02:50
in Romance languages we use00:02:53
in Roman numerals we know you and I00:02:58
prominent figures such as Julius Caesar and00:03:01
Of course, Cicero is not empty for us00:03:03
sound Even if we never read it00:03:06
books our architecture if you go to00:03:10
the street is also experiencing enormous00:03:12
it was he who gave birth to the influence of Rome00:03:15
architectural phenomena that we00:03:18
associated with classicism or00:03:20
Palodianism in this style00:03:22
the most famous were built00:03:24
architectural masterpieces of modern times and00:03:27
walking the streets of Washington DC00:03:30
Paris London Moscow St. Petersburg we00:03:35
we feel the influence of antiquity00:03:38
we feel the influence of Rome00:03:44
October 1500:03:48
1664 one inconspicuous Englishman00:03:53
traveling around Italy00:03:56
came across Capitol Hill00:04:00
sat for a while and looked at00:04:04
all that remains of the once Great00:04:06
Roman Empire and made a decision00:04:09
write a book book00:04:14
about the decline and collapse of civilization00:04:18
this man's name was Edward Gibbon00:04:22
famous English historian who00:04:25
will devote the next 22 years to what00:04:28
will write a seven-volume work so far00:04:30
Unsurpassed in the history of this period00:04:35
to today's virgils in our00:04:38
traveling through the Roman Empire will be00:04:41
this outstanding English historian00:04:45
who apparently felt00:04:48
the breath of time, after all, he wrote his work00:04:51
during the period when the British Empire00:04:53
experienced enormous difficulties in 166400:04:57
year, the idea came to him and00:05:00
Very soon literally in 10 years00:05:03
the war of independence began00:05:06
USA00:05:07
which led to the defeat of the British00:05:10
There won't be an Empire - will there be a British Empire?00:05:15
a new version of a certain repetition of everything00:05:18
what happened in the fifth century of our00:05:21
eras in Rome which are from the center of civilization00:05:25
will turn into a place where they will eat00:05:28
corpses of people Because there will be nothing to eat00:05:32
who will be plundered and humiliated00:05:34
raped00:05:35
tribes that were previously considered00:05:37
absolutely incapable not only of00:05:41
civilization and culture but also to00:05:43
confront the huge Roman army00:05:47
empires00:05:49
there is even a general belief that History00:05:52
Rome00:05:54
This is the history of any empire, all empires00:05:57
sooner or later they disappear00:06:00
collapse under the influence of internal00:06:02
patterns and we will need00:06:05
find out if this is really possible00:06:08
can I say that the embryos were already contained00:06:11
the collapse of this great civilization or is it00:06:16
it wasn't predetermined that's how it was00:06:20
writes about his famous decision among00:06:25
the ruins of the capitol gave me an idea00:06:26
intention to write an essay that00:06:29
for almost 20 years of my life I served00:06:31
for me a pleasant and constant activity00:06:33
and no matter how perfect it may be00:06:35
in my own eyes I finally00:06:37
I present it to the court of the curious and00:06:39
impartial readers these are the latest00:06:42
words of the seventh Volume of his enormous work00:06:45
every volume if you ever read00:06:47
this work is serious00:06:50
A tome of 700 pages, you probably00:06:54
do you know about the famous story associated with00:06:57
our compatriot who is forced00:06:59
was to leave Leningrad with Joseph00:07:02
Brodsky When teaching in American00:07:04
university he came across say00:07:07
so stupid, uneducated students00:07:10
being extremely irritated by00:07:12
he wrote a list of books that he should00:07:15
read each one in order to be with00:07:18
he has something to talk about00:07:19
and in this list he included the famous00:07:22
Edward Gibbon's history00:07:26
I don’t know the decline and fall of the Roman Empire00:07:31
did Joseph Brodsky himself read all seven00:07:35
volumes But if you Until today it00:07:38
you didn’t do it, according to Brodsky00:07:41
be one of those people who have nothing to worry about00:07:44
talk when you read then you can with00:07:46
you start talking about something but00:07:49
Since I touched on this line, I should also00:07:53
I must admit that at the moment I00:07:55
I only read four and a half00:07:57
Volume of seven can only justify me00:08:00
the fact that it is on this fifth Volume00:08:03
the period we are interested in ends00:08:06
exactly 476 AD because00:08:10
Gibben got carried away by the story00:08:13
there is a little bit of it, yes the end of the 15th century That00:08:17
he also wrote a history of decline00:08:19
Byzantine Empire Byzantine00:08:22
civilization of us today's lecture00:08:25
will be of interest exclusively00:08:29
this famous English historian and00:08:32
this is how modest his seven-volume book looks00:08:36
work00:08:38
there is one more thing00:08:41
American artwork00:08:44
artist Thomas Cole he wrote five00:08:47
paintings called the path of empire and00:08:51
in fact, these five paintings are00:08:53
sort of 5 stages through which how00:08:56
at least the Roman Empire passed from00:08:59
emergence from the original00:09:01
state when Roma in 753 BC00:09:06
era after the murder of his brother decided00:09:08
found Rome on this site00:09:12
and up to00:09:14
476 years, that is, until the year when00:09:18
The Roman Empire formally ceased00:09:20
exist even though it was looted00:09:23
barbarians several times before00:09:27
the original state is not at all00:09:29
predicted what exactly is in this place00:09:32
an amazing civilization will arise00:09:36
rich technological cultural00:09:39
and other points of view00:09:41
actually a unique position00:09:44
of the tribe that lived near Cyprus00:09:49
is that Rome was from the very beginning00:09:52
a free city it was located between00:09:55
on the one hand, it’s even Russians00:09:58
exotic esoteric version00:10:01
which now will probably become00:10:02
popular among those involved in00:10:05
Russian history what are the Etruscans00:10:07
Russians are obvious from the very beginning00:10:10
they wanted to say this00:10:11
So on the one hand there were the Etruscans about00:10:14
of which little is really known00:10:16
and on the other side was Magna Graecia00:10:18
colonies located on00:10:21
pennine peninsula and now Rome00:10:24
managed to take an intermediate place00:10:27
Accepting migrants from both the North and the South00:10:31
from the very beginning Rome was successful00:10:34
thanks to migrants and when they think that00:10:38
the fall of Rome is associated with the great00:10:41
resettlement of peoples is due to the fact that00:10:44
there was a huge influx of people from00:10:47
other regions forget that success itself00:10:50
Rome is connected with migrants, connected with that00:10:54
that they could go there00:10:56
freedmen could escape there00:10:58
escape those whose native places were considered00:11:02
ford about the same situation was in00:11:04
America, as we know, fled there from00:11:07
England as a whole from Europe those who were threatened00:11:10
including the death penalty at a minimum00:11:12
the pursuit00:11:14
the original pastoral in which we00:11:17
we are00:11:19
and then a few centuries later Rome00:11:22
truly becomes the center of the world00:11:24
peace and Rome in an amazing way00:11:27
are even visually connected to each other00:11:31
with a friend00:11:34
the rise of the Roman Empire can be described00:11:36
as follows as residents of the province00:11:38
so the Romans themselves vividly felt00:11:39
frankly and frankly admitted00:11:42
The peace and prosperity of the Empire00:11:44
they glorify increasing splendor00:11:47
cities smiling view of fields00:11:49
cultivated and decorated like a huge00:11:51
garden and long celebration of peace00:11:53
which so many people enjoy00:11:56
having forgotten about their former enmity00:11:59
freed from the fear of the future00:12:01
dangers is how Gibben describes the period00:12:04
the rise of the Roman Empire, moreover, this00:12:08
historian following Nicolo-Machiavelli00:12:11
announces what exactly this period00:12:16
from the end of the first century AD to the end00:12:19
second00:12:21
from the death of Domitian to the ascension to00:12:24
chest of drawers is the best period in00:12:27
human history Please note00:12:29
it writes English stories at the end of 1800:12:31
centuries it is clear that if we00:12:34
compare the welfare of a Roman with00:12:38
current it will be very different but00:12:40
if we compare development00:12:42
technologies of culture of means of communication00:12:44
18th century in London and second century in Rome00:12:49
we'll find out with you what it's not like00:12:51
paradoxical for 16 centuries of humanity00:12:54
seriously dropped down00:12:58
in technological cultural00:12:59
intellectually compared00:13:01
with the Roman Empire so this is Gibben like this00:13:06
describes this happiest00:13:09
period in human history If you00:13:11
he apparently asked someone00:13:12
assumes that he has for how long00:13:15
period of world history00:13:16
of the human race It was the happiest00:13:18
the most blooming He should have without00:13:21
any hesitation Please note00:13:24
this confidence to name that period00:13:25
which leaked from death davitsa she was00:13:28
procession to the throne of the chest of drawers00:13:30
son of Marcus Aurelius, famous philosopher00:13:34
on the throne precisely for the period of reign00:13:37
Antonina good emperors have to00:13:41
the rise of the Roman Empire and the construction00:13:44
famous00:13:46
architectural structures including00:13:48
The Pantheon and a little earlier the Colosseum is being built00:13:53
strictly speaking, Roman law00:13:55
receives the greatest development in the same00:13:57
period of time00:14:01
This is how Thomas Cole illustrates the period00:14:05
heyday of success the power of Rome00:14:09
empires00:14:10
which really covered everything00:14:13
known at that time The world is the end00:14:18
second century but very little passes00:14:20
time and the picture changes00:14:23
colossal hunger, unsanitary conditions and00:14:27
illness is the second picture allows00:14:30
understand what tension there will be00:14:36
consider this issue ups and downs00:14:39
the decline of the Roman Empire between these two00:14:42
points and the main tension occurs00:14:44
the main question that interests00:14:46
humanity is still accustomed to00:14:49
the convenience of the luxury of the rich about his sex00:14:51
then they realized how little a person needs00:14:53
to meet the demands of nature and00:14:56
began to waste their useless00:14:57
Treasures for obtaining such rough00:14:59
meager food from which00:15:01
in the past they would have turned away00:15:02
contempt food is the most disgusting00:15:05
The food tastes and looks unhealthy00:15:08
the harmful ones were devoured by greed and were00:15:10
subject of heated debate between00:15:12
people brought to hunger00:15:14
frenzy there was a suspicion that00:15:16
some unfortunates ate out of desperation00:15:19
meat of killed comrades and there were stories00:15:22
about the fact that even mothers or I from our00:15:24
killed children and this is the Empire that00:15:28
Until recently it was considered absolutely00:15:30
invincible and had that level00:15:33
well-being that was reached in minutes00:15:35
In Europe only at the end of the 18th centuries there were many00:15:40
thousands of Roman inhabitants died in their00:15:42
at home or on the streets From lack of food00:15:45
the air became infected from the stench that00:15:48
published by those who were rotten and left without00:15:52
burial of corpses and disasters00:15:54
originating from hunger joined00:15:56
infection from sticky diseases It seemed00:16:00
these two scenes should belong00:16:03
completely different civilizations but not00:16:07
applies not only to the same00:16:09
civilization but also to the same city00:16:12
same places00:16:14
in one case they were the center of everything00:16:17
civilized world where they flocked00:16:19
merchants00:16:22
where poets flocked money from all over00:16:27
empire and the same place but literally00:16:31
in a few00:16:32
centuries what happened Why Roman00:16:37
the empire collapsed why did she come to00:16:39
decline as historians still know00:16:42
asking this question is the simplest00:16:46
a naive and incorrect explanation would be00:16:48
of course connected with the invasion00:16:51
German tribes barbarians Goths Huns00:16:57
Attila Hadakar They were the ones who threatened Rome00:17:02
They are the ones who end up00:17:04
plundered They were the ones who became heirs00:17:09
all that they didn't kill00:17:11
raped and not destroyed after00:17:14
the fall of the Roman Empire if we take00:17:17
any indicator of education00:17:20
life expectancy level is00:17:23
state go down come like this00:17:25
called the dark ages how did it happen00:17:29
that those tribes that Until recently could00:17:33
contrast with a well-organized and00:17:36
Armed Roman army exclusively00:17:38
his rage was the main property00:17:41
German tribes which in general are almost00:17:45
that they threw well with bare hands00:17:47
armed Roman legionnaires00:17:51
it turned out that all conflicts00:17:54
who were on the periphery of the empire00:17:56
and which in no way affected00:17:58
daily life in Rome collapsed the most00:18:02
the heart is the very center of this empire00:18:05
destroying it to the ground without leaving anything00:18:09
except for shards00:18:12
of which can never again00:18:14
that lost civilization will be reborn00:18:18
Of course there will be such an explanation00:18:21
factually incorrect and illogical00:18:25
it will be illogical at least from that point00:18:27
view of what if everything is connected00:18:30
exclusively with barbarians, how so00:18:32
it turned out that they didn't have any00:18:34
chances of being robbed and00:18:37
destroy Rome within a few00:18:39
centuries opposite00:18:42
The barbarians were forced very often00:18:44
retreat they almost agreed with00:18:48
conditions that Rome tried to impose and00:18:51
of course the most insightful of them00:18:54
understood that without learning00:18:57
the technologies that the Romans had00:19:00
not only can’t they win, but they can’t defend themselves00:19:03
because the Barbarians were not originally00:19:06
possessed no non-technological00:19:08
other possibilities it's even00:19:09
it’s hard to call it a civilization because00:19:12
they didn't even have written language00:19:14
compared to what the Romans had00:19:16
who were proud of their refined00:19:18
sia literature00:19:20
of course they have oratory skills00:19:22
were proud of the Senate and all this amounted to00:19:26
the core of the civilized world is nothing00:19:29
foreshadowed that these Barbarians would be able00:19:31
capture and destroy enslave00:19:36
There are many explanations for the reasons00:19:39
fall of the roman empire most popular00:19:43
I will try to consider it right away and say that00:19:46
from my point of view, none of them are00:19:49
can answer this question00:19:50
satisfactorily00:19:52
strengthening of the barbarians great migration00:19:54
peoples I already said why can’t00:19:56
be considered the reason firstly because00:19:58
Barbarians existed as a factor00:20:01
constantly and intensify they could only00:20:03
for some other reasons that00:20:06
influenced the Roman Empire itself00:20:10
that is, without internal factors00:20:11
it is impossible to explain the success of the barbarians without00:20:15
internal factors of the Roman Empire itself00:20:16
empire the same goes for numbers00:20:19
population actually during the period00:20:21
prosperity Rome managed to balance00:20:24
between inner peace and outer00:20:29
expansion of these two elements themselves00:20:31
they were interconnected in the Roman Empire00:20:34
sought not just to capture new00:20:36
territories but make peace with them00:20:39
agreements to include them in your Orbit00:20:41
make friends of the Roman Empire00:20:43
respect their traditions respect them00:20:46
religions so that they connect to the system00:20:49
mutual trade production exchange00:20:52
other things actually even when00:20:54
within the empire they ruled completely00:20:56
mad emperors tim chest type00:21:00
neuron or caligula00:21:02
the provinces didn't try00:21:04
gain independence from Rome because00:21:08
what to be part of this Roman Empire00:21:11
was economically extremely00:21:13
it is therefore advantageous to assume that the main00:21:17
the reason is the increase in numbers00:21:19
population that flowed from other00:21:22
regions this is at least not enough00:21:25
And at the most it’s just morally wrong00:21:28
the corruption and tenderness of the Roman is00:21:30
perhaps the most popular in public00:21:33
factor consciousness depicts Rome to us00:21:35
period of decline as a place where people00:21:39
constantly indulge in idle outpourings00:21:42
constantly drink wine and other00:21:45
sexual drinks and other decomposition00:21:48
are also some element00:21:50
Roman Empire Epicureanism flourishes00:21:54
and this is from the point of view of such00:21:57
researchers is the main factor00:21:59
decline of the Roman Empire But in fact00:22:02
luxury, elegance, refinement of tastes00:22:05
this is a property of any developed civilization00:22:08
or didn’t all this stop him from being successful?00:22:12
militarily and culturally00:22:15
for many centuries If you take00:22:18
texts such as Seneca This is the first century00:22:21
AD then in moral letters00:22:25
Clocilia he describes morals and being00:22:29
the Romans as absolutely immoral00:22:31
decomposed when people day and night00:22:35
just doing it like defecation00:22:38
what they just devoured and00:22:41
their main pleasure is to look at00:22:44
killing people Actually everything in the Colosseum00:22:48
these things existed long before there00:22:52
fifth century AD and did not lead to00:22:56
the collapse of the Roman Empire, moreover, throughout00:22:58
visibility through division of labor00:23:02
specializations00:23:03
high culture during the Antonine period00:23:06
didn't contradict at all00:23:08
developed economic life and of course00:23:11
everything became a well-organized army00:23:15
collapse a little later so everything00:23:18
the point, of course, is not that the Romans00:23:20
stopped00:23:21
how to say be00:23:25
they were moral00:23:29
growth in the number of officials and00:23:31
bribery is undeniable00:23:32
observed phenomenon for at least00:23:35
reign of Diocletian and Constantine00:23:38
Great precisely during the period00:23:41
dominion when the emperor turns00:23:45
in fact, Mr.00:23:47
to whom we must obey as God00:23:49
it is during this period of time that it is created00:23:51
that huge bureaucracy00:23:53
which undoubtedly influenced the collapse00:23:56
The Roman Empire, but it doesn’t seem00:23:59
Increase in the number of officials00:24:01
officials and taken feeling this is a certain00:24:04
more a symptom than a cause of the collapse of Rome00:24:07
empire And the reason must be00:24:09
deeper00:24:11
relatively recently in European00:24:13
Andrei Shcherbak gave a report at the university00:24:16
about the period of prosperity and decline of the Roman00:24:18
empire primarily focused on00:24:22
period00:24:24
the heyday of the Roman Empire, that is, before00:24:28
How00:24:30
Dionysius became emperor00:24:34
various explanations have been given for00:24:37
what happened wrong Why successful00:24:39
the economy collapsed due to factors such as00:24:41
uncreativity of the Romans complete saturation00:24:43
market And the general belief that all empires00:24:47
they don't really die with creativity00:24:50
it got worse, she continued to act and00:24:54
in the fifth century AD could00:24:56
this factor will continue to operate00:24:58
as I hope to show today does not have00:25:01
the place to be is market saturation is in the purest00:25:05
form00:25:06
economic-theoretical misconception00:25:08
there is such a phenomenon after which00:25:11
there is no way to produce more00:25:14
quantity of goods in principle theory00:25:16
explaining, for example, the Great Depression in00:25:19
USA is that the market was00:25:21
fully saturated and new production00:25:23
there was absolutely no one to sell the goods to00:25:27
there was an opportunity to implement it, but in reality00:25:29
in fact, we see that with the great depression00:25:32
many decades have passed economic00:25:34
growth has led to increased prosperity and00:25:37
America around the world This means that00:25:39
no final market saturation00:25:41
And behind the market there are behind this concept00:25:43
needs of specific people to be in00:25:46
nature cannot, it’s not that00:25:47
The Romans were fed up with everything and found Nirvana00:25:51
And after that they had nothing left00:25:54
you really need a huge amount00:25:56
plebeians would be happy to receive00:25:59
more and more meat and more bread00:26:02
pleasures If they were given for a reason00:26:04
They stood in line for all this when00:26:07
all this was done for free late00:26:09
Empire So of course not about anything00:26:12
market saturation finally saturation00:26:15
no need to say And one last thing00:26:17
the explanation is of course not much in itself00:26:20
explains to himself. For example, Gibbon00:26:22
I could probably imagine in00:26:25
late 18th century that the British Empire00:26:28
will collapse Well, even if we assume that00:26:31
The British Empire is currently00:26:32
does not exist nevertheless it is impossible00:26:34
compare the history of the British Empire with00:26:37
what happened in Rome in the fifth century00:26:40
AD no looting or00:26:43
Invasions of anyone into London00:26:45
there was no We do not see the decline behind which00:26:47
followed centuries of barbarity of this too00:26:50
didn't happen happened some00:26:52
transformation moreover Throughout00:26:53
appearances we can continue to count00:26:56
that Britain is in a certain respect00:26:58
continues to be an empire00:27:01
a more correct view of economic00:27:04
changes in the Roman Empire are possible00:27:06
see in the next graph at all If00:27:09
compare current level00:27:11
well-being with the fact that there were even three00:27:13
centuries ago it may seem to us that people00:27:15
Well, they were just different in appearance from us in00:27:18
your needs for duration00:27:20
life in cultural needs and so on00:27:23
well, just 95 percent of the population even in00:27:25
developed countries Didn't know how to Don't read00:27:27
That's why it's hard to write, of course.00:27:29
even compare modern society00:27:31
community00:27:33
The 19th-18th centuries are all the more difficult to compare00:27:36
with what happened 2,000 years ago but still not00:27:39
less there are indicators that indirectly00:27:41
indicate what happened in00:27:44
Roman Empire for the period 6 centuries before00:27:48
AD and six centuries after the beginning00:27:50
AD accordingly amazing00:27:53
This way the dynamics really boil down00:27:56
to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire00:28:00
and takeoff starts at about 5-600:28:03
century BC reaches the Peak first00:28:06
second century AD then comes00:28:09
decline00:28:11
what can this boom be associated with?00:28:14
followed by a decline Well, we know that00:28:17
Rome was originally a kingdom after00:28:20
The founding of Rome by Romulus had seven kings00:28:25
last in 509 BC00:28:30
Taquinius the proud was expelled from Rome for00:28:34
that his son raped an innocent woman00:28:38
and the Romans were so indignant00:28:42
limited power00:28:43
king that they swore swore that00:28:48
will never be allowed again00:28:50
they have unlimited power over themselves00:28:53
expelled the king and installed00:28:56
Republic of the Republic which00:29:00
existed until00:29:02
27 AD00:29:07
and with the main goal they managed this way00:29:11
way that every year there are two consuls00:29:15
who were heads of state00:29:18
changed it allowed the Roman Empire00:29:22
be resistant enough to00:29:24
it did not turn into a monarchy that is00:29:27
the Roman Republic will not turn into00:29:29
monarchy and indeed if we00:29:31
Let's look at the most successful conquests00:29:34
for victory over Macedonia for victory over00:29:40
Carthage then all this was done00:29:43
before00:29:46
declared himself emperor even before00:29:51
Octavian Augustus will create in his hands the entire00:29:54
the power that was in Rome and essentially00:29:58
the case of Octavian Augustus in 202700:30:02
BC created the Roman Empire00:30:05
paradoxically, the entire history of Rome00:30:08
comes down to two prolams the first Rum is00:30:11
founder of Rome and the last one is00:30:13
The last emperor who00:30:16
ruled the Roman Empire during its decline00:30:19
from Romulus this is how everything is described in general00:30:22
history of rome kings republic and empire00:30:27
nevertheless, both historians and writers00:30:32
other researchers usually00:30:34
pay attention to the period00:30:38
first century BC when00:30:40
education actually took place00:30:43
Roman Empire And for subsequent centuries00:30:46
When00:30:47
outstanding emperors00:30:51
expanded their possessions00:30:54
such outstanding personalities as Julius Caesar00:30:59
Mark Antony Tiberius Titus Antoninus Mark00:31:04
You are unlikely to find Aurelius in the period before00:31:07
formation of the Roman Empire and in this00:31:10
sense there are some internal00:31:13
contradictions on the one hand Greatness00:31:15
demands empire from the other side Empire00:31:18
as we see this country has led this00:31:22
the city is in decline and destruction for now00:31:25
Republican values were respected00:31:28
republican values flourished00:31:31
primarily based on the idea of common00:31:34
cause or the common good and we must confuse this00:31:36
modern concepts of this kind00:31:39
because the republic for which they fought00:31:42
citizens of Rome00:31:44
implied no taxes00:31:46
The Romans were convinced that paying taxes00:31:49
only slaves should00:31:52
enslaved peoples the one who pays00:31:54
taxes he is not a free man00:31:56
accordingly, republic means00:31:58
no taxes and no00:32:01
magistrates wages 2 they00:32:03
work because they want to save00:32:06
freedom and values of Rome00:32:09
and they fight for Rome Not because they00:32:12
they pay high salaries and not because00:32:14
they are drafted into the army and not because00:32:16
some great military leader said that00:32:18
they should do something like this00:32:20
because they share those values00:32:22
which are shared by his fellow citizens Therefore00:32:25
common cause has nothing to do with00:32:28
concepts of the common good when00:32:30
the state must provide00:32:33
achieving this common good by00:32:35
of their orders exactly as follows00:32:37
the concept began to emerge during the period00:32:40
dominion But more about this A little later I will00:32:44
briefly described these three famous00:32:46
era the era of the Caesars the era of the republic and00:32:50
Age of Empire republic first00:32:53
means that both public buildings and00:32:58
bathhouse libraries and others00:33:02
public places are made first of all00:33:06
at the expense of private people, one might even say00:33:09
that during its heyday the Roman00:33:13
the republic largely acted on those00:33:16
principles that can be called anarchy00:33:18
capitalism respected private00:33:21
property Roman law answered00:33:22
First of all, this element was not there00:33:25
there were essentially no taxes00:33:27
officials in the modern understanding of this00:33:29
what does it mean if people worked and occupied00:33:31
didn’t get some position00:33:32
salaries couldn't make a career if you00:33:35
was even elected00:33:38
Consul Maximum that you shone one00:33:41
a year after which you will anyway00:33:43
had to leave his position00:33:46
The patricians are, first of all, the fathers of the patricians00:33:49
Patricians plebeians Patricians are those00:33:52
representatives of ancient families who00:33:55
lived for a long time on the territory of Rome who00:34:00
have earned respect for their deeds and00:34:03
based on this they had the right to choose00:34:06
rulers But these rulers are just00:34:09
elected for one year to implement00:34:11
those functions that were associated with00:34:14
protection of private property and freedoms00:34:17
no officials, no taxes and00:34:21
no Empires00:34:25
nevertheless, gradually the situation is like you00:34:28
you know, the symbols of Rome began to change -00:34:31
these are primarily symbols of the imperial00:34:33
period in particular the famous Colosseum00:34:37
which on the one hand is00:34:39
amazing embodiment of technical00:34:41
inventions of that time can be found there00:34:45
even building materials such as cement00:34:48
and bricks00:34:50
and special these passages which also00:34:54
were a technical invention of their own00:34:57
time00:35:00
the stones that crowned this device are all00:35:04
it was navym for that time there00:35:07
there were even ship battles00:35:10
water supply was provided by00:35:13
construction of aqueducts was sewerage00:35:16
night lighting and pharmacies If you00:35:19
would accidentally wake up tomorrow morning at00:35:23
Ancient Rome, probably until that moment00:35:25
until you looked at your phone you00:35:28
have not determined that you are in the world00:35:31
which has long ceased to exist00:35:34
you would start looking for wi-fi and then you would come00:35:37
would be a sobering look that you are not00:35:40
modern world bakery shops00:35:43
decorations for entertainment places fountains00:35:47
all this was already Roman00:35:51
empires of that time period00:35:53
indeed if we compare00:35:55
aqueducts if we compare00:35:58
Roman roads surprise us with modern ones00:36:00
artifact how much00:36:03
Longtermists were people who lived in00:36:07
that era Long Term it means thought about00:36:09
in the long term the simplest00:36:12
way to see their concentration on00:36:15
in the future these are, of course, Roman Roads00:36:17
who can still00:36:20
serve your function If you will00:36:23
compare Roman roads with those00:36:25
officials are now putting00:36:29
state account, it’s unlikely they00:36:31
will exist for the next two thousand years00:36:34
in Rome there were several aqueducts 15 and00:36:39
when after 15 centuries they tried00:36:42
resume and function00:36:44
It turned out that three of them work00:36:46
fully imagine the plumbing00:36:49
which will not work for you one and a half00:36:51
thousands of years and in general this is in no way00:36:53
will not affect its technological00:36:55
possibilities therefore really Rome00:36:58
surprising in many ways00:37:00
sewerage and night lighting00:37:03
and of course expensive degree00:37:06
livability that distinguished the Roman00:37:08
the city is written by Georgy Alekseevich00:37:10
Kavtaradze in European cities has been achieved00:37:13
was only in the 19th century. That is, it was in00:37:16
the beginning of our millennium And already after00:37:19
for several centuries Rome was completely00:37:21
plundered both Europe and Western00:37:25
civilizations in general, if not stopped00:37:27
their existence then for a long time passed into00:37:30
waiting stage00:37:34
which required a transition to a new society00:37:38
already during the Renaissance And as you know00:37:41
Renaissance is inextricably linked with00:37:43
desire00:37:45
what was in antiquity to resurrect and00:37:48
philosophy and languages literature is00:37:52
Of course, attention to the human body00:37:54
because the Barbarians destroyed00:37:57
not only strictly speaking00:38:01
they destroyed architectural structures00:38:03
and all those monuments of art that we00:38:07
associated with antiquity00:38:11
and it happened for quite a long time. Therefore00:38:13
Vandals when they captured Rome in 45500:38:17
became a household name because00:38:21
it's hard to guess what they were doing in00:38:24
Rome by the destruction of those monuments00:38:27
architectures that existed at that time00:38:29
if we compare with you00:38:31
indicators of the development of the Roman Empire and00:38:34
Europe, we will be surprised how Europe00:38:36
lagged behind in particular Rome during the period00:38:39
of its power inhabited more00:38:42
million people00:38:44
were at home Even was at one time00:38:47
the maximum height is determined to be no more than 600:38:51
floors You can imagine that00:38:53
Rome It was a city quite comparable00:38:56
there were modern metropolises there00:38:58
the problem of overpopulation is very high00:39:01
rent00:39:03
this small apartment in which00:39:07
could a person live on in fact it was worth00:39:10
the whole estate that could00:39:12
buy in Spain let's say so00:39:15
these housing problems have not gone away00:39:18
over the last 2000 years, a million is00:39:20
a huge figure for the second century00:39:23
for example London is the most populous00:39:26
city in Europe at that time00:39:29
at the beginning of the 18th century its population was00:39:32
less than 600 thousand people00:39:36
and if you take other cities then there00:39:38
the figure will of course be even smaller if you00:39:41
take the income in dollar terms00:39:44
there are economists in particular Madison00:39:48
who consider income level B00:39:51
in dollar terms then in the Empire this00:39:53
income was approximately $1000 per capita00:39:55
By the way, the population is more than00:39:57
African countries are now at the beginning of the 21st00:39:59
century And in Roman Italy 1400 dollars and00:40:03
Please note that in the most developed00:40:05
in European countries this figure was lower00:40:09
in England it was lower until the end of the 18th century00:40:13
No wonder Gibbon said that the most successful00:40:15
period in the past Although very soon00:40:18
England will become the world's largest economy00:40:20
you see the Netherlands already at the beginning00:40:22
The 18th century had a very high level00:40:24
well-being but soon they will lose00:40:25
the same goes for your place as a leader00:40:28
consumption that they could afford00:40:32
inhabitants of the Roman Empire there00:40:36
commercial activity was developed and00:40:38
due to interregional trade, everything from00:40:40
this has been won, there are modern00:40:43
reconstruction What Rome looked like during the period00:40:46
its heyday, in principle, quite00:40:49
comparable to what can be seen from00:40:52
airplane windows when you fly by00:40:53
past some modern city00:40:56
It’s clear that those technologies didn’t exist back then.00:40:58
which we use now and this was00:41:01
society with slavery with absolute00:41:04
tolerance to torture to murder and00:41:06
other atrocity but nevertheless If00:41:08
compare the second century with the seventeenth00:41:11
the eighteenth, then in general even the second century00:41:13
slavery will be worse than violence in the 18th century00:41:15
century continued to exist, here we are00:41:18
just now we’re used to what it’s like00:41:19
how it shouldn't be00:41:21
Such a gigantic territory00:41:24
occupied Rome during the reign00:41:28
Emperor Trojan 117th century AD00:41:32
you see that the pillars of Hercules are up to00:41:36
The European Sea is an area00:41:37
was influenced by the Roman Empire00:41:41
and it all started like this little point00:41:44
which has really expanded to00:41:46
of the entire known world00:41:50
I didn’t hold on to all this, of course, at the expense of00:41:53
that it was an Empire like00:41:56
Soviet Union when00:41:58
there, let's say, the bureaucracy located in00:42:01
capital distributed positions there and that’s it00:42:04
the rest is all more or less00:42:07
based on decentralized00:42:09
processes, that is, the task was00:42:11
to first of all explain00:42:13
captured that it is in their interests to be00:42:17
part of this empire and at the expense of00:42:21
stable money that is throughout00:42:24
the territories of the Roman Empire went00:42:26
sisters and denarius who used00:42:30
demand that provided everyone00:42:32
required quantity of products00:42:36
these are Roman roads, Roman baths are00:42:38
Roman culture is Latin is Roman00:42:41
right, in short, it doesn't look like00:42:43
the situation when Rome enslaved how00:42:46
Eastern despotism is what he came across00:42:49
and this looks like some kind of modern00:42:51
technology that is capturing the market00:42:54
there are more recently let's say the same00:42:57
electronic smartphones00:43:00
email some things to whom00:43:02
we always got used to it weren't so much00:43:05
widespread today few people from this00:43:06
will refuse even if any00:43:09
the company will go bankrupt Technology Throughout00:43:10
visibility will remain until00:43:13
a working alternative will be offered00:43:15
what is the reason for such success00:43:18
phenomenal as in many others00:43:20
cases it can be found in00:43:22
trade trade measures trade00:43:25
provides interaction between00:43:27
various civilizations which then00:43:30
were between different religions Rome00:43:33
managed to be friends with those regions00:43:35
who had extremely warlike gods00:43:38
for example the Egyptian gods are very hard00:43:41
imagine the friendship of the Egyptian gods00:43:44
with the Roman Pantheon on one side and00:43:46
they managed to be such friends with Egypt00:43:49
It’s clear that the friendship was specific, but00:43:51
the most amazing thing is that they managed00:43:53
be friends even with Jews who are obviously00:43:55
could hardly bow to the Romans00:43:57
to the gods, that is, polytheism and monotheism00:44:00
thus could temporarily00:44:02
coexist Mikhail Rostovtsev who00:44:05
born in Zhitomir then studied in Kyiv00:44:08
in St. Petersburg and then left after00:44:10
revolution in America wrote00:44:12
Probably the most important history book00:44:15
economy economy and society Roman00:44:17
Empire two-ton labor at the beginning00:44:19
English then in German 2000:44:22
years ago this book was finally translated and00:44:24
We were waiting in Russia, here is one of the conclusions00:44:28
which it comes on the basis of00:44:29
detailed study of trade facts00:44:32
primarily external internal00:44:34
maritime trade00:44:35
and became the main source of growth00:44:37
prosperity in the Roman Empire and00:44:41
really if we take a beautiful one00:44:44
such a picture where it will be shown00:44:47
interaction of different regions then we00:44:50
we see we see with you that grain00:44:52
supplied say from Egypt we will see00:44:56
What00:44:58
our salt was supplied from Sarmatia00:45:01
Sarmatia we will see with you that gold and00:45:04
Silver Postovaya was supplied from Spain00:45:07
slaves of course we must not forget slaves00:45:10
they came from friendly and not00:45:13
very friendly modern Russia00:45:15
countries00:45:16
gold is all active of course00:45:20
intertwined Rome itself occupied00:45:22
a certain place in this00:45:23
interregional trade of course00:45:25
Greece was included in this process and00:45:28
trade in wine and olives all this00:45:32
meant deep specialization00:45:34
division of labor00:45:35
what is very important is not atomistic00:45:38
economics economics by nature00:45:42
alien to national boundaries she goes beyond00:45:46
beyond the borders and Rome was able to do so00:45:50
this became the main factor of stability00:45:52
of this world, by the way, borrowed00:45:55
Of course they do it among the Greeks because in00:45:58
Greece, as we know, did not have a capital in00:46:00
modern understanding of this word were00:46:03
only one of the cities of the states But what00:46:05
provided Greek cities00:46:08
state success two factors is00:46:11
Trade is religion00:46:13
Moreover, both trade and religion were00:46:15
based on the competitive principle00:46:17
polytheism lets you say00:46:20
we worship one God, we respect him00:46:23
you worship another God, we are his00:46:26
respect we worship the third God and00:46:28
everyone is free to believe or what is called00:46:31
not to believe in one God or another, polytheism00:46:33
this is some competition and lack00:46:35
monopolies what started to happen00:46:37
further we know we came to this market00:46:40
players from Judea and said no to us00:46:43
there will be only one God and all are yours00:46:45
the rest of the gods are not real and their00:46:48
we need to destroy everyone, that is, it happened00:46:51
a kind of monopolization If so possible00:46:53
express transcendental00:46:56
and therefore it’s quite difficult to be friends00:46:59
on this principle if your God00:47:01
our only correct one00:47:02
wrong then you must enslave us00:47:04
and destroy How can we we cannot00:47:06
Christ, you can’t include your Pantheon either00:47:08
I'll like it, it will be next to Jupiter Yes00:47:10
here we have Jupiter, do you mind if00:47:12
Christ will also be next to Jupiter, we00:47:14
everyone is happy, like in a supermarket00:47:16
it doesn’t have to be Coca-Cola00:47:17
Pepsi Cola should not be present00:47:19
both can be done at the same time00:47:20
be completely present. What about you?00:47:22
you insist that this is what it means00:47:23
coca cola lithologist pepsi cola with us00:47:25
different gods So you believe in one God00:47:27
madam please no problem we have00:47:29
there is even serapis for those from Egypt00:47:31
No problem, here's your god, he's somehow00:47:34
different from ours in this respect00:47:36
accordingly we can imagine00:47:38
this interregional trade which00:47:40
of course it was based on one side00:47:42
on competition A in the economic sphere00:47:45
on the other side of competition in the world of ideas00:47:47
and Greek philosophers And later and00:47:51
The Romans were quite educated00:47:53
people and sometimes quite skeptical00:47:55
thought enough to read Lucretius00:47:58
who was a classic and was studied in00:48:00
in general, all the enlightened inhabitants of Rome00:48:03
Hello Greece was a materialist and an atheist00:48:06
which is generally difficult to compatible with the fact that00:48:10
began to happen later in Rome00:48:12
empires is another element that00:48:15
spontaneously ensured the success of this00:48:17
education is of course stable00:48:19
money in general the Romans are amazing00:48:22
people From the point of view that they00:48:24
intuitively spontaneously discovered that00:48:27
what economists were able to understand and describe00:48:29
only in the 18th-19th-20th centuries actually00:48:33
speaking, the Romans had practically no00:48:35
economic thought it may be00:48:38
their main drawback is their00:48:40
practice led them to the conclusion that00:48:42
trade It's good that you have money00:48:44
be stable that ownership00:48:47
must be protected that commerce is00:48:49
the basis for the prosperity of the Republic more00:48:51
Moreover, the republic itself was not based on00:48:53
that they read the treatises00:48:55
republicanism about the fact that they simply cannot00:48:57
liked it00:48:59
The king who allowed himself to be raped00:49:03
citizen of Rome, so to speak, here it is00:49:06
just driven out of this city00:49:08
that's why the Romans are really00:49:10
spontaneously discovered that gold and silver00:49:12
this is the money that is owed to the Empire00:49:15
preserve and Although the formal Empire00:49:20
destroyed the Republic after Octavian00:49:23
August actually00:49:25
Octavian Augustus did not consider himself00:49:29
He did not consider himself an emperor as God00:49:32
considered himself first among equals00:49:34
principle principle is a principle which00:49:38
lay at the basis of the Roman Empire that is00:49:41
first among equals first senator and Eta00:49:44
the system lasted until the end00:49:45
third century AD that is in00:49:49
ultimately no matter how much power00:49:51
concentrated in the hands of the Roman00:49:53
the emperor he was considered as an equal00:49:55
to others Even if he was declared to be God00:49:57
sometimes they liked to call themselves gods00:49:59
Emperors still had one God00:50:01
among the many gods, do not forget that00:50:03
there is a polytheistic system But next to00:50:06
Mars will still be there sometime in August00:50:09
God please what00:50:10
really trade as much as you want00:50:13
the basis of prosperity we can see it00:50:15
for many goods that were moved00:50:18
fishing line across the territory of the Roman Empire00:50:21
Scythian and delivered expensive furs Yantar00:50:24
delivered by dry route from the shores00:50:26
Baltic Sea To the banks of the Danube and00:50:28
the barbarians were surprised that they were paid so much00:50:30
expensive for such a useless item00:50:32
there was a significant demand for00:50:34
Babylonian carpets and other manufactured goods00:50:36
products of the East But the most important thing00:50:39
popular trade was carried out with Arabia00:50:40
India every year around summer time00:50:44
Solstice fleet of 120 ships left00:50:46
to sea from the Egyptian port on Krasny00:50:49
sea thanks to periodic assistance00:50:51
he swam across the ocean in almost 40 monsoons00:50:53
few days Barsky coast and the island of Ceylon00:50:56
Please note this is the beginning00:50:58
AD were the usual purpose of it00:51:01
floating in the local markets awaited him00:51:03
arrival of merchants and the most distant countries00:51:05
Asia Return of the Egyptian Fleet00:51:07
was prescribed in December or January or00:51:10
only the rich cargo was transported to00:51:12
camels from the shores of the Red Sea00:51:14
Danila and lowered down this river to00:51:16
Alexandria he was immediately sent to00:51:18
capital of the Eastern Empire00:51:20
trade brilliant in appearance but in essence00:51:22
the useless are imprisoned in silks00:51:24
were in shock One pound of which00:51:26
considered equal in price to a pound of gold00:51:28
precious stones between which are pearls00:51:31
took first place after diamonds and00:51:33
in various aromatic substances00:51:36
used during worship and00:51:38
heating ceremonies difficulties00:51:40
the dangers of sea crossings write Gibbon00:51:42
were rewarded with almost incredible00:51:44
profits, that is, we see that profit00:51:47
and trade and various wasteful00:51:51
items that are wasteful00:51:53
consumption that was associated with00:51:55
the acquisition of expensive things was all00:51:58
typical for Rome and the republican period00:52:01
and periods of empire It was really00:52:03
huge interregional economic00:52:06
system00:52:08
It’s also surprising that if you look at00:52:11
everyday life seems to be not with00:52:12
macro level at micro level see00:52:14
How were the traders treated?00:52:16
treated merchants as they treated00:52:17
private property in particular00:52:18
endowed with the idea of unlimited00:52:21
power to the emperor then we will see that one00:52:23
one of those good nerve emperors00:52:26
to a request that was related to judicial00:52:31
trial One Athenian found a treasure00:52:34
And as you know in many modern00:52:37
laws in many systems00:52:40
if a person found a treasure then part of it00:52:43
at least part of this treasure should00:52:45
be given into the hands of the state in this00:52:47
case in the hand of the emperor and Athena00:52:50
found a big treasure decided out of fear00:52:54
apparently ask for a solution and here it is00:52:57
what he received in response from the emperor00:53:00
nerve00:53:01
this treasure spoke too loudly00:53:03
athena the emperor for the subject and what am I00:53:07
I don't know which one to make from it00:53:08
use it says the person who00:53:10
found a treasure And this is what he says in response00:53:12
the emperor, that is, generally speaking00:53:14
the state would gladly take it00:53:16
even what lies well, let alone take it away00:53:20
what lies badly is as if sacred00:53:21
debt Pay attention to how much00:53:23
the emperor of nerve was different he says00:53:27
in that case you are abusing it00:53:30
you have a lot of money and you don't00:53:32
you know what to do with it, it's not a problem00:53:33
I won't take you money yourself00:53:35
think about what to do about it, objected00:53:37
The monarch is looking forward to00:53:38
his good nature showed as it00:53:40
what you found is yours00:53:43
own00:53:45
your property this means that00:53:47
the emperor respects others so much00:53:50
property that he does not want to receive00:53:52
the fact that apparently the opening is ready00:53:54
would give it to him, abuse it00:53:57
spend that is, such a Gordon gekko00:54:00
first century AD which speaks of00:54:04
what does consumption and thirst mean?00:54:08
profit is it's good private00:54:11
property must be this00:54:12
element Moreover, if we take00:54:15
everyday life in the Roman Empire00:54:18
there was slavery but at the same time in the Roman00:54:20
empire was something without which it was impossible00:54:22
imagine the modern world00:54:25
namely, Roman law was all00:54:27
modern concepts of property00:54:29
donation and storage of zoology00:54:32
inheritance of property00:54:34
about marriage marriage divorce all this00:54:38
described in Roman law and00:54:40
This Roman law did not come from00:54:44
decrees of the emperor And this was00:54:47
activities of many Roman lawyers00:54:50
which00:54:51
analyzing specific cases to the core00:54:54
tried to discover these principles of law then00:54:58
there is Roman law was not an invention00:55:00
lawyers A was their discovery as well as00:55:03
theorists do not create the laws of physics00:55:06
discover these laws that are already00:55:07
exist in our world also from the point of view00:55:10
from the view of Roman jurists, the task was to00:55:13
to come up with an outstanding law00:55:15
which will be something of course00:55:16
ban why then is the law needed?00:55:19
the task was to00:55:21
formulate the rule so that it00:55:24
according to our daily life00:55:27
which already works by court decisions and in00:55:30
In this sense, it is interesting that even slaves A00:55:33
by definition it is believed that slaves are00:55:35
the disenfranchised had some rights in00:55:38
The Roman Empire had the right to dispose00:55:40
by life by death slaves were raised from00:55:42
private individuals who so often00:55:44
abused and transferred exclusively00:55:46
into the hands of the judges, that is, the judges found themselves00:55:49
essentially the conductors of this00:55:51
the principle of the supremacy of right rul oflo00:55:54
underground prisons were destroyed during00:55:57
good00:55:58
emperors and if a slave's complaint about00:56:01
his treatment was unbearable00:56:03
recognized as valid in the courts which00:56:05
were also independent then the offended slave00:56:07
either received freedom or went to00:56:09
to another less cruel master then00:56:12
we see with you that despite all00:56:15
the cruelty of that era, even slaves had00:56:18
the rights of private buildings also had norms00:56:22
for that period of time this applies00:56:25
and libraries that rich people built00:56:27
and of course the Roman baths too00:56:31
often done at the expense of private00:56:33
owners00:56:36
the meaning of Roman law is impossible00:56:38
overestimate and I’m already partially talking about this00:56:41
spoke in order to understand him00:56:44
it is enough to quote Cato the Elder00:56:46
which marks the most important feature00:56:49
Roman law distinguishing it from others00:56:52
systems Roman legal system00:56:54
surpasses the rest because she00:56:57
was created by the minds of not one but many00:56:58
people and not during one human00:57:01
life and throughout the life of several00:57:02
generations because there has never been such a thing00:57:04
a gifted person about whom nothing00:57:07
all the talents could have slipped away00:57:10
concentrated in one person could not00:57:12
would appear at the same time in00:57:15
such foresight that he could00:57:16
embrace all sides of the matter without possessing00:57:19
long-term experience, that is, Cato00:57:22
the elder notes in fact what is in00:57:25
XVIII century will be formulated as00:57:27
the invisible hand of the market only in relation to00:57:29
no one is capable of economics except themselves00:57:32
people determine those prices and volumes00:57:35
production00:57:36
which must be in accordance00:57:38
existing needs and resources00:57:40
this approach from the position of the invisible hand00:57:43
was tested initially no matter what00:57:46
strange in another area evolutionary00:57:48
the approach Hayek spoke of was00:57:50
demonstrated by Roman law00:57:54
it's amazing if we read history00:57:57
Roman law we will see something with you00:57:59
which was formulated by English in the 17th century00:58:03
philosopher John Locke How labor theory00:58:06
property was used in practice in00:58:09
Rome What is labor theory00:58:11
property if you apply00:58:13
a certain amount of labor to00:58:15
for example, to find and harvest crops00:58:21
territory that does not belong to anyone00:58:22
what you found belongs to you and no one00:58:25
more Hence the mixing of labor with00:58:28
original, not owned by anyone00:58:32
amount of land and are an act00:58:35
creations of property that is in this00:58:37
sense, Roman law already at the beginning of our00:58:41
era applied Locke's theory in practice00:58:45
Logue formulated it only in the 17th century00:58:48
Cicero tried to defend the Republic00:58:52
from her fall I believed that we should all00:58:55
obey the law to stay00:58:57
free That is, you see that in Rome00:58:59
respected the law not because it existed00:59:02
bestowed by some eminent ruler00:59:04
or a legislator like Lycurgus like this00:59:07
was in Greece or salon And this00:59:10
a natural phenomenon is natural00:59:14
Law00:59:15
there is a true law probably based00:59:18
According to nature, known to all people00:59:20
permanent and eternal prescriptive00:59:22
fulfill his commandments through your00:59:24
prohibitions that keep you from evil are impossible without00:59:27
there is no guilt in deviating from this law00:59:29
there is one law from time to time00:59:31
another now but then another one and00:59:34
the same Law, unchangeable and eternal00:59:35
human races unite into all00:59:37
times have one common no matter how00:59:40
was the owner and ruler God the author00:59:43
the conductor and engine of this law is00:59:45
whoever does not obey him departs from himself00:59:48
true self, neglecting the human00:59:51
nature and exposes himself to the most severe00:59:53
Cicero believed that punishment was the same00:59:57
Hayek Europe said the most about this01:00:00
inherited trim01:00:02
individual-oriented private01:00:04
right resting on a very clear01:00:06
private property concepts01:00:10
in its history of economic analysis01:00:13
examines not only economic thought01:00:16
antiquity but also the texts of Roman jurists and01:00:20
concludes that Roman law was01:00:23
nothing more than a right protecting01:00:26
recognizing private property and01:00:28
capitalist commerce and that was01:00:30
more than one and a half thousand years before01:00:33
Industrial Revolution01:00:36
Modern Italian lawyer Bruno01:00:39
Leonie in her book Freedom and Law01:00:41
showed how it should be01:00:45
understand the emergence of modern01:00:47
codes of continental codes and01:00:50
French and German Italian01:00:52
in fact they were written in01:00:54
in accordance with Roman legal norms01:00:56
system and critics of this system considered01:01:00
even that these principles01:01:03
should be called bourgeois in fact01:01:06
in fact, of course it was property01:01:07
this is a bourgeois phenomenon, a Roman lawyer like01:01:11
I already said before in fact it was01:01:12
the explorer the discoverer and not the one who01:01:16
tries to impose his principles on society01:01:19
and laws are another element talking about01:01:22
that the Empire did not exist then01:01:26
as a centralized system A as01:01:28
Quite a spontaneous institution. This is01:01:31
example of selling an empire At the auction at the end01:01:34
second century the Empire is bought by Julian 2801:01:38
March 193, the Prythrians committed01:01:42
coup puts the empire up for sale01:01:44
and the richest people who live in01:01:48
this city starts trading01:01:51
Julian sent off to the camp01:01:54
Praetorians with whom the Sulpi are still01:01:56
negotiated the history of the base of the shaft01:01:58
began to give a price Well, they began01:02:01
bargain Who will get the Roman01:02:03
empire this bargaining was conducted through01:02:06
trustees who take turns01:02:07
passed from one candidate to another01:02:09
informed each of them about the price01:02:11
proposed by his rival the Sulfians01:02:14
already promised each soldier 5,00001:02:16
dram but Julian was burning with impatience01:02:18
win up at a time raised the amount01:02:21
gift up to 6,250 drachmas or more01:02:25
£200 Please note01:02:27
that the praetorians are a private army according to01:02:30
the essence of the emperor's matter and If you want01:02:33
if they took away the money, they would, in theory, do so01:02:35
done without concluding01:02:37
they were selling the contract as if it were an Empire01:02:39
Of course, they couldn’t rule themselves then01:02:41
the camp gates immediately opened in front of01:02:43
he was declared the buyer by the emperor01:02:45
and took the oath of citizenship from the soldiers01:02:48
which was discovered on this occasion01:02:50
they love their person01:02:51
his indispensable condition is that he01:02:53
forgave and passed on to oblivion the rivalry01:02:55
Sulpians who just bargained01:02:57
with him in buying an empire actually01:03:00
maybe it's not the most noble01:03:03
moment in the history of Rome but he talks about01:03:06
the next amazing phenomenon How are you01:03:07
do you think when the emperor was killed when01:03:10
the praetorians carried out a coup01:03:11
in fact, his guards killed the emperor and01:03:15
sold this position at auction What01:03:18
happened throughout the Roman Empire01:03:20
did it begin to fall apart01:03:22
did the proclamation riots begin?01:03:24
Independence demands freedoms01:03:27
demands for rights and we always wanted01:03:29
let us separate from the Roman Empire01:03:31
give freedom to Egypt, give freedom to the Greys again01:03:34
something nothing01:03:35
no attempts to take advantage of this01:03:38
there was no difficult situation. What is this about?01:03:41
says And this says Apparently01:03:42
about the fact that when they fight each other there01:03:44
other than that it's mostly their problem01:03:47
the main achievement of Rome is not what01:03:50
the emperor is now01:03:51
At the head of the state A first of all01:03:53
Roman legal institutions although01:03:57
Gibbon describes this situation comes to01:03:58
horror talking about what went where01:04:01
Roman virtues when the state01:04:02
it's up for auction but for me it's01:04:05
this is close again to capitalism01:04:08
I can’t help but mention just that01:04:10
Factor I remember about the time So we01:04:12
Let's take a little longer break, that's of course01:04:14
the same factor of religion which I already mentioned01:04:16
A little mentioned the Romans were01:04:20
They are quite tolerant in these matters01:04:24
never fought religious wars01:04:28
there is actually exciting01:04:29
some territory they stood on01:04:31
side of the most common01:04:33
traditional religion in a given place01:04:34
Why did they actually become01:04:37
fight Christianity because01:04:38
Jews Jews are part of the Roman Empire then01:04:42
why should they take sides01:04:43
they were some kind of Jewish sect01:04:45
supporters of that traditional religion01:04:48
which was in this region. Therefore, here01:04:50
excuse me, you yourself are somehow there01:04:52
figure out who your prophet is and who01:04:54
son of God And we somehow get into this Everything01:04:57
we won't deal because our task is01:04:59
first of all, preserve the institutions that01:05:01
we really created in the Empire01:05:04
there was tolerance and a lenient August01:05:08
gave the order that in Jerusalem01:05:10
sacrifices were made in the temple and01:05:12
prayers are offered for his well-being01:05:14
reigns that is Roman pagan01:05:16
emperor01:05:19
carries out such01:05:21
demonstration of tolerance01:05:24
Jews imagine Alaverdi01:05:28
that We will also go to Crimea and that means01:05:30
We’ll bring it to Jupiter, which means we’ll bring some of our own01:05:32
admiration is absolutely impossible I think01:05:36
it is clear that for the Roman Empire it was01:05:39
acceptable for the Jews it was not very01:05:41
acceptable01:05:43
Sirapis Isis of course at one time01:05:46
were subjected to knees because they01:05:48
first of all they were dangerous for those very01:05:50
principles and freedoms of the Republic but in01:05:53
at some point in time exiles01:05:54
went back what they did in the end01:05:57
As a result, the Romans joined their01:06:00
The Roman Pantheon, that is, took the place01:06:02
between Roman deities So you can01:06:05
agree with the words of Edward Gibbon01:06:09
which sums it up in the following words01:06:11
religious harmony reigned in01:06:12
the ancient world and with what ease the most01:06:14
descending among themselves and even01:06:16
nations at war with each other01:06:17
borrowed one from another or01:06:20
at least mutually respected superstitions01:06:22
one another01:06:23
Well, sects have appeared that are not ready01:06:26
were tolerant of superstitions01:06:27
others01:06:28
Virgil eureka raise your hand Who knows01:06:33
such a Mark Virgil eureka01:06:37
Nobody knows You don't know01:06:40
eminent Roman baker01:06:43
Who lived in the first century BC01:06:47
the baker who was born01:06:51
a slave in a Greek family was freed01:06:56
started doing business01:06:59
got rich became one of the richest01:07:03
people of the Roman Empire and the center of Rome01:07:08
Now you can find a monument quite01:07:11
comparable in scale and pathos to01:07:15
monuments monuments to emperors but01:07:19
this monument belongs to the baker01:07:22
a person who was actually born01:07:26
slave01:07:29
what does this mean? What does this mean?01:07:32
in the Roman Empire of that time period01:07:34
was very high vertical01:07:37
social mobility that is a person01:07:39
could by going into business become one of01:07:43
the most respected and richest people of that01:07:47
time can you imagine01:07:49
something similar in ancient Egypt01:07:51
can you imagine anything01:07:53
similar Middle Ages Is it possible01:07:56
imagine something like this in01:07:58
the period of the late Roman Empire is impossible01:08:00
Why Because in the first century BC01:08:05
era when there was still a republic and in the first01:08:07
and the second centuries AD when they ruled01:08:11
so called good emperors01:08:13
Antonina commerce and respect for trade01:08:18
were the main virtues of Rome but all01:08:22
has changed significantly01:08:25
This is what the second part of today's lecture is about.01:08:28
we will start with correspondence01:08:32
pliny the elder01:08:35
natural history author01:08:38
junior author of famous letters who01:08:42
transmitted many times and are considered01:08:44
example of fine literature01:08:48
this is the level of humanitarian culture01:08:52
culture humanities01:08:55
the man who sought the Renaissance01:08:59
And if we look at the outstanding01:09:03
we will see writers already in modern times01:09:06
how much they don’t exactly imitate but take01:09:09
for the basis of that style and those values01:09:12
which were typical for this01:09:15
Roman writer01:09:16
1st century AD humanist01:09:20
lines youngest and one of the best01:09:25
emperors from the point of view of the Romans of Troy01:09:30
we got correspondence01:09:32
correspondence concerns one very01:09:35
a sensitive and interesting question and01:09:38
perhaps my thesis at the beginning of today01:09:40
lectures on scandal01:09:42
today's lecture will become clearer01:09:45
after I read their correspondence01:09:47
don't be afraid of any intimate relationships01:09:50
there will be no unconventional properties here01:09:52
there will be something stronger here01:09:57
this is what pliny the younger writes to the emperor01:10:01
Ryan01:10:02
the letter is dedicated to Christians01:10:06
it was written in the first century AD01:10:08
this phenomenon is new to the Romans, new to01:10:12
emperor new for the humanist what's wrong01:10:15
what to do with them how to treat them01:10:17
according to the calculations of modern researchers01:10:19
about five percent of Rome's population01:10:22
at that time there were Christians, that's not it01:10:25
so much but at the same time01:10:28
this is not a completely minuscule sector by any means01:10:31
way01:10:33
pagan government if possible01:10:35
should have been expressed in response to01:10:37
the eventual spread of Christianity01:10:39
As a result, the main virtues of the Roman01:10:42
empires their gods respect for the emperor01:10:45
military service administrative service01:10:48
respect for laws respect for01:10:50
property must be characteristic of01:10:53
everyone01:10:54
Who lives on the territory of Rome among Christians01:10:56
there was a slightly different view on these things01:10:58
especially among the Christians of that time So01:11:01
We honor the humanist with the capture of the younger for now01:11:04
what happened to them, who was reported on as01:11:06
Christians I acted so I asked them01:11:09
Christians themselves are Christians01:11:12
those who confessed were asked in the second and third01:11:14
once threatening punishment for those who persist01:11:16
sent to execution01:11:18
but in the end Christian or not01:11:20
if yes, to death. If you are silent, also to death.01:11:23
execution of those who denied that they were Christians01:11:25
or were they I decided to let go01:11:29
when they called the gods after me01:11:32
did this before your image01:11:34
Trojan Emperor who I am for this purpose01:11:37
ordered to be brought along with the statues of the gods01:11:40
sacrifice of incense and wine And in addition01:11:43
real Christians praised Christ01:11:45
they say you can't force anyone to do any of them01:11:48
of these actions others named01:11:51
the informer said that they were Christians and01:11:54
then some renounced but fell away01:11:57
some Three years ago others much more01:11:59
years some years Tom 20 all They01:12:02
revered both your image and statue01:12:04
gods and praised Christ They claimed01:12:06
that all their guilt or error consisted01:12:08
is that they are a restored day01:12:10
got ready before dawn01:12:13
alternating Christ as God and swearing01:12:16
pledged not to commit crimes but01:12:19
refrain from stealing robbery01:12:20
adultery violation of word refuse01:12:23
give the trustee After that, they usually01:12:26
dispersed and came together again for01:12:28
eating and innocent But what is this01:12:31
they stopped doing it after my decree01:12:33
which I am at your disposal01:12:34
banned the Secret Society especially considered01:12:37
she needs to try to see this too01:12:39
Humanist Pleney Jr. tortured01:12:41
interrogate two slaves at the end of what is01:12:44
Christianity they all can't tell01:12:45
and so he tortures these two slaves01:12:48
called servants that are here01:12:50
was true comes to the conclusion01:12:53
the result of this torture is Plaid Junior and not01:12:55
found nothing but immeasurable01:12:57
there was such an ugly superstition01:13:01
originally Impression among the Romans01:13:04
citizens from Christianity Troin meets01:13:08
line01:13:10
there was a request actually01:13:13
these were, in general, people equal to each other01:13:16
I already said that I am principled01:13:18
implies that the emperor is still01:13:21
One among equals Therefore it01:13:24
subjects are also available to the worthy01:13:26
respect so he writes to him you got in01:13:28
quite right my sector01:13:32
it’s correct, firstly, that he executed, and secondly01:13:34
that he tortured after carrying out an investigation from those on01:13:37
who were reported to you as Christians But01:13:39
further interesting to install any01:13:42
a general definite rule is impossible then01:13:44
there is such a phenomenon, what should I do?01:13:46
Christians are reporting something on them01:13:48
do this letter itself says that01:13:50
there was no general rule, it was necessary somehow01:13:52
there was no law against resolving this issue01:13:54
Christians but there were Christians to do something01:13:56
set some general here01:13:58
certain rule Impossible01:13:59
there is no need to look for them if there is01:14:02
a denunciation will be received and they will be extracted01:14:04
should be punished how to punish execute01:14:07
actually made this line from01:14:10
humanitarian considerations If you read01:14:12
his pline his letters then he gives there01:14:14
praises elegance speaks to the frailty of life01:14:18
about dedicating your life to service01:14:20
universities literature that there is nothing01:14:22
the exaltation of a man who is virtuous01:14:25
And so on01:14:26
that's what it means if the denunciation is proven01:14:29
no problem those who deny that they01:14:32
Christians will prove this in practice, that is01:14:33
pray to our gods follows01:14:35
repentance to have mercy at least in the past01:14:37
they were under suspicion But then01:14:39
interestingly the same Roman pops up01:14:41
right How they treat this sect01:14:44
Jewish Nameless denunciation of any01:14:47
crime should not be accepted01:14:49
attention01:14:50
could there be something else similar to some01:14:52
37 years of lawlessness they wanted execution And here it is01:14:55
no, what should we do, how to execute if01:14:57
someone writes a denunciation, but no, if we do this01:15:00
acted it would be a bad example01:15:02
and does not correspond to the spirit of our time01:15:04
to the humane spirit of our time Yes, we are with01:15:07
by you the captivity of the younger I am Troy between01:15:11
by the way, you can have his bust in the Summer Garden01:15:13
find in Mikhailovsky Palace look01:15:14
this is one of the persecutors of Christians, Trojan01:15:18
there are still monuments to him01:15:21
seems amazing So I advise01:15:24
read to understand01:15:25
this story but a good question In connection with01:15:30
this kind of texts will be01:15:32
is why01:15:34
The Romans are so tolerant, I only tell you01:15:37
what he said about how they treated and01:15:39
Judaism and the Egyptian religion I no longer01:15:43
I'm talking about01:15:44
barbarian tribes they are generally calm01:15:48
completely treated foreign gods as01:15:50
the Greeks believed that if you believe in01:15:53
some kind of God, actually01:15:54
your job is to fight for this cause, we don't01:15:56
we will01:15:57
what did pliny the younger feel01:16:00
and Troyan the emergence of this sect Well we01:16:05
We should immediately note that, unlike01:16:08
polytheistic religion is a religion01:16:10
monotheistic which is incompatible in01:16:13
principle with polytheism Therefore01:16:15
If01:16:17
Jews can somehow come to an agreement if with01:16:20
other representatives of religion too01:16:22
Is it possible to come to an agreement with Christians?01:16:24
it won’t be possible to agree and what01:16:26
It's called Either them or us since we are ours01:16:30
virtues are associated with respect for private01:16:32
property since they are associated with Roman01:16:35
legitimate Roman deities and we are not01:16:37
respect Why should we respect others01:16:38
that's probably how he thinks01:16:42
but now we must move on from the period01:16:45
colors of the period of decline about the reasons I01:16:48
I'll talk later but interesting01:16:50
is the period from what period in general01:16:52
we can talk about the decline of the Roman Empire01:16:55
Of course it was visible on the graph01:16:56
begins after the second century after01:16:59
of death01:17:01
Great Roman Emperor And Philosopher01:17:05
on the throne is Marcus Aurelius who wrote01:17:08
book Alone with himself, here he sits01:17:11
on a bronze horse and still this01:17:16
statue adorns Rome the philosopher must01:17:20
to rule a ruler must philosophize01:17:22
this is exactly what Plato and Mark dreamed of01:17:26
Aurelius was an example01:17:29
he had this kind of idea01:17:32
representative How do you know Stoicism and01:17:35
Although his book Alone with Myself is full01:17:39
some amazing insights into the field01:17:42
morality it must be said that the philosopher01:17:45
everyday life and the philosopher on the throne01:17:47
These are slightly different positions if so01:17:49
can be expressed because to be01:17:51
tolerant tolerant and friendly01:17:54
people who offend you on your01:17:57
on your own level this is acceptable yours01:17:59
action01:18:00
but be the same to people who01:18:05
endowed with the power to tolerate violence01:18:08
be the last tolerant01:18:10
perversion murder is no longer what01:18:14
other than to indulge them in the eyes of the Romans01:18:18
Last of five01:18:21
Antoninov demonstrated essentially01:18:24
identity of vice and virtue01:18:28
behavior and the main two objects were01:18:32
so visible to all citizens of Rome01:18:35
that the harmfulness of the philosophy of historicism01:18:38
it became completely obvious to them01:18:40
spouse01:18:41
Marcus Aurelius, who was deified by her husband01:18:46
all the citizens knew her completely01:18:49
the other side of what I didn’t want to know myself01:18:51
Marcus Aurelius But the main thing is of course01:18:54
dresser01:18:55
son and last representative of the family01:18:59
Antoninov I said wrong01:19:00
who named Mark Avreli was the last one01:19:03
was the last among good emperors01:19:05
because the room is definitely not good01:19:07
you name it I think the best portrait01:19:10
this emperor belongs to hakin01:19:14
to the phoenix who prepared wonderfully01:19:16
filming this movie Gladiator for another 2001:19:18
years ago to his role as the Joker01:19:21
actually the simplest description of that01:19:23
Who was the chest of drawers Magnificent in quality01:19:26
the emperor is such a Joker on the throne01:19:30
who not only humiliated his rank01:19:35
his position as emperor to gladiator01:19:38
committed some unimaginable amount01:19:40
battles he was proud of how many people he killed01:19:43
held a huge grief of 300 boys01:19:46
and 300 girls who periodically01:19:48
have been sexually abused01:19:51
loved atrocities and demonstrated them for01:19:54
Total01:19:56
Rome, of course, was terrified, especially after01:19:58
amazing period of calm01:20:00
which was typical for Rome II01:20:04
century period from Domitian just from 9601:20:08
year to01:20:11
100 76 this is a period of good01:20:16
emperors then after the death of Mark01:20:20
Aurelia comes to the chest of drawers01:20:22
a completely different period appears01:20:24
at all01:20:26
this whole story is told to us alone01:20:29
a very interesting phenomenon, even outstanding01:20:32
emperors who can01:20:35
care daily and powerfully for the welfare of the people01:20:38
sooner or later they die and are replaced by01:20:43
the case with the empire comes as a matter of fact01:20:45
by chance a new man and what five01:20:48
contract emperors were enlightened and01:20:53
strived for the good of the people was in the highest01:20:56
amazing degree, one might say01:20:59
chance and nerve and train Troyan and01:21:03
Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius 5 of these01:21:07
eminent emperors01:21:10
generated amazing achievements01:21:12
related to culture01:21:16
Roman Empire ram or later it is01:21:19
should have ended in the case of01:21:21
the republic was a kind of built-in01:21:23
mechanism What to do if you are mad01:21:24
is in power01:21:27
they actually killed him01:21:30
this was not the first time that the rooms were01:21:31
I wasn’t the first power maniac before this01:21:35
This was already mentioned by Caligula, who01:21:38
led the horse to the Senate and demanded that01:21:41
he was treated like01:21:43
senator or the famous Neuron who01:21:47
dreamed of being an actor executed an apostle01:21:51
Peter and Paul killed his own mother01:21:54
demanded from the philosopher Seneca that he01:21:57
wrote anther01:22:00
explanatory01:22:02
killing his mother with a neuron, arson01:22:06
Rome and read the poems I dreamed of there01:22:09
read the burning three that this is burning01:22:12
Rome and it's kind of outstanding01:22:15
theatrical figure01:22:17
training did this And after that01:22:19
how everything burned down he blamed it01:22:21
the early Christians were generally shorter people01:22:24
pretty specific but not done01:22:26
suicide01:22:28
Caligula was killed and we can say that01:22:32
The Empire is characterized by such a slender01:22:34
mechanism when some emperor01:22:37
completely crazy and violates implicit01:22:40
unwritten principles but he will say so01:22:43
retires01:22:46
and a more reasonable one comes to replace01:22:48
the emperor in the case of the chest of drawers is the same01:22:51
it worked but I mean the first part01:22:52
and so it turned out that the chest of drawers was killed by Gladiator01:22:55
narcissus01:22:57
the gladiator had an interesting name01:22:59
narcissist he strangled him in the room and01:23:01
It would seem that now it is possible01:23:04
return to first principles01:23:06
Which laid the good emperor01:23:09
Antonina but how many have not changed01:23:11
Emperors have been changing them all century01:23:15
nothing good came of it01:23:16
there was a series of other equally crazy people or01:23:19
mediocre emperors throughout the third century01:23:22
Rome is in crisis throughout the second century01:23:25
He practically thrives throughout the third01:23:27
century he is in a giant01:23:28
economic cultural and political01:23:30
crisis one crazy emperor01:23:33
replaces another but we’ll still return to01:23:35
point of buffarction to Mark during01:23:38
I have already said that tolerance towards01:23:40
people with power it turns out01:23:43
connivance. For example, daughter01:23:45
Antonina Pie and wife Marcus Aurelius01:23:47
Faustina became famous as much for her01:23:49
with your love affairs as much as yours01:23:51
the whole of Rome knew about its beauty, serious01:23:54
the simplicity of the philosopher Marcus Aurelius could not01:23:56
a lively and flighty woman doesn’t like it01:23:58
could satisfy that boundless01:24:00
passion for diversity which is often01:24:02
forced her to find personal01:24:04
dignity in the lowest01:24:05
representatives of the human race01:24:07
phrases answered by Edward Gibbon and Bark was01:24:11
the only person in the Mark Empire -01:24:13
these are Jews who apparently knew nothing01:24:16
about Faustina's behavior and did not pay attention to01:24:18
no attention to him What was he doing in01:24:21
the answer to the adventures of his wife he01:24:23
appointed some of her lovers to01:24:25
honorary profitable positions Well01:24:27
naturally in front of the whole of Rome and in01:24:29
flow01:24:30
30-year marital relationship constantly01:24:32
treated her with the most tender trust and01:24:34
respectfully at his urgent01:24:36
you served the demand, the senate recognized it01:24:39
goddess Well, not only is it worthy01:24:41
respect her lovers occupy positions01:24:43
we must still recognize him as a goddess01:24:44
her temples erected in honor of her01:24:46
depicted with the attributes of Juno Venus and01:24:49
Ceres and it was declared by decree that01:24:52
young people on their wedding day01:24:54
must say the conjugal dinner01:24:57
before the altar of this chaste goddess01:24:59
I think the sarcasm of the English writer01:25:01
here you can feel it at all01:25:04
feel this semitomy01:25:06
and I won’t talk about actions01:25:10
chest of drawers which is unlike everyone else01:25:12
the rest were not endowed with any01:25:15
even basic intellectual01:25:16
abilities after all Neuron let's say so01:25:19
posed as an art connoisseur and01:25:22
literature considered himself theatrical01:25:24
figure at the chest of drawers no such01:25:25
there were no needs, the third century01:25:28
indeed a period of crisis in Rome01:25:31
empires when they try not to maintain order01:25:35
using a completely understandable mechanism01:25:39
precisely through militarization01:25:42
militarization first of all means01:25:44
higher state taxes01:25:47
expenses and recruitment of people into the army01:25:49
accordingly, commerce is moved to01:25:53
side a first01:25:55
those people who are ready for01:25:58
big money to serve the empire Empire01:26:02
looking for ways to recruit01:26:04
army the main virtue of the Roman01:26:07
republics and empires of the first second01:26:09
century is that they fought for it based on01:26:12
love for your homeland but in the third century01:26:15
the situation has changed it has become a remedy01:26:19
make a good career01:26:21
actually began to hire people who01:26:24
were completely alien to the Roman01:26:26
virtue and this is what became one of the01:26:30
factors of decline Well, anyway, let's01:26:33
let's say something about someone, he was the first01:26:35
of the Roman emperors Who were01:26:37
completely unfamiliar mental01:26:38
pleasure even Neuron was an expert or01:26:40
pretended to be such a fine art01:26:42
music music poetry and we would not play01:26:45
he would be reproached for this if he had not turned01:26:46
have a nice time in01:26:49
the subject is ambition and the main goal of one’s01:26:51
life but a chest of drawers from early childhood01:26:52
expressed disgust for all mental01:26:55
and a noble occupation and found it01:26:57
pleasure is only in the entertainment of Cherny01:26:59
in the circus games the gladiator amphitheater and01:27:02
hunting wild animals surrounded Marcus Aurelius01:27:04
son by the most experienced mentors in01:27:07
to all branches of knowledge That's when01:27:09
called fate is calculated in five01:27:12
successful emperors are actually01:27:15
Random process and here on those on the sixth01:27:17
once you get a room01:27:20
How Mark Avreli didn’t teach him How he wasn’t01:27:23
was a philosopher no matter how he preached01:27:25
virtue And his son turned out01:27:27
very specific young01:27:29
The heir treated their lessons without01:27:31
attention and disgust while the Moors01:27:33
and the Parthians who taught him to throw a dart and01:27:36
archery enjoyed its special01:27:38
popular But this is just one of the figures01:27:42
this period of decline, of course01:27:45
one cannot fail to mention A to the Emperor01:27:47
Caracalli who in 212 made everyone01:27:52
inhabitants of all free inhabitants of Rome01:27:56
empire by citizens of the Roman Empire then01:27:59
there they began to use everything01:28:00
the privileges that those who had01:28:04
the Romans, that is, they could also01:28:06
serve in the army could participate in01:28:10
election to the Senate and of course could01:28:12
become those same proletarians01:28:15
who will beg for handouts01:28:18
distributed01:28:20
state here is one of the first01:28:22
Asian emperors By the way01:28:25
this is a helium ball that was characterized01:28:30
because the main thing he was doing was01:28:33
depraved escorts generally exist01:28:36
ranking of Roman emperors01:28:39
the most bloodthirsty became famous01:28:42
favorite most power-hungry longest01:28:45
the ruler is the most depraved of all01:28:47
ratings he considers the most depraved01:28:50
yes, he could well be permanent, let's say01:28:54
members of some site like01:28:57
pornhub because I was given the most01:28:59
raw pleasure to remove unbridled01:29:02
with rage and without restrictions but when he01:29:05
he felt disgusted and fed up01:29:07
required artificial means01:29:09
excitement, a crowd from01:29:12
representatives of the fair sex they01:29:14
had to take passionate poses it01:29:16
another Englishman writes in the 18th century we01:29:19
We understand that this is not only Victorian01:29:21
a culture that doesn't allow everything01:29:23
say what they are doing there Goliagabal Here But01:29:26
in fact, there is such a restoration01:29:27
his appearance has modern manners01:29:30
here are pictures of where he works01:29:31
sensual attraction and voluptuousness01:29:33
that is, in short, it was the emperor01:29:36
who in general did not strive for that01:29:39
to return to virtues01:29:40
moderation and justice which01:29:43
were typical for the republic or for01:29:46
the period of good emperors, that is01:29:49
indulge in debauchery pleasures01:29:51
basically spend money on it01:29:53
active period begins01:29:56
dilution of the main money that was01:30:00
in the Roman Empire, that is, the hysterians and01:30:03
other coins01:30:06
began to dilute very actively when01:30:08
Helio's reign01:30:11
and another emperor Antoninus Caracalla01:30:14
who in front of his own eyes01:30:16
mother killed his brother01:30:20
his name was Antonin caracala, but he01:30:24
being half African and half01:30:27
Syrian and understanding the problems of refugees 21201:30:31
year equalized everyone's rights as those who01:30:34
lived in Rome and everyone else on01:30:37
territory of the Roman Empire This is Po01:30:40
apparently also played a role01:30:42
the main reason was what was needed01:30:44
there was more money there was not enough money01:30:46
fantastic needed a lot of money01:30:48
army the army ceased to be effective01:30:51
didn't have enough money, needed someone01:30:54
tax these people too01:30:55
there is little left, which means we need to increase it01:30:57
tax base including those who lived01:31:01
very far from Rome itself therefore01:31:03
included everyone but those whom01:31:05
included also try with them Siberia01:31:07
taxes taxes then they can pay as01:31:09
God will put it on your soul, but with your rights01:31:12
the privileges they have like the Romans01:31:14
citizens appear they will01:31:15
use it to the fullest Therefore01:31:18
if we take01:31:20
silver denarius then for the period from the end01:31:24
just the rule of the good01:31:27
emperors and to the middle even the middle01:31:31
third century not to mention the beginning01:31:34
fourth century01:31:35
the denarius lost 98 percent of its01:31:39
purchasing power that is 5001:31:42
times the average prices for those or01:31:45
other goods that circulated in Rome are01:31:48
of course it didn’t happen all at once, but it01:31:50
was quite a unique phenomenon because01:31:53
that no one had done this before01:31:57
there is damage to coins, falsification of coins01:31:58
was well let's put it this way01:32:00
unacceptable, including in questions01:32:03
property and matters of prestige01:32:05
what was always on the coin that01:32:08
the emperor minted his profile01:32:11
it turns out that he is a fraudster, he writes that01:32:14
this coin is 98 percent gold01:32:17
no longer golden, the same goes for01:32:19
silver mussels that is actually01:32:20
the third century is a century of crisis for which01:32:23
gigantic inflation is imposed01:32:25
organized by such outstanding01:32:27
rulers like galliugobal him Like you01:32:29
you see, it took a lot of money to01:32:32
it was necessary to have this money not only01:32:34
replenish the budget but also dilute your01:32:36
pocket the coin too01:32:38
everything that happened like this01:32:40
falsified denarius with iterce01:32:43
became the object of falsification on01:32:44
state mints in the second01:32:46
third centuries systematic01:32:48
diluting silver in a coin01:32:49
foreign impurities of the state01:32:50
increased cash flow to the treasury01:32:52
without corresponding consumption of silver in01:32:54
late third century silver coin01:32:57
only two percent remained01:32:58
consisting of 98% copper and other01:33:01
the coin had only a thin metal01:33:03
silver or even tin plated01:33:04
suffered the same deterioration in quality01:33:07
and once copper in its entirety, that is,01:33:10
one more for you01:33:11
to a serious crisis it all starts with01:33:15
the death of Marcus Aurelius Then comes01:33:18
militarization of the era of the North to01:33:22
carry out this militarization is happening01:33:25
distribution of rights to all free inhabitants01:33:28
empires attract them to the army01:33:31
taxes increase and of course01:33:33
increases as they would say now01:33:35
money supply inflation what is needed01:33:38
what to do to prevent collapse01:33:42
The Roman Empire needs a strong hand in01:33:45
once again the entire third century they01:33:46
tried all sorts of helium points and01:33:48
against comrades who are definitely strong01:33:50
they already had a hand and now01:33:53
dyatlityan dyatlityan who was even killed01:33:57
You were probably respected in the Soviet Union01:33:59
everyone was watching the older generation Exactly01:34:02
watched the famous film Moscow to Tears01:34:04
doesn’t believe where Gosha aka Zhora is01:34:07
someone else there tells the young man01:34:10
generation that he does not strive for01:34:12
power they strive for power because01:34:14
there was such an emperor at one time01:34:15
Diocletian who instead01:34:19
edit retired to his place in less and there01:34:22
grew cabbage and says it’s not the best01:34:25
this very clerk was a bad emperor01:34:27
are flying and we would like to figure it out01:34:29
what was it dia-lityan not very bad01:34:31
for the common man in the Soviet Union, well01:34:35
for a start he really did01:34:37
distinguished career01:34:38
he was actually born into a family freely01:34:42
freedman, that is, the easiest way to say01:34:45
that he was not of noble birth01:34:47
from slaves and rose not just to01:34:50
Emperor Oh yes01:34:53
to minus this is the owner01:34:55
address the head of state master01:34:58
this was absolutely unthinkable for the Romans01:35:01
previous periods of time because01:35:04
always looked upon as the first among01:35:07
equal even if it was some kind of Neuron01:35:09
or Caligula, he always understood that the Senate01:35:10
he can be removed by the people in general01:35:13
must be taken into account But before minus01:35:15
the owner doesn't say it himself01:35:19
an outstanding clerk-litean and he demands01:35:21
for his subjects to say so01:35:23
Navyo it starts at the end of the third01:35:26
century at the beginning of the fourth century with so01:35:29
called reforms of Diocletian he01:35:31
really tried the Empire01:35:33
organize in a certain way01:35:35
he needs to be accounted for the birth of a01:35:38
state-owned Roman economy here01:35:40
if there is a character to blame01:35:43
in the collapse of the Roman Empire more than01:35:46
the rest Although of course it's quite01:35:47
conventionally blame one person for everything01:35:49
then this is casting therefore here presented in01:35:52
three faces you've all looked at this01:35:55
powerful person who is the master01:35:59
that's how he should have addressed you01:36:02
your sincerity your sedateness01:36:05
Your Excellency01:36:06
Your Eminence and01:36:09
amazing greatness your famous and01:36:13
magnificent highness01:36:15
this is no gate for the Roman01:36:17
Republic for the virtues that were01:36:19
mourned by Cicero and of course for01:36:24
who fought such people as Brutus did not01:36:27
matches dominant means absolutely01:36:29
another system there is a master there are slaves everyone01:36:32
who are not masters, all slaves are masters only01:36:34
one01:36:35
woodpeckers01:36:37
how did the Jack-Lites decide to fight01:36:41
inflation And this was obvious to everyone01:36:44
bad phenomenon Well, like a former slave and like01:36:49
The current monarch he knew the best of the rest01:36:51
How to please the public he accepted the edict01:36:55
Edict of Dyatlitian 301 unfortunately01:36:59
most historians of the decline of the collapse01:37:02
of the Roman Empire not economists but for01:37:04
economist these are just songs If you01:37:06
you respect argumentation and logic and01:37:09
listing what I wanted to regulate01:37:10
diok-litam here if you read01:37:13
some Soviet instructions01:37:15
related to how those are installed01:37:17
or other prices or someone from there01:37:19
philosophers read like Plato like this01:37:21
should be regulated It was01:37:23
more or less funny then the clerk is flying This is01:37:25
it’s just that his song is unfortunately rarely published01:37:28
They don’t read much, but this is true01:37:30
amazing thing She's at maximum prices01:37:34
he set the prices01:37:37
for more than 1000 different positions and01:37:42
these prices seemed to apply to wheat as well01:37:46
barley01:37:48
rooster just half peeled beans01:37:50
lentils, shelled, unpeeled peas01:37:53
you see peas everywhere installed in01:37:55
denarii prices that go down01:37:57
above If you think01:38:01
what is this photograph so to speak or01:38:05
picture01:38:07
it turned out to be here by accident01:38:13
The fact is that the code regulated01:38:15
number and prices of services01:38:18
Apparently in the interests of Nigiter A01:38:22
in the interests of guitar consumers Well because01:38:24
that this is the common good, the common good01:38:27
should be available here you see01:38:28
inflation and consumption is not available to everyone01:38:31
guitar services How is this even available?01:38:34
so that hetero is not available at price B01:38:37
sense This is completely unsuitable01:38:40
unfortunately I didn't find any information01:38:42
there was a limit price but it is here01:38:45
other options But I can guess01:38:46
that the hetaera received slightly less than01:38:50
lawyer and more possibly than teachers01:38:52
arithmetic but any economist or01:38:55
person with some commercial background01:38:58
with ingenuity he will understand that any kind of such01:39:00
price limits are easy to bypass01:39:02
provision of services formally different01:39:04
properties for example than a wonderful guitar01:39:06
which is shown here cannot01:39:08
offer a service that has a limit01:39:10
Suppose she had 1000 denarii01:39:12
200 and here there are thousands because she would01:39:15
acted as a lawyer for the initiation01:39:18
business and establishment of the matter to the end throughout01:39:22
Apparently, I think I coped with this01:39:25
the mission is great, that is, ultimately01:39:27
in the end it looks like bureaucratic01:39:31
arbitrariness is nonsense but the Roman Empire01:39:33
period of decline this is the Soviet Union01:39:36
0001:39:37
1 0 it’s like from somewhere from the past and01:39:40
many economists actually do this01:39:42
they just don’t pay attention, but here01:39:44
prices were actually set01:39:46
which practically did not work as in01:39:50
any economy where the state tries01:39:52
set these prices but the most interesting thing is01:39:54
no list of where it comes from01:39:56
for example There is a polisher with a table01:40:00
and without a table on chanterelles of water with a table01:40:02
other workers with lime manufacturer01:40:05
models with table muleteer 2501:40:09
The shepherd with the table receives 20 denarii01:40:11
denarii is a parchment maker01:40:14
elementary teacher arithmetic teacher01:40:17
cursive writing Well, for example, teacher01:40:19
Greek language receives less than01:40:21
cursive teacher is less than a teacher01:40:22
arithmetic Why did Dyatlian decide so?01:40:25
he looks simple after all01:40:27
he feels you know he knows better01:40:30
other people What should be a01:40:32
what to be like01:40:34
wages of those water porters01:40:37
there was something else there and the cleaner was clack01:40:40
25 denarii and no more01:40:43
can't pay fist cleaner anymore01:40:45
Why let's listen to this01:40:48
A magnificent example of oratorical madness01:40:51
which demonstrates what01:40:55
degenerated the virtue of Rome at the beginning01:40:57
fourth century AD01:41:01
this guy I will read everything because01:41:04
it's brilliant01:41:05
dignity of the state: honor and greatness01:41:08
Rome requires us to faithfully preserve and01:41:11
decorate decently This is happiness I01:41:13
I imagine that after the part of speech there01:41:15
The applause everyone falls to their knees01:41:17
literally I'm not exaggerating before01:41:20
minus should fall to their knees This is already01:41:22
another story It's not what it was01:41:24
several centuries before This victory reflected01:41:27
under the auspices of higher powers01:41:29
predatory raids of barbarian tribes and01:41:31
nations we must forever strengthen and01:41:33
protect the happiness of the state01:41:35
worthy foundations of justice01:41:39
by silence you can imagine01:41:42
for if any reasonable01:41:44
costs could hand over those whom01:41:46
inflames boundless greed01:41:48
growing not in years and months or days01:41:51
but almost hours and even minutes that01:41:54
they want to ask for a lot of money for their services01:41:56
if society could be indifferent01:41:58
endure this bacchanalia of licentiousness01:42:00
which in the cruelest way From day to day01:42:02
the day is tormenting him, maybe it’s appropriate01:42:04
it would be to hide and keep silent because01:42:07
then universal patience would soften01:42:09
damn horror of this deplorable01:42:10
you feel the situation, what theatricality01:42:13
such a flow of speech is absolutely01:42:16
senseless but nevertheless but01:42:18
raging greed doesn't stop01:42:20
in front of general need, so he chose to01:42:22
who will attack now who is to blame01:42:24
huge inflation who say so01:42:26
diluted the denarius who inflation01:42:29
organized01:42:31
dishonest and shameless people think as01:42:34
it would be my duty to greed them01:42:37
gnawing burning awakening destroying01:42:40
overall happiness was second only to01:42:43
under compulsion they are of their own free will the same01:42:45
which before the creation of their terrible01:42:47
the situation was brought about only by extreme need01:42:49
we can also endure our share because of this01:42:52
like the fathers of the human race01:42:55
it is appropriate to take care that01:42:57
intervened as a judge herself01:42:59
justice and what we have been waiting for so long01:43:01
from humanity and what it itself did not dare01:43:03
to do was done by our means01:43:06
foresight and for the sake of affection01:43:08
universal acquisition01:43:12
then he moves on to the businessmen01:43:14
who is this? Compare with how01:43:17
referred to as bakers in the first century BC01:43:21
AD I gave you an example that01:43:23
a man rose from rags to riches by being01:43:26
a simple baker who is so stupid and01:43:29
so devoid of human feelings01:43:31
so as not to understand and feel that01:43:33
arbitrariness in setting sales prices01:43:35
things that are offered at markets01:43:37
or are sold daily in cities such01:43:39
great is that unbridled greed is not01:43:42
is not mitigated by the abundance of goods nor01:43:43
rich harvests This is such a pretentious01:43:46
partly the businessmen are to blame for everything01:43:48
who are greedy who are stupid right them01:43:51
they declare stupid But of course He is a woodpecker01:43:54
very smart so he will go to grow01:43:56
cabbage and all of Rome will follow him01:43:58
grow cabbage because they are01:44:00
laws could only lead to01:44:02
disintegration of the Roman economy But what about01:44:05
he is trying to force this feeling01:44:09
common good Therefore we have decided01:44:13
we are down to minus that anyone who dares01:44:16
proceed to the command of this tired subject01:44:18
death penalty01:44:20
little by little01:44:21
more than your quota01:44:24
head on the chopping block01:44:27
man to Lucky cleans got more01:44:30
money is not on the chopping block, so to speak01:44:32
will clear your head there too. Everything is clear with these01:44:35
guys, let's continue talking about this01:44:37
A great man from Gosha's point of view01:44:41
he is Goga and let no one count01:44:44
the law is too harsh01:44:47
obviously since everyone observing01:44:50
modesty can avoid trouble less01:44:52
walk on the guitars indicated the same danger01:44:54
the one who out of passion will also be subjected to01:44:56
acquisition contrary to the dictates of the law01:44:59
will give in to the greed of the seller in the same01:45:01
the crime will be guilty of the one who01:45:03
has the means at its disposal01:45:04
food will hide them, this is already in general01:45:06
reminds me of what happened in01:45:08
Soviet Union when it was01:45:10
surplus appropriation01:45:12
after our order because01:45:14
the punishment should have been01:45:17
even more severe for the one who causes hunger01:45:19
than for those who oppose the law we01:45:20
We call on everyone to obey so that01:45:23
established in the interests of the whole society01:45:24
only he knows this would never be in the period01:45:27
No one would say that to the Republic01:45:28
and he observed this for another period01:45:31
in good faith and with due respect01:45:33
especially since this kind of charter has in01:45:35
in view of benefiting not only individual communities01:45:37
peoples and provinces but also everything01:45:38
states applause jubilation01:45:41
cap and fly up outstanding01:45:44
Emperor of the Dyateklitians is actually01:45:47
as you can see from this kind01:45:49
regulation could only be worse, that is01:45:52
at the beginning they organized inflation and caused01:45:54
high price level then steel01:45:56
regulate these prices and intimidate01:45:58
the population that there will be the death penalty01:46:00
because someone is selling at the wrong prices01:46:02
which de-litya installed01:46:04
why did all this become possible and01:46:08
here is the second element which01:46:09
responsible for the decline I have already said that in01:46:11
When talking about Success we must01:46:14
note two fundamental reasons01:46:16
ensured the prosperity of the Roman Empire01:46:18
this is polytheism or religious freedom and01:46:21
economic freedom but to replace this01:46:24
another century comes, third fourth01:46:27
century is a period of the most active01:46:29
spread of Christianity to01:46:30
territory of the Roman Empire if before01:46:33
Roman01:46:35
Emperors fought against Christianity01:46:38
313 years, that is, Constantine the Great01:46:43
Christianity gains official status01:46:48
after this in 325 occurs01:46:51
a certain cathedral at which01:46:52
the Creed is established allowing01:46:55
cut off those who did not agree with the symbol01:46:59
Faith if in the first second centuries01:47:01
Christians were actually humble01:47:03
victims01:47:05
and nothing more then in the third fourth01:47:08
centuries they become active01:47:09
political force at the beginning They get01:47:12
the same rights as other residents01:47:16
The Roman Empire and then this religion01:47:20
becomes the official religion of Rome01:47:22
empires why is this why is this01:47:26
happening Why is this somehow connected01:47:28
degradation in the economic sphere01:47:31
they are dying, he believes that this is due to01:47:34
several things one of them is this01:47:35
the need for blind Faith in simple01:47:38
people have such a strong need to believe that01:47:39
following the decline of some01:47:41
mythological system probably01:47:43
someone else would immediately arise01:47:44
all sorts of superstitions Who would01:47:46
develop further lower these thoughts01:47:48
I wouldn't be surprised by the quick success01:47:50
Christianity but vice versa01:47:53
on the contrary, maybe it would appear01:47:56
because his successes were not even more01:47:59
fast and even more universal Konstantin01:48:03
The Great One essentially united this01:48:06
Dyako-Lityan machinery with Christian01:48:09
worldview And later made it01:48:13
the only law in 38001:48:19
declares the only legitimate religion01:48:23
on the territory of the Roman Empire01:48:25
everyone else is exposed to Christianity01:48:27
persecution, destruction and all that01:48:30
fell upon Christians before01:48:32
falls upon non-Christians who lived01:48:36
in the Empire01:48:37
At the same time, you need to understand what kind of audience01:48:40
first of all filled Rome and others01:48:42
cities of the Roman Empire that01:48:45
became Christians organization01:48:47
civilized societies is such that only01:48:48
not many of their members are different01:48:50
riches, honors and knowledge and01:48:52
The masses are doomed to insignificance01:48:55
ignorance and poverty therefore01:48:56
Christian religion believes they are dying01:48:58
addressed to the entire human race01:49:01
should have bought a lot more01:49:02
followers in the lower classes and this01:49:05
it’s clear why they didn’t care much01:49:07
lose it religion equalized them01:49:11
patricians equated them with the aristocracy01:49:13
Could a person like it?01:49:17
first century which accumulated wealth and01:49:20
became a baker or became a senator to01:49:24
he was equated with the mob, such a picture of the world01:49:28
he wouldn't like it at all so01:49:30
no wonder what exactly is in the lower01:49:31
classes who wanted bread and circuses01:49:34
Christianity spread more01:49:35
just based on this simple fact01:49:37
a vile accusation was raised which01:49:39
seems to be refuted by defenders01:49:41
Christianity not with such zeal With what01:49:43
it was supported by his opponents01:49:44
accusation of being a new sect01:49:47
consisted exclusively of common people01:49:48
from peasants and artisans from boys01:49:51
and women from poor cities and that she01:49:53
often with the help of these latter drove01:49:55
their pensioners in the Rich and Noble01:49:57
the families in which they belonged01:49:59
service accordingly one more01:50:04
element very important to understand01:50:06
the decline of the virtues of Rome and the Roman01:50:10
empires are what Christianity is01:50:12
becomes the state religion01:50:14
penetrates into the consciousness of the Romans01:50:17
actually becomes a state in01:50:20
state Let me quote01:50:23
one of01:50:28
people who01:50:33
and who is considered the most important for the church01:50:37
Emperor of Emperor Theodosius in 38001:50:42
year01:50:43
he said we wish all people01:50:47
who are under our authority01:50:49
mercy were firm in that Faith01:50:51
which is known to be Divine01:50:53
The Apostle Peter left it to the Romans and who01:50:56
Pope Damasus and Peter Bishop held on01:50:59
Alexandrian You see the words01:51:01
mercysilver mercy01:51:03
goodwill01:51:04
readiness to forgive and precisely those traits01:51:07
were characteristic of Christianity until01:51:09
it did not become an official religion second01:51:11
part of his speech we command01:51:14
so that those who obey this law01:51:16
called Catholic Christians01:51:19
The rest, in our opinion,01:51:21
crazy and insane will carry on01:51:24
shameful time for heretics01:51:27
Well, in fact, it’s probably easy for you01:51:30
can you imagine what happened01:51:32
after01:51:35
the Christian church became a state01:51:37
in the state first it collapsed01:51:39
on pagan culture secondly it01:51:42
fell upon those who did not accept them01:51:46
Creed of their understanding in particular01:51:48
Arianism has undergone physical01:51:50
extermination of Christians who01:51:53
were victims victims01:51:56
who threw them at the Colosseum01:51:59
executed, killed, so we quoted the singing01:52:01
became about the same and everyone knows01:52:05
history of the inquisition history of murder01:52:07
a huge number of people who01:52:09
performed on behalf of the only true01:52:11
Religion and Captivity Jr. Throughout01:52:14
appearances with the Trojan anticipated that01:52:17
roman empire christianity things01:52:19
incompatible either one or the other or01:52:22
If Christianity wins then it will disappear01:52:25
Roman Empire or Roman Empire01:52:27
will continue to exist But then01:52:29
it is unacceptable for Christianity to exist01:52:32
the dominant religion in this place01:52:35
so the Catholic Church becomes01:52:37
state within the state and accepts01:52:40
a form similar to the Federal Republic01:52:43
Why Christianity went so well01:52:47
On that policy which at the beginning01:52:48
saw off the Dyatlitians then Konstantin then01:52:51
Feodosius and what ultimately led01:52:53
to ruin because it's completely compatible01:52:57
with the ethics of passivity from these dimensions01:52:59
the clergy successfully preached01:53:01
theory of patience and cowardice virtue01:53:04
based on01:53:07
the entrepreneurial spirit I spoke of01:53:09
considered useless Why?01:53:12
engage and last remains01:53:14
warrior spirit were buried in01:53:16
monasteries a significant part01:53:17
public and private domain and01:53:19
held back on satisfaction01:53:20
plausible demands for mercy and01:53:22
piety And the money that was owed01:53:24
soldiers' salaries would be spent on01:53:26
needs idle crowds Yes Christians01:53:29
closed the Colosseum but replaced it with a circus01:53:33
The circus was the main entertainment for the plebs01:53:36
who demanded bread and circuses in01:53:39
late period of existence we again01:53:42
should pay attention to the fact that01:53:45
the status of Christianity is changing under01:53:47
the influence of the fact that they now find themselves01:53:50
at the head of this situation, this is what he writes01:53:55
harsh Tertulian about what awaits01:53:58
opponents of Christianity even before that01:54:01
they wanted there to be tolerance towards them and01:54:04
this is the kind of tolerance they offered in01:54:06
exchange You love the spectacle01:54:08
exclamation, you are expecting the greatest of01:54:11
all the spectacles of the last unchangeable judgment01:54:13
Over the entire Universe how I will admire01:54:15
how will I laugh how will I01:54:17
rejoice as I will admire when01:54:19
I will look like so many and proud01:54:21
monarchies and imaginary gods will01:54:22
moan in the deepest abysses01:54:25
Christian humility goes to hell01:54:27
where here turn the other cheek when you01:54:30
hit on the other cheek where01:54:35
and so on and so forth no they will burn01:54:38
like so many dignitaries who pursued01:54:40
with them the Lord will be roasted in more01:54:42
hot fire than ever before01:54:43
lit forgiveness for the rowing Christians01:54:46
As you can see, this does not mean01:54:48
how are so many wise philosophers together with01:54:50
misled students will be01:54:51
turn red among the flames, that is01:54:54
not only those who tortured but also just those01:54:56
who philosophized tried to comprehend01:54:58
the tenets of a particular religion, they are also01:55:01
will01:55:02
punished as only the Orthodox01:55:04
famous poets will endure before01:55:07
a tribunal not of minus but of Christ as01:55:10
so many tragic actors will be more01:55:11
usually raise your voice for01:55:13
expressing one's own suffering01:55:15
how are so many splashers further than the word01:55:17
gibbon but philanthropic reader01:55:19
I hope it will allow me to draw the curtain01:55:21
over the rest of this terrible01:55:23
paintings that are zealous African01:55:25
draws with great variety01:55:27
strained and merciless witticisms, well this01:55:30
the English of the 18th century would have allowed themselves01:55:32
this is a modern comment01:55:33
an Englishman would talk about African roots01:55:35
most likely keeping silent But then again I think01:55:38
English sarcasm is noticeable here01:55:41
and another property is so01:55:44
already common under Constantine01:55:46
not only did they regulate prices little01:55:48
what was regulated01:55:50
gold content01:55:52
heteros regulated morality01:55:54
regulated Christianity introduced as01:55:56
the only true religion but appeared01:55:58
something like Mi Tu from that time period01:56:00
4th century AD let's take a look at how01:56:03
Constantine fought for morality01:56:06
Constantine's laws regarding punishment01:56:07
those who are guilty of rape01:56:09
too few women are proven01:56:11
condescension to one of the most01:56:12
fascinating human foibles01:56:14
nature because under the signs of this01:56:16
crimes under Constantine moved forward01:56:18
not only brutal violence but also kind01:56:20
courtship01:56:21
kind courtship is also like01:56:23
violence harassment punishable01:56:25
Severe01:56:26
Well, the courtship through which was successful01:56:30
persuade someone who has reached the age of 2501:56:32
age to leave an unmarried woman01:56:33
parental home generally 25 years for01:56:35
third century I would not like to say01:56:38
the word is old woman but 25 years is easy01:56:41
giant age for people who are in01:56:43
on average lived 35 years, so if you01:56:46
persuaded a free unmarried 25 year old01:56:49
a woman because she visited means01:56:50
Your home is what awaits you Happy01:56:54
lover turned out to be death, so what?01:56:58
death is still a shame Well, that's understandable And01:57:02
again, I really like English01:57:04
I like it and seem to find it01:57:07
terrible crime quite simple01:57:08
death penalty01:57:10
he was either alive or given to01:57:14
tearing to pieces by wild beasts in the amphitheater01:57:16
Well, it’s not enough that the death penalty is due01:57:18
be painful But if the girl01:57:20
she said that it was of her own free will01:57:22
the girl's statement that she was taken away from01:57:24
her own consent instead01:57:27
to save her lover was exposed01:57:28
she shares the same fate with him. Therefore, like this01:57:32
these are the virtues that must be defended in01:57:34
fourth century AD that is01:57:36
The state got in there too, that’s why the Alliance01:57:39
state and church was above the degree01:57:41
beneficial for emperors sovereigns tied01:57:44
their own interests with interesting01:57:46
clergy and efforts with fire and01:57:48
the sword the horror that inspired inspired01:57:51
church punishments so nothing01:57:53
it’s amazing that this emperor01:57:54
Christianity turned out to be like Constantine01:57:57
quite handy so to speak01:58:01
Feodosia I already quoted who played01:58:04
special role in the dissemination01:58:05
Christianity in the Roman Empire or01:58:09
this is finally probably one of the spectacles01:58:13
the apogee of what was supposed to lead to01:58:18
the same model01:58:20
and the fortresses of a besieged fortress01:58:24
it's natural when you have problems with01:58:26
money problems with the army When you already01:58:27
not able to fight barbarians what else01:58:30
haven't had any problem recently when01:58:33
you the emperor is fighting with the voluntary01:58:36
relationships between people of different sexes01:58:39
you may have problems, but how are these01:58:40
problems were solved Well, of course they were01:58:42
must be decided by the distribution of bread, meat, wine01:58:45
and butter Because if people say01:58:47
high prices, big problems with food01:58:50
we need to give it all away for free01:58:52
the period of decline was done so that01:58:54
provide various plebeians with more convenience01:58:57
monthly distribution of grain bread was01:58:59
replaced by daily distribution of baked goods01:59:02
bread, the plebeians gave them grain01:59:04
You just can’t eat grains anymore01:59:07
but he’s not just he, in general, residents01:59:10
Rome citizen of Rome Yes, let's admit it01:59:11
a plebeian, let him be a proletarian, like you01:59:13
you know proletarians literally translated01:59:15
incapable of anything other than application01:59:16
own kind01:59:18
the proletarians did not work or there01:59:20
Practically does not work Clearly alive01:59:22
exploit will already work here01:59:24
so he's waiting for handouts and he's waiting for something01:59:26
they will give him bread before they gave him01:59:28
grain and rare And now everyone should01:59:31
day and baked bread at whose expense was01:59:33
there are many furnaces that01:59:35
were delayed at the expense of the treasury01:59:37
no such01:59:39
eurysaks that could do01:59:42
there couldn't be a lot of money in this business01:59:45
arise because it was01:59:46
the politics of hell was nationalized01:59:50
eat virtually all the grain from01:59:52
state uh storage facilities01:59:54
provided to the market every01:59:57
citizen equipped with a special ticket01:59:59
entered by the steps at the appointed hour02:00:01
either along the steps of that staircase which02:00:04
was assigned to the residents of his quarter02:00:06
or areas do not resemble anything02:00:08
coupons were given bread and received or02:00:11
piece for free or for the lowest price02:00:13
3 pounds of bread to feed02:00:15
your family for 5 months02:00:17
the poorest year is the storage of bread02:00:20
But this is not enough need02:00:22
the number of people needed02:00:23
self-actualization As he says02:00:25
Angle Hart based on Abraham oil02:00:27
Maslow a man should go eat him what02:00:30
I want salted pork, for example, and so02:00:32
the state should do this02:00:33
worry for 5 months in02:00:35
year, the poorest citizens constantly02:00:37
distributed salted pork and annual02:00:40
consumption of this meat in such an era02:00:42
when the capital of the empire had already lost its02:00:43
the former shine was determined by dictation02:00:45
Valentine's third at 3 million 628.00002:00:48
pounds due to the acceleration of the ancients02:00:51
peoples customs vegetable oil too02:00:52
provided freely not only for lamps02:00:56
but also for baths there is an annual tax which02:00:58
was exposed to Africa and Rome reached02:01:01
3 million pounds that is bread free meat02:01:03
he's free of oil, free of wine02:01:06
enough02:01:07
for complete happiness in the end02:01:09
plebites or non-plebeians02:01:12
restraint gradually disappeared and02:01:14
drinking wine has become for everyone02:01:15
available on very easy terms02:01:17
envy of public wine02:01:19
the cellars were entrusted to02:01:21
high-ranking official and02:01:23
the company's grape harvest was02:01:24
significant size intended for02:01:26
happy inhabitants of Rome Magnificent02:01:28
water pipelines thoroughly deserved02:01:30
the praises of August itself supplied02:01:32
enormous abundance of water built by him02:01:35
in all parts of the city there are thermal baths or baths02:01:36
there were more than one thousand six hundred02:01:39
marble benches in the Antonine Baths02:01:41
caracals who were caracals here02:01:43
remember who gave everyone the right to baths02:01:45
wash for free which were open in02:01:47
appointed hours for everyone indiscriminately and02:01:49
for senators and for commoners from02:01:52
these magnificent palaces are crowded02:01:54
dirty and ragged plebeians came out02:01:56
which were neither shoes nor cloaks02:01:58
who wandered the streets all day and02:02:01
on the forum to collect news02:02:02
start disputes that were squandered on02:02:04
game of meager livelihood02:02:06
their children and spent the night in02:02:08
taverns and indecent houses02:02:10
introducing himself to the grossest debauchery then02:02:13
there is free bread for you free02:02:16
free wine means oil is everything02:02:18
for free02:02:19
the state will provide you with all this if02:02:22
you are engaged in commercial02:02:23
activity you will be tortured and when02:02:26
a more humane disposal will put you in prison02:02:28
to prison that is actually none02:02:30
the rich man was not sure what02:02:32
he won't turn into a poor man so02:02:33
engage in commercial activities02:02:34
Nobody really wanted it. Well, why not?02:02:36
of course not enough for a complete picture02:02:39
enough spectacles man Ate drank drank02:02:42
walked need a spectacle at the most enjoyable02:02:45
and served for the most luxurious fun02:02:48
idle crowd public games and spectacle02:02:49
peasant emperor canceled the battles02:02:52
gladiators But for the Roman population02:02:54
the circus was still a bit of it02:02:55
she was still looking at her own house02:02:57
circus as a temple and as a seat02:02:59
The Republic's impatient crowds hurried02:03:02
it was just beginning to take up space02:03:03
blossom Well, imagine what you have02:03:06
happens to a society where people in the morning02:03:07
take places in the circus where02:03:10
the rest are idly walking around02:03:13
city getting bread getting wine02:03:15
we get oil without doing business02:03:18
activities where everything is regulated02:03:21
officials who become everyone02:03:23
more and more where inflation is destroying02:03:25
accumulation where the man who became02:03:27
engage in commercial activities02:03:28
can go to jail simply because02:03:30
he turned out to be disliked by the authorities and for this02:03:35
punishment must inevitably follow in the form02:03:37
collapse and finally the fourth picture from02:03:41
Thomas Cole series The Collapse of Rome02:03:44
empire and in this sense consider that02:03:47
The barbarians were the ones who destroyed02:03:49
sublime Civilization will be higher02:03:51
degree wrong classworthy author02:03:54
books about the history of the fall of the Roman Empire02:03:56
draws such an analogy can be compared02:03:59
periods of decline by an athlete who has given up02:04:02
sports02:04:04
and if just recently he entered the ring and02:04:07
could give an answer to anyone very strong02:04:10
fighter, now he is so mired in02:04:12
in his depraved deeds he is so02:04:15
fell and forgot about his virtues02:04:17
that he became a victim of a generally weak02:04:21
enemy Yes Barbarians of course to the fifth02:04:24
century became much stronger, but Rome could02:04:28
not to waste the time he lost02:04:29
to destroy their economy with02:04:32
Mizus believes that the destruction of his culture02:04:35
what was the reason for the decline of the Roman Empire?02:04:37
since it must be connected with02:04:39
economic reasons for the decline of the empire and02:04:42
the decay of civilization is destruction02:04:43
economic relationships rather than invasions02:04:45
barbarians and land invaders simply02:04:48
took advantage of the opportunity02:04:50
offered them internal weakness02:04:51
empires from a military point of view, tribes02:04:53
invaded the empire in the fourth fifth02:04:55
centuries were not more formidable than armies02:04:58
crushed by legions before but herself02:05:00
The Empire changed its economic and02:05:02
social structure already existed02:05:04
medieval freedom what time is it02:05:06
used wholesale and retail02:05:08
trade was already restricted02:05:10
Do you remember the Deaklitians before this?02:05:13
inflation trade in grain and other02:05:15
essential products were02:05:16
limited even more than trade02:05:18
other goods were considered dishonest and02:05:20
immoral to charge butter for grain02:05:23
and wine are the main mass goods02:05:24
consumption that is free02:05:26
prices were higher than normal prices and02:05:29
municipal authorities quickly crossed02:05:31
what they considered speculation due to02:05:33
this stopped the development of effective02:05:35
wholesale trade of these goods02:05:38
therefore, the most profitable thing to do was to behave02:05:41
because the guy did what he did, he’s like you02:05:43
you know, retired from the post of emperor02:05:45
left his own less and began to grow there02:05:48
cabbage in fact all these regulatory02:05:50
measures made it pointless to transport02:05:52
a huge amount of grain and other02:05:54
goods within the empire What do you mean?02:05:55
they'll put you in prison and take it away from you in the end02:05:57
it will all be nationalized and you02:06:00
I still think I’m a fool, wouldn’t it be better in essence?02:06:03
things to do if you don't want to turn into02:06:04
the plebeian retire to his villa and there02:06:07
grow cabbage yourself when all02:06:08
The empire collapses if they do this02:06:10
the best people actually act02:06:13
approximately like the heroes of Atlanta dealt02:06:16
shoulders once at least today02:06:18
remember That is, they actually leave02:06:20
Civilization developed then us02:06:22
inevitably it collapses and it happened02:06:25
refined and developed by ancient culture02:06:28
everything moved at the beginning to their villas02:06:31
and then of course they turned out to be02:06:33
defenseless after the barbarian invasion02:06:35
because they were subjected to both plunder and02:06:38
and of course the destruction of rape and02:06:41
other delights of that era of which02:06:43
followed the rule of Rome02:06:46
the results of today's lecture we must02:06:49
answer the two questions I posed02:06:52
at the very beginning the reason for the success of the Roman02:06:55
empire and the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire02:06:58
success of the Roman Empire as I tried02:07:01
Show today's lectures linked to02:07:03
two fundamental factors that02:07:06
boil down to one thing: freedom and02:07:09
the republic defended precisely these02:07:11
values are economic freedom of such02:07:13
people like eurysak who could from02:07:16
nothing from slaves turn into the most02:07:18
rich people of the empire and where is the private02:07:20
property was respected even02:07:22
the emperor who said to spend02:07:24
don’t give the money as you see fit02:07:25
to the state and on the other hand it02:07:28
individual freedom expressed in02:07:30
that everyone could believe that02:07:31
considers it necessary or does not even believe in02:07:33
that Greek philosophy is Roman02:07:36
literature poetry fa many admitted02:07:39
Very skeptical to say the least02:07:42
mocking attitude towards the gods as02:07:45
to their own gods and to the gods02:07:46
other religions it was quite acceptable02:07:49
it is enough to remember the nature of things02:07:51
Lucretia who really was02:07:54
quite atheistic. And if a person was02:07:56
believers, he could essentially believe in02:07:58
whatever it was did not interfere with the empire02:08:00
exist but the Empire on paper02:08:03
in the end, in essence, after all02:08:04
the republic provided exactly this02:08:07
prosperity or rise of the Roman Empire02:08:09
what led to the fall of the Roman Empire02:08:12
also the two factors are essentially the same but02:08:15
with a minus sign these are government02:08:17
regulation of the economy which at the beginning02:08:20
spontaneously associated with militarization02:08:22
coming from the North, they clearly did not strive02:08:25
to some kind of ideology02:08:26
implement but at some point in time02:08:28
This militarization required inflation02:08:31
inflation caused government02:08:33
price regulation And then when that's all02:08:35
the state began to disappear02:08:37
for free02:08:38
bread pork butter wine and allow02:08:43
people including the lowest02:08:46
origin to government02:08:50
and visits, including baths with one02:08:54
on the one hand it is regulation of the economy and on the other hand02:08:55
on the other hand it is the exercise of religion02:09:00
monotheistic religion in itself02:09:03
Christianity was not dangerous for Rome02:09:06
If it didn't claim Monopoly02:09:10
but since this is precisely the goal02:09:13
the ultimate is Christianity as soon as it02:09:16
became the leading force of the empire should have02:09:19
lead to its collapse Therefore the reason02:09:22
the fall of the roman empire is christianity02:09:25
and this is government regulation02:09:27
economy02:09:31
at the very beginning I said that02:09:35
collapse of the Roman Empire This is archetypal02:09:37
the story is one of four02:09:40
universal stories that are described02:09:42
Borhis This is the story of a besieged fortress02:09:45
a story that began as an Adventure02:09:48
like a challenge like human courage02:09:51
mind and intellect in cognition02:09:53
the world around you and yourself02:09:55
this was Rome in its heyday02:10:00
there is a lot left despite the fact that02:10:01
The barbarians destroyed a lot, even if02:10:05
we will look at modern architecture02:10:07
we will see that the root of this architecture02:10:11
this is of course what the Romans created02:10:14
Pantheon Palladianism Capitol02:10:18
Is Washington waiting?02:10:21
America or some other country02:10:23
the fate of the Roman Empire today02:10:27
the lecture was devoted to the past and it02:10:30
in no case can answer02:10:32
question any Empire any or02:10:35
the state is waiting for any person02:10:38
the same collapse as the Roman Empire, but we02:10:40
must always remember that point02:10:43
dreaming of becoming a circle with an area02:10:47
infinity risks02:10:50
at some point in time turn into02:10:54
the source of the greatest troubles on earth02:10:56
The Roman Empire went through a period02:10:59
prosperity which was associated with02:11:01
the virtues of freedom and finally collapsed02:11:04
and here I would like to quote and Although02:11:06
you all know this quote well02:11:07
differently to another person but she belongs02:11:11
Romans man supporter02:11:14
republican values02:11:17
Freedom is better than Freedom Thank you for02:11:20
attention02:11:21
[applause]02:11:26
[music]02:11:31
so we have time for at least three questions02:11:37
acceptance answer 30 seconds is given02:11:40
question and02:11:42
two minutes is enough for us to answer02:11:47
Thank you for your reaction My name is Nikita V02:11:50
At the beginning we saw two graphs02:11:51
showing the heydays and decline of Rome there02:11:54
there were several lines I would like02:11:56
more details about what kind of graphs they are02:11:57
reflect we don't have02:11:59
statistical data of the era of which02:12:03
would be expressed in our terms like GDP02:12:05
then no one considered GDP as GDP02:12:08
the concept arose in the twentieth century02:12:10
more converted in dollars02:12:11
expression according to attempts02:12:13
count02:12:17
prosperity in the past they rely on02:12:19
for indirect data there is such02:12:22
economic article where they try02:12:24
show the scale of Rimskaya's activities02:12:27
empire through two indicators that they02:12:31
available this Environmental pollution02:12:33
environment02:12:35
and the number of people who die means02:12:39
V02:12:40
shipwrecks because that's how Rome was02:12:43
leading empire, it is obvious that during the period02:12:45
there must be some ups and downs02:12:48
we have no statistical change02:12:51
other major players who do all this02:12:53
demonstrate and indirectly one can say02:12:55
what about emissions when it develops02:12:58
industry when it develops02:12:59
trade when the economy develops02:13:00
there's obviously more going on02:13:04
environmental pollution emissions02:13:06
Even in that relatively primitive era02:13:09
and the same goes for02:13:12
naval art which also02:13:15
actively used during the period02:13:16
prosperity and deteriorates when02:13:18
regression occurs but in reality there is02:13:21
may be more adequate indicators02:13:25
for a period of decline they show well02:13:28
that GDP per capita has declined02:13:32
approximately doubled since the Peak period02:13:35
Roman Empire until the Dark Ages that is02:13:38
strictly speaking, until the 6th and 7th centuries AD02:13:41
So one can challenge the adequacy of these02:13:46
selected02:13:48
indicators but they are at the level called02:13:51
the correlations coincide with what we02:13:53
demonstrate other studies Simply02:13:56
this graph I think you will agree it02:13:58
very illustrative and generally not02:14:00
contradicts what we know about history02:14:02
the economy of the Roman Empire really02:14:05
there was a boom period until the 1st 2nd century then there was02:14:08
stagnation This is the main idea02:14:10
should illustrate the graph Pavel02:14:13
here is the question I know that you are in general02:14:16
not exactly a fan but still true02:14:19
say well adherent of trump coming on02:14:24
or not Or am I misunderstanding your02:14:28
you ask a question that is very distant02:14:30
related no no About that here02:14:33
Means02:14:34
This is Trump's position to let in like this02:14:38
say money and no responsibility02:14:41
so to speak and don’t release yours02:14:45
such a position does not lead to the fact that02:14:48
such a state as America is also02:14:50
Some will turn into such an Empire02:14:52
closed which will produce here02:14:55
all the same phenomena that are normal02:14:58
empires make two comments that02:15:01
not related to today's Trump lecture02:15:04
is not the President of the United States now. Therefore, if02:15:06
If crafting happens, then Trump is for it02:15:08
least answer And I have the second one02:15:10
there is a lecture on my YouTube channel02:15:12
we trumponomics it was true period02:15:15
when he was president and probably02:15:17
the data should also be updated02:15:19
if ever he becomes a word02:15:21
the president is not in it yet02:15:23
necessary because at the moment02:15:24
at the moment he is nothing more than a media figure02:15:26
and the head of the American government02:15:29
state is completely different02:15:30
Human02:15:31
Yakov02:15:35
two root causes means02:15:38
collapse02:15:41
economics Socialist and02:15:47
economics in general is clearly explained02:15:50
pretty sensibly, I mean it’s clear02:15:52
everything is fine A02:15:55
Here02:15:57
how to say02:16:01
[music]02:16:02
not very visible02:16:05
she undermined it is clear that Christianity02:16:12
the relationship between them is 10 percent02:16:15
second02:16:23
it's simply impossible to compare what it is02:16:26
multi-level phenomena of one cultural02:16:28
other economic culturally obvious02:16:31
has changed and the main factor in culture is02:16:36
the formation of Christianity as a religion02:16:39
responsible for transcendence02:16:41
monopolization and displacement of these02:16:44
Roman virtues therefore the main thing02:16:49
destructive property02:16:51
Christianity In general, it was noted by Mizos in02:16:55
in his treatise Socialism is what02:16:57
religion is a religion not of this world if02:16:59
be consistent she will end up02:17:01
ultimately cannot be considered as02:17:03
highest virtue02:17:05
success or non-success of the Republic, that is02:17:08
Roman law republic and those things02:17:09
who are connected with this world they are for02:17:12
Christianity is neutral at best02:17:14
generally speaking, evil in theory02:17:17
it would be necessary to destroy in this sense too02:17:20
of course the dominance of views02:17:23
disposed to what was characteristic02:17:25
for for the Republic of the Republic thought02:17:28
first of all, about the fact that the gods who have02:17:30
there were them too, but they were gods after all02:17:32
were functional they should be02:17:34
means to ensure success02:17:36
republics and therefore they were assessed then02:17:40
yes, we turn on serapis or not02:17:42
turn on the Pantheon, but it depends on what you need02:17:45
do we need it or not for ours?02:17:47
political goals and Christianity is not02:17:49
could put up with the fact that I'm already talking about this02:17:51
said today that Christ will be installed02:17:53
next to Jupiter and Mars and you say02:17:55
there is another God he can worship02:17:57
Yes Christianity sounded like we are throwing it off02:18:00
pantheon of all your gods we say that02:18:02
these are all idols, and all of you are needed in general02:18:05
kill and destroy as heretics what02:18:08
no tolerance began to occur02:18:10
Christians do not tolerate tolerance02:18:11
demonstrated after they02:18:13
became the power Do you know what02:18:15
The Library of Alexandria was at the beginning02:18:18
destroyed precisely by Christians02:18:19
fanatics, that is, in fact02:18:22
the first woman and a philosopher was in that02:18:25
number02:18:26
monstrous so to speak02:18:28
killed, among other things, by these fanatics02:18:32
So I think that here in percentage02:18:36
respect it is impossible to compare I would02:18:38
rather compared the deep factor02:18:40
surfaces at a deep level02:18:43
culture change02:18:44
who became Christian A on02:18:47
at the surface level it is regulation02:18:49
economy which led to the collapse But02:18:51
one fed the other because when02:18:53
your religion is out of this world02:18:56
actually Why not distribute bread02:18:57
everyone in a row In general, let's say this02:19:00
Christianity can't be said to be bad and not02:19:02
will be especially praised in the forests for the fact that he02:19:04
accumulated a large amount of wealth and02:19:06
Roman virtues were different02:19:09
were based on respect for laws02:19:11
Empire of Roman law Valor of warriors and02:19:15
other things that were important to02:19:17
preservation of this system, that is, in02:19:18
in general Christians could say this02:19:21
lecture as if Thank God that the Rukh Empire02:19:23
the main thing is that I wanted to prove02:19:25
analytically that the Roman Empire and02:19:27
Christian things are incompatible I hope02:19:29
I was able to show it02:19:32
[applause]Description:
Лекция Павла Усанова 6 сентября 2023 года в Доме Айн Рэнд.
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