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Общее устройство бензиновых и дизельных двигателей внутреннего сгорания

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Устройство автомобиля

как устроен автомобиль

из чего состоит автомобиль

как работает двигатель

строение автомобиля

конструкция автомобиля

устройство и ремонт автомобиля

устройство автомобилей

устройство и ремонт автомобилей

как ремонтировать автомобили

как ремонтировать автомобиль

ремонт автомобиля

устройство легкового автомобиля

неисправности автомобиля

устройство инжектора

как устроен инжектор

00:00:01

[music]

00:00:07

hello, in today's lesson we

00:00:10

are starting to study the power system, this is what a

00:00:13

classic power system looks like,

00:00:15

but it consists of a fuel tank, fuel

00:00:20

pipes and hoses, a

00:00:21

fuel filter, a fuel pump, a

00:00:26

carburetor, an air filter 10

00:00:31

as follows: the

00:00:33

fuel supply is stored in the fuel tank, the fuel pump

00:00:38

pumps fuel from the fuel tank The

00:00:42

fuel receivers are equipped with a mesh that

00:00:45

prevents

00:00:48

various solid particles from entering the

00:00:51

fuel line. The

00:00:52

fuel is pumped through the fuel filter

00:00:54

and delivered to the

00:00:56

carburetor. A combustible

00:00:58

mixture is prepared in the carburetor. The air

00:01:02

filter is used to prevent dust

00:01:05

contained in the air from entering the

00:01:09

carburetor. This is where the air ends from the

00:01:12

atmosphere. is sucked in passing

00:01:14

through the filter onto the filter, dust settles in the

00:01:18

air and clean air is already

00:01:20

supplied to the carburetor to prepare a

00:01:23

combustible mixture

00:01:27

in the power system also includes the

00:01:29

intake and exhaust manifold, as well as the

00:01:32

muffler, the intake

00:01:33

manifold has

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a carburetor on it, this is where the

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carburetor is located, and the manifold

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is the corpse of the tubes

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through which the combustible mixture is supplied to the cylinders, the

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exhaust manifold is used for

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exhaust gases to come out

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of the cylinders and enter the muffler,

00:02:00

which means that the diagram looks like this:

00:02:02

the carburetor prepares the

00:02:04

combustible mixture, yes, it gets

00:02:07

here here, and through these pipes it comes

00:02:10

each of us gets into his own cylinder,

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the cylinder begins to take place the working cycle of the

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engine, and from the cylinders, through the

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exhaust valves, the exhaust

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gases enter the exhaust manifold and then it is

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connected here, the dampers are plugged in this

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place, and they are released into the atmosphere,

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which means the intake and exhaust manifolds and the

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headers are connected

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cylinder block so that

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fuel particles do not form on its walls in the intake manifold, and if there is a

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cold cold season and the

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intake manifold is cold, then

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this is exactly what will happen,

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but fuel particles will be deposited on the

00:03:03

walls of the intake manifold and

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will not reach the cylinders and the

00:03:08

required composition of the combustible mixture for this, the

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intake manifold is heated,

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or it has these holes and

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special channels are laid inside through

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which the coolant circulates,

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as you know, our coolant

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has a temperature of over eighty

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degrees up to either the intake and exhaust

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manifold and are placed on top of each other another thing,

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that is, below the exhaust it is higher above it, the

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exhaust gas outlet has a

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high temperature, so the exhaust

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manifold is hot from its temperature

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and it heats up the intake manifold, so

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these pipes remain warm and the

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fuel does not condense on the walls of the

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new manifold here,

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which is what the exhaust gas system represents itself

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it consists of several pipes

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on which there is a front

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muffler or resonator and a rear muffler. In

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these mufflers, a system of

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partitions and a hole is arranged in such a way

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that the sound of a running engine is

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reduced so that the car is not so loud

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on the street. in

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modern cars,

00:04:35

install a catalyst here; the fact is that

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when fuel burns, it happens that there is not

00:04:43

enough air to reach a particularly

00:04:45

rich combustible mixture and the fuel does

00:04:47

not burn completely

00:04:48

and not carbon dioxide and water are formed, but also

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carbon monoxide, the formula of

00:04:54

which is a

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harmful gas and so that even what

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the catalyst is used there is a

00:05:03

system of

00:05:04

such partitions and special metal

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made serves as a catalyst and oxidizes

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carbon monoxide and at the output we already

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get co2

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here it goes into the atmosphere the exhaust

00:05:21

gases go into the atmosphere let's

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look at the details of the fuel of the

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fuel system in more detail the power system so

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the fuel pump the fuel pump

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here it is in a color picture showing a

00:05:38

vacuum that sucks in fuel from the

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fuel tank

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it works as follows it consists

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of a body inside of which there is a

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diaphragm this is the diaphragm the diaphragm

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is an elastic rubber-

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like fabric

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that can

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lift and lift with the help of this rod to go down,

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this space above the diaphragm

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can increase and or or

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decrease, what happens when something

00:06:18

goes down, the diaphragm bends down and

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this space on the diaphragm

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increases here, accordingly, the

00:06:26

pressure decreases until a vacuum is created,

00:06:30

this valve, this is the form under

00:06:33

the spring, this is this ring such a

00:06:37

rubber light from special rubber

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the valve opens and under the influence of

00:06:41

vacuum fuel enters this cavity

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until it is sucked in

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then the rod goes up I fragma

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rises up the pressure here

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increases the space decreases you

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see the inlet valve is pressed against

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its seat

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closes but the outlet

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valve opens and

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how the fuel gets in gets

00:07:06

into the carburetor, so the numbers

00:07:08

are repeated, the pump works and sucks

00:07:11

fuel from the fuel tank and delivers it,

00:07:14

feeds it into the carburetor,

00:07:17

which means the top fuel pump works

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as follows: it is driven

00:07:25

by an eccentric, what is an eccentric, this is a

00:07:29

shaft

00:07:30

whose center of gravity is shifted, the center

00:07:33

of gravity will be located here in

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this place, thus rotating around

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this center, this eccentric

00:07:41

presses the lever on the lever presses on the

00:07:44

lever, you can see if during the day it is connected to the

00:07:46

rod, and I overcome 10 of this spring,

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it can already move up

00:07:54

or down, this eccentric is located

00:07:56

either on camshaft

00:07:59

or on a special power take-off shaft

00:08:02

which is located there, remember the

00:08:07

mountains at the beginning, the chain goes from the

00:08:10

crankshaft to the camshaft and there is another

00:08:12

sprocket from which they are driven to other

00:08:15

auxiliary elements, so

00:08:16

maybe from there the

00:08:17

fuel ignition pump is driven

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like this the

00:08:25

fuel pump is driven by the

00:08:29

air and fuel filters, which means that

00:08:32

here you have

00:08:34

different types of air filters,

00:08:35

they come in different shapes on different

00:08:37

cars, well, the essence is basically the

00:08:40

same, it usually consists of a layer of this

00:08:45

type and several layers of a

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special bank to pass or pass

00:08:50

through which all the dust particles that

00:08:54

are in the air are deposited and

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with whom the clean, purified air

00:09:00

enters the carburetor so that it can

00:09:03

prepare a combustible mixture there, the ingress of

00:09:07

dust particles is unacceptable because the bullet

00:09:11

that is contained in the air has a lot of

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such an element as quartz in it, which is

00:09:16

very hard a solid element is stronger than

00:09:20

iron, even the smallest particle of this

00:09:22

material, if a cylinder gets caught between the

00:09:25

piston and the cylinder

00:09:26

or ring, they leave scratches there,

00:09:29

so the parts of the crank

00:09:32

mechanism will become unusable; fuel

00:09:35

filters are changed periodically; we change it approximately

00:09:38

once every ten thousand kilometers; it is possible and

00:09:42

more often; the

00:09:44

fuel filter consists of

00:09:48

also several layers of such porous

00:09:52

paper, well, the fuel gets here and

00:09:57

passes through this paper and there the anush is

00:10:00

filtered, the particles that are suspended solids in the fuel

00:10:04

settle on it and then the fuel

00:10:06

leaves cleanly, thus the purified

00:10:10

fuel enters the carburetor if there are

00:10:13

particles top hardness solid particles

00:10:17

foreign impurities in the fuel, then there are

00:10:19

very narrow channels in the carburetor, they are very

00:10:22

narrow, they will become clogged and fuel will

00:10:25

stop flowing, but the mixture

00:10:28

will not form, or it will be

00:10:29

formed in the wrong way, in the

00:10:32

wrong proportion, fuel filters

00:10:35

also need to be replaced periodically, well,

00:10:40

let's look at the operation diagram of the

00:10:41

simplest carburetor of the simplest

00:10:44

carburetor and so the fuel pump supplies

00:10:50

fuel to the float chamber, this is

00:10:53

the float chamber in front of you in which the

00:10:56

float floats, the float

00:11:01

once collided, it hit, it

00:11:03

floats up, and when the fuel level

00:11:06

reaches a certain mark, here is a line

00:11:09

drawn, the float is there, it can

00:11:12

close the inlet hole and

00:11:16

thus shut off the supply fuel

00:11:18

in this way the float can perform the

00:11:23

following actions maintain a

00:11:25

constant fuel level in the float

00:11:27

chamber

00:11:30

from the float chamber there is a fuel line to

00:11:34

the nozzle as you can see the

00:11:38

fuel level in the float chamber and at the end of

00:11:42

this nozzle is the same yes

00:11:44

we will do this in such a way that the fuel is

00:11:46

at this very level at the

00:11:49

output level holes from the atomizer,

00:11:51

then the air that is sucked in

00:11:54

behind the atmosphere, yes, since a

00:11:57

vacuum is formed in the cylinder, and when the

00:11:59

piston goes down the moment of the intake stroke, a

00:12:02

vacuum of air is formed, it goes through the

00:12:04

air filter, which I am located on top,

00:12:06

comes here and there is

00:12:08

such a place, remember the name,

00:12:10

it’s called a diffuser a diffuser is a narrowing, a

00:12:13

narrowing, what happens when the air

00:12:17

first flows through a large pipe and then

00:12:19

simply passes through such a narrowing, the

00:12:21

speed of the air increases and

00:12:24

its pressure decreases, and at the same time the

00:12:28

fuel particles are sucked out of the

00:12:30

atomizer from the atomizer, the

00:12:35

principle of the atomizer occurs, so

00:12:38

in this place the fuel mixes with

00:12:40

air and forms a fuel-air

00:12:43

mixture

00:12:44

or combustible mixture,

00:12:48

and then here in this place,

00:12:50

shown in yellow, there is a so-

00:12:53

called nozzle, a nozzle is

00:12:58

such a part that has a hole of a

00:13:01

strictly defined diameter,

00:13:03

it is designed for a specific film

00:13:06

of the car, that is, passing through

00:13:09

holes of a certain diameter you can

00:13:12

control exactly how much fuel per

00:13:17

unit of time

00:13:20

the mixer can be supplied to this chamber,

00:13:21

so remember the name the nozzle, it

00:13:24

has a calibrated hole, very

00:13:26

precise, through which fuel is supplied to the

00:13:30

mixing chamber,

00:13:31

then there is a valve located here, the

00:13:34

throttle valve is indicated in this yellow

00:13:36

color, it can be

00:13:39

turned

00:13:40

either in this side until completely closing

00:13:45

this channel, yes, or it can turn in the other direction, yes,

00:13:48

thus

00:13:51

opening, opening the hole until, thus

00:13:55

regulating the amount of combustible

00:13:57

mixture that is supplied to the cylinders of the

00:13:58

engine cylinders, this is the damper that the

00:14:03

driver turns, I press the

00:14:06

gas pedal, the gas pedal is located in the cabin and the

00:14:09

driver presses the gas pedal,

00:14:11

opens the valve, the amount of combustible

00:14:14

mixture supplied to the cylinders

00:14:15

increases, the driver releases the pedal

00:14:18

and the valve closes, the amount of mixture

00:14:20

decreases and the engine,

00:14:23

with an increase in the supply of fuel to the combustible

00:14:27

mixture, the engine speed increases prize no,

00:14:30

when the engine speed decreases, the grooves are

00:14:33

in the right picture, more clearly, here

00:14:38

we have a float chamber to the

00:14:41

fuel level the float maintains the air

00:14:44

comes from above and here is the diffuser narrowing

00:14:48

the atomizer and not how the fuel is sprayed

00:14:50

the way the open flap enters the

00:14:53

intake manifold

00:14:54

this is where the intake

00:14:56

manifold is located and at the moment of the intake stroke you see the

00:15:00

intake valve is open and here the

00:15:03

combustible mixture enters

00:15:06

cylinder cylinder so we

00:15:11

looked at the operation diagram of the simplest

00:15:13

carburetor, the simplest carburetor does not

00:15:17

provide the ability to prepare

00:15:20

different compositions of the combustible mixture that is

00:15:24

needed for different operating modes of

00:15:25

the engine,

00:15:26

so the real carburetor is not designed

00:15:29

like that, of course, it has many more

00:15:32

systems that allow you to achieve the

00:15:34

preparation of different compositions of the combustible

00:15:37

mixture for different modes,

00:15:38

we will study this with you

00:15:41

in the next lesson

00:15:44

[music]

Description:

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