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00:00:06

Hello guys Today we will continue to

00:00:10

consider the chemical properties of many

00:00:12

atomic alcohols, we have already discussed

00:00:15

complete oxidation, combustion, as well as

00:00:18

substitution reactions in which polyhydric alcohols

00:00:21

behave as stronger acids than

00:00:24

monohydric alcohols, we mentioned the

00:00:26

qualitative reaction and we still have to

00:00:28

consider a number of chemical properties.

00:00:30

So the first property is We are

00:00:33

looking at today, it’s called

00:00:34

dehydration,

00:00:36

just like ordinary alcohols,

00:00:39

polyhydric alcohols can split off water

00:00:41

using the example of

00:00:43

propylene and ethylene glycol. I would like to

00:00:48

show you the possibilities of this reaction and what

00:00:51

can be obtained by changing the chemical in this

00:00:55

chemical reaction by changing the properties of the

00:00:57

reaction conditions. So, if the temperature

00:01:00

is 190 degrees Celsius and in

00:01:05

in the presence of water-removing sulfuric

00:01:07

acid, here you can get a

00:01:10

cyclic compound

00:01:12

that resembles benzene, but in which

00:01:16

two oxygen atoms replace carbon and

00:01:21

hydrogen in this cycle and the second

00:01:24

reaction product will be water,

00:01:26

this compound is called 14 dioxane

00:01:31

dioxant, this is a heterocyclic

00:01:34

compound, to make it we

00:01:36

need to put it in front of ethylene glycol

00:01:39

two and, accordingly, two to water,

00:01:42

but if there is a unit in front of the

00:01:46

ethylene glycol formula, I’ll

00:01:50

write it like this if possible so that it is clear

00:01:52

that this is not a coefficient of 2 and under the influence of

00:01:55

temperature, but in the presence of another

00:01:58

catalyst it will be a

00:02:00

zinc chloride 2 catalyst, then such a reaction will occur

00:02:03

with everything another

00:02:05

will get an aldehyde as a result. This will be 0

00:02:10

and the second product of the reaction is also

00:02:12

split off. Water, this

00:02:15

interaction is very

00:02:16

indicative, look by changing the

00:02:19

reaction conditions, you can get

00:02:22

different organic compounds from the same substance,

00:02:24

here you get a heterocycle,

00:02:27

here you get an aldehyde. Therefore, this

00:02:30

reaction is so very it is

00:02:32

indicative in the sense of how you can

00:02:34

change the conditions to result in

00:02:37

other reaction products. One of the very

00:02:40

important reactions is the reaction of this

00:02:43

verification,

00:02:44

the reaction of producing esters. So

00:02:48

this verification Let's show the

00:02:50

example of glycerin

00:02:53

glycerin is one of the most used

00:02:56

substances that is used in

00:02:59

this interaction in of course,

00:03:01

for glycerin it is worth showing

00:03:04

reactions that you probably

00:03:07

know quite a lot. The fact is that

00:03:10

glycerin can be treated with nitric

00:03:12

acid, this will be itarification only with

00:03:16

inorganic acid, now at

00:03:19

temperature and with the participation of the

00:03:21

water-removing agent concentrated sulfuric acid,

00:03:23

here a

00:03:25

substitution reaction can occur, elimination

00:03:28

in this case of hydrogen from glycerol or

00:03:33

from one group yours or two or three

00:03:36

Well, let's show that elimination will

00:03:38

come from three groups yours then I draw

00:03:42

your attention This is how three hydrogens will leave

00:03:44

glycerol and three groups yours

00:03:48

three molecules of water will leave nitric acid

00:03:52

and an ester will be formed

00:03:54

only between inorganic

00:03:57

acid and glycerol, the formula of this

00:04:00

ester will look like this, the

00:04:05

resulting compound will be called 3

00:04:10

nitrate and sometimes they say trinitroglycerin nitrate,

00:04:15

you know the amazing scope of application of

00:04:19

this substance

00:04:20

and as paracel said at the time, the

00:04:24

same substance can be a medicine and a

00:04:26

poison But it can be conditionally But in

00:04:30

fact, it is very close in meaning to

00:04:32

this substance, on the one hand, this

00:04:34

substance is a medicine

00:04:36

and it is used by people who have

00:04:40

heart problems. When they have a

00:04:42

heart spasm, then it is customary to

00:04:46

put this tablet of three

00:04:49

nitroglycerin under the tongue, although it is in the pharmacy

00:04:51

sold under the name Nitroglycerin But

00:04:54

on the other hand, this substance is

00:04:56

explosive;

00:04:58

it is the basis of such a very famous

00:05:02

explosive, dynamite,

00:05:05

it was on the discovery of this substance,

00:05:08

dynamite, that Alfred Nobel at one time

00:05:11

earned a huge amount of money

00:05:14

because Dynamite could explode in the

00:05:18

right case, but you know, there is also an

00:05:22

interesting story there three Nitroglycerin itself is a

00:05:24

very explosive substance, even if you

00:05:29

drop a drop of this substance from a small height and drop it on the ground, this

00:05:33

drop will explode And for a long time they could not

00:05:35

solve the problem so that

00:05:38

Dynamite would explode, the

00:05:41

only necessary conditions are not from any

00:05:44

contact, so

00:05:46

they mixed this substance with the Earth and this is what it was

00:05:50

like the mixture with earth did not

00:05:53

explode at any moment, but only from the

00:05:56

Bigford of your Cord, which acted

00:05:58

as such a substance initiating this

00:06:01

explosion. But it was on this that Alfred

00:06:06

Nobel earned a huge amount of

00:06:08

money, some of which he later

00:06:11

left in the form of his Nobel Prize.

00:06:14

So now we will show Let's have

00:06:18

one more interaction for glycerin, but

00:06:21

this time with an organic acid Let it be the

00:06:24

same acid to

00:06:27

simplify the situation a little and Let it

00:06:30

be stearic acid c17

00:06:35

h35 coh so again depending on

00:06:39

how much group H will participate

00:06:42

will be obtained

00:06:43

triglycerides diglycerides Or

00:06:46

monoglycerides let's say we now

00:06:49

have two molecules of

00:06:52

stearic acid to

00:06:54

interact, two

00:06:57

molecules of water will leave under the influence of temperature

00:07:00

and an acid will be needed as a catalyst,

00:07:02

two water will leave

00:07:05

and an ester will be formed,

00:07:07

although in this case

00:07:10

only two groups will participate Oh from

00:07:14

glycerol the

00:07:16

resulting compound will be an

00:07:19

ester

00:07:21

and one group of yours from glycerol will

00:07:25

remain unconsumed the resulting

00:07:28

compound will move Lid

00:07:31

diglyceride and it will be a glyceride

00:07:35

formed by an ester based on

00:07:37

stearic acid and glycerin and fats

00:07:41

may not necessarily participate in the

00:07:43

same acid can participate them

00:07:45

different acids, and depending on

00:07:49

what set of these acids will be

00:07:51

repaired, both liquid

00:07:53

aggregate states and solid ones can be formed. Well, we

00:07:57

should also mention the oxidation reaction.

00:08:02

Oxidation for polyhydric alcohols can

00:08:06

lead to the formation of various

00:08:08

reaction products, but among other

00:08:11

products, this can be obtained CO2

00:08:15

Let's say that as a product of complete oxidation,

00:08:17

various variants of

00:08:20

carboxylic acids can be obtained, depending on

00:08:24

where your group is located.

00:08:28

Other by-products of

00:08:31

the reaction that are formed during the oxidation of

00:08:34

polyhydric alcohols with

00:08:37

oxidizing agents known to us such as potassium

00:08:40

manganese 4 K2 chromium 2 o 7 can be obtained. and then such

00:08:45

reactions will be possible, but

00:08:47

accordingly potassium permanganate,

00:08:48

potassium bichromate will change their

00:08:51

color depending on the environment in which

00:08:55

this interaction occurs. To

00:08:57

summarize, I would like to say that

00:08:59

polyatomicity is not used

00:09:01

widely enough Well, maybe to a

00:09:04

lesser extent than single atomic alcohols

00:09:07

than this could for example But of all the many

00:09:10

alcohols, it should be said that

00:09:13

glycerin is still used more and in areas of

00:09:15

application related to medicine to

00:09:18

create explosives to create

00:09:21

reaction products from which you can then

00:09:24

obtain a variety of other

00:09:27

organic compounds, including as you

00:09:30

can see among polyhydric alcohols

00:09:32

there are heterocycles among the products. But

00:09:37

propylene glycol is often used as an

00:09:39

additive to shampoo to soften the

00:09:41

effect of shampoo, but ethylene glycol

00:09:45

is used in the base of non-freezing

00:09:47

liquids, which we already

00:09:49

talked about in the last lesson. So, we have

00:09:53

sorted out polyhydric alcohols, I hope

00:09:55

they will not scare you with their such an

00:09:57

unusual appearance and the equation of

00:09:59

reactions for them, as well as exercises,

00:10:01

all the possibilities of the task, you will

00:10:04

successfully cope with them for today,

00:10:07

goodbye guys

00:10:09

[music]

00:10:18

[music]

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