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tutoronline

химия

00:00:08

physical exercises is

00:00:09

this technique and breathing, today breathing and

00:00:12

let's talk oxygen is part of the

00:00:16

air, but people learned about this not so

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long ago, around 1770, before that it

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was believed that oxygen itself does

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not exist at all, that there is

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such an element as air this is one whole

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element, for a long time it was believed that the

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air contains one fifth of a

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certain substance called phlogiston,

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which ensured combustion as people

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took it very simply, they took

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a lot of wood in the literal sense of the word, many

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literally tons of wood and there was

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really a scientist who actually

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burned a tree for his career as a scientist, well,

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probably ten thousand kilograms, he

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took wood and placed a piece of burning wood in a certain

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vessel with a known volume of air, and

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people

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even then roughly understood that

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the amount of air needed for

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combustion had already been calculated; he placed a

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piece of wood there from the burning one

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so that it would burn out all the air and then he

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measured the remaining volume and he discovered

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that approximately one-

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fifth of the entire initial volume

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contained in this vessel always burned, then

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of course he did not know that it was

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oxygen that burned, because oxygen in the atmosphere

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contains 21 percent, he believed that this was

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hidden heat, which was later called

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phlogiston, later this idea was already

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debunked, let's

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consider the structure of oxygen from three

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different positions from a simpler more

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complex and university let's say in the

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simplest case oxygen has 8

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electrons I combine with other oxygen

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orbitals and two electrons

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belong to each claim strictly that is, the

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sum here we get is four

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just overlapping

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want to understand chemistry know how to solve

00:02:00

various problems find a way out of any

00:02:02

chemical puzzle or situation

00:02:04

sign up for our school theater online

00:02:06

in a chemistry lesson has anyone ever

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wondered why oxygen is called

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oxygen they are like -otherwise,

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someone may still come across especially

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old books on chemistry, very old ones,

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that is, which were even there before the revolution, you

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can even find the name

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sour solution,

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they both, in principle, carry the same

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meaning, this means that the one who gives birth or

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creates acid was so invented

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because even then people knew that

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almost all acids contain

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oxygen. Let me remind you that there are acids containing

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oxygen from those without

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oxygen, for example, hydrochloric acid does not

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contain oxygen, while sulfur

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or phosphorus or nitrogen does not contain

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oxygen. Well, let’s return to this point

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if you look at the periodic table, then

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you can find the

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abbreviated electronic configuration for

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oxygen 2 out of 2

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254 if we complete this

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graphically and combine it in the case of the

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oxygen molecule o2 we will get something like this

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diagram, just these two bonds of ours are

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good and now let’s look at the structure a little

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more a complex diagram for those who study at

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the university, this diagram is probably already

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familiar; this diagram of the molecular

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orbital method in the interpretation of a linear

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combination of atomic orbitals for the

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oxygen molecule o2 is

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naturally presented here as the atomic

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orbital for one oxygen atom and,

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accordingly, for the second, well, and for their

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combined configurations, I draw your

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attention that there is one electron

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on each and there is also singlet

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oxygen in which these electrons

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move along these orbitals, but

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I’ll tell you about this some other

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time, phew, the not interesting part about the

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structure of oxygen is over, let’s move on

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to the physical and chemical properties of everything

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I know for sure that oxygen is a

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colorless gas that has neither taste nor

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smell under normal conditions,

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but oxygen can

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also exist in a liquid state, and what’s

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interesting is that liquid oxygen has a

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slightly bluish tint; another

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distinctive feature of oxygen

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is that it is a

00:04:08

paramagnetic substance; let me remind you, killer.

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for those who suddenly don’t know, steam

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magnets are substances that are

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drawn into a magnetic field, in

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other words, they are attracted by a magnet, here you can

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attach a video that shows

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how liquid oxygen comes into contact with

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magnets, well now that we

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have looked at the physical properties, we will

00:04:27

look at the chemical properties, here it is worth

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understanding what oxygen is it is second

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only to fluorine in terms of oxidizing ability in the periodic table, according to

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this, and its chemical

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reactions will be determined, it will not be possible to write all the chemical reactions

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with oxygen even if we

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write them here for days because

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oxygen reacts with a huge

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number of substances and with some there are a

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number of reactions can reach up to a

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dozen, but there is a general principle.

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For example, if we take a group of alkali

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metals,

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there are several options, for

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example, luminous metals, it will form an

00:05:01

oxide, but when reacting with sodium, it

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will form a peroxide of 3. Let me remind you

00:05:06

that in the archive the

00:05:07

oxidation state of oxygen is minus 1 and in

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oxide -2,

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reacting with potassium, it will form the

00:05:15

so-called compound over peroxides,

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you can try to

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write here yourself in the oxidation state of

00:05:21

oxygen, I’ll just write that if it’s + 1,

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then accordingly, you just need to

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calculate

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from the ring oxygen forms a regular oxide

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for oxygen minus 2 for calcium + 2 the

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same principle will be in the case of iron,

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ordinary oxide oxygen will be formed,

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react well with non-metals,

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for example, phosphorus burns in an atmosphere of

00:05:45

oxygen with the formation of its oxides, in the same way, sulfur in

00:05:48

contact with oxygen

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forms sulfur oxide,

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it is worth noting that what depends on the amount

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of oxygen that enters

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various products are possible in the reaction,

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here is a simple example: if you don’t have

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enough oxygen here,

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so2 will be formed,

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and if you have a lot of oxygen, three

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actions will continue and oxide and

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gray 6 will be formed, well,

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among other things, oxygen and

00:06:12

react the same way not only with

00:06:14

individual substances but also

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molecules, for example with hydrogen sulfide,

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in this result water is formed and

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su-2 also sulfur pyrite burns well,

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here we are in the sphere of oxygen with the formation of

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iron oxide and so2,

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you also know from organics that virtually

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all organic molecules undergo

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oxidation, roughly speaking, they burn, here is a

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typical reaction, methane burns in the atmosphere

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oxygen with the formation of co2 and water, as

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I said at the very beginning of the chemical

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properties, oxygen is just a trip in second place

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in terms of oxidizing ability, second

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only to fluorine, respectively, if we

00:06:52

take your example 3 and pass

00:06:56

fluorine through it, we will get sodium fluoride salt water

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and echo oxygen, let me remind you that fluorine

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here has -1 and oxygen, respectively,

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then there will be plus 2.

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oxygen is also capable of exhibiting a

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positive oxidation state, for

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example in the author doch,

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so we looked at the oxidizing

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abilities of oxygen, it is also possible to perform trill

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reactions in which it acts

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as a reducing agent, which is

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also worth remembering that

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oxygen is almost always an

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oxidizing agent, and there is also one small

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nuance: almost all combustion reactions

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are oxidation reactions, but not all

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oxidation reactions of this combustion action. Now let’s

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move on to the reactions of producing oxygen,

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as you know, in principle, for any

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substance there are laboratory and

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industrial methods of production first let's

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consider the laboratory one, most often it is not

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based on the fact that a certain

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compound is taken and decomposed either at

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temperature or under pressure, that is, most

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often either

00:07:57

potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, potassium nitrate

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or berthollet salt is taken and, accordingly,

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by heating or pressure, the

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corresponding products are already obtained, as a result of

00:08:06

which they always release oxygen, but

00:08:08

these are laboratory methods,

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why are they good? oxygen turns out to be

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pure, but there is not much of it in

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industry; this method will not suit

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industry; they use a slightly

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different method; it is based on the fact that liquid oxygen

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exists at a temperature of minus one hundred and

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eighty-seven degrees Celsius; what is the

00:08:26

sequence of actions to drive

00:08:28

air; a special collection where it is

00:08:31

compressed to a liquid state using a compressor,

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as you know, in addition to the

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21 percent oxygen content in the air, there

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is also nitrogen; nitrogen becomes liquid at a

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lower temperature;

00:08:46

however, in the compressor it is achieved that

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liquid is formed here and

00:08:50

then in a special separator, this

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separation apparatus, this mixture

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is heated in As a result, the nitrogen that

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boils earlier

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evaporates, liquid nitrogen remains,

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which is then refilled into a cylinder or

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used in industry; this is an

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industrial method of producing oxygen.

00:09:06

We talked about oxygen in the form of the

00:09:08

o2 compound, but you all know that

00:09:13

allotropy is a characteristic phenomenon for oxygen. Let me

00:09:15

remind you that allotropy is a phenomenon.

00:09:17

the existence of one compound in the

00:09:19

form of different forms, while it

00:09:22

contains the same atoms, let me remind you

00:09:24

that ozone is a tri-

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allotropic modification of oxygen, most

00:09:28

often formed after a thunderstorm due to an

00:09:31

arc discharge.

00:09:39

is produced under the influence of

00:09:40

ultraviolet radiation, by the way,

00:09:42

ozone is our protective layer, it

00:09:45

protects us from the harmful effects of

00:09:46

ultraviolet radiation that

00:09:48

comes to us from the sun,

00:09:50

if it weren’t for it, life

00:09:52

as it is on earth most likely would

00:09:54

not exist, so that’s all for today against

00:09:57

the people ask questions, like,

00:09:59

subscribe to the channel and click on

00:10:01

the bell so as not to miss the

00:10:02

next videos and remember the main thing is

00:10:05

breathing

00:10:07

[music]

Description:

Запишись на урок по химии в школу TutorOnline: https://www.tutoronline.ru/repetitor-po-himii Записывайся на обучение по скайпу - tutoronline.ru В этом уроке поговорим о кислороде. Кислород — химически активный неметалл, является самым лёгким элементом из группы халькогенов. Как простое вещество при нормальных условиях представляет собой газ без цвета, вкуса и запаха, молекула которого состоит из двух атомов кислорода (формула O2), в связи с чем его также называют дикислород. На развитие канала: http://bit.ly/2S3zLYM 🔔Жмите колокольчик , чтобы не пропустить новые видео! 👍Не забывайте ставить лайки, друзья! 📢Подписывайтесь на наш канал: https://www.youtube.com/user/RuTutorOn... 😎 Присоединяйся к нам в социальных сетях: ВКонтакте: https://vk.com/tutoronline Telegram: https://t.me/tutoronline_courses TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@tutoronline.ru? RUTUBE: https://rutube.ru/channel/23838434/

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