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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:05
Most of us at least00:00:07
sometimes don’t want to think, we try not00:00:10
to think whenever possible. For00:00:12
example, I asked these guys How00:00:14
long does it take for the earth to00:00:16
make a full revolution around the Sun00:00:19
What do you think, brother, isn’t it 24 hours and00:00:23
obviously a day, or let’s take for example this00:00:26
problem which was Given to thousands of00:00:28
students, you come to the toys and00:00:30
see There is a toy bat and the same00:00:32
toy ball together they cost about a00:00:35
dollar 10 cents But the bat costs a00:00:37
dollar more than the ball And how much does00:00:44
the ball cost 1000:00:46
cents we were all wrong Isn’t it And what is the00:00:51
answer If think about the answer, it is00:00:54
obvious that the ball cannot cost 1000:00:56
cents Because if it were so, the00:00:58
bat would cost a dollar00:01:00
and together they would cost a dollar 20 the00:01:02
correct answer is 5 cents but the point of these00:01:05
tasks is not that they are difficult all these00:01:07
people could quickly check their00:01:09
answers if they wanted to. The point is00:01:12
that they don’t check because00:01:14
thinking is unpleasant for thinking you need to make an00:01:25
effort Hey, the Earth can’t00:01:29
fly around the sun in a day, it00:01:33
takes00:01:37
a year to do this I think you can explain such00:01:40
mistakes It’s just their stupidity and believing it00:01:42
that you are much smarter and would never00:01:45
fall into this trap, but here I think you are00:01:48
deceiving yourself. I believe that these00:01:50
examples show that in all of our00:01:52
thinking there are special blind spots due to the00:01:55
fundamental features of how00:01:57
our brain works, so here is one00:02:00
way imagine the workings of our brain00:02:02
- it's as if there are two00:02:04
working systems in it, psychologists call them00:02:06
system one and system 2 But for a better00:02:09
understanding, let's imagine them as two00:02:11
characters So let's call system00:02:14
odi Alex and system d Dave you Dave he00:02:18
represents your conscious00:02:20
thoughts he the voice in your head I am who00:02:24
you think you are, he is the one who can00:02:26
follow instructions and carry out a00:02:28
sequence of actions. So for example,00:02:30
if you are asked to calculate in your head00:02:32
how much 13 times 17 is, then he is the one00:02:35
who will00:02:37
do it and you can00:02:39
use a calculator No, okay, multiply like that00:02:43
10 on 17 Dave Besides, well,00:02:47
he’s very lazy, you need to make him strain00:02:49
Every time you need to do something and00:02:51
he’s slow, but he’s attentive and00:02:54
can notice and correct00:02:56
mistakes00:02:58
22100:03:00
and now Let’s get acquainted with the system about Alex,00:03:04
he’s as incredible as he should be fast00:03:06
because it needs to constantly00:03:08
process the huge amount of00:03:09
information entering your brain, it00:03:12
selects what you need and discards the rest,00:03:15
and most of it works00:03:18
automatically in the background without you, you do00:03:21
n’t even realize what it’s00:03:24
doing, for example, when you see a text, it00:03:27
reads it before how to decide to00:03:32
read Alex automatically completes the00:03:35
missing information to complete00:03:37
the perception, for example, what is00:03:39
written here? You noticed that the H in The and in C are00:03:43
actually the same00:03:46
symbol, but you were not at all difficult to00:03:48
read. This is because Alex00:03:50
automatically made the correct00:03:52
guess. So that Despite the fact that00:03:55
Alex doesn’t know what he’s doing, it’s00:03:57
Alex’s feelings that create the basis for00:03:59
your conscious thoughts. I prefer00:04:01
to think of them as follows: each of00:04:04
these characters belongs to one of the00:04:06
main structures of your memory;00:04:08
Alex’s automatic work occurs00:04:10
due to the long-term memory library of00:04:12
your experience accumulated over a lifetime,00:04:15
AV, on the contrary, completely exists inside the00:04:18
working short-term memory. So00:04:20
it, that is, your Awareness, can00:04:22
simultaneously hold in mind only00:04:24
four or five new concepts, this is00:04:27
probably one of the most important discoveries, the00:04:30
volume of memory for new concepts with which00:04:32
we can operate is unimaginably00:04:34
small, you can test yourself00:04:36
I’ll try to remember the sequence of00:04:38
random numbers 6 7 5 5 3 1 Yes, but we00:04:45
can overcome this limitation if00:04:47
the information is familiar to us, for example,00:04:49
let me give you four random numbers00:04:52
7 1 0 2 this is just enough to00:04:56
take up all your working00:04:58
RAM, but if you write them backwards00:05:00
it's just one concept this year00:05:03
the process of combining concepts based on00:05:05
your previous experience is called00:05:08
division And in fact you can00:05:10
hold00:05:12
four or five grouped sections in your working memory at the same time So00:05:14
the larger the00:05:15
grouping the more00:05:17
information you can manipulate at00:05:19
any given time learning is00:05:22
precisely the process of creating new,00:05:24
larger groups of United concepts00:05:26
by folding and linking00:05:28
temporary memory information, essentially00:05:31
transferring tasks from Dave to Alex, but00:05:34
for this to happen, you first have to00:05:36
actively and diligently work with00:05:38
the information and often several times,00:05:41
for example When you learned to tie00:05:43
your shoelaces you probably muttered00:05:45
a little saying to remember the00:05:47
sequence of actions using00:05:49
all your RAM in the process00:05:51
but after doing it over and over00:05:53
and over again it eventually became00:05:56
automatic So the girl no longer00:05:58
has to think about it Because now everything00:06:00
is done by00:06:01
Alex the musicians and athletes call00:06:04
it muscle memory Although the memory, of course, is00:06:07
not in the muscles, it’s still in the brain. It’s just that00:06:09
now it’s controlled by Alex, you have to00:06:12
repeat everything every time as it00:06:14
is exactly as it’s written, at the speed00:06:18
with which you remember Where you are, what you need to00:06:20
do, where your fingers are and what you00:06:22
feel the frequent slow deliberate00:06:25
mindful repetitions lead to00:06:28
this00:06:29
[music]00:06:43
I bet that 99% of the time what seems to be00:06:47
superhuman abilities comes down00:06:49
to Alex's incredible automated skills00:06:51
gained through00:06:54
Dave's painful and diligent exercises which is00:06:56
interesting Turns out you can see the00:06:59
hard work just by looking at00:07:01
someone- here’s a task for you, I’ll show you00:07:05
four numbers Read them00:07:09
out loud and now I want you to name00:07:12
one number for each beat of the count But00:07:15
adding one to each number That is, for00:07:18
example, 7 2 9 1 should become 800:07:24
3 2 this is called an exercise n00:07:29
hold the whole a set of memory numbers while you are00:07:32
counting here It is important to name the numbers exactly00:07:35
on the beat Try00:07:44
these to make it more difficult add not00:07:47
one but three00:07:55
ready But what you definitely don’t notice00:07:58
is that while you are doing this task00:08:01
your pupils dilate when you00:08:03
do something diligently How in this task you00:08:05
experience a physiological response00:08:07
including an increase in heart rate,00:08:10
sweating and dilated pupils, watch00:08:13
how the pupils of these test subjects enlarge00:08:15
when they perform exercises plus o and00:08:17
plyut 9 700:08:20
2 5 400:08:24
0 here you need to think a little about the00:08:29
meaning of 6 9 1 6 700:08:37
0d when this study was carried out for the00:08:40
first time, the researchers made an00:08:42
amazing observation when the experimental subjects00:08:44
were not busy with tasks but were simply00:08:46
chatting with the experimenter; their pupils00:08:48
almost did not dilate at all, this00:08:50
shows that the task on p1 and p3 is00:08:53
quite difficult for system 2 Virgo. But00:08:55
most of our daily00:08:58
life is all a walk for Dave the work is00:09:00
automatically done by Alex the same00:09:03
way we spend most of our lives00:09:05
lying on the couch and messing around our00:09:07
brain spends its time in the same way00:09:09
mentally and I don't want to say that this is00:09:12
something bad it is how00:09:14
our brain has evolved to use its resources in the00:09:16
best way for repetitive tasks00:09:19
we have developed an automatic way of00:09:21
doing to preserve00:09:23
Dave's limited ability for those things that00:09:26
actually require our attention but00:09:28
in some circumstances00:09:30
confusion can occur for example I00:09:32
moved to Australia in 2004 and one of the00:09:34
first things I learned was to00:09:37
turn on the lights need to flip00:09:39
the switch down my entire previous00:09:41
life in Canada automated Alexa to00:09:43
turn on the lights by flicking up So00:09:45
No matter how well I Dave knew that in00:09:47
Australia down it's on I spent years00:09:50
turning off the lights when entering a room and turning them on when00:09:52
leaving when Destin learned to ride a00:09:54
reverse bike with the handlebars reversed he00:09:57
tried for months to overcome it,00:10:00
and when he did it and learned it, it00:10:02
turned out to be difficult for him00:10:04
to return to a normal bicycle again.00:10:06
Understanding the interaction of Alex Iev00:10:08
also allows us to explain the errors in the00:10:09
problems about a batted ball, it is Alex who is the00:10:12
first to receive key information00:10:14
together the batted ball costs a dollar 10 bits per00:10:16
dollar more expensive So the ball costs 1000:10:19
cents 10 cents Alex instantly got00:10:23
the answer and automatically blurted it out00:10:25
While not realizing that the answer adj00:10:28
actually states it without even00:10:30
checking it in the end it sounds kind of00:10:32
reasonable and Dave is very lazy So How00:10:34
to make Dave work more00:10:36
researchers found at least one00:10:38
way when they gave the applicants clearly00:10:40
printed text including the problem of00:10:42
kicking the ball 85% of them made00:10:45
at least one mistake but when they00:10:48
typed this text it's difficult00:10:59
just because Alex can't quickly00:11:01
auto-jump to the answer He00:11:03
passes the problem to Dave who will now00:11:05
put in the necessary mental effort00:11:07
to find the correct answer when00:11:09
something is unclear Dave works harder00:11:12
and when he works harder you are more00:11:14
likely to find the correct answer and00:11:15
remember the information better this is something that00:11:18
I think the advertising00:11:20
industry knows and uses to its advantage00:11:22
several years ago again in Australia I00:11:24
saw a giant billboard on00:11:26
which there were only two letters and there00:11:29
was no logo or explanation of why it was00:11:32
and this seems to violate all the principles of00:11:34
advertising such as showing how00:11:35
to use the product Why is it better than00:11:37
competitors and spice it up with a bright logo00:11:40
Or maybe memorable Jingle is usually00:11:43
the goal of an advertising message to make it00:11:45
as easy as possible so00:11:47
that the girl does not have to work hard.00:11:50
But if you look at effective00:11:52
modern advertising, it turns out that00:11:54
it is becoming increasingly incomprehensible00:11:56
news about that same company about Katya00:11:59
sitting I received later on the bus00:12:01
stops in an advertisement like this00:12:05
inexplicable dream No tension just00:12:08
not stressful no difficulty just not00:12:11
difficulty dream You don’t have to do00:12:14
what you don’t want to do not drive into a car wash with the00:12:16
window open do not break dance in front of your00:12:19
teenage son and his friends does not00:12:22
make life unrealistically relaxed00:12:24
Add not in your life, you don’t have to worry about it,00:12:27
you don’t have to worry about it,00:12:29
you can guess what they’re00:12:32
actually advertising about insurance today, since00:12:34
advertising is everywhere Alex00:12:39
filters it out to the companies, I wouldn’t00:12:42
spend a second on it, but if00:12:44
something meaningless appears, then Alex00:12:46
can’t deal with it to cope with this conveys00:12:48
this to the girl, the understanding of this00:12:51
finally comes to education from lectures,00:12:53
which for a long time have been the main00:12:55
method of teaching, now they are trying00:12:57
to abandon them, as in the case of old00:12:59
advertising, they are too easy to listen to00:13:01
half-eared and often especially In scientific00:13:03
lectures, too much new information is presented at the same time00:13:06
which exceeds00:13:08
Dave's capabilities because he00:13:10
does not yet have large enough grouped00:13:12
sections of concepts on this material00:13:15
instead of lectures, universities are introducing00:13:17
master classes, trainings,00:13:19
peer learning and other formats where00:13:21
students are forced not to listen but to00:13:24
answer questions more and get more00:13:26
instant practice in applying knowledge00:13:28
instead of just listen and write down00:13:31
And it no doubt makes Dave00:13:33
work harder which is good because00:13:35
that's how learning happens But00:13:37
many students don't like it because00:13:40
it takes more effort just like it's00:13:42
hard to get someone to get off the couch00:13:44
and go study and it's also difficult and00:13:46
make Dave put in his00:13:47
mental effort, you want to do what00:13:50
you already know how to do as a musician, play the00:13:53
same familiar song that Alex has already00:13:55
automated, which sounds so good,00:13:57
videos that give you a feeling of00:14:00
understanding without actually00:14:03
learning anything new, always drive using00:14:05
the navigator So you will never00:14:07
get lost but you will also never00:14:09
remember the way and if you really want to00:14:11
learn something learn to do something00:14:13
a little better at least try to become an00:14:16
expert you will have to want to00:14:18
feel uncomfortable because00:14:20
thinking requires effort, it is a struggle with the00:14:24
incomprehensible and for most of This is00:14:26
at least something unpleasant for usDescription:
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